1
|
Boeykens F, Abitbol M, Anderson H, Dargar T, Ferrari P, Fox PR, Hayward JJ, Häggström J, Davison S, Kittleson MD, van Steenbeek F, Ljungvall I, Lyons LA, Longeri M, Ohlsson Å, Peelman L, Dufaure de Citres C, Smets P, Turba ME, Broeckx BJG. Classification of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated gene variants according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1327081. [PMID: 38371598 PMCID: PMC10873919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1327081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The correct labeling of a genetic variant as pathogenic is important as breeding decisions based on incorrect DNA tests can lead to the unwarranted exclusion of animals, potentially compromising the long-term health of a population. In human medicine, the American college of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines provide a framework for variant classification. This study aims to apply these guidelines to six genetic variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in certain cat breeds and to propose a modified criterion for variant classification. Methods Genetic samples were sourced from five cat breeds: Maine Coon, Sphynx, Ragdoll, Devon Rex, and British Short- and Longhair. Allele frequencies were determined, and in the subset with phenotypes available, odds ratios to determine the association with HCM were calculated. In silico evaluation followed with joint evidence and data from other publications assisting in the classification of each variant. Results Two variants, MYBPC3:c.91G > C [A31P] and MYBPC3:c.2453C > T [R818W], were designated as pathogenic. One variant, MYH7:c.5647G > A [E1883K], was found likely pathogenic, while the remaining three were labeled as variants of unknown significance. Discussion Routine genetic testing is advised solely for the MYBPC3:c.91G > C [A31P] in the Maine Coon and MYBPC3:c.2453C > T [R818W] in the Ragdoll breed. The human ACMG guidelines serve as a suitable foundational tool to ascertain which variants to include; however, refining them for application in veterinary medicine might be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fréderique Boeykens
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marie Abitbol
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, France & Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médicine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Heidi Anderson
- Wisdom Panel, Mars Petcare Science & Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanushri Dargar
- Univ Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l’Etoile, France & Institut NeuroMyoGène INMG-PNMG, CNRS UMR5261, INSERM U1315, Faculté de Médicine, Rockefeller, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Osservatorio Veterinario Italiano Cardiopatie, Azzano San Paolo, Italy
- Bis Clinica Veterinaria Orobica Anicura, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Philip R. Fox
- The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephen Davison
- Wisdom Panel, Mars Petcare Science & Diagnostics, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Kittleson
- Veterinary Information Network and School of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Maria Longeri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Åsa Ohlsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luc Peelman
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Bart J. G. Broeckx
- Laboratory Animal Genetics, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stern JA, Rivas VN, Kaplan JL, Ueda Y, Oldach MS, Ontiveros ES, Kooiker KB, van Dijk SJ, Harris SP. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in purpose-bred cats with the A31P mutation in cardiac myosin binding protein-C. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10319. [PMID: 37365215 PMCID: PMC10293195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish a large animal model of inherited hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with sufficient disease severity and early penetrance for identification of novel therapeutic strategies. HCM is the most common inherited cardiac disorder affecting 1 in 250-500 people, yet few therapies for its treatment or prevention are available. A research colony of purpose-bred cats carrying the A31P mutation in MYBPC3 was founded using sperm from a single heterozygous male cat. Cardiac function in four generations was assessed by periodic echocardiography and measurement of blood biomarkers. Results showed that HCM penetrance was age-dependent, and that penetrance occurred earlier and was more severe in successive generations, especially in homozygotes. Homozygosity was also associated with progression from preclinical to clinical disease. A31P homozygous cats represent a heritable model of HCM with early disease penetrance and a severe phenotype necessary for interventional studies aimed at altering disease progression. The occurrence of a more severe phenotype in later generations of cats, and the occasional occurrence of HCM in wildtype cats suggests the presence of at least one gene modifier or a second causal variant in this research colony that exacerbates the HCM phenotype when inherited in combination with the A31P mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Victor N Rivas
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1038 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Maureen S Oldach
- VCA Sacramento Veterinary Referral Center, 9801 Old Winery Place, Sacramento, CA, 95827, USA
| | - Eric S Ontiveros
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, 7910 Frost Street, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Kristina B Kooiker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, USA
| | - Sabine J van Dijk
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, 313 Medical Research Building, 1656 E Mabel St., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sukumolanan P, Demeekul K, Petchdee S. Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Coupled With a Lateral Flow Dipstick Test for Detection of Myosin Binding Protein C3 A31P Mutation in Maine Coon Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:819694. [PMID: 35321056 PMCID: PMC8936810 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.819694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myosin-binding protein C3 A31P (MYBPC3-A31P) missense mutation is a genetic deviation associated with the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Maine Coon cats. The standard detection of the MYBPC3-A31P mutation is complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. Currently, there has been a focus on the speed and reliability of diagnostic tools. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) test to detect MYBPC3-A31P mutations in Maine Coon cats. Materials and Methods Fifty-five Maine Coon cats were enrolled in this study, and blood samples were collected. MYBPC3-A31P was genotyped by DNA sequencing. Primers for LAMP with a LFD test were designed. The optimal conditions were determined, including temperature and time to completion for the reaction. The sensitivity of A31P-LAMP detection was compared between agarose gel electrophoresis (the standard method) and the LFD test. The A31P-LAMP-LFD test was randomly performed on seven cats (four with the A31P mutation and three wild-type cats). Results The A31P-LAMP procedure was able to distinguish between cats with MYBPC3-A31P wild-type cats and MYBPC3-A31P mutant cats. The LAMP reactions were able to be completed in 60 min at a single temperature of 64◦C. Moreover, this study demonstrated that A31P-LAMP coupled with the LFD test allowed for A31P genotype detection at a lower DNA concentration than agarose gel electrophoresis. Discussions This new A31P-LAMP with a LFD test is a successful and reliable assay with a rapid method, cost-effectiveness, and low requirements for sophisticated equipment for the detection of MYBPC3-A31P mutations. Thus, this assay has excellent potential and can be recognized as a novel screening test for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with MYBPC3-A31P mutations in felines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratch Sukumolanan
- Program of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Demeekul
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Soontaree Petchdee
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sukumolanan P, Petchdee S. Prevalence of cardiac myosin-binding protein C3 mutations in Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Vet World 2022; 15:502-508. [PMID: 35400937 PMCID: PMC8980380 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.502-508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common heart problem that affects many cats. Although cats with HCM are symptomatic, some die suddenly or develop congestive heart failure. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of myosin-binding protein C3 (MYBPC3), A31P, and A74T polymorphisms in Maine Coon cats to assess risk factors for diagnosing HCM in cats. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine Maine Coon cats of at least 10 months of age were enrolled in this study. First, clinical parameters, such as heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and echocardiography, were evaluated. Then, polymerase chain reaction, followed by DNA sequencing, was conducted using specific primers for amino acid substitutions caused by genetic variants of MYBPC3-A31P and -A74T polymorphisms. Results: Investigations showed that the prevalence of MYBPC3-A31P and -A74T mutations in this study was 16.33% and 24.45%, respectively. Moreover, HCM in cats with MYBPC3-A31P and A74T mutations increased with age, body weight, high heart rate, and prolonged isovolumic relaxation time. Conclusion: Therefore, we propose that Maine Coon cats develop HCM due to multiple genetic factors and underlying clinical characteristics in individual cats. Furthermore, relaxation time assessments can be a sensitive technique for HCM screening during its preclinical phase and can help identify the risk of developing HCM. However, further studies are warranted to evaluate the effect of MYBPC3 mutations on the phenotypic expression of HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratch Sukumolanan
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sukumolanan P, Phanakrop N, Thaisakun S, Roytrakul S, Petchdee S. Analysis of the Serum Peptidomics Profile for Cats With Sarcomeric Gene Mutation and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:771408. [PMID: 34820440 PMCID: PMC8606535 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has a complex phenotype that is partly explained by genetic variants related to this disease. The serum peptidome profile is a promising approach to define clinically relevant biomarkers. This study aimed to classify peptide patterns in serum samples between cats with sarcomeric gene mutations and normal cats. Materials and Methods: In the total serum samples from 31 cats, several essential proteins were identified by peptidomics analysis. The 5,946 peptides were differentially expressed in cats with sarcomeric gene mutations compared with cats without mutations. Results: Our results demonstrated characteristic protein expression in control cats, Maine Coon cats, and Maine Coon cats with gene mutations. In cats with gene mutations, peptide expression profiling showed an association with three peptides, Cytochrome 3a132 (CYP3A132), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and ArfGAP, with GTPase domains, ankyrin repeats, and PH domain 2 (AGAP2). Discussion: The serum peptidome of cats with mutations might provide supporting evidence for the dysregulation of metabolic and structural proteins. Genetic and peptidomics investigations may help elucidate the phenotypic variability of HCM and treatment targets to reduce morbidity and mortality of HCM in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratch Sukumolanan
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduated School, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phanakrop
- Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Thaisakun
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Practical relevance: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common form of feline
cardiomyopathy observed clinically and may affect up to approximately 15% of
the domestic cat population, primarily as a subclinical disease.
Fortunately, severe HCM, leading to heart failure or arterial
thromboembolism (ATE), only occurs in a small proportion of these cats. Patient group: Domestic cats of any age from 3 months upward, of either sex and of any
breed, can be affected. A higher prevalence in male and domestic shorthair
cats has been reported. Diagnostics: Subclinical feline HCM may or may not produce a heart murmur or gallop sound.
Substantial left atrial enlargement can often be identified radiographically
in cats with severe HCM. Biomarkers should not be relied on solely to
diagnose the disease. While severe feline HCM can usually be diagnosed via
echocardiography alone, feline HCM with mild to moderate left ventricular
(LV) wall thickening is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means there is no
definitive test for HCM in these cats and so other disorders that can cause
mild to moderate LV wall thickening (eg, hyperthyroidism, systemic
hypertension, acromegaly, dehydration) need to be ruled out. Key findings: While a genetic cause of HCM has been identified in two breeds and is
suspected in another, for most cats the cause is unknown. Systolic anterior
motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is the most common cause of dynamic left
ventricular outflow tract obstruction (DLVOTO) and, in turn, the most common
cause of a heart murmur with feline HCM. While severe DLVOTO is probably
clinically significant and so should be treated, lesser degrees probably are
not. Furthermore, since SAM can likely be induced in most cats with HCM, the
distinction between HCM without obstruction and HCM with obstruction (HOCM)
is of limited importance in cats. Diastolic dysfunction, and its
consequences of abnormally increased atrial pressure leading to signs of
heart failure, and sluggish atrial blood flow leading to ATE, is the primary
abnormality that causes clinical signs and death in affected cats. Treatment
(eg, loop diuretics) is aimed at controlling heart failure. Preventive
treatment (eg, antithrombotic drugs) is aimed at reducing the risk of
complications (eg, ATE). Conclusions: Most cats with HCM show no overt clinical signs and live a normal or
near-normal life despite this disease. However, a substantial minority of
cats develop overt clinical signs referable to heart failure or ATE that
require treatment. For most cats with clinical signs caused by HCM, the
long-term prognosis is poor to grave despite therapy. Areas of uncertainty: Genetic mutations (variants) that cause HCM have been identified in a few
breeds, but, despite valiant efforts, the cause of HCM in the vast majority
of cats remains unknown. No treatment currently exists that reverses or even
slows the cardiomyopathic process in HCM, again despite valiant efforts. The
search goes on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Kittleson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, and Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brugada-Terradellas C, Hellemans A, Brugada P, Smets P. Sudden cardiac death: A comparative review of humans, dogs and cats. Vet J 2021; 274:105696. [PMID: 34148018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sudden death is one of the most common causes of death in humans in Western countries. Approximately 85% of these cases are of cardiac origin. In dogs and cats, sudden cardiac death (SCD) also commonly occurs, but fewer pathophysiological and prevalence data are available. Both structural, primarily 'electrical' and ischemic heart diseases are known to cause SCD, many of which share similar underlying arrhythmogenic mechanisms between humans and companion animals. As for underlying genetics, numerous mutations on multiple loci have been related to SCD in humans, but only a few mutations associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and SCD have been identified in dogs, e.g. in the phospholamban and titin genes. Information published from human medicine can therefore inform future veterinary studies, but also dogs and cats could act as spontaneous models of SCD in humans. Further research in both fields is therefore warranted to better understand the pathophysiology, genetics, and prevention of SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Brugada-Terradellas
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Arnaut Hellemans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brugada
- Pedro Brugada, Cardiovascular Division, UZ Brussel - VUB, Avenue du Laerbeek 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pascale Smets
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
O'Donnell K, Adin D, Atkins CE, DeFrancesco T, Keene BW, Tou S, Meurs KM. Absence of known feline MYH7 and MYBPC3 variants in a diverse cohort of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Anim Genet 2021; 52:542-544. [PMID: 33970514 DOI: 10.1111/age.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cause of heart disease in the domestic cat with a genetic predisposition in a few breeds. In the Maine Coon and Ragdoll breeds, two variants associated with the HCM phenotype have been identified in the cardiac myosin binding protein C gene (MYBPC3; p.Ala31Pro and p.Arg820Trp respectively), and a single variant has been identified in the myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7; p.Glu1883Lys) in one domestic cat with HCM. It is not known if these variants influence the development of HCM in other cohorts of the feline population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of the known MYBPC3 and MYH7 variants in a population of cats with HCM. DNA was isolated from samples collected from non-Ragdoll and non-Maine Coon domestic cats diagnosed with HCM through the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine and genotyped for the three variants. One-hundred and three DNA samples from cats with HCM were evaluated from domestic shorthair, domestic longhair and purebred cats. All samples were wt for the MYBPC3 and MYH7 variants. Although this study was limited by its inclusion of cats from one tertiary hospital, the lack of these MYBPC3 and MYH7 variants in this feline HCM population indicates that the clinical utility of genetic testing for these variants may be isolated to the two cat breeds in which these variants have been identified. Further studies to identify the causative variants for the feline HCM population are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K O'Donnell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - D Adin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - C E Atkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - T DeFrancesco
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - B W Keene
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - S Tou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K M Meurs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, A227, Main CVM, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luis Fuentes V, Abbott J, Chetboul V, Côté E, Fox PR, Häggström J, Kittleson MD, Schober K, Stern JA. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1062-1077. [PMID: 32243654 PMCID: PMC7255676 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of myocardial disorders of mostly unknown etiology, and they occur commonly in cats. In some cats, they are well‐tolerated and are associated with normal life expectancy, but in other cats they can result in congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism or sudden death. Cardiomyopathy classification in cats can be challenging, and in this consensus statement we outline a classification system based on cardiac structure and function (phenotype). We also introduce a staging system for cardiomyopathy that includes subdivision of cats with subclinical cardiomyopathy into those at low risk of life‐threatening complications and those at higher risk. Based on the available literature, we offer recommendations for the approach to diagnosis and staging of cardiomyopathies, as well as for management at each stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Valérie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit (UCA), Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark D Kittleson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karsten Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gil-Ortuño C, Sebastián-Marcos P, Sabater-Molina M, Nicolas-Rocamora E, Gimeno-Blanes JR, Fernández Del Palacio MJ. Genetics of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clin Genet 2020; 98:203-214. [PMID: 32215921 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by an abnormal increase in myocardial mass that affects cardiac structure and function. HCM is the most common inherited cardiovascular disease in humans (0.2%) and the most common cardiovascular disease in cats (14.7%). Feline HCM phenotype is very similar to the phenotype found in humans, but the time frame for the development of the disease is significantly shorter. Similar therapeutic agents are used in its treatment and it has the same complications, such as heart failure, thromboembolism and sudden cardiac death. In contrast to humans, in whom thousands of genetic variants have been identified, genetic studies in cats have been limited to fragment analysis of two sarcomeric genes identifying two variants in MYBPC3 and one in MYH7. Two of these variants have also been associated with human disease. The high prevalence of the reported variants in non-affected cats hinders the assumption of their pathogenicity in heterozygotes. An in-depth review of the literature about genetic studies on feline HCM in comparison with the same disease in humans is presented here. The close similarity in the phenotype and genotype between cats and humans makes the cat an excellent model for the pathophysiological study of the disease and future therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gil-Ortuño
- Cardiogenetic Laboratory, Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit, IMIB University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - María Sabater-Molina
- Cardiogenetic Laboratory, Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit, IMIB University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Nicolas-Rocamora
- Cardiogenetic Laboratory, Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit, IMIB University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan R Gimeno-Blanes
- Internal Medicine Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, Inherited Cardiac Disease Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ontiveros ES, Ueda Y, Harris SP, Stern JA. Precision medicine validation: identifying the MYBPC3 A31P variant with whole-genome sequencing in two Maine Coon cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1086-1093. [PMID: 30558461 PMCID: PMC10814263 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to perform a proof-of-concept experiment that validates a precision medicine approach to identify variants associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). We hypothesized that whole-genome sequencing would identify variant(s) associated with HCM in two affected Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats when compared with 79 controls of various breeds. METHODS Two affected and two control Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats had whole-genome sequencing performed at approximately × 30 coverage. Variants were called in these four cats and 77 cats of various breeds as part of the 99 Lives Cat Genome Sequencing Initiative ( http://felinegenetics.missouri.edu/99lives ) using Platypus v0.7.9.1, annotated with dbSNP ID, and variants' effect predicted by SnpEff. Strict filtering criteria (alternate allele frequency >49%) were applied to identify homozygous-alternate or heterozygous variants in the two HCM-affected samples when compared with 79 controls of various breeds. RESULTS A total of four variants were identified in the two Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats with HCM when compared with 79 controls after strict filtering. Three of the variants identified in genes MFSD12, BTN1A1 and SLITRK5 did not segregate with disease in a separate cohort of seven HCM-affected and five control Maine Coon/Maine Coon cross cats. The remaining variant MYBPC3 segregated with disease status. Furthermore, this gene was previously associated with heart disease and encodes for a protein with sarcomeric function. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This proof-of-concept experiment identified the previously reported MYBPC3 A31P Maine Coon variant in two HCM-affected cases. This result validates and highlights the power of whole-genome sequencing for feline precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fox PR, Keene BW, Lamb K, Schober KA, Chetboul V, Luis Fuentes V, Wess G, Payne JR, Hogan DF, Motsinger-Reif A, Häggström J, Trehiou-Sechi E, Fine-Ferreira DM, Nakamura RK, Lee PM, Singh MK, Ware WA, Abbott JA, Culshaw G, Riesen S, Borgarelli M, Lesser MB, Van Israël N, Côté E, Rush JE, Bulmer B, Santilli RA, Vollmar AC, Bossbaly MJ, Quick N, Bussadori C, Bright JM, Estrada AH, Ohad DG, Fernández-Del Palacio MJ, Lunney Brayley J, Schwartz DS, Bové CM, Gordon SG, Jung SW, Brambilla P, Moïse NS, Stauthammer CD, Stepien RL, Quintavalla C, Amberger C, Manczur F, Hung YW, Lobetti R, De Swarte M, Tamborini A, Mooney CT, Oyama MA, Komolov A, Fujii Y, Pariaut R, Uechi M, Tachika Ohara VY. International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: The REVEAL Study. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:930-943. [PMID: 29660848 PMCID: PMC5980443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most prevalent heart disorder in cats and principal cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Yet, the impact of preclinical disease is unresolved. Hypothesis/Objectives Observational study to characterize cardiovascular morbidity and survival in cats with preclinical nonobstructive (HCM) and obstructive (HOCM) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in apparently healthy cats (AH). Animals One thousand seven hundred and thirty client‐owned cats (430 preclinical HCM; 578 preclinical HOCM; 722 AH). Methods Retrospective multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Cats from 21 countries were followed through medical record review and owner or referring veterinarian interviews. Data were analyzed to compare long‐term outcomes, incidence, and risk for congestive heart failure (CHF), arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and cardiovascular death. Results During the study period, CHF, ATE, or both occurred in 30.5% and cardiovascular death in 27.9% of 1008 HCM/HOCM cats. Risk assessed at 1, 5, and 10 years after study entry was 7.0%/3.5%, 19.9%/9.7%, and 23.9%/11.3% for CHF/ATE, and 6.7%, 22.8%, and 28.3% for cardiovascular death, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between HOCM compared with HCM for cardiovascular morbidity or mortality, time from diagnosis to development of morbidity, or cardiovascular survival. Cats that developed cardiovascular morbidity had short survival (mean ± standard deviation, 1.3 ± 1.7 years). Overall, prolonged longevity was recorded in a minority of preclinical HCM/HOCM cats with 10% reaching 9‐15 years. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Preclinical HCM/HOCM is a global health problem of cats that carries substantial risk for CHF, ATE, and cardiovascular death. This finding underscores the need to identify therapies and monitoring strategies that decrease morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Fox
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Bruce W Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | - Karsten A Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessie Rose Payne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - Alison Motsinger-Reif
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilie Trehiou-Sechi
- Alfort Cardiology Unit, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Deborah M Fine-Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Reid K Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center, Lawndale, California, U.S.A
| | - Pamela M Lee
- Department of Cardiology and Caspary Research Institute, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Manreet K Singh
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Geoffrey Culshaw
- Royal (Dick) SVS Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Riesen
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michele Borgarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Etienne Côté
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Barret Bulmer
- Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment & Specialties, Walpole, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Quick
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudio Bussadori
- Department of Cardiology, Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milan, Italy
| | - Janice M Bright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Amara H Estrada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dan G Ohad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Denise S Schwartz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina M Bové
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Seung Woo Jung
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Paola Brambilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - N Sydney Moïse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Rebecca L Stepien
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Ferenc Manczur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Remo Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, South Africa
| | - Marie De Swarte
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Tamborini
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Oyama
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | - Yoko Fujii
- Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Romain Pariaut
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Masami Uechi
- Jasmine Animal Cardiovascular Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Small Species, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats and humans. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S53-73. [PMID: 26776594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes that encode for muscle sarcomeric proteins have been identified in humans and two breeds of domestic cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This article reviews the history, genetics, and pathogenesis of HCM in the two species in order to give veterinarians a perspective on the genetics of HCM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in people is a genetic disease that has been called a disease of the sarcomere because the preponderance of mutations identified that cause HCM are in genes that encode for sarcomeric proteins (Maron and Maron, 2013). Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of muscle and thus sarcomeric proteins are responsible for the strength, speed, and extent of muscle contraction. In people with HCM, the two most common genes affected by HCM mutations are the myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7), the gene that encodes for the motor protein β-myosin heavy chain (the sarcomeric protein that splits ATP to generate force), and the cardiac myosin binding protein-C gene (MYBPC3), a gene that encodes for the closely related structural and regulatory protein, cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C). To date, the two mutations linked to HCM in domestic cats (one each in Maine Coon and Ragdoll breeds) also occur in MYBPC3 (Meurs et al., 2005, 2007). This is a review of the genetics of HCM in both humans and domestic cats that focuses on the aspects of human genetics that are germane to veterinarians and on all aspects of feline HCM genetics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise Review: Stem Cell Trials Using Companion Animal Disease Models. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1709-29. [PMID: 27066769 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem cells in humans would benefit from more realistic animal models. In veterinary medicine, companion animals naturally develop many diseases that resemble human conditions, therefore, representing a novel source of preclinical models. To understand how companion animal disease models are being studied for this purpose, we reviewed the literature between 2008 and 2015 for reports on stem cell therapies in dogs and cats, excluding laboratory animals, induced disease models, cancer, and case reports. Disease models included osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's fistulas, meningoencephalomyelitis (multiple sclerosis-like), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Sjogren's syndrome-like), atopic dermatitis, and chronic (end-stage) kidney disease. Stem cells evaluated in these studies included mesenchymal stem-stromal cells (MSC, 17/19 trials), olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC, 1 trial), or neural lineage cells derived from bone marrow MSC (1 trial), and 16/19 studies were performed in dogs. The MSC studies (13/17) used adipose tissue-derived MSC from either allogeneic (8/13) or autologous (5/13) sources. The majority of studies were open label, uncontrolled studies. Endpoints and protocols were feasible, and the stem cell therapies were reportedly safe and elicited beneficial patient responses in all but two of the trials. In conclusion, companion animals with naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions can be recruited into clinical trials and provide realistic insight into feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of novel stem cell therapies. However, improvements in the rigor of manufacturing, study design, and regulatory compliance will be needed to better utilize these models. Stem Cells 2016;34:1709-1729.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven W Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Dijk SJ, Bezold Kooiker K, Mazzalupo S, Yang Y, Kostyukova AS, Mustacich DJ, Hoye ER, Stern JA, Kittleson MD, Harris SP. The A31P missense mutation in cardiac myosin binding protein C alters protein structure but does not cause haploinsufficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 601:133-40. [PMID: 26777460 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in MYBPC3, the gene encoding cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C), are a major cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). While most mutations encode premature stop codons, missense mutations causing single amino acid substitutions are also common. Here we investigated effects of a single proline for alanine substitution at amino acid 31 (A31P) in the C0 domain of cMyBP-C, which was identified as a natural cause of HCM in cats. Results using recombinant proteins showed that the mutation disrupted C0 structure, altered sensitivity to trypsin digestion, and reduced recognition by an antibody that preferentially recognizes N-terminal domains of cMyBP-C. Western blots detecting A31P cMyBP-C in myocardium of cats heterozygous for the mutation showed a reduced amount of A31P mutant protein relative to wild-type cMyBP-C, but the total amount of cMyBP-C was not different in myocardium from cats with or without the A31P mutation indicating altered rates of synthesis/degradation of A31P cMyBP-C. Also, the mutant A31P cMyBP-C was properly localized in cardiac sarcomeres. These results indicate that reduced protein expression (haploinsufficiency) cannot account for effects of the A31P cMyBP-C mutation and instead suggest that the A31P mutation causes HCM through a poison polypeptide mechanism that disrupts cMyBP-C or myocyte function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine J van Dijk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Kristina Bezold Kooiker
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Mazzalupo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yuanzhang Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alla S Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Debbie J Mustacich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine R Hoye
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark D Kittleson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samantha P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genotype–phenotype correlation between the cardiac myosin binding protein C mutation A31P and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Maine Coon cats: a longitudinal study. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S268-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
17
|
Borgeat K, Dudhia J, Luis Fuentes V, Connolly DJ. Circulating concentrations of a marker of type I collagen metabolism are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation status in ragdoll cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:360-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Borgeat
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield AL9 7TA
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals; Bristol BS14 9BE
| | - J. Dudhia
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield AL9 7TA
| | - V. Luis Fuentes
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield AL9 7TA
| | - D. J. Connolly
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield AL9 7TA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Longeri M, Ferrari P, Knafelz P, Mezzelani A, Marabotti A, Milanesi L, Pertica G, Polli M, Brambilla PG, Kittleson M, Lyons LA, Porciello F. Myosin-binding protein C DNA variants in domestic cats (A31P, A74T, R820W) and their association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:275-85. [PMID: 23323744 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two mutations in the MYBPC3 gene have been identified in Maine Coon (MCO) and Ragdoll (RD) cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). OBJECTIVE This study examined the frequency of these mutations and of the A74T polymorphism to describe their worldwide distribution and correlation with echocardiography. ANIMALS 1855 cats representing 28 breeds and random-bred cats worldwide, of which 446 underwent echocardiographic examination. METHODS This is a prospective cross-sectional study. Polymorphisms were genotyped by Illumina VeraCode GoldenGate or by direct sequencing. The disease status was defined by echocardiography according to established guidelines. Odds ratios for the joint probability of having HCM and the alleles were calculated by meta-analysis. Functional analysis was simulated. RESULTS The MYBPC3 A31P and R820W were restricted to MCO and RD, respectively. Both purebred and random-bred cats had HCM and the incidence increased with age. The A74T polymorphism was not associated with any phenotype. HCM was most prevalent in MCO homozygote for the A31P mutation and the penetrance increased with age. The penetrance of the heterozygote genotype was lower (0.08) compared with the P/P genotype (0.58) in MCO. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A31P mutation occurs frequently in MCO cats. The high incidence of HCM in homozygotes for the mutation supports the causal nature of the A31P mutation. Penetrance is incomplete for heterozygotes at A31P locus, at least at a young age. The A74T variant does not appear to be correlated with HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Longeri
- Dip. Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chetboul V, Petit A, Gouni V, Trehiou-Sechi E, Misbach C, Balouka D, Carlos Sampedrano C, Pouchelon JL, Tissier R, Abitbol M. Prospective echocardiographic and tissue Doppler screening of a large Sphynx cat population: reference ranges, heart disease prevalence and genetic aspects. J Vet Cardiol 2012; 14:497-509. [PMID: 23131204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To investigate heart morphology and function using echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), (2) to determine heart disease prevalence and characteristics, and (3) to assess potential genetic features in a population of Sphynx cats presented for cardiovascular screening. ANIMALS A total of 147 echocardiographic examinations, including 33 follow-ups, were performed by trained observers on 114 Sphynx cats of different ages (2.62 ± 1.93 years [0.5-10.0]) from 2004 to 2011. METHODS Sphynx cats underwent a physical examination, conventional echocardiography, and, if possible, two-dimensional color TDI. RESULTS Conventional echocardiographic findings included 75/114 normal (65.8%) and 39/114 (34.2%) abnormal examinations with a diagnosis of either congenital heart diseases (n = 16) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 23). In adult healthy cats, a significant body weight effect was observed for several echocardiographic variables, including end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) free wall (P < 0.01), interventricular septum (P < 0.001), and LV diameter (P < 0.001). Mitral valve dysplasia (MVD) was observed as a single or associated defect in 15/16 cats with congenital heart diseases. A significant increase in HCM prevalence (P < 0.001) was observed according to age. The pedigree analysis of a large family (n = 81) suggested an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance for HCM. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting values of diastolic myocardial wall thicknesses in Sphynx cats. Additionally, HCM and MVD are two relatively common heart diseases in this feline breed. More pedigree data are required to confirm the inheritance pattern of HCM at the breed level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chetboul
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Freeman LM, Rush JE, Meurs KM, Bulmer BJ, Cunningham SM. Body size and metabolic differences in Maine Coon cats with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 15:74-80. [PMID: 23001953 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12460847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An interplay between growth, glucose regulation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) may exist, but has not been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to characterize morphometric features, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and glucose metabolism in Maine Coon cats with HCM. Body weight, body condition score (BCS), head length and width, and abdominal circumference were measured in Maine Coon cats >2 years of age. Echocardiography and thoracic radiography (for measurement of humerus length, and fourth and twelfth vertebrae length) were also performed. Blood was collected for biochemistry profile, DNA testing, insulin and IGF-1. Sixteen of 63 cats had HCM [myosin binding protein C (MYBPC)+, n = 3 and MYBPC-, n = 13] and 47/63 were echocardiographically normal (MYBPC+, n = 17 and MYBPC-, n = 30). There were no significant differences in any measured parameter between MYBPC+ and MYBPC- cats. Cats with HCM were significantly older (P <0.001), heavier (P = 0.006), more obese (P = 0.008), and had longer humeri (P = 0.02) compared with the HCM- group. Cats with HCM also had higher serum glucose (P = 0.01), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and IGF-1 (P = 0.01) concentrations, were from smaller litters (P = 0.04), and were larger at 6 months (P = 0.02) and at 1 year of age (P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis revealed that age (P <0.001), BCS (P = 0.03) and HOMA (P = 0.047) remained significantly associated with HCM. These results support the hypothesis that early growth and nutrition, larger body size and obesity may be environmental modifiers of genetic predisposition to HCM. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of early nutrition on the phenotypic expression of HCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536 , USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johns SM, Nelson OL, Gay JM. Left atrial function in cats with left-sided cardiac disease and pleural effusion or pulmonary edema. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1134-9. [PMID: 22805204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats with left-sided heart disease is sometimes manifest as pleural effusion, in other cases as pulmonary edema. HYPOTHESIS Those cats with pleural effusion have more severe left atrial (LA) dysfunction than cats with pulmonary edema. ANIMALS 30 healthy cats, 22 cats with pleural effusion, and 12 cats with pulmonary edema. All cats were client owned. METHODS Retrospective study. Measurements of LA size and function were made using commercial software on archived echocardiograms. Cases were identified through searches of medical records and of archived echocardiograms for cats with these conditions. RESULTS There was no difference (P = .3) in LA size between cats with pleural effusion and cats with pulmonary edema. Cats with pleural effusion had poorer (P = .04) LA active emptying and increased (P = .006) right ventricular (RV) diameter when compared with cats with pulmonary edema and healthy cats. Cats that exhibited LA active emptying of <7.9%, total emptying of <13.6% (diameter) or <19.4% (area), or RV diameter of >3.6 mm were significantly (P < .001) more likely to manifest pleural effusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Poorer LA function and increased RV dimensions are associated with pleural effusion in cats with left-sided heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Johns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
A splice site mutation in a gene encoding for PDK4, a mitochondrial protein, is associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1319-25. [PMID: 22447147 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is a primary myocardial disease that can result in the development of congestive heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Spontaneous animal models of familial dilated cardiomyopathy exist and the Doberman pinscher dog is one of the most commonly reported canine breeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher dog using a genome-wide association study for a genetic alteration(s) associated with the development of this disease in this canine model. Genome-wide association analysis identified an area of statistical significance on canine chromosome 14 (p(raw) = 9.999e-05 corrected for genome-wide significance), fine-mapping of additional SNPs flanking this region localized a signal to 23,774,190-23,781,919 (p = 0.001) and DNA sequencing identified a 16-base pair deletion in the 5' donor splice site of intron 10 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene in affected dogs (p < 0.0001). Electron microscopy of myocardium from affected dogs demonstrated disorganization of the Z line, mild to moderate T tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum dilation, marked pleomorphic mitochondrial alterations with megamitochondria, scattered mitochondria with whorling and vacuolization and mild aggregates of lipofuscin granules. In conclusion, we report the identification of a splice site deletion in the PDK4 gene that is associated with the development of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher dog.
Collapse
|
24
|
Trehiou-Sechi E, Tissier R, Gouni V, Misbach C, Petit AMP, Balouka D, Sampedrano CC, Castaignet M, Pouchelon JL, Chetboul V. Comparative echocardiographic and clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 5 breeds of cats: a retrospective analysis of 344 cases (2001-2011). J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:532-41. [PMID: 22443341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common feline heart disease and has been demonstrated to be inherited in some breeds. However, few studies have compared HCM phenotypes and survival according to breed. OBJECTIVES To compare epidemiological characteristics, clinical findings, left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns, and survival in several breeds of cats with HCM. ANIMALS Three hundred and forty-four cats from 5 different breeds (Persian, Domestic Shorthair [DS], Sphynx, Maine coon [MC], and Chartreux) with primary HCM diagnosed by conventional echocardiography. METHODS Retrospective study. Cats were classified according to breed and clinical status. RESULTS Age at the time of diagnosis was lower (P < .001) in MC (median age, 2.5 years) and Sphynx (3.5 years) than in other breeds (OB), ie, 8.0, 8.0, and 11.0 years for DS, Chartreux, and Persians, respectively. The prevalence of LV outflow tract obstruction was higher (P < .001) in Persians (23/41; 56%) than in OB (115/303; 38%). Age at the first cardiac event was lower (P < .01) in MC (median age, 2.5 years) than in OB (7.0 years). All cats surviving > 15 years of age were DS, Persians, or Chartreux. Sudden death (representing 24% of all cardiac deaths) was observed only in 3 breeds (DS, MC, and Sphynx). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As in humans, feline HCM is characterized by marked phenotypic variability with several breed-dependent features regarding epidemiology, LV geometric patterns, and clinical course (ie, age at diagnosis, 1st cardiac event, and cause of death).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Trehiou-Sechi
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire d'Alfort (CHUVA), 7 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Silverman SJ, Stern JA, Meurs KM. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Sphynx cat: a retrospective evaluation of clinical presentation and heritable etiology. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:246-9. [PMID: 22412161 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11435040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease in some feline breeds including the Maine Coon and Ragdoll. In these breeds, distinct causative genetic mutations have been identified. The two breeds appear to have slightly different clinical presentations, including age of diagnosis. The observation that these two breeds may have different clinical presentations, as well as different genetic mutations, suggests that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a diverse disease in the cat. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is poorly described in the Sphynx. The objective of this study was to phenotypically characterize Sphynx hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and to evaluate for a familial etiology. Records of 18 affected cats (11 female, seven male) were evaluated. Age of affected cats ranged from 0.5 to 7 years (median, 2 years). Four affected cats were from a single family and included an affected cat in each of four generations (three females, one male). Further studies are warranted to evaluate for a causative mutation and better classify the phenotypic expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Silverman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|