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Catalytic Characterization of Synthetic K+ and Na+ Sodalite Phases by Low Temperature Alkali Fusion of Kaolinite during the Transesterification of Spent Cooking Oil: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineral raw Egyptian kaolinite was used as a precursor in the synthesis of two sodalite phases (sodium sodalite (Na.SD) and potassium sodalite (K.SD)) according to the low alkali fusion technique. The synthesized Na.SD phase demonstrates enhanced total basicity (6.3 mmol OH/g), surface area (232.4 m2/g), and ion exchange capacity (126.4 meq/100 g) compared to the K.SD phase (217.6 m2/g (surface area), 96.8 meq/100 g (ion exchange capacity), 5.4 mmol OH/g (total basicity). The catalytic performance of the two sodalite phases validates the higher activity of the sodium phase (Na.SD) than the potassium phase (K.SD). The application of Na.SD resulted in biodiesel yields of 97.3% and 96.4% after 90 min and 60 min, respectively, while the maximum yield using K.SD (95.7%) was detected after 75 min. Robust base-catalyzed reactions using Na.SD and K.SD as catalysts were suggested as part of an operated transesterification mechanism. Moreover, these reactions exhibit pseudo-first order kinetics, and the rate constant values were estimated with consideration of the change in temperature. The estimated activation energies of Na.SD (27.9 kJ.mol−1) and K.SD (28.27 kJ.mol−1) reflected the suitability of these catalysts to be applied effectively under mild conditions. The essential thermodynamic functions, such as Gibb’s free energy (65.16 kJ.mol−1 (Na.SD) and 65.26 kJ.mol−1 (K.SD)), enthalpy (25.23 kJ.mol−1 (Na.SD) and 25.55 kJ.mol−1 (K.SD)), and entropy (−197.7 J.K−1.mol−1 (Na.SD) and −197.8 J.K−1.mol−1 (K.SD)), display the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the two transesterification systems.
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A Novel Approach of Bioesters Synthesis through Different Technologies by Highlighting the Lowest Energetic Consumption One. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234190. [PMID: 34883692 PMCID: PMC8659602 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids esters have a wide application as bioplasticizers and biolubricants in different industries, obtained mainly in classic batch reactors, through an equilibrium complex reaction, that involves high temperatures, long reaction times, vigorously stirring, and much energy consumption. To overcome these shortcomings, we synthesized a series of fatty acid esters (soybean oil fatty acids being the acid components with various hydroxyl compounds) through novel low energy consumption technologies using a bubble column reactor, a microwave field reactor and for comparison meaning, a classic batch reactor. The obtained bioesters physicochemical properties were similar to one another, a good concordance among their rheological properties was obtained, but the energetic consumption is lower when using the bubble column or the microwave reactors instead of the classical batch reactor.
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Utilisation of Non-Edible Source ( Pongamia pinnata Seeds Shells) for Producing Methyl Esters as Cleaner Fuel in the Presence of a Novel Heterogeneous Catalyst Synthesized from Waste Eggshells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195772. [PMID: 34641316 PMCID: PMC8510224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste eggshells were considered for synthesising a precursor (CaO) for a heterogeneous catalyst, further impregnated by alkali caesium oxide (Cs2O). The following techniques were used to characterise the synthesised catalysts: X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (CO2-TPD). The synthesised catalyst revealed its suitability for transesterification to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production process was optimised, and it showed that the optimal biodiesel yield is 93.59%. The optimal set of process parameters is process temperature 80 °C, process time 90 min, methanol-to-oil molar ratio 8 and catalyst loading 3 wt.%. It has been found that the high basicity of the catalyst tends to give a high biodiesel yield at low methanol-to-oil ratio 8 when the reaction time is also less (90 min). The fuel properties of biodiesel also satisfied the standard limits defined by ASTM and the EN standards. Thus, the synthesised catalyst from waste eggshells is highly active, improved the biodiesel production conditions and PPSS oil is a potential nonedible source.
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Bin Jumah MN, Ibrahim SM, AL-Huqail AA, Bin-Murdhi NS, Allam AA, Abu-Taweel GM, Altoom N, Al-Anazi KM, Abukhadra MR. Enhancing the Catalytic Performance of NiO during the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using a Diatomite Carrier and an Integrated Ni 0 Metal: Response Surface Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12318-12330. [PMID: 34056384 PMCID: PMC8154151 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two types of NiO-based composites (NiO@diatomite and Ni/NiO@diatomite) were synthesized as modified products of enhanced catalytic performances during the transesterification reactions of waste cooking oil. The influence of the diatomite substrate and the integration of metallic Ni0 in inducing the catalytic activity were evaluated in a series of transesterification reactions. The experimental conditions were adjusted according to the response surface methodology and the central composite statistical design. Experimentally, the diatomite substrate and the Ni0 metal induced the efficiency of the reaction to achieve a yield of 73.4% (NiO@diatomite) and 91% (Ni/NiO@diatomite), respectively, as compared to 66% for the pure phase (NiO). This was obtained under experimental conditions of 80 °C temperature, 100 min time, 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, and 3.75 wt % loading. The theoretical optimization functions of the designs suggested enhancement to the experimental conditions to achieve a yield of 76.3% by NiO@diatomite and 93.2% by Ni/NiO@diatomite. This reflected the role of the diatomite substrate in enhancing the surface area, the adsorption of fatty acids, and the exposure of the catalytic sites in addition to the effect of the Ni0 metal in enhancing the catalytic reactivity of the final product. Finally, the biodiesel produced over Ni/NiO@diatomite as the best product was of acceptable properties according to the international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- May N. Bin Jumah
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- Environment
and Biomaterial Unit, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk M. Ibrahim
- Materials
Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
| | - Arwa A. AL-Huqail
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Saleh Bin-Murdhi
- Biology
Department, Faculty of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef
University, Beni-Suef 65211, Egypt
| | - Gasem M. Abu-Taweel
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Altoom
- Department
of Biology, King Khalid Military Academy, Riyadh 14625, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Al-Anazi
- Department
of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa R. Abukhadra
- Materials
Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City 65211, Egypt
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Abukhadra MR, Basyouny MG, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Luqman M. Insights into the green doping of clinoptilolite with Na + ions (Na +/Clino) as a nanocatalyst in the conversion of palm oil into biodiesel; optimization and mechanism. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:155702. [PMID: 33511967 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd7b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The critical demand for eco-friendly, renewable, and safe energy resources is an essential issue encountered in the contemporary world. The catalytic transesterification of plant oils into biodiesel was assessed as promising a technique for providing new forms of clean and safe fuel. Natural clinoptilolite was doped with Na+ ions by green chemical reactions between sodium nitrite and green tea extract, producing a novel modified structure (Na+/Clino). The Na+/Clino product had an enhanced total basicity (6.41 mmol OH/g), ion exchange capacity (387 meq/100 g), and surface area (312.7 m2 g-1), which qualified it to be used as a potential basic catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil. Transesterification tests were statistically assessed using a response surface methodology and a central composite design. Considering the effect of how the significant factors interact with each other, the synthetic Na+/Clino achieved a 96.4% experimental biodiesel yield after 70 min at 100 °C in the presence of 2.75 wt% catalyst loading and a 12.5:1 methanol-to-palm-oil ratio. Based on the optimization function of the statistical model, the performance of Na+/Clino can theoretically be enhanced to increase the yield to 98.2% by expanding the test time to 85 min and the loading value to 3 wt%. The product yielded by the Na+/ClinO process is of adequate technical properties, considering the international levels for standard biodiesel (EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751). Finally, the prepared green Na+ doped clinoptilolite had excellent recyclability as a heterogeneous basic catalyst and displayed higher efficiency than several species of previously studied heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa R Abukhadra
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt. Materials Technologies and their Applications Lab, Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef City, Egypt
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Rezki B, Essamlali Y, Aadil M, Semlal N, Zahouily M. Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acid waste cooking oil using a cesium modified natural phosphate catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41065-41077. [PMID: 35519180 PMCID: PMC9057709 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the catalytic activity of cesium modified natural phosphate in biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acids (FFA) used in cooking oil. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation of cesium chloride (CsCl) on the natural phosphate followed by calcination up to 800 °C. The phosphate based catalyst was thermally, structurally, morphologically, and texturally characterized in order to determinate the relationship between its physicochemical properties and its catalytic activity. The chosen catalyst was demonstrated to be an active catalyst for the transesterification of rapeseed oil achieving a biodiesel yield of 99.55% under suitable reaction conditions: a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12 : 1, reaction temperature of 70 °C, catalyst amount of 4 wt% based on oil weight and reaction time of 6 h. Results from low FFA waste cooking oil transesterification indicated that a methyl esters yield of 99.52% could be obtained. Furthermore, results from esterification/transesterification of acidified rapeseed oil indicate that a yield of 93% may be obtained, thus giving rise to a potential application in 2nd generation biodiesel production from low acidic oils. Some important physicochemical properties of the obtained biodiesel were evaluated and compared with the EN14214 and ASTM D-6751 standards for biodiesel specifications. Cesium modified natural phosphate was investigated as a catalyst in biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acids used in cooking oil.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutaina Rezki
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II Casablanca B.P. 146 20650 Morocco
| | - Younes Essamlali
- MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane Rabat 10100 Morocco
| | - Mina Aadil
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II Casablanca B.P. 146 20650 Morocco
| | - Nawal Semlal
- Innovation Team, OCP S.A. El Jadida BP 118 Morocco
| | - Mohamed Zahouily
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse & Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Hassan II Casablanca B.P. 146 20650 Morocco .,MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane Rabat 10100 Morocco
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Fadhil AB, Aziz AM, Altamer MH. Optimization of methyl esters production from non-edible oils using activated carbon supported potassium hydroxide as a solid base catalyst. ARAB JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/25765299.2018.1449414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman B. Fadhil
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Akram M. Aziz
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Marwa H. Altamer
- Industrial Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
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Chen YC, Lin DY, Chen BH. Transesterification of acid soybean oil for biodiesel production using lithium metasilicate catalyst prepared from diatomite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Optimization of biodiesel production from transesterification of triolein using zeolite LTA catalysts synthesized from kaolin clay. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Maleki H, Kazemeini M, Bastan F. Transesterification of Canola Oil to Biodiesel Using CaO/Talc Nanopowder as a Mixed Oxide Catalyst. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Maleki
- Sharif University of Technology; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Azadi Avenue 11365-9465 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemeini
- Sharif University of Technology; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Azadi Avenue 11365-9465 Tehran Iran
| | - Farzad Bastan
- Sharif University of Technology; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; Azadi Avenue 11365-9465 Tehran Iran
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