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Korman P, Kusy K, Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Sillero-Quintana M, Zarębska E, Zieliński J. Exploring the correlation of skin temperature and body composition in athletes undergoing exhaustive physical exercise. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103918. [PMID: 39018769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
During strenuous exercise, skin temperature (Tsk) plays an essential role in thermoregulatory processes. As indicated in the literature, its response might be influenced by body composition, among other factors. Hence, the objectives of this investigation were to determine whether there is a correlation between selected body components, specifically fat tissue and muscle tissue, and Tsk during graded exercise and recovery in athletes, and to identify which body component exhibits the strongest correlation with Tsk. Participants were grouped according to their aerobic capacity (VO2max/kg). A significant main effect was observed for the test stages (p < .001, η2 = 0.71), with Tsk decreasing from the start of the exercise, significantly decreasing at 12 km/h-1 (p < .001), and then increasing after exercise, especially within the first 5 min of recovery. Weak and non-significant effect for group/stage interaction was detected (p = .374, η2 = 0.03). A significant negative correlation was found between Tsk and both total tissue fat [%] (-0.51 < r < -0.63, p < .001) and lower limb tissue fat [%] (-0.50 < r < -0.71, p < .001) across all test stages. The correlation between Tsk and BMI was inconsistent, appearing only during the first stage of exercise and throughout recovery. No correlation was observed between Tsk and skeletal muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, or relative skeletal muscle index. Endurance running to exhaustion leads to a progressive decrease in the Tsk of the lower extremity, followed by rewarming during recovery. The observed inverse correlation between adipose tissue and Tsk, along with the distinct temperature trends in groups with varying levels of fat tissue, could imply that the skin and subcutaneous tissue complex may play a more intricate role in thermal energy exchange beyond its insulating function. This implies a multifaceted involvement of these tissues in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Korman
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Department of Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ewa Zarębska
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland.
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Cabizosu A, Marín-Pagán C, Martínez-Serrano A, Alcaraz PE, Martínez-Noguera FJ. Myotendinous Thermoregulation in National Level Sprinters after a Unilateral Fatigue Acute Bout-A Descriptive Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9330. [PMID: 38067705 PMCID: PMC10708647 DOI: 10.3390/s23239330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade there has been a growing interest in infrared thermography in the field of sports medicine in order to elucidate the mechanisms of thermoregulation. The aim of this study was to describe bilateral variations in skin temperature of the anterior thigh and patellar tendon in healthy athletes and to provide a model of baseline tendon and muscle thermoregulation in healthy sprinters following a unilateral isokinetic fatigue protocol. Fifteen healthy national-level sprinters (eleven men and four women), with at least 3 years of athletic training experience of 10-12 h/week and competing in national-level competitions, underwent unilateral isokinetic force testing and electrostimulation in which their body temperature was measured before, during, and after the protocol using an infrared thermographic camera. ANOVA detected a significant difference in the time × side interaction for patellar temperature changes (p ≤ 0.001) and a significant difference in the time/side interaction for quadriceps temperature changes (p ≤ 0.001). The thermal challenge produces homogeneous changes evident in quadriceps areas, but not homogeneous in tendon areas. These data show that metabolic and blood flow changes may depend on the physical and mechanical properties of each tissue. Future research could be conducted to evaluate the predictive value of neuromuscular fatigue in the patellar tendon and quadriceps after exercise in order to optimize post-exercise recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cabizosu
- THERMHESC Group, Chair of Molina Ribera Hospital, C. Asociación, S/N, 30500 Molina de Segura, Spain;
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (P.E.A.); (F.J.M.-N.)
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (P.E.A.); (F.J.M.-N.)
| | - Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (P.E.A.); (F.J.M.-N.)
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (P.E.A.); (F.J.M.-N.)
| | - Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos, Nº 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (P.E.A.); (F.J.M.-N.)
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Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Pisz A, Kolinger D, Tsoukos A, Zając A, Stastny P, Bogdanis GC. Acute Effects of Varied Back Squat Activation Protocols on Muscle-Tendon Stiffness and Jumping Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1419-1427. [PMID: 36727712 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krzysztofik, M, Wilk, M, Pisz, A, Kolinger, D, Tsoukos, A, Zając, A, Stastny, P, and Bogdanis, GC. Acute effects of varied back squat activation protocols on muscle-tendon stiffness and jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1419-1427, 2023-Intensity, movement velocity, and volume are the principal factors to successfully use postactivation performance enhancement. Therefore, 15 resistance-trained volleyball players completed 3 different back squat configurations as a conditioning activity (CA) in randomized order: (a) 3 sets of 3 repetitions at 85% 1RM (HL); (b) a single set of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (VB); (c) and 2 sets of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (2VB) on subsequent countermovement jump performance, Achilles tendon, and vastus lateralis stiffness with concomitant front thigh skin surface temperature assessment. The measurements were performed 5 minutes before the CA and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. The jump height was significantly increased in the second minute and at peak, post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions ( p = 0.049; ES = 0.23 and p < 0.001; ES = 0.37). Skin surface temperature was significantly increased for all post-CA time points compared with baseline in the 2VB condition ( p from <0.001-0.023; ES = 0.39-1.04) and in the fourth minute and at peak post-CA in HL condition ( p = 0.023; ES = 0.69 and p = 0.04; ES = 0.46), whereas for the VB condition, a significant decrease in peak post-CA was found ( p = 0.004; ES = -0.54). Achilles tendon stiffness was significantly decreased for second, fourth, eighth, 10th, and peak post-CA in comparison to baseline for all conditions ( p from p = 0.004-0.038; ES = -0.47 to -0.69). Vastus lateralis stiffness was significantly decreased for peak post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions ( p = 0.017; ES = -0.42). We recommend using a single set of barbell squats with a 10% velocity loss as a mechanism of fatigue control to acutely improve jump height performance and avoid unnecessary increases in training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Krzysztofik
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Michał Wilk
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Anna Pisz
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Kolinger
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Petr Stastny
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Cabizosu A, Marín-Pagán C, Alcaraz PE. Body surface profile in ambient and hot temperatures during a rectangular test in race walker champions of the World Cup in Oman 2022. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103548. [PMID: 37344022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
There is current interest in infrared thermography as a method to assess changes in body surface temperature to determine thermoregulatory mechanisms, especially in endurance sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two environmental temperatures (17 and 28°C) on body surface temperature in different anterior and posterior aspects of the body during a rectangular test in international walkers of the Spanish National Team. Three international walkers performed a rectangular test, where body temperature was measured at rest, and after the 5th, 10th and 15th run using an infrared thermographic camera in room temperatures at 17 and 28°C. In addition, oxygen consumption was measured simultaneously. ANOVA detected a group × time interaction in the chest and abdomen (right and left), left back and right calf (p = < 0.05), with a trend in the right hamstring (p = 0.053) when comparing 17°C and 28°C. ANOVA detected no significant group × time interaction (p = 0.853) but there was a significant group effect (p = 0.022). The eleven degrees increase in ambient temperature (17 to 28°C) produces changes in almost all anatomical zones, but not homogeneously in international walkers during a rectangular test. This indicates that metabolic and blood flow changes are different depending on the anatomical zone measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alessio Cabizosu
- THERMHESC Group, Ribera Hospital de Molina San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Spain.
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
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An exploratory, intra- and interindividual comparison of the deep neural network automatically measured calf surface radiation temperature during cardiopulmonary running and cycling exercise testing: A preliminary study. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103498. [PMID: 37055104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and contactless infrared thermography (IRT) measurements have been claimed to indicate acute neural, cardiovascular, and thermoregulatory adaptations during exercise. Due to challenging comparability, reproducibility, and objectivity, investigations considering different exercise types and intensities, and automatic ROI analysis are currently needed. Thus, we aimed to examine surface radiation temperature (Tsr) variations during different exercise types and intensities in the same individuals, ROI, and environmental conditions. Ten healthy, active males performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill in the first week and on a cycling ergometer the following week. Respiration, heart rate, lactate, rated perceived exertion, the mean, minimum, and maximum Tsr of the right calf (CTsr (°C)), and the surface radiation temperature pattern (CPsr) were explored. We executed two-way rmANOVA and Spearman's rho correlation analyses. Across all IRT parameters, mean CTsr showed the highest association to cardiopulmonary parameters (E.g., oxygen consumption: rs = -0.612 (running); -0.663 (cycling); p < .001). A global significant difference of CTsr was identified between all relevant exercise test increments for both exercise-types (p < .001; η2p = .842) and between both exercise-types (p = .045; η2p = .205). Differences in CTsr between running and cycling significantly appeared after a 3-min recovery period, whereas lactate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were not different. High correlations between the CTsr values extracted manually and the CTsr values processed automatically by a deep neural network were identified. The applied objective time series analysis enables crucial insights into intra- and interindividual differences between both tests. CTsr variations indicate different physiological demands between incremental running and cycling exercise testing. Further studies applying automatic ROI analyses are needed to enable the extensive analysis of inter- and intraindividual factors influencing the CTsr variation during exercise to allow determine the criterion and predictive validity of IRT parameters in exercise physiology.
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The use of thermal imaging for monitoring the training progress of professional male sweep rowers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16507. [PMID: 36192419 PMCID: PMC9530168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the thermal profile of the skin in highly trained rowers and investigates the relationship between resting skin temperature (Ts) and the muscle peak torque (PT) measured in statics at the beginning (autumn) and the end (spring) of the preparatory period. Ten professional male sweep rowers, members of the Polish national rowing team, were investigated. A thermal imaging camera was used to analyze the Ts. The PT of the muscles involved in the rowing cycle were measured isometrically. No significant temperature asymmetries were found, except in front of arms after exercise in the spring (p = 0.0228). In contrast, the PT test in the autumn confirmed the significant asymmetry of the knee joint extensors (p = 0.0192). In spring compared to autumn, Ts in many areas of the body were slightly higher, as was PT of underlying muscles. Significant correlations between resting Ts and PT of the underlying muscles were found. Thermal imaging makes it possible to observe changes in skin temperature and symmetry before and after exercise. At this stage, it does not appear to be a method that, without supporting of other methods such as those assessing muscle function, will allow monitoring of training progress.
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Ahmad S, Rahman K, Cheema TA, Shakeel M, Khan A, Bermak A. Fabrication of Low-Cost Resistance Temperature Detectors and Micro-Heaters by Electrohydrodynamic Printing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1419. [PMID: 36144041 PMCID: PMC9504221 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
EHD printing is an advanced deposition technology that is commonly utilized for the direct manufacture of electrical devices. In this study, meander-type resistive electrodes consisting of silver nanoparticles were printed directly on rigid glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. High-resolution patterns of ≈50 µm linewidth were successfully printed on untreated surfaces utilizing a bigger nozzle of 100 µm inner diameter after improving the experimental settings. The manufactured electrodes were evaluated and used as Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and micro-heaters in a systematic manner. The temperature sensors performed well, with a Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity (TCRs) of 11.5 ×10-3/°C and 13.3 ×10-3/°C, for glass and PET substrates, respectively, throughout a wide temperature range of 100 °C and 90 °C. Furthermore, the RTDs had a quick response and recovery time, as well as minimal hysteresis. The electrodes' measured sensitivities as micro-heaters were 3.3 °C/V for glass and 6.8 °C/V for PET substrates, respectively. The RTDs were utilized for signal conditioning in a Wheatstone bridge circuit with a self-heating temperature of less than 1 °C as a practical demonstration. The micro-heaters have a lot of potential in the field of soft wearable electronics for biomedical applications, while the extremely sensitive RTDs have a lot of potential in industrial situations for temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Science and Technology, Swabi 23420, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rahman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Science and Technology, Swabi 23420, Pakistan
| | - Taqi Ahmad Cheema
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Science and Technology, Swabi 23420, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Mechanical Department, CECOS University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Khan
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 5825, Qatar
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 5825, Qatar
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Bang S, Park J. A 7-min halftime jog mitigated the reduction in sprint performance for the initial 15-min of the second half in a simulated football match. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270898. [PMID: 35853011 PMCID: PMC9295982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a 7-min shuttle jog during halftime to a control condition (seated rest) on subsequent athletic performance and lower-leg temperature in the second half. Eighteen male football players (22 years, 179 cm, 70 kg, 10 years of athletic career) randomly performed a 20-m shuttle jog (at an intensity of 70% of heart rate maximum) and a seated rest (sitting on a bench) during halftime in two separate sessions. A 5-min football simulation protocol consisting of football-specific activities (jumping, sprinting, kicking, passing, and dribbling at various intensities and distances) was repeated nine times to mimic the first and second half of a football match. Athletic performance (maximal vertical jump height, 20-m sprint time, and the Arrowhead agility test time) recorded during a 15-min period were averaged to represent each time point (first half: T1 to T3; second half: T4 to T6). Lower-leg skin and muscle (using the insulation disk technique) temperature was recorded before and after the first and second half. There was no condition effect over time in maximal vertical jump: F5,187 = 0.53, p = 0.75, Arrowhead agility test time: F5,187 = 1.25, p = 0.29, and lower-leg temperature (skin: F3,119 = 1.40, p = 0.25; muscle: F3,119 = 1.08, p = 0.36). The 20-m sprint time between conditions during the initial 15-min of the second half was different (condition × time: F5,187 = 2.42, p = 0.04) that subjects who performed the shuttle jog ran 0.09 sec faster (3.08 sec, p = 0.002, ES = 0.68), as compared with those who did the seated rest (3.17 sec). The results of our study confirmed that a decremental effect of the static rest on sprinting performance during the initial period of the second halftime can be attenuated by a halftime warm-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooil Bang
- Athletic Training Laboratory, Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jihong Park
- Department of Sports Medicine, Athletic Training Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Evaluation of body surface temperature variations in dogs affected by spinal cord injuries during physiotherapy exercise in a water treadmill. J Therm Biol 2022; 106:103247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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How to Work with Electromyography Decomposition in Practical Classes of Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040483. [PMID: 35454974 PMCID: PMC9033016 DOI: 10.3390/life12040483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Concepts about motor unit recruitment are important learning contents in exercise physiology and biomechanics classes that are usually taught theoretically. In the last few years, great advances have occurred in the decomposition of surface electromyography, allowing the learning of theoretical contents in an experimental way. In this tutorial paper, we have described the decomposition of surface electromyography methodological aspects and examples to teach motor unit recruitment concepts in exercise physiology and biomechanics practical lessons. This work has the aim to facilitate physiology and biomechanics academics to introduce this technique in practical classes.
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Rojas-Valverde D, Tomás-Carús P, Timón R, Batalha N, Sánchez-Ureña B, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Olcina G. Short-Term Skin Temperature Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review of Methods and Future Challenges in the Use of Infrared Thermography. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1286. [PMID: 34947817 PMCID: PMC8704093 DOI: 10.3390/life11121286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body temperature is often assessed in the core and the skin. Infrared thermography has been used to measure skin temperature (Tsk) in sport research and clinical practice. This study aimed to explore the information reported to date on the use of infrared thermography to detect short-term Tsk responses to endurance exercise and to identify the methodological considerations and knowledge gaps, and propose future directions. METHOD A web search (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) was conducted following systematic review guidelines, and 45 out of 2921 studies met the inclusion criteria (endurance sports, since 2000, English, full text available). RESULTS A total of 45 publications were extracted, in which most of the sample were runners (n = 457, 57.9%). Several differences between IRT imaging protocols and ROI selection could lead to potential heterogeneity of interpretations. These particularities in the methodology of the studies extracted are widely discussed in this systematic review. CONCLUSIONS More analyses should be made considering different sports, exercise stimuli and intensities, especially using follow-up designs. Study-derived data could clarify the underlying thermo physiological processes and assess whether Tsk could be used a reliable proxy to describe live thermal regulation in endurance athletes and reduce their risk of exertional heat illness/stroke. Also more in-depth analyses may elucidate the Tsk interactions with other tissues during exercise-related responses, such as inflammation, damage, or pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Pablo Tomás-Carús
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia-Universidade de Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- Grupo en Avances en el Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuno Batalha
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia-Universidade de Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Grupo en Avances en el Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
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González-Devesa D, Vaquera A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Ayán-Pérez C. The Efficacy of Re-Warm-Up Practices during Half-Time: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090976. [PMID: 34577899 PMCID: PMC8466564 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The passive nature of rest breaks in sport could reduce athletes’ performance and even increase their risk of injury. Re-warm-up activities could help avoid these problems, but there is a lack of research on their efficacy. This systematic review aimed at analyzing the results of those randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that provided information on the effects of re-warm-up strategies. Materials and Methods: Four electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from their inception to January 2021, for RCTs on the effects of re-warm-up activities on sports performance. Interventions had to be implemented just after an exercise period or sports competition. Studies that proposed activities that were difficult to replicate in the sport context or performed in a hot environment were excluded. Data were synthesized following PRISMA guidelines, while the risk of bias was assessed following the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: A total of 14 studies (178 participants) reporting data on acute or short-term effects were analyzed. The main outcomes were grouped into four broad areas: physiological measures, conditional abilities, perceptual skills, and sport efficiency measures. The results obtained indicated that passive rest decreases physiological function in athletes, while re-warm-up activities could help to improve athletes’ conditional abilities and sporting efficiency, despite showing higher fatigue levels in comparison with passive rest. The re-warm-up exercise showed to be more effective than passive rest to improve match activities and passing ability. Conclusions: Performing re-warm-up activities is a valuable strategy to avoid reducing sports performance during prolonged breaks. However, given that the methodological quality of the studies was not high, these relationships need to be further explored in official or simulated competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Devesa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, 24007 León, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24007 León, Spain;
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24007 León, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987293618
| | - Carlos Ayán-Pérez
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain;
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da Silva W, Machado ÁS, Lemos AL, de Andrade CF, Priego-Quesada JI, Carpes FP. Relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness, pain thresholds, and skin temperature in men and women. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103051. [PMID: 34503798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has gained popularity in sports medicine for determining whether changes in skin temperature relate to pain and muscle damage. Such a relationship would support IRT as a non-invasive method to monitor these physiological responses. However, the literature remains controversial. Here, we determine the relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness (DOMS), pain, and skin temperature in men and women before and after exercise. Twenty-two physically active adults (10 men and 12 women) completed a squat exercise protocol to induce muscle damage. Skin temperature, DOMS, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed in the quadriceps pre, post-exercise, and 48 h post-exercise. DOMS increased similarly in men and women post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise. PPT was lower in women compared to men. PPT decreased 48 h post-exercise for men but did not differ between the moments for women. Skin temperature responses were sex-dependent. Mean and maximum temperatures increased post-exercise for men, and maximum temperature reduced 48 h post-exercise. In women, the minimum temperature increased 48 h post-exercise. DOMS was not predicted by skin temperature but showed a direct association between pre and 48 h post-exercise variation of maximum skin temperature and PPT. We conclude that there is a sex-dependent effect in analyzing skin temperature changes in response to exercise, something that seems to not have been addressed in previous studies. To date, inferences are generally assumed as similar for both men and women, which we show may not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian da Silva
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Sosa Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lemes Lemos
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla Ferreira de Andrade
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports and Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Perpetuini D, Formenti D, Cardone D, Filippini C, Merla A. Regions of interest selection and thermal imaging data analysis in sports and exercise science: a narrative review. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34186518 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac0fbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive, contactless and low-cost technology that allows recording of the radiating energy that is released from a body, providing an estimate of its superficial temperature. Thanks to the improvement of infrared thermal detectors, this technique is widely used in the biomedical field to monitor the skin temperature for different purposes (e.g. assessing circulatory diseases, psychophysiological state, affective computing). Particularly, in sports and exercise science, thermography is extensively used to assess sports performance, to investigate superficial vascular changes induced by physical exercise, and to monitor injuries. However, the methods of analysis employed to treat IRT data are not standardized, and hence introduce variability in the results. APPROACH This review focuses on the methods of analysis currently used for thermal imaging in sports and exercise science. MAIN RESULTS Firstly, the procedures employed for the selection of regions of interest (ROIs) from anatomical body districts are reviewed, paying attention also to the potentialities of morphing algorithms to increase the reproducibility of thermal results. Secondly, the statistical approaches utilized to characterize the temperature frequency and spatial distributions within ROIs are investigated, showing their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the importance of employing tracking methods to analyze the temporal thermal oscillations within ROIs is discussed. Thirdly, the capability of employing procedures of investigation based on machine learning frameworks on thermal imaging in sports science is examined. SIGNIFICANCE Finally, some proposals to improve the standardization and the reproducibility of IRT data analysis are provided, in order to facilitate the development of a common database of thermal images and to improve the effectiveness of IRT in sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perpetuini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Cardone
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Filippini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Rodrigues Júnior JL, Duarte W, Falqueto H, Andrade AGP, Morandi RF, Albuquerque MR, de Assis MG, Serpa TKF, Pimenta EM. Correlation between strength and skin temperature asymmetries in the lower limbs of Brazilian elite soccer players before and after a competitive season. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:102919. [PMID: 34420654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between strength and skin temperature (Tsk) asymmetries in the lower limbs of elite soccer players before and after a competitive season. The sample (n = 20) was composed of elite male soccer players. Strength asymmetry and Tsk asymmetry was measured through the countermovement jump (CMJ) test and infrared thermography, respectively. Asymmetries were quantified using the symmetry angle (SA) equation. A strong correlation was found between the SA of rate of force development (RFD) and the SA of Tsk before (baseline) (r = 0.7; r2 = 0.43; p = 0.03) and after (r = 0.6; r2 = 0.42; p = 0.04) the competitive season. Moreover, after the competitive season there were significant decreases in Peak force (p < 0.018), Impulse (p < 0.04), RFD (p = 0.0001) and CMJ height (p = 0.05), and significant increases in Tsk (p < 0.03), C-reactive protein (p = 0.03), Creatine kinase (p = 0.0001) and Cortisol (p = 0.04), even after a 3-day rest interval (no training). These results suggest that the CMJ test can be combined with infrared thermography for monitoring strength asymmetry and contribute to the prevention of muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Rodrigues Júnior
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil; Laboratory of Sport Biomechanics, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil.
| | - Warley Duarte
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil; Laboratory of Sport Biomechanics, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Hugo Falqueto
- Medicine Department, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - UFFS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - UFFS, Brazil
| | - André G P Andrade
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil; Laboratory of Sport Biomechanics, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Morandi
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Maicon R Albuquerque
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Miller G de Assis
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Tane K F Serpa
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Pimenta
- UFMG Soccer Science Center, Sports Department. School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy, and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Brazil
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Wang H, De Cunto CL, Pignolo RJ, Kaplan FS. Spatial patterns of heterotopic ossification in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva correlate with anatomic temperature gradients. Bone 2021; 149:115978. [PMID: 33915334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Progressive heterotopic ossification (HO) is a hallmark of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP); however, this tissue transformation is not random. Rather, we noticed that HO in FOP progresses in well-defined but inexplicable spatial and temporal patterns that correlate precisely with infrared thermographs of the human body. FOP is caused by gain-of-function mutations in Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1/ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor kinase. As with all enzymes, the activity of ACVR1 is temperature-dependent. We hypothesized that connective tissue progenitor cells that express the common heterozygous ACVR1R206H mutation (FOP CTPCs) exhibit a dysregulated temperature response compared to control CTPCs and that the temperature of FOP CTPCs that initiate and sustain HO at various anatomic sites determines, in part, the anatomic distribution of HO in FOP. We compared BMP pathway signaling at a range of physiologic temperatures in primary CTPCs isolated from FOP patients (n = 3) and unaffected controls (n = 3) and found that BMP pathway signaling and resultant chondrogenesis were amplified in FOP CTPCs compared to control CTPCs (p < 0.05). We conclude that the anatomic distribution of HO in FOP may be due, in part, to a dyregulated temperature response in FOP CTPCs that reflect anatomic location. While the association of temperature gradients with spatial patterns of HO in FOP does not demonstrate causality, our findings provide a paradigm for the physiologic basis of the anatomic distribution of HO in FOP and unveil a novel therapeutic target that might be exploited for this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carmen L De Cunto
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology Section, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Gascón 450, 1181 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of the Center for Research in FOP & Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine of The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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17
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The Influence of External Additional Loading on the Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Forces during Gait. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:5532012. [PMID: 34367325 PMCID: PMC8342170 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5532012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical external loading acting on the musculoskeletal system is generally considered unhealthy. Despite this knowledge, carrying loads in an asymmetrical manner like carrying on one shoulder, with one hand, or on the strap across the torso is a common practice. This study is aimed at presenting the effects of the mentioned load carrying methods on muscle activity assessed by using thermal field and ground reaction forces. Infrared thermography and pedobarographic force platform (ground reaction force/pressure measurement) were used in this study. Experimental results point out an increased load-dependent asymmetry of temperature distribution on the chosen areas of torso and the influence of external loading on ground reaction forces. Results point out that wearing an asymmetrical load should be avoided and are showing which type of carrying the external load is potentially less and the most harmful.
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Jung H, Seo J, Seo K, Kim D, Park S. Detection of Muscle Activation during Resistance Training Using Infrared Thermal Imaging. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134505. [PMID: 34209377 PMCID: PMC8272228 DOI: 10.3390/s21134505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging has been widely used to show the correlation between thermal characteristics of the body and muscle activation. This study aims to investigate a method using thermal imaging to visualize and differentiate target muscles during resistance training. Thermal images were acquired to monitor three target muscles (i.e., biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and deltoid muscle) in the brachium while varying the training weight, duration, and order of training. The acquired thermal images were segmented and converted to heat maps. By generating difference heat maps from pairs of heat maps during training, the target muscles were clearly visualized, with an average temperature difference of 0.86 °C. It was observed that training order had no significant effect on skin surface temperature. The difference heat maps were also used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to show the feasibility of target muscle classification, with an accuracy of 92.3%. This study demonstrated that infrared thermal imaging could be effectively utilized to locate and differentiate target muscle activation during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemin Jung
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Jeongwung Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kangwon Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Shakhih MFM, Ridzuan N, Wahab AA, Zainuddin NF, Delestri LFU, Rosslan AS, Kadir MRA. Non-obstructive monitoring of muscle fatigue for low intensity dynamic exercise with infrared thermography technique. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1447-1459. [PMID: 34156602 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been widely used in evaluating muscle fatigue among athletes where electrodes are attached on the skin during the activity. Recently, infrared thermography technique (IRT) has gain popularity and shown to be another preferred method in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue non-obstructively. This paper investigates the correlation between surface temperature and muscle activation parameters obtained using both IRT and sEMG methods simultaneously. Twenty healthy subjects were required to perform a repetitive calf raise exercise with various loads attached around their ankle for 3 min to induce fatigue on the targeted gastrocnemius muscles. Average temperature and temperature difference information were extracted from thermal images, while root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) were extracted from sEMG signals. Spearman statistical analysis performed shows that there is a significant correlation between average temperature with RMS and between temperature difference with MF values at p<0.05. While ANOVA test conducted shows that there is significant impact of loads on RMS and MF where F=12.61 and 3.59, respectively, at p< 0.05. This study suggested that skin surface temperature can be utilized in monitoring and predicting muscle fatigue in low intensity dynamic exercise and can be extended to other dynamic exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faiz Md Shakhih
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nursyazana Ridzuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. .,Medical Devices and Technology Center (MEDITEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurul Farha Zainuddin
- Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Laila Fadhillah Ulta Delestri
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Anis Suzziani Rosslan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Sports Innovation Technology Centre (SITC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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20
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Thermal Imaging of Exercise-Associated Skin Temperature Changes in Swimmers Subjected to 2-min Intensive Exercise on a VASA Swim Bench Ergometer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126493. [PMID: 34208523 PMCID: PMC8296428 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An important element of swimming training is the improvement of muscle strength and the technique of swimming movements on dry land. The heat generated by the muscles involved in the effort contributes to a change in the temperature of the skin surface, which can be assessed by the IRT method. The aim of the study was to assess the symmetry and dynamics of changes in surface temperatures of selected areas of the body in swimmers after exercise on a swimming ergometer with the use of IRT. A total of 12 swimmers (aged 19 ± 1.3 years) completed a two-minute stress test (front crawl swimming movements) using a VASA Swim Ergometer, with a load of 5. Using an IRT camera (FLIR E60), postexercise changes in back and upper limbs surface temperature in relation to the resting values were observed. After exercise, the temperature value of all assessed areas decreased, apparently in the area of the back and the back of the arms, returning to the baseline values after 12 min of observation. There was no asymmetry in mean temperature values between the right and left upper limbs. IRT is a noninvasive and sensitive tool for the individual analysis of changes in body surface temperature in swimmers after training on dry land.
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21
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Heat and sweat management by a cycling garment impact thermal sensations during exercise in hot and moist conditions. SPORTS ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12283-020-00333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Priego-Quesada JI, De la Fuente C, Kunzler MR, Perez-Soriano P, Hervás-Marín D, Carpes FP. Relationship between Skin Temperature, Electrical Manifestations of Muscle Fatigue, and Exercise-Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness for Dynamic Contractions: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6817. [PMID: 32962017 PMCID: PMC7558480 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) indicates the presence of muscle damage and impairs force production and control. Monitorization of DOMS is useful to improving recovery intervention plans. The magnitude of DOMS may relate to muscle fatigue, which can be monitored by surface electromyography (EMG). Additionally, growing interest has been expressed in determining whether the skin temperature over a muscle group during exercise to fatigue could be a non-invasive marker for DOMS. Here we determine whether skin temperature and manifestations of muscle fatigue during exercise are correlated and can predict DOMS after concentric-eccentric bicep curl exercises. We tested 10 young adults who performed concentric-eccentric bicep curl exercises to induce muscle damage in the biceps brachialis to investigate the relationship between skin temperature and fatigue during exercise and DOMS after exercise. Muscle activation and skin temperature were recorded during exercise. DOMS was evaluated 24 h after exercise. Data analysis was performed using Bayesian regression models with regularizing priors. We found significant muscle fatigue and an increase in skin temperature during exercise. DOMS was observed 24 h after exercise. The regression models showed no correlation of changes in skin temperature and muscle fatigue during exercise with DOMS 24 h after exercise. In conclusion, our preliminary results do not support a relationship between skin temperature measured during exercise and either muscle fatigue during exercise or the ability to predict DOMS 24 h after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos De la Fuente
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; (C.D.l.F.); (M.R.K.); (F.P.C.)
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportivo, Clínica Santa Maria, Santiago 7520380, Chile
| | - Marcos R. Kunzler
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; (C.D.l.F.); (M.R.K.); (F.P.C.)
| | - Pedro Perez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - David Hervás-Marín
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Felipe P. Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS 97500-970, Brazil; (C.D.l.F.); (M.R.K.); (F.P.C.)
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Acupuncture and Dry Needling in the Reduction of Peripheral Acute Fatigue Induced in the Biceps Braquii: Protocol for a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2020; 13:163-166. [PMID: 32889135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jams.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to propose a protocol to verify the efficacy and acute effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture, dry needling, and the rest in peripheral acute fatigue (PAF) induced by intermittent isometric contractions of the nondominant biceps brachii (BB) of nonphysically active men in a randomized, single-blind clinical trial assessed with surface electromyography, contraction time in seconds, infrared thermal imaging, and visual analog scale applied to the PAF. These instruments will evaluate the median frequency, endurance time, temperature (°C), and perceived fatigue in BB of the volunteers. The measurements will be collected in four moments (Test 0, 01, 02, and 03) divided between the beginning and the end of two sets of exercises (Exercises 01 and 02) of intermittent isometric contractions. TRIAL IDENTIFIER: NCT03448120 in www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Development of a skin temperature map for dermatomes in individuals with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord 2020; 58:1090-1095. [PMID: 32371938 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-0471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to map the skin temperature (Tsk) of individuals with SCI and compare able-bodied individuals, and among the groups to demonstrate the effects of differences in the levels of injury (paraplegia and tetraplegia with high and low injuries). SETTING Outpatient clinic, Brazil. METHODS Individuals with tetraplegia (n = 20), paraplegia (n = 21), and able-bodied (n = 11) individuals were recruited. A noncontact infrared thermometer (IRT) was used to measure three times the Tsk at the forehead, and at the C2 to S2 dermatomes. Core body temperature was measured at the axilla using the IRT and three other clinical thermometers. RESULTS Autonomic regulation is impaired by the injury. A Tsk map was constructed for the three groups. Significant differences in the Tsk of dermatomes were observed when comparing individuals with SCI and the able-bodied at the following dermatomes: C3, C7, T2, T3, T8, T9, L1, L2, L4, and S2. When comparing individuals with tetraplegia and able-bodied individuals, the dermatomes that showed significant differences were C5, C6, C8, T1, T10, L3, and S1. Dermatomes C5-C7, and T5 showed significant differences between individuals with tetraplegia and those with paraplegia. For L5 and S1 in paraplegia significant differences were found when comparing high with low injury. CONCLUSION A Tsk map on dermatomes in individuals with SCI was implemented, and showed a significant difference between able-bodied. As temperature is a parameter for analyzing autonomic function, the study could benefit rehabilitation by providing baseline values when constructing clinical protocols.
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Influence of power and maximal strength training on thermal reaction and vertical jump performance in Brazilian basketball players: a preliminary study. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: To evaluate the effect of power and muscle strength training on skin temperature and the performance of the vertical jump with countermovement (CMJ).
Material and methods: The sample consisted of four male basketball athletes of the under-17 category (age: 15.75 ± 1.0 years). 48 hours after anthropometric evaluation and determination of the loads for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg extension exercise, the athletes were subjected, through crossover-type entrance, to power (PTP) and strength (STP) training protocols. The protocols consisted of three sets with loads of 60% and 90% of 1RM for PTP and STP, respectively. Thermographic images of the thighs were taken before and immediately after each training session.
Results: There were significant differences in results between the two training protocols, with increased total repetitions (t = 13.481; p < 0.05) and total training volume (t = 15.944; p < 0.05) in the PTP, and increase in the % of 1RM (t = 33.903; p < 0.05) and rating of perceived exertion (t = 6.755; p < 0.05) in the STP. The skin temperature before and after PTP and STP showed no significant differences. In the post-STP, the CMJ presented significant reductions in height (t = 3.318; p < 0.05), flight time (t = 3.620; p < 0.05), velocity (t = 3.502; p < 0.05), and force (t = 4.381; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in pre-and post-STP CMJ.
Conclusions: Power and maximum strength training in the leg extension exercise performed until concentric failure appears to be a method that induces thermal stress on the skin. This training directly influenced the performance of the vertical jump after the stimulus.
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Kirimtat A, Krejcar O, Selamat A, Herrera-Viedma E. FLIR vs SEEK thermal cameras in biomedicine: comparative diagnosis through infrared thermography. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:88. [PMID: 32164529 PMCID: PMC7069161 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In biomedicine, infrared thermography is the most promising technique among other conventional methods for revealing the differences in skin temperature, resulting from the irregular temperature dispersion, which is the significant signaling of diseases and disorders in human body. Given the process of detecting emitted thermal radiation of human body temperature by infrared imaging, we, in this study, present the current utility of thermal camera models namely FLIR and SEEK in biomedical applications as an extension of our previous article. RESULTS The most significant result is the differences between image qualities of the thermograms captured by thermal camera models. In other words, the image quality of the thermal images in FLIR One is higher than SEEK Compact PRO. However, the thermal images of FLIR One are noisier than SEEK Compact PRO since the thermal resolution of FLIR One is 160 × 120 while it is 320 × 240 in SEEK Compact PRO. CONCLUSION Detecting and revealing the inhomogeneous temperature distribution on the injured toe of the subject, we, in this paper, analyzed the imaging results of two different smartphone-based thermal camera models by making comparison among various thermograms. Utilizing the feasibility of the proposed method for faster and comparative diagnosis in biomedical problems is the main contribution of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Kirimtat
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Krejcar
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ali Selamat
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Malaysia
- Digital Cities Research Institute, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya, 63100 Malaysia
- Media and Games Center of Excellence (MagicX) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia & School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor Malaysia
| | - Enrique Herrera-Viedma
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Colim A, Arezes P, Flores P, Vardasca R, Braga AC. Thermographic differences due to dynamic work tasks on individuals with different obesity levels: a preliminary study. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-IMAGING AND VISUALIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2019.1697757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Colim
- ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Arezes
- ALGORITMI Centre, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
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Raccuglia M, Heyde C, Lloyd A, Hodder S, Havenith G. The use of infrared thermal imaging to measure spatial and temporal sweat retention in clothing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:885-894. [PMID: 30919096 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In our previous laboratory study a 'destructive' gravimetric method was developed to quantify local garment sweat absorption. While this currently is the only methodology that permits direct and analytical measurements of garment regional sweat absorption, the latter approach is time-consuming and expensive, therefore, of limited applicability. As such, in this study, we wanted to assess whether infrared thermography could be used as an indirect method to estimate garment regional sweat absorption, right after exercise, in a 'non-destructive' fashion. Spatial and temporal sweat absorption data, obtained in our previous study, were correlated with spatial and temporal temperature data obtained in the same experiment with an infrared thermal camera. The data suggest that infrared thermography is a good tool to qualitatively predict regional sweat absorption in garments at separate individual time points; however, temporal changes are not predicted well, due to a moisture content threshold above which variations in sweat content cannot be discriminated by further temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Raccuglia
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Trecroci A, Formenti D, Rossi A, Esposito F, Alberti G. Short-Term Delayed Effects of Kinesio Taping on Sprint Cycling Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1232-1236. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The influence of body composition on exercise-associated skin temperature changes after resistance training. J Therm Biol 2018; 75:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Proto A, Bibbo D, Cerny M, Vala D, Kasik V, Peter L, Conforto S, Schmid M, Penhaker M. Thermal Energy Harvesting on the Bodily Surfaces of Arms and Legs through a Wearable Thermo-Electric Generator. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1927. [PMID: 29899308 PMCID: PMC6022077 DOI: 10.3390/s18061927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work analyzes the results of measurements on thermal energy harvesting through a wearable Thermo-electric Generator (TEG) placed on the arms and legs. Four large skin areas were chosen as locations for the placement of the TEGs. In order to place the generator on the body, a special manufactured band guaranteed the proper contact between the skin and TEG. Preliminary measurements were performed to find out the value of the resistor load which maximizes the power output. Then, an experimental investigation was conducted for the measurement of harvested energy while users were performing daily activities, such as sitting, walking, jogging, and riding a bike. The generated power values were in the range from 5 to 50 μW. Moreover, a preliminary hypothesis based on the obtained results indicates the possibility to use TEGs on leg for the recognition of locomotion activities. It is due to the rather high and different biomechanical work, produced by the gastrocnemius muscle, while the user is walking rather than jogging or riding a bike. This result reflects a difference between temperatures associated with the performance of different activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Proto
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniele Bibbo
- Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martin Cerny
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - David Vala
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Kasik
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Peter
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Conforto
- Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Schmid
- Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra, 62, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marek Penhaker
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
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Trecroci A, Formenti D, Ludwig N, Gargano M, Bosio A, Rampinini E, Alberti G. Bilateral asymmetry of skin temperature is not related to bilateral asymmetry of crank torque during an incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4438. [PMID: 29507831 PMCID: PMC5835345 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although moderate relationships (|r| ∼ 0.5) were reported between skin temperature and performance-related variables (e.g., kinetic), it remains unclear whether skin temperature asymmetry reflects muscle force imbalance in cycling. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether a relationship exists between kinetic and thermal asymmetry during a fatiguing exercise. Ten elite cyclists were enrolled and tested on a maximal incremental cycling test. Peak crank torques of both legs were obtained at the initial and final workload. Likewise, bilateral skin temperatures were recorded before and after exercise. Asymmetric indexes were also calculated for kinetic (AIK) and skin temperature (AIT) outcomes. The bilateral peak crank torques showed a larger difference at the final compared to the initial workload (p < 0.05) of the incremental exercise. Conversely, the bilateral skin temperature did not show any differences at both initial and final workload (p > 0.05). Additionally, trivial relationships were reported between AIK and AIT (-0.3 < r < 0.2) at the initial and final workload. The obtained results showed that changes in bilateral kinetic values did not reflect concurrent changes in bilateral skin temperatures. This finding emphasizes the difficulty of associating the asymmetry of skin temperature with those of muscle effort in elite cyclists. Lastly, our study also provided further insights on thermal skin responses during exhaustive cycling exercise in very highly-trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ludwig
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Gargano
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Varese, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Ugalde-Ramírez JA, Rojas-Valverde D, Salas-Cabrera J, Rodríguez-Montero A, Gutiérrez-Vargas JC. La termografía infrarroja como herramienta efectiva para detectar áreas músculares dañadas después de correr una maratón. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n4.60638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La termografía infrarroja (TI) es un equipo de imagen que capta las radiaciones de calor emitidas por los cuerpos y las recoge en valores de temperatura. En el ámbito deportivo se utiliza para identificar daños en estructuras músculo-esqueléticas a partir de la variación de la temperatura corporal en zonas anatómicas afectadas.Objetivo. Valorar la efectividad de la TI como herramienta para detectar músculos dañados después de correr una maratón.Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 17 corredores antes y después de correr una maratón (42.196 km) utilizando un equipo termográfíco.Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la temperatura previa y posterior a correr una maratón. Se presentó una diferencia entre la medición previa y posterior >1°C en el vasto lateral, vasto medial, recto femoral y aductor de la pierna dominante, lo que, basados en parámetros clínicos, representa un daño en estos músculos. Los aumentos de temperatura se mostraron de manera heterogénea entre las zonas anatómicas.Conclusiones. La TI es una herramienta efectiva para detectar zonas musculares dañadas en corredores después de participar en una maratón.
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Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, Adamczyk JG, Ammer K, Bach AJ, Costa CM, Eglin C, Fernandes AA, Fernández-Cuevas I, Ferreira JJ, Formenti D, Fournet D, Havenith G, Howell K, Jung A, Kenny GP, Kolosovas-Machuca ES, Maley MJ, Merla A, Pascoe DD, Priego Quesada JI, Schwartz RG, Seixas AR, Selfe J, Vainer BG, Sillero-Quintana M. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Monitoring changes in body surface temperature associated with treadmill exercise in dogs by use of infrared methodology. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Core and Surface Temperature Modification During Road Transport and Physical Exercise in Horse After Acupuncture Needle Stimulation. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Priego Quesada JI, Gil-Calvo M, Jimenez-Perez I, Lucas-Cuevas ÁG, Pérez-Soriano P. Relationship between foot eversion and thermographic foot skin temperature after running. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:5559-5565. [PMID: 29047517 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.005559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main instruments to assess foot eversion have some limitations (especially for field applications), and therefore it is necessary to explore new methods. The objective was to determine the relationship between foot eversion and skin temperature asymmetry of the foot sole (difference between medial and lateral side), using infrared thermography. Twenty-two runners performed a running test lasting 30 min. Skin temperature of the feet soles was measured by infrared thermography before and after running. Foot eversion during running was measured by kinematic analysis. Immediately after running, weak negative correlations were observed between thermal symmetry of the rearfoot and eversion at contact time, and between thermal symmetry of the entire plantar surface of the foot and maximum eversion during stance phase (r=-0.3 and p=0.04 in both cases). Regarding temperature variations, weak correlations were also observed (r=0.4 and p<0.05). The weak correlations observed in this study suggest that skin temperature is not related to foot eversion. However, these results open interesting future lines of research.
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Priego Quesada JI, Kunzler MR, Carpes FP. Methodological Aspects of Infrared Thermography in Human Assessment. BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47410-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fernández-Cuevas I, Arnáiz Lastras J, Escamilla Galindo V, Gómez Carmona P. Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Injury in Sports Medicine. BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47410-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ludwig N, Trecroci A, Gargano M, Formenti D, Bosio A, Rampinini E, Alberti G. Thermography for skin temperature evaluation during dynamic exercise: a case study on an incremental maximal test in elite male cyclists. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:D126-D130. [PMID: 27958445 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.00d126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of thermal imaging in monitoring the dynamic of skin temperature during prolonged physical exercise is central to assess athletes' ability to dissipate heat from the skin surface to the environment. In this study, seven elite cyclists completed an incremental maximal cycling test to evaluate their skin temperature response under controlled-environment conditions. Thermal images have been analyzed using a method based on maxima detection (Tmax). Data confirmed a reduction in skin temperature due to vasoconstriction during the exercise, followed by a temperature increment after exhaustion. A characteristic hot-spotted thermal pattern was found over the skin surface in all subjects. This research confirmed also the notable ability by highly trained cyclists to modify skin temperature during an incremental muscular effort. This study gives additional contributions for understanding the capability of the Tmax method applied to the thermoregulatory physiological processes.
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Vuorinen T, Niittynen J, Kankkunen T, Kraft TM, Mäntysalo M. Inkjet-Printed Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Temperature Sensors on a Skin-Conformable Polyurethane Substrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35289. [PMID: 27752050 PMCID: PMC5082757 DOI: 10.1038/srep35289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal electronic systems (EESs) are skin-like electronic systems, which can be used to measure several physiological parameters from the skin. This paper presents materials and a simple, straightforward fabrication process for skin-conformable inkjet-printed temperature sensors. Epidermal temperature sensors are already presented in some studies, but they are mainly fabricated using traditional photolithography processes. These traditional fabrication routes have several processing steps and they create a substantial amount of material waste. Hence utilizing printing processes, the EES may become attractive for disposable systems by decreasing the manufacturing costs and reducing the wasted materials. In this study, the sensors are fabricated with inkjet-printed graphene/PEDOT:PSS ink and the printing is done on top of a skin-conformable polyurethane plaster (adhesive bandage). Sensor characterization was conducted both in inert and ambient atmosphere and the graphene/PEDOT:PSS temperature sensors (thermistors) were able reach higher than 0.06% per degree Celsius sensitivity in an optimal environment exhibiting negative temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Vuorinen
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Niittynen
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Timo Kankkunen
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas M Kraft
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Mäntysalo
- Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720, Tampere, Finland
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Côrte ACRE, Hernandez AJ. TERMOGRAFIA MÉDICA INFRAVERMELHA APLICADA À MEDICINA DO ESPORTE. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162204160783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A termografia médica infravermelha é um instrumento de análise não invasiva e não radioativa, capaz de analisar funções fisiológicas relacionadas com o controle da temperatura da pele. A termografia detecta a luz infravermelha emitida pelo corpo e visualiza mudanças de temperatura corporal relacionadas à alteração no fluxo sanguíneo. Não é um método que mostra anormalidades anatômicas, porém é capaz de mostrar mudanças fisiológicas. Existem várias aplicações da termografia no campo da medicina: desordens neurológicas, reumatológicas, musculares, doenças vasculares, patologias urológicas, ginecológicas, ortopédicas e na medicina esportiva. Para todas as áreas médicas, a termografia está estabelecida como uma medida que proporciona um mapeamento visual da distribuição da temperatura da pele. A termografia não deve ser usada como ferramenta diagnóstica única. Exames clínicos devem ser realizados para interpretação dos termogramas. Nas aplicações médicas, esta técnica proporciona, somente, uma imagem da distribuição da temperatura da pele; não é capaz de mostrar dados de uma superfície profunda do corpo, como é possível por outros exames de imagem. Entretanto, é um método não-invasivo e objetivo, além de seguro e inofensivo. Na medicina do esporte, o uso da termografia pode proporcionar melhores resultados aos atletas por ser um instrumento na identificação de riscos e na prevenção de lesões, além de ser uma importante ferramenta no acompanhamento do treinamento esportivo, a partir da avaliação da quantificação da carga de trabalho.
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Formenti D, Ludwig N, Trecroci A, Gargano M, Michielon G, Caumo A, Alberti G. Dynamics of thermographic skin temperature response during squat exercise at two different speeds. J Therm Biol 2016; 59:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Priego Quesada JI, Carpes FP, Salvador Palmer R, Pérez-Soriano P, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM. Effect of saddle height on skin temperature measured in different days of cycling. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:205. [PMID: 27026901 PMCID: PMC4769707 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography can be useful to explore the effects of exercise on neuromuscular function. During cycling, it could be used to investigate the effects of saddle height on thermoregulation. The aim of this study was to examine whether different cycling postures, elicited by different knee flexion angles, could influence skin temperature. Furthermore, we also determined whether the reproducibility of thermal measurements in response to cycling differed in the body regions affected or not affected by saddle height. Sixteen cyclists participated in three tests of 45 min of cycling at their individual 50 % peak power output. Each test was performed in a different knee flexion position on the bicycle (20°, 30°, 40° knee flexion when the pedal crank was at 180°). Different knee angles were obtained by changing saddle height. Skin temperatures were determined by infrared thermography before, immediately after and 10 min after the cycling test, in 16 different regions of interest (ROI) in the trunk and lower limbs. Changes in saddle height did not result in changes in skin temperature in the ROI. However, lower knee flexion elicited higher temperature in popliteus after cycling than higher flexion (p = 0.008 and ES = 0.8), and higher knee flexion elicited lower temperature variation in the tibialis anterior than intermediate knee flexion (p = 0.004 and ES = 0.8). Absolute temperatures obtained good and very good intraday reproducibility in the different measurements (ICCs between 0.44 and 0.85), but temperature variations showed lower reproducibility (ICCs between 0.11 and 0.74). Different postures assumed by the cyclist due to different saddle height did not influence temperature measurements. Skin temperature can be measured on different days with good repeatability, but temperature variations can be more sensitive to the effects of an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Priego Quesada
- />Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- />Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Avd/Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- />Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS Brazil
| | - Felipe P. Carpes
- />Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS Brazil
| | - Rosario Salvador Palmer
- />Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Avd/Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- />Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Mª Cibrián Ortiz de Anda
- />Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Avd/Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Priego Quesada JI, Lucas-Cuevas AG, Gil-Calvo M, Giménez JV, Aparicio I, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM, Salvador Palmer R, Llana-Belloch S, Pérez-Soriano P. Effects of graduated compression stockings on skin temperature after running. J Therm Biol 2015; 52:130-6. [PMID: 26267507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High skin temperatures reduce the thermal gradient between the core and the skin and they can lead to a reduction in performance and increased risk of injury. Graduated compression stockings have become popular among runners in the last years and their use may influence the athlete's thermoregulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of graduated compression stockings on skin temperature during running in a moderate indoor environment. Forty-four runners performed two running tests lasting 30min (10min of warm-up and 20min at 75% of their maximal aerobic speed) with and without graduated compressive stockings. Skin temperature was measured in 12 regions of interest on the lower limb by infrared thermography before and after running. Heart rate and perception of fatigue were assessed during the last minute of the running test. Compression stockings resulted in greater increase of temperature (p=0.002 and ES=2.2, 95% CI [0.11-0.45°C]) not only in the body regions in contact (tibialis anterior, ankle anterior and gastrocnemius) but also in the body regions that were not in contact with the garment (vastus lateralis, abductor and semitendinosus). No differences were observed between conditions in heart rate and perception of fatigue (p>0.05 and ES<0.8). In conclusion, running with graduated compression stockings produces a greater increase of skin temperature without modifying the athlete's heart rate and perception of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Priego Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A G Lucas-Cuevas
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J V Giménez
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Aparicio
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - R M Cibrián Ortiz de Anda
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Salvador Palmer
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Llana-Belloch
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Priego Quesada JI, Kunzler MR, Rocha ESD, Machado ÁS, Carpes FP. Plantar Pressure and Foot Temperature Responses to Acute Barefoot and Shod Running. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/humo-2015-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurpose. Increased contact pressure and skin friction may lead to higher skin temperature. Here, we hypothesized a relationship between plantar pressure and foot temperature. To elicit different conditions of stress to the foot, participants performed running trials of barefoot and shod running. Methods. Eighteen male recreational runners ran shod and barefoot at a self-selected speed for 15 min over different days. Before and immediately after running, plantar pressure during standing (via a pressure mapping system) and skin temperature (using thermography) were recorded. Results. No significant changes were found in plantar pressure after barefoot or shod conditions (p > 0.9). Shod running elicited higher temperatures in the forefoot (by 0.5-2.2°C or 0.1-1.2% compared with the whole foot, p < 0.01) and midfoot (by 0.9-2.4°C, p < 0.01). Barefoot running resulted in higher temperature variation in the rearfoot (0.1-10.4%, p = 0.04). Correlations between skin temperature and plantar pressure were not significant (r < 0.5 and r > -0.5, p > 0.05). Conclusions. The increase in temperature after the shod condition was most likely the result of footwear insulation. However, variation of the temperature in the rearfoot was higher after barefoot running, possible due to a higher contact load. Changes in temperature could not predict changes in plantar pressure and vice-versa.
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