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Rhodes SS, Jesikiewicz JE, Yegya-Raman N, Prasad K, Dreyfuss A, Mankoff DA, Taunk NK. Optimizing Regulatory Reviews for Clinical Protocols that Use Radiopharmaceuticals: Findings of the University of Pennsylvania Radiation Research Safety Committee. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024:00004032-990000000-00178. [PMID: 39102519 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Institutional radiation safety committees review research studies with radiation exposure. However, ensuring that the potential patient benefit and knowledge gained merit the radiation risks involved often necessitates revisions that inadvertently delay protocol activations. This quality-improvement study analyzed protocols, identified factors associated with approval time by a radiation safety committee, and developed guidelines to expedite reviews without compromising quality. Clinical protocols submitted to the University of Pennsylvania's Radiation Research Safety Committee (RRSC) for review between 2017 and 2021 were studied. Protocol characteristics, review outcome, stipulations, and approval times were summarized. Statistical analysis (Spearman's rho) was used to investigate stipulations and approval time; rank-sum analysis (Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon) was used to determine whether approval time differed by protocol characteristics. One hundred ten (110) protocols were analyzed. Approximately two-thirds of protocols used approved radiopharmaceuticals to aid investigational therapy trials. Twenty-three percent (23%) of protocols received RRSC approval, and 73% had approval withheld with stipulations, which included requests for edits or additional information. Submissions had a median of three stipulations. Median and mean RRSC approval times were 62 and 80.1 d, and 41% of protocols received RRSC approval after IRB approval. RRSC approval time was positively correlated with stipulations (Spearman's rho = 0. 632, p < 0.001). RRSC approval time was longer for studies using investigational new drugs (median 80 d) than approved radiopharmaceuticals (median 57 d, p = 0.05). The review process is lengthy and may benefit from changes, including publishing standardized radiation safety language and commonly required documents and encouraging timely response to stipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia S Rhodes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Janelle E Jesikiewicz
- Environmental Health and Radiation Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nikhil Yegya-Raman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kavya Prasad
- Environmental Health and Radiation Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexandra Dreyfuss
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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The IRB Reliance Exchange (IREx): A national web-based platform for operationalizing single IRB review. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e39. [PMID: 35574155 PMCID: PMC9066316 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For decades, the research community called for streamlined Institutional Review Board (IRB) review processes for multisite studies. Department of Health and Human Services and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognized this need and implemented single IRB (sIRB) of record mandates. However, announcing mandates without sufficient operational guidance and tools is insufficient to foster the desired change. Nearly 4 years into implementation of the NIH’s sIRB mandate, operational challenges remain. Fortunately, NIH supports a web-based sIRB platform, the IRB Reliance Exchange (IREx), to facilitate sIRB communication and documentation. IREx has received continuous NIH funding supporting its evolution since 2011 and is now used by over 5,000 Human Research Protection Program and research personnel, 35 sIRBs, and 415 participating sites to operationalize sIRB review and approval on over 400 studies. IREx supports over 2300 reliance relationships with an average of 7 sites per study. The platform is continually used by sIRBs and relying sites, providing a valuable centralized portal for promoting a harmonized sIRB review process. IREx can promote transparency, standardize practice, minimize workflow variation, and mitigate the need for sIRBs to implement significant technical changes to their local electronic systems. IREx has proven to be nimble and adaptable with practice and policy changes over the past decade, as evidenced by continually increasing platform utilization.
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Coates EC, Mann-Salinas EA, Caldwell NW, Chung KK. Challenges Associated with Managing a Multicenter Clinical Trial in Severe Burns. J Burn Care Res 2021; 41:681-689. [PMID: 31996926 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Managing multicenter clinical trials (MCTs) is demanding and complex. The Randomized controlled Evaluation of high-volume hemofiltration in adult burn patients with Septic shoCk and acUte kidnEy injury (RESCUE) trial was a prospective, MCT involving the impact of high-volume hemofiltration continuous renal replacement therapy on patients experiencing acute kidney injury and septic shock. Ten clinical burn centers from across the United States were recruited to enroll a target sample size of 120 subjects. This manuscripts reviews some of the obstacles and knowledge gained while coordinating the RESCUE trial. The first subject was enrolled in February 2012, 22 months after initial IRB approval and 29 months from the time the grant was awarded. The RESCUE team consisted of personnel at each site, including the lead site, a data coordination center, data safety monitoring board, steering committees, and the sponsor. Seven clinical sites had enrolled 37 subjects when enrollment stopped in February 2016. Obstacles included changes in institutional review boards, multiple layers of review, staffing changes, creation and amendment of study documents and procedures, and finalization of contracts. Successful completion of a MCT requires a highly functional research team with sufficient patient population, expertise, and research infrastructure. Additionally, realistic timelines must be established with strategies to overcome challenges. Inevitable obstacles should be discussed in the pretrial phase and continuous correspondence must be maintained with all relevant research parties throughout all phases of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa C Coates
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | - Nicole W Caldwell
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin K Chung
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Breidenbach C, Sibert NT, Wesselmann S, Kowalski C. [Consulting Ethics Committees about a Multicenter Observational Study in Germany - A Report on Effort and Costs]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2020; 83:639-644. [PMID: 32645734 DOI: 10.1055/a-1192-4946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ethics committees (ECs) have an indispensable monitoring and regulatory function in research on human beings. In multicenter observational studies, approvals of several local ECs are often required. The aim of this analysis was to provide an overview of the resources used and the process for consulting ECs about a multicenter observational study in Germany. METHODS For this purpose, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out. Resources and activities within the consultation process were documented by the central study management for the period April 2018-April 2019. The study for which the consultation was obtained involved 106 certified colorectal cancer centers in 15 federal states in Germany. RESULTS We submitted applications to ECs in 14 medical associations and 7 university hospitals. In total, 6,305 euros consultation fees were charged by the ECs, with the fees varying between 50 and 1,400 euros. For the application documents, at least 2,986 sheets of DIN A4 paper were printed and sent by post to the EC. Partly, several copies of the application documents were required. The central study management spent about 210 working hours. The median of the processing time was 32 days (range: 5-177 days). CONCLUSION In order to significantly reduce the financial, material and personnel costs for scientists and ECs, a standardized and nationwide procedure for consulting ECs about multicenter studies should be pursued in the future. In the interests of economic and ecological sustainability, online procedures should be considered.
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Good M, Castro K, Denicoff A, Finnigan S, Parreco L, Germain DS. National Cancer Institute: Restructuring to Support the Clinical Trials of the Future. Semin Oncol Nurs 2020; 36:151003. [PMID: 32265163 DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2020.151003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the evolution and structure of the National Cancer Institute clinical trials programs, their notable accomplishments, nurses' roles in these accomplishments, and the essential role of nursing today and in the future. DATA SOURCES Manuscripts, government publications, websites, and professional communications. CONCLUSION Change is inevitable and a constant factor in the world of advancing science and clinical research. Nurses' contribution to research and evidence-based practice will continue to grow and is vital as the scientific landscape evolves. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE As the understanding of cancer biology increases and clinical trials evolve, nurses will need to remain key team members and leaders in National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program and National Cancer Trials Network trials and their associated infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Good
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD.
| | - Kathleen Castro
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Andrea Denicoff
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Shanda Finnigan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Linda Parreco
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Diane St Germain
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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Scott AM, Kolstoe S, Ploem MCC, Hammatt Z, Glasziou P. Exempting low-risk health and medical research from ethics reviews: comparing Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands. Health Res Policy Syst 2020; 18:11. [PMID: 31992320 PMCID: PMC6986069 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disproportionate regulation of health and medical research contributes to research waste. Better understanding of exemptions of research from ethics review in different jurisdictions may help to guide modification of review processes and reduce research waste. Our aim was to identify examples of low-risk human health and medical research exempt from ethics reviews in Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands. METHODS We examined documents providing national guidance on research ethics in each country, including those authored by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Health Service (United Kingdom), the Office for Human Research Protections (United States) and the Central Committee on Research Involving Humans (the Netherlands). Examples and types of research projects exempt from ethics reviews were identified, and similar examples and types were grouped together. RESULTS Nine categories of research were exempt from ethics reviews across the four countries; these were existing data or specimen, questionnaire or survey, interview, post-marketing study, evaluation of public benefit or service programme, randomised controlled trials, research with staff in their professional role, audit and service evaluation, and other exemptions. Existing non-identifiable data and specimens were exempt in all countries. Four categories - evaluation of public benefit or service programme, randomised controlled trials, research with staff in their professional role, and audit and service evaluation - were exempted by one country each. The remaining categories were exempted by two or three countries. CONCLUSIONS Examples and types of research exempt from research ethics reviews varied considerably. Given the considerable costs and burdens on researchers and ethics committees, it would be worthwhile to develop and provide clearer guidance on exemptions, illustrated with examples, with transparent underpinning rationales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mae Scott
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia.
| | | | | | - Zoë Hammatt
- Z Consulting LLC, Denver, USA.,John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, QLD, 4226, Australia
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Linden JA, Schneider JI, Cotter A, Drexel S, Frosch E, Martin ND, Canavan C, Holtman M, Mitchell PM, Feldman JA. Variability in Institutional Board Review for a Multisite Assessment of Resident Professionalism. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2019; 14:117-125. [DOI: 10.1177/1556264619831895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Residents serve as both trainees and employees and can be considered potentially vulnerable research participants. This can lead to variation in the institutional review board (IRB) review. We studied sites participating in the Assessment of Professional Behaviors Study sponsored by the National Board of Medical Examiners (2009-2011). Of the 19 sites, all but one were university affiliated. IRB review varied; 2/19 did not submit to a local IRB, 4/17 (23%) were exempt, 11/17 (65%) were expedited, and 2/17 (12%) required full Board review; 12/17 (71%) required written informed consent. The interval from submission to approval was 1 to 2 months (8/17); the range was 1 to 7 months. Although most stated there were no major barriers to approval, the most common concern was resident coercion and loss of confidentiality. Local IRB review of this educational research study varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Linden
- Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea Cotter
- Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Drexel
- Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Emily Frosch
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James A. Feldman
- Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
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Diamond MP, Eisenberg E, Huang H, Coutifaris C, Legro RS, Hansen KR, Steiner AZ, Cedars M, Barnhart K, Ziolek T, Thomas TR, Maurer K, Krawetz SA, Wild RA, Trussell JC, Santoro N, Zhang H. The efficiency of single institutional review board review in National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network-initiated clinical trials. Clin Trials 2018; 16:3-10. [PMID: 30354458 DOI: 10.1177/1740774518807888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Timely review of research protocols by institutional review boards leads to more rapid initiation of clinical trials, which is critical to expeditious translation from bench to bedside. This observational study examined the impact of a single institutional review board on time and efforts required to initiate clinical trials by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network. METHODS Collection of data from the same six main clinical sites for three current clinical trials and two past clinical trials, including time from institutional review board submission to approval, pages submitted, consent form length, number of required attachments, other regulatory requirements, order of review at central or local sites, and language in documents at individual participating sites. Results from two past clinical trials were also included. RESULTS While time required for actual institutional review board submission's review and initial approval was reduced with use of a single institutional review board for multicenter trials (from a mean of 66.7-24.0 days), total time was increased (to a mean of 111.2 or 123.3 days). In addition to single institutional review board approval, all institutions required local approval of some components (commonly consent language and use of local language), which varied considerably. The single institutional review board relied on local institutions for adding or removing personnel, conflict of interest review, and auditing of activities. CONCLUSION A single institutional review board reduced time for initial review and approval of protocols and informed consents, although time for the entire process was increased, as individual institutions retained oversight of components of required regulatory review. In order to best achieve the National Institute of Health's goals for improved efficiency in initiation and conduct of multisite clinical research, greater coordination with local institutional review boards is key to streamlining and accelerating initiation of multisite clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Diamond
- 1 Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Esther Eisenberg
- 2 Fertility and Infertility Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christos Coutifaris
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard S Legro
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Karl R Hansen
- 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anne Z Steiner
- 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marcelle Cedars
- 8 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Barnhart
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy Ziolek
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracey R Thomas
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kate Maurer
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen A Krawetz
- 9 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert A Wild
- 6 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - J C Trussell
- 10 Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- 11 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Heping Zhang
- 3 Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Research ethics provide important and necessary standards related to the conduct and dissemination of research. To better understand the current state of research ethics discourse in social work, a systematic literature search was undertaken and numbers of publications per year were compared between STEM, social science, and social work disciplines. While many professions have embraced the need for discipline-specific research ethics subfield development, social work has remained absent. Low publication numbers, compared to other disciplines, were noted for the years (2006-2016) included in the study. Social work published 16 (1%) of the 1409 articles included in the study, contributing 3 (>1%) for each of the disciplines highest producing years (2011 and 2013). Comparatively, psychology produced 75 (5%) articles, psychiatry produced 64 (5%) articles, and nursing added 50 (4%) articles. The STEM disciplines contributed 956 (68%) articles between 2006 and 2016, while social science produced 453 (32%) articles. Examination of the results is provided in an extended discussion of several misconceptions about research ethics that may be found in the social work profession. Implications and future directions are provided, focusing on the need for increased engagement, education, research, and support for a new subfield of social work research ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Ferguson
- a College of Social Work , Florida State University , Tallahassee , USA
| | - James J Clark
- a College of Social Work , Florida State University , Tallahassee , USA
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Ferguson A, Master Z. Multisite Research Ethics Review: Problems and Potential Solutions. BIOÉTHIQUEONLINE 2018. [DOI: 10.7202/1044265ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large scale, multisite clinical research trials have been increasing in frequency. As it stands currently, a research project performed at multiple institutions requires ethics review at each institution. While local (institutional) review may be necessary in some instances, repetitive reviews may require unnecessary changes and not serve to further protect participants. Multiple ethics reviews of a single study have been shown to delay research and require, in some cases, significant resources in order to fulfill the requests of individual ethics boards. This literature review discusses the conceptual issues and outlines empirical research surrounding multisite ethics review from different jurisdictions, as well as alternative methods to streamline the ethics review process including reciprocal review, centralized review, and a proposed modification to the centralized review process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Ferguson
- Virginia Commonwealth University’s School of Social Work, Virginia, USA
| | - Zubin Master
- Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, New York, USA
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Neuman MD, Gaskins LJ, Ziolek T. Time to institutional review board approval with local versus central review in a multicenter pragmatic trial. Clin Trials 2017; 15:107-111. [PMID: 28982261 DOI: 10.1177/1740774517735536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Central institutional review board (IRB) review will be required for National Institutes of Health-funded multisite human subjects research as of January 2018, with similar requirements extending to most US multisite human research in 2020. Nonetheless, little is known regarding the relative efficiency of central versus local IRB review for multicenter studies. We compared the amount of time required for central versus local IRB review and approval for sites in one ongoing multicenter randomized trial. METHODS The REGAIN Trial (Regional versus General Anesthesia for Promoting Independence after Hip Fracture; clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT02507505) is an ongoing randomized trial comparing standard-care spinal anesthesia to standard-care general anesthesia for patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. After approval of the protocol by the sponsor IRB, each participating US site opted either to submit the protocol for local IRB review or to designate the sponsor IRB as the IRB of record (i.e. central IRB) via an authorization agreement after a limited local review. For each US REGAIN site approved through 18 April 2017, we assessed (1) the time in calendar days from protocol receipt to IRB submission, (2) the time in calendar days from IRB submission to IRB approval, and (3) the total time in calendar days from protocol receipt to IRB approval (i.e. time from protocol receipt to IRB submission plus time from IRB submission to IRB approval). RESULTS The main study protocol was submitted to the sponsor IRB on 25 May 2015 and approved on 8 July 2015 (44 days). Out of 34 sites, 9 received initial approval from the central (sponsor) IRB; 25 sought initial approval via local review. The median time from protocol receipt to IRB submission was 39 days for sites approved by the central IRB (interquartile range: 35-134) versus 58 days for sites approved via local review (interquartile range: 41-105; p = 0.711). The median time from IRB submission to IRB approval for sites approved by the central IRB was 27 days (interquartile range: 14-32) versus 66 days (interquartile range: 29-138) for sites approved via local review (p = 0.026). The median total time from protocol receipt to IRB approval was 100 days (interquartile range: 71-148) for centrally approved sites versus 132 days (interquartile range: 87-209) for locally approved sites (p = 0.191). CONCLUSION While central IRB review was associated with a shorter time from IRB submission to IRB approval compared to local IRB review, the total time from protocol receipt to IRB approval varied markedly across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Neuman
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 2 Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 3 Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 4 Penn Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (CPORT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lakisha J Gaskins
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tracy Ziolek
- 5 Human Research Protections Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Worsley SD, Oude Rengerink K, Irving E, Lejeune S, Mol K, Collier S, Groenwold RHH, Enters-Weijnen C, Egger M, Rhodes T. Series: Pragmatic trials and real world evidence: Paper 2. Setting, sites, and investigator selection. J Clin Epidemiol 2017; 88:14-20. [PMID: 28502811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This second article in the series on pragmatic trials describes the challenges in selection of sites for pragmatic clinical trials and the impact on validity, precision, and generalizability of the results. The selection of sites is an important factor for the successful execution of a pragmatic trial and impacts the extent to which the results are applicable to future patients in clinical practice. The first step is to define usual care and understand the heterogeneity of sites, patient demographics, disease prevalence and country choice. Next, specific site characteristics are important to consider such as interest in the objectives of the trial, the level of research experience, availability of resources, and the expected number of eligible patients. It can be advisable to support the sites with implementing the trial-related activities and minimize the additional burden that the research imposes on routine clinical practice. Health care providers should be involved in an early phase of protocol development to generate engagement and ensure an appropriate selection of sites with patients who are representative of the future drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Worsley
- Real World Evidence, GSK R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG12NY, UK.
| | - Katrien Oude Rengerink
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine Irving
- Real World Evidence, GSK R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG12NY, UK
| | - Stephane Lejeune
- European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, 83 Avenue Mounier, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Koen Mol
- EMEA Medical Affairs, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Sue Collier
- Respiratory Therapeutic Area, GSK R&D, Stockley Park West, 1-3 Ironbridge Road, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT, UK
| | - Rolf H H Groenwold
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Enters-Weijnen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Primary Care Research, Julius Clinical, Zeist 3703 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine & Department of Clinical Research, Clinical Trials Unit, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rhodes
- Center for Observational and Real-world Evidence (CORE) - Pharmacoepidemiology, MSD, 351N. Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, PA 19454, USA
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O'Rourke PP, Carrithers J, Patrick-Lake B, Rice TW, Corsmo J, Hart R, Drezner MK, Lantos JD. Harmonization and streamlining of research oversight for pragmatic clinical trials. Clin Trials 2015; 12:449-56. [PMID: 26374678 DOI: 10.1177/1740774515597685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oversight of research involving human participants is a complex process that requires institutional review board review as well as multiple non-institutional review board institutional reviews. This multifaceted process is particularly challenging for multisite research when each site independently completes all required local reviews. The lack of inter-institutional standardization can result in different review outcomes for the same protocol, which can delay study operations from start-up to study completion. Hence, there have been strong calls to harmonize and thus streamline the research oversight process. Although the institutional review board is only one of the required reviews, it is often identified as the target for harmonization and streamlining. Data regarding variability in decision-making and interpretation of the regulations across institutional review boards have led to a perception that variability among institutional review boards is a primary contributor to the problems with review of multisite research. In response, many researchers and policymakers have proposed the use of a single institutional review board of record, also called a central institutional review board, as an important remedy. While this proposal has merit, the use of a central institutional review board for multisite research does not address the larger problem of completing non-institutional review board institutional review in addition to institutional review board review—and coordinating the interdependence of these reviews. In this article, we describe the overall research oversight process, distinguish between institutional review board and institutional responsibilities, and identify challenges and opportunities for harmonization and streamlining. We focus on procedural and organizational issues and presume that the protection of human subjects remains the paramount concern. Suggested modifications of institutional review board processes that focus on time, efficiency, and consistency of review must also address what effect such changes have on the quality of review. We acknowledge that assessment of quality is difficult in that quality metrics for institutional review board review remain elusive. At best, we may be able to assess the time it takes to review protocols and the consistency across institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bray Patrick-Lake
- Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Todd W Rice
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Corsmo
- Office of Research Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Raffaella Hart
- Biomedical Research Alliance of New York, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Marc K Drezner
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John D Lantos
- Children's Mercy Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Mhaskar R, Pathak EB, Wieten S, Guterbock TM, Kumar A, Djulbegovic B. Those Responsible for Approving Research Studies Have Poor Knowledge of Research Study Design: a Knowledge Assessment of Institutional Review Board Members. Acta Inform Med 2015; 23:196-201. [PMID: 26483590 PMCID: PMC4584095 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2015.23.196-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Institutional Review Board (IRB) members have a duty to protect the integrity of the research process, but little is known about their basic knowledge of clinical research study designs Methods: A nationwide sample of IRB members from major US research universities completed a web-based questionnaire consisting of 11 questions focusing on basic knowledge about clinical research study designs. It included questions about randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and other observational research study designs. Potential predictors (age, gender, educational attainment, type of IRB, current IRB membership, years of IRB service, clinical research experience, and self-identification as a scientist) of incorrect answers were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: 148 individuals from 36 universities participated. The majority of participants, 68.9% (102/148), were holding a medical or doctoral degree. Overall, only 26.5% (39/148) of participants achieved a perfect score of 11. On the six-question subset addressing RCTs, 46.6% (69/148) had a perfect score. Most individual questions, and the summary model of overall quiz score (perfect vs. not perfect), revealed no significant predictors – indicating that knowledge deficits were not limited to specific subgroups of IRB members. For the RCT knowledge score there was one significant predictor: compared with MDs, IRB members without a doctoral degree were three times as likely to answer at least one RCT question incorrectly (Odds Ratio: 3.00, 95% CI 1.10-8.20). However, even among MD IRB members, 34.1% (14/41) did not achieve a perfect score on the six RCT questions. Conclusions: This first nationwide study of IRB member knowledge about clinical research study designs found significant knowledge deficits. Knowledge deficits were not limited to laypersons or community advocate members of IRBs, as previously suggested. Akin to widespread ethical training requirements for clinical researchers, IRB members should undergo systematic training on clinical research designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mhaskar
- Program For Comparative Effectiveness Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 27 Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Elizabeth Barnett Pathak
- Program For Comparative Effectiveness Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 27 Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Sarah Wieten
- Program For Comparative Effectiveness Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 27 Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Thomas M Guterbock
- University of Virginia; Center for Survey Research; 2400 Old Ivy Road, Suite 212 Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- Program For Comparative Effectiveness Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 27 Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Benjamin Djulbegovic
- Program For Comparative Effectiveness Research, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC 27 Tampa, Florida 33612
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van Lent M, Rongen GA, Out HJ. Shortcomings of protocols of drug trials in relation to sponsorship as identified by Research Ethics Committees: analysis of comments raised during ethical review. BMC Med Ethics 2014; 15:83. [PMID: 25490963 PMCID: PMC4269968 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6939-15-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Submission of study protocols to research ethics committees (RECs) constitutes one of the earliest stages at which planned trials are documented in detail. Previous studies have investigated the amendments requested from researchers by RECs, but the type of issues raised during REC review have not been compared by sponsor type. The objective of this study was to identify recurring shortcomings in protocols of drug trials based on REC comments and to assess whether these were more common among industry-sponsored or non-industry trials. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 226 protocols of drug trials approved in 2010-2011 by three RECs affiliated to academic medical centres in The Netherlands. For each protocol, information on sponsorship, number of participating centres, participating countries, study phase, registration status of the study drug, and type and number of subjects was retrieved. REC comments were extracted from decision letters sent to investigators after review and were classified using a predefined checklist that was based on legislation and guidelines on clinical drug research and previous literature. RESULTS Most protocols received comments regarding participant information and consent forms (n = 182, 80.5%), methodology and statistical analyses (n = 160, 70.8%), and supporting documentation, including trial agreements and certificates of insurance (n = 154, 68.1%). Of the submitted protocols, 122 (54.0%) were non-industry and 104 (46.0%) were industry-sponsored trials. Non-industry trials more often received comments on subject selection (n = 44, 36.1%) than industry-sponsored trials (n = 18, 17.3%; RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.47), and on methodology and statistical analyses (n = 95, 77.9% versus n = 65, 62.5%, respectively; RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.37). Non-industry trials less often received comments on supporting documentation (n = 72, 59.0%) than industry-sponsored trials (n = 82, 78.8%; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.95). CONCLUSIONS RECs identified important ethical and methodological shortcomings in protocols of both industry-sponsored and non-industry drug trials. Investigators, especially of non-industry trials, should better prepare their research protocols in order to facilitate the ethical review process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies van Lent
- />Clinical Research Centre Nijmegen, Department of Pharmacology – Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- />Department of Pharmacology – Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Out
- />Clinical Research Centre Nijmegen, Department of Pharmacology – Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- />Teva Pharmaceuticals, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Navigating the institutional review board approval process in a multicenter observational critical care study. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:1105-9. [PMID: 24368345 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize variation in the institutional review board application process of a multicenter, observational critical care study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS Survey analysis of 36 investigators who applied for participation in the United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group: Critical Illness and Outcomes Study, an observational study of 69 adult ICUs. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Analysis of investigator-specific characteristics, institutional review board process, application and approval dates, and level of difficulty in obtaining approval. Surveys were analyzed from 36 sites (95%) that applied for institutional review board approval. Level of review ranged from full board, expedited, to exempt. Seventy-five percent of applications were submitted by an experienced investigator while 25% were submitted by a less experienced investigator. Median time to institutional review board approval was 30 days (interquartile range, 14-54) and ranged from 5 days to 5.5 months. Time to approval was 29 days (interquartile range, 17-48) for applications submitted by an experienced investigator compared with 97 days (interquartile range, 25-159) for those submitted by a less experienced investigator (p = 0.08). Subjective level of difficulty was significantly higher for less experienced investigators (4 of 10; interquartile range, 2-8) vs experienced investigators (2 of 10; interquartile range, 1-3) (p = 0.04). Four sites cited institutional review board concern regarding waiver of consent as a major barrier to approval and were required to perform revisions or participate in board meetings regarding this concern. CONCLUSIONS In a multicenter, observational critical care study, significant variation was observed between sites in all aspects of the institutional review board evaluation and approval process. The level of difficulty was significantly higher for less experienced investigators with a trend toward longer time to institutional review board approval. Variation in institutional review board interpretation of waiver of informed consent regulations was cited as a major barrier to approval.
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Klitzman R. How good does the science have to be in proposals submitted to Institutional Review Boards? An interview study of Institutional Review Board personnel. Clin Trials 2013; 10:761-6. [PMID: 24000378 PMCID: PMC3918462 DOI: 10.1177/1740774513500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have been increasingly criticized for how they review protocols, but how IRBs perceive, and make decisions about, the quality of the science of protocols has not been examined. PURPOSE To explore how and when IRBs view and make decisions about the quality of the science of studies they review. METHODS I contacted the leadership of 60 IRBs (every fourth one in the list of the top 240 institutions by National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding) and interviewed IRB chairs, co-chairs, administrators, and a director from 34 IRBs (response rate = 55%), and an additional 7 members. RESULTS Interviewees faced several ambiguities and questions concerning the quality of the science of protocols. IRBs are often not sure how and to what extent to evaluate the science of protocols, whether the science should be 'good enough' (and if so, what that means) versus as good as possible. Federal regulations state that IRBs should ensure that risks are minimized, and commensurate with benefits. Thus, at times IRBs feel that changing the science is ethically necessary. But IRBs also then struggle with whether to adopt a higher threshold (1) that social and thus scientific benefits be maximized and (2) that scientific efforts and resources should not be wasted. Committees face dilemmas - for example, if a 'perfect' study is not feasible. For protocols already approved elsewhere (e.g., by the NIH), IRBs vary in how much they feel they can request alterations, and sometimes make changes nonetheless. Larger institutional contexts and biases can shape these issues, and IRBs differ in how much they are 'pro-research', and have sufficient expertise. IRBs at times also approve studies despite reservations about the science. LIMITATIONS This study includes interviews with IRBs, but not observations of IRB meetings. CONCLUSIONS IRBs often face ambiguities and conflicting goals in assessing scientific quality. Many IRBs try to improve the science beyond what the regulations mandate. These data have important implications for improving practice, education, research, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klitzman
- Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Director, Masters of Bioethics Program Columbia University 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 15 New York, NY 10032 Work Phone: 212-543-3710 Cell Phone: 917-846-7132 Fax: 212-543-6003
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Anderson JA, Eijkholt M, Illes J. Ethical reproducibility: towards transparent reporting in biomedical research. Nat Methods 2013; 10:843-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Check DK, Weinfurt KP, Dombeck CB, Kramer JM, Flynn KE. Use of central institutional review boards for multicenter clinical trials in the United States: a review of the literature. Clin Trials 2013; 10:560-7. [PMID: 23666951 DOI: 10.1177/1740774513484393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the efficiency of conducting multicenter clinical trials, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Human Research Protections, and the Department of Health and Human Services have expressed support for using a centralized institutional review board (IRB) process. However, research institutions differ in their willingness to defer to central IRBs. PURPOSE We aimed to review and describe peer-reviewed journal articles on the use of central IRBs for multicenter clinical trials in the United States in an effort to inform the policy discussion about central IRBs. METHODS We used a PubMed search and consulted IRB experts and the bibliographies of other reviews to identify relevant commentaries and empirical studies. RESULTS Our search identified 33 articles related to the use of central IRBs for multicenter trials in the United States. Of these, 22 were commentary pieces and 11 were empirical studies. LIMITATIONS Our review was restricted to journal articles about the use of central IRBs for multicenter clinical trials in the United States. CONCLUSIONS There is limited empirical work on the use of central IRBs for multicenter trials in the United States. Most published studies focused on problems in efficiency associated with redundant local reviews of multicenter studies and the potential benefits of a centralized system. Because the absence of studies on the use of central IRBs may be due to their infrequent use, additional work is needed to generate data on the use of central IRBs and to elucidate and address the concerns that research institutions have about deferring ethical review to a central IRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon K Check
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Approaches to Facilitate Institutional Review Board Approval of Multicenter Research Studies. Med Care 2012; 50 Suppl:S77-81. [DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0b013e31825a76eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Petersen LA, Simpson K, Sorelle R, Urech T, Chitwood SS. How variability in the institutional review board review process affects minimal-risk multisite health services research. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156:728-35. [PMID: 22586010 PMCID: PMC4174365 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Department of Health and Human Services recently called for public comment on human subjects research protections. OBJECTIVE To assess variability in reviews across institutional review boards (IRBs) for a multisite, minimal-risk trial of financial incentives for evidence-based hypertension care and to quantify the effect of review determinations on site participation, budget, and timeline. DESIGN A natural experiment occurring from multiple IRBs reviewing the same protocol for a multicenter trial (May 2005 to October 2007). PARTICIPANTS 25 Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers. MEASUREMENTS Number of submissions, time to approval, and costs were evaluated; patient complexity, academic affiliation, size, and location (urban or rural) between participating and nonparticipating VA medical centers were compared. RESULTS Of 25 eligible VA medical centers, 6 did not meet requirements for IRB review and 2 declined to participate. Of 17 applications, 14 were approved. The process required 115 submissions, lasted 27 months, and cost close to $170 000 in staff salaries. One IRB's concern about incentivizing a particular medication recommended by national guidelines prompted a change in our design to broaden our inclusion criteria beyond uncomplicated hypertension. The change required amending the protocol at 14 sites to preserve internal validity. The IRBs that approved the protocol classified it as minimal risk. The 12 sites that ultimately participated in the trial were more likely to be urban and academically affiliated and to care for more complex patients, which limits the external validity of the trial's findings. LIMITATION Because data came from a single multisite trial in the VA system that uses a 2-stage review process, generalizability is limited. CONCLUSION Complying with IRB requirements for a minimal-risk study required substantial resources and threatened the study's internal and external validity. The current review of regulatory requirements may address some of these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Petersen
- Health Services Research and Development (152), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Silberman G, Kahn KL. Burdens on research imposed by institutional review boards: the state of the evidence and its implications for regulatory reform. Milbank Q 2011; 89:599-627. [PMID: 22188349 PMCID: PMC3250635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2011.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Federal regulations mandate independent review and approval by an "institutional review board" (IRB) before studies that involve human research subjects may begin. Although many researchers strongly support the need for IRB review, they also contend that it is burdensome when it imposes costs that do not add to the protections afforded to research participants and that this burden threatens the viability of research. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently announced its intention to reform the regulations governing IRB review. METHODS We used a search of the PubMed database, supplemented by a bibliographic review, to identify all existing primary data on the costs of IRB review. "Costs" were broadly defined to include both expenditures of time or money and constraints imposed on the scope of the research. Burdensome costs were limited to those that did not contribute to greater protections for the participants. FINDINGS Evidence from a total of fifty-two studies shows that IRBs operate at different levels of efficiency; that waiting to obtain IRB approval has, in some instances, delayed project initiation; that IRBs presented with identical protocols sometimes asked for different and even competing revisions; and that some decisions made (and positions held) by IRBs are not in accord with federal policy guidance. CONCLUSIONS While the evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is burden associated with IRB review, it is too limited to allow for valid estimates of its magnitude or to serve as the basis for formulating policies on IRB reform. The single exception is multicenter research, for which we found that review by several local IRBs is likely to be burdensome. No mechanism currently exists at the national level to gather systematic evidence on the intersection between research and IRB review. This gap is of concern in light of the changing nature of research and the increasingly important role that research is envisioned to play in improving the overall quality of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Silberman
- RAND Corporation, Cancer Policy Group, LLC, Santa Monica, CA 90407, USA.
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Increasing burden of institutional review in multicenter clinical trials of infertility: the Reproductive Medicine Network experience with the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PPCOS) I and II studies. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:15-8. [PMID: 21645894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many clinical investigators think that the burden of Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements has been consistently increasing over recent years, although there are few objective data describing these trends. Over a period of 7 years, the Reproductive Medicine Network observed a significant increase in the size and requirements of IRB submissions and significant variability of IRB performance in reviewing multicenter trials. These additional regulatory and administrative demands represent substantial burdens to researchers and to the IRBs themselves. It is timely to consider whether these changes better protect the interests and safety of human research participants. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00068861 and NCT00719186.
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Rice MJ. The institutional review board is an impediment to human research: the result is more animal-based research. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2011; 6:12. [PMID: 21649895 PMCID: PMC3127833 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-6-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research today can be generally classified as human-based or nonhuman animal-based, each with separate and distinct review boards that must approve research protocols. Researchers wishing to work with humans or human tissues have become frustrated by the required burdensome approval panel, the Institutional Review Board. However, scientists have found it is much easier to work with the animal-based research review board, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Consequently, animals are used for investigations even when scientists believe these studies should be performed with humans or human tissue. This situation deserves attention from society and more specifically the animal protection and patient advocate communities, as neither patients nor animals are well served by the present situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Rice
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0254, USA.
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Abbott L, Grady C. A systematic review of the empirical literature evaluating IRBs: what we know and what we still need to learn. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2011; 6:3-19. [PMID: 21460582 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2011.6.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Institutional review boards (IRBs) are integral to the U.S. system of protection of human research participants. Evaluation of IRBs, although difficult, is essential. To date, no systematic review of IRB studies has been published. We conducted a systematic review of empirical studies of U.S. IRBs to determine what is known about the function of IRBs and to identify gaps in knowledge. A structured search in PubMed identified forty-three empirical studies evaluating U.S. IRBs. Studies were included if they reported an empirical investigation of the structure, process, outcomes, effectiveness, or variation of U.S. IRBs. The authors reviewed each study to extract information about study objectives, sample and methods, study results, and conclusions. Empirical evidence collected in forty-three published studies shows that for review of a wide range of types of research, U.S. IRBs differ in their application of the federal regulations, in the time they take to review studies, and in the decisions made. Existing studies show evidence of variation in multicenter review, inconsistent or ambiguous interpretation of the federal regulations, and inefficiencies in review. Despite recognition of a need to evaluate effectiveness of IRB review, no identified published study included an evaluation of IRB effectiveness. Multiple studies evaluating the structure, process, and outcome of IRB review in the United States have documented inconsistencies and inefficiencies. Efforts should be made to address these concerns. Additional research is needed to understand how IRBs accomplish their objectives, what issues they find important, what quality IRB review is, and how effective IRBs are at protecting human research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lura Abbott
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Building 10/1C118, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ashton CM, Wray NP, Jarman AF, Kolman JM, Wenner DM, Brody BA. A taxonomy of multinational ethical and methodological standards for clinical trials of therapeutic interventions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2011; 37:368-373. [PMID: 21429960 PMCID: PMC3571710 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2010.039255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND If trials of therapeutic interventions are to serve society's interests, they must be of high methodological quality and must satisfy moral commitments to human subjects. The authors set out to develop a clinical-trials compendium in which standards for the ethical treatment of human subjects are integrated with standards for research methods. METHODS The authors rank-ordered the world's nations and chose the 31 with >700 active trials as of 24 July 2008. Governmental and other authoritative entities of the 31 countries were searched, and 1004 English-language documents containing ethical and/or methodological standards for clinical trials were identified. The authors extracted standards from 144 of those: 50 designated as 'core', 39 addressing trials of invasive procedures and a 5% sample (N=55) of the remainder. As the integrating framework for the standards we developed a coherent taxonomy encompassing all elements of a trial's stages. FINDINGS Review of the 144 documents yielded nearly 15 000 discrete standards. After duplicates were removed, 5903 substantive standards remained, distributed in the taxonomy as follows: initiation, 1401 standards, 8 divisions; design, 1869 standards, 16 divisions; conduct, 1473 standards, 8 divisions; analysing and reporting results, 997 standards, four divisions; and post-trial standards, 168 standards, 5 divisions. CONCLUSIONS The overwhelming number of source documents and standards uncovered in this study was not anticipated beforehand and confirms the extraordinary complexity of the clinical trials enterprise. This taxonomy of multinational ethical and methodological standards may help trialists and overseers improve the quality of clinical trials, particularly given the globalisation of clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Ashton
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Woods ER, Buka SL, Martin CR, Salganik M, Howard MB, Gueguen JA, Brooks-Gunn J, McCormick MC. Assessing youth risk behavior in a clinical trial setting: lessons from the infant health and development program. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46:429-36. [PMID: 20413078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this article was to describe the use of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) with known 17-18-year-old patients in follow-up of a multisite randomized clinical trial, and to develop a new scoring algorithm indicating the degree of risk-taking behavior for between-group analyses. METHODS Seventy-five questions from the YRBSS were incorporated into the study questionnaire, with the development of safety plans to guide the disposition of participants. The YRBSS questions were grouped into two categories (with three subdomains each) named problem behaviors (conduct problems, sexual behavior, and suicide/hopelessness) and substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana use), with scores for each subdomain indicating high, moderate, and low risk. RESULTS Of the 677 participants, the safety plan was activated 215 times for 199 (29.4%) of participants. Risk behaviors included binge drinking (149), alcohol/substance use and driving (41), depression (22), hopelessness (37), and suicidal ideation (13; all in the past). No emergency room evaluations were required. The subdomain scaling was analyzed by demographic characteristics, and findings were consistent with the literature; for example, higher rates of conduct problems in males, more suicidal ideation in females, greater sexual risk in African Americans, more substance use in males and whites, and more alcohol use in youth with mothers with higher levels of education. CONCLUSIONS YRBSS can be administered in a research setting with appropriate safety precautions. These results should provide a useful guide to the application of the YRBSS to other adolescent populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Woods
- Divisions of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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