1
|
Di Loria A, Ferravante C, D'Agostino Y, Giurato G, Tursi M, Grego E, Perego M, Weisz A, Ciaramella P, Santilli R. Gene-expression profiling of endomyocardial biopsies from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 52:78-89. [PMID: 38508121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The employment of advanced molecular biology technologies has expanded the diagnostic investigation of cardiomyopathies in dogs; these technologies have predominantly been performed on postmortem samples, although the recent use of endomyocardial biopsy in living dogs has enabled a better premortem diagnostic approach to study the myocardial injury. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Endomyocardial biopsies were collected in nine dogs with a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype (DCM-p) and congestive heart failure and submitted to histologic examination, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Data from three healthy dogs (Fastq files) were retrieved from a previously approved study and used as a control group for ribonucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS Histologic examination revealed endocardial fibrosis in 6 of 9 dogs, whereas lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates were detected in 2 of 9 dogs, and lymphoplasmacytic and macrophage infiltrates were detected in 1 of 9 dogs. On polymerase chain reaction analysis, two dogs tested positive for canine parvovirus 2 and one dog for canine distemper virus. Gene-expression pathways involved in cellular energy metabolism (especially carbohydrates-insulin) and cardiac structural proteins were different in all DCM-p dogs compared to those in the control group. When dogs with lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates were compared to those in the control group, NGS analysis revealed the predominant role of genes related to inflammation and pathogen infection. CONCLUSIONS NGS technology performed on in vivo endomyocardial biopsies has identified different molecular and genetic factors that could play a role in the development and/or progression of DCM-p in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy
| | - C Ferravante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Y D'Agostino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - G Giurato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - M Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - E Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, 21017 Varese, Italy
| | - A Weisz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy.
| | - R Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, 21017 Varese, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930, Campus Road, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cerbu M, Cerbu C, Papuc I. M-Mode Echocardiography in Canine Veterinary Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Left Ventricular Measurements in 44 Different Dog Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2986. [PMID: 37760386 PMCID: PMC10525205 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the use of canine M-mode in veterinary medicine, specifically in assessing the left ventricle measurements in several breeds. It traces the historical development of echocardiography techniques, including A-mode, B-mode, and motion mode (M-mode), which provide accurate unidimensional records of cardiac structures. This article highlights the significance of M-mode measurements in diagnosing stage B2 of MMVD, where left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter corrected with body weight (LVIDdN) is essential for identifying cardiac enlargement. It also explains the role of M-mode in diagnosing DCM, outlining criteria such as left ventricular dilatation. The authors emphasize the importance of breed-specific reference values for echocardiographic measurements due to variations in somatotype among dogs. This review provides a comprehensive table summarizing M-mode measurements of the left ventricle for 44 different dog breeds, including interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole and diastole. This review's methodology involves compiling data from various scientific literature sources, providing an extensive tabular representation of M-mode measurements for different breeds, ages, and sexes. Overall, this review highlights the critical role of M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases in dogs, underscores the importance of breed-specific reference values, and presents a comprehensive summary of M-mode measurements for various dog breeds, aiding both clinicians and researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cerbu
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionel Papuc
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Czopowicz M, Jońska I, Bonecka J, Jank M. Cardiological Reference Intervals in Adult American Staffordshire Terrier Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2436. [PMID: 37570245 PMCID: PMC10417027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals (RI) for echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), vertebral heart score (VHS) measurement, and arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) in American Staffordshire Terrier dogs. The study population included 29 clinically healthy AST dogs of different ages, genders, and body weights. SBP measurement, ECG, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were performed on each dog. Compared to RIs available for the general population of dogs, the duration of the P wave and QRS complex was longer and VHS was higher. Moreover, the left ventricular dimension in diastole and systole, left atrial dimension, and end point to septal separation values were higher, while the interventricular septum in diastole and systole and aortic root diameter were lower compared to general similar average body weight. The AST breed has a different heart shape, which in this breed is more rounded compared to other dog breeds, especially the deep chest. The specific body structure and the shape of the heart had an impact on the results of the cardiological examination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabella Jońska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stepien RL, Kellihan HB, Visser LC, Wenholz L, Luis Fuentes V. Echocardiographic values for normal conditioned and unconditioned North American whippets. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:844-855. [PMID: 36975003 PMCID: PMC10229347 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic reference intervals have not been reported for North American whippets, or for whippets that have undergone pet-level athletic training. OBJECTIVES To develop normal echocardiographic reference intervals for North American whippets and investigate differences in echocardiographic parameters based on athletic conditioning in pet whippets engaged in competitive sports. ANIMALS One-hundred healthy North American whippets. METHODS Dogs were examined at national shows between 2005 and 2009. Echocardiographic reference intervals were constructed and the effect of athletic conditioning on parameters of structure and function was assessed. RESULTS Two dimensional, M-mode, Doppler and tissue Doppler reference ranges for healthy North American whippets are presented. Measures of left ventricular (LV) chamber diameter were larger in conditioned whippets (N = 25) and remained significantly larger than in unconditioned whippets (N = 16) when normalized for weight using allometric equations. Calculated LV mass was higher in conditioned dogs than in unconditioned dogs, and this difference persisted when LV mass was normalized by weight. Mitral E velocity was higher in conditioned dogs than in unconditioned dogs, whereas E/A and measures related to systolic function were not different. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pet whippets in peak athletic condition have larger hearts than do less conditioned whippets, but measures of systolic function are similar. Whippet pet athletes may show eccentric LV hypertrophy at peak condition. Normal values for cardiac size and function in North American whippets might be considered abnormal if population-specific whippet reference intervals are not used in analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Stepien
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Heidi B. Kellihan
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Lance C. Visser
- Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Lisa Wenholz
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertfordshireUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wiegel PS, Nolte I, Mach R, Freise F, Bach JP. Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:282. [PMID: 35854376 PMCID: PMC9297600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic measurements may be influenced by breed-specific characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to establish reference values for standard echocardiographic measurements in pugs by investigating the influence of age, sex, heart rate, body weight and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Sixty-two privately owned pugs underwent physical examination, blood sample collection, non-invasive blood pressure measurements and echocardiography. Influences of independent variables on echocardiographic measurements were examined using a multiple linear regression analysis model. For the entire study population, 95% prediction intervals were generated. Further, reference ranges for subcategories of clinical severities of BOAS were provided. Selected echocardiographic measurements of pugs were compared to reference values of previous studies generated from various breeds. RESULTS In the study, a total of fifty-one privately owned pugs aged between two and 10 years were included for establishing reference ranges. Mainly body weight, but also age, sex and heart rate had influence on several echocardiographic parameters. The clinical grading of BOAS was conducted in 42 pugs. Except for pulmonic peak velocity (Pvel), which declined with increasing severity of BOAS, clinical symptoms of upper airway disease did not have significant impact on echocardiographic measurement results. Significant deviations, however, of left ventricular (LV) internal dimension (LVID), interventricular septum (IVS), LV posterior wall (LVPW), and tricuspid annular plane systolic motion excursion (TAPSE) compared to interbreed reference values were observed. CONCLUSIONS Breed-specific reference ranges for echocardiographic values with special regard to BOAS are provided to enable a more accurate assessment of cardiac health in pugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saskia Wiegel
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Mach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feldhütter EK, Domenech O, Vezzosi T, Tognetti R, Sauter N, Bauer A, Eberhard J, Friederich J, Wess G. Echocardiographic reference intervals for right ventricular indices, including 3-dimensional volume and 2-dimensional strain measurements in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:8-19. [PMID: 34874066 PMCID: PMC8783368 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a lack of reference intervals (RIs) for the novel measures like 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography or speckle-tracking strain for assessment of right ventricular (RV) structure and function. OBJECTIVES To generate RIs and to determine the influence of age, heart rate, and body weight (BW) on various RV function indices using a dedicated RV software for 3D RV end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), global and free wall RV longitudinal strain (RVLS), end-diastolic area (RVEDA), end-systolic area (RVESA), fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and tissue Doppler imaging (TVI)-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S'). ANIMALS Healthy adult client-owned dogs (n = 211) of various breeds and ages. METHODS Prospective study. Reference intervals were estimated as statistical prediction intervals using allometric scaling for BW-dependent variables. Right-sided (upper limit) or left-sided (lower limit) 95% RIs were calculated for every variable. Inter- and intraobserver variability was determined. RESULTS Most variables showed clinically acceptable repeatability with coefficient of variation less than 10. Upper or respectively lower RI after allometric scaling to normalize for different BWs were: EDVn ≤ 2.5 mL/kg0.942 , ESVn ≤ 1.2 mL/kg0.962 , TAPSEn ≥ 4.5 mm0.285 , RVEDAn ≤ 1.4 cm2 /kg0.665 , RVESAn ≤ 0.8 cm2 /kg0.695 , and TVI S'n ≥ 5.6 cm/s/kg0.186 . The calculated limits for indices without allometric normalization were: EF > 42.1%, FAC > 30.0%, free wall RVLS < -20.8%, and global RVLS < -18.3%. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiographic RIs for RV structure and function are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tommaso Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nadja Sauter
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Friederich
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Orozco SC, Arias MP, Carvajal PA, Gallo‐Villegas J, Olivera‐Angel M. Efficacy of high-intensity interval training compared with moderate-intensity continuous training on maximal aerobic potency in dogs: Trial protocol for a randomised controlled clinical study. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e4. [PMID: 33981438 PMCID: PMC8109980 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a more efficient method to improve exercise capacity than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) because of its greater physiological stimulus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy of HIIT on maximal aerobic potency in dogs as compared to MICT. METHODS This protocol is for a randomised, blinded controlled clinical trial, with three parallel groups for the purpose of demonstrating superiority. Thirty dogs aged between 12 and 84 months of both sexes and different breeds will be included. Dogs, before initiating and after finalising the training will perform an incremental exercise test on a treadmill to obtain maximal speed and lactate threshold; resting parameters of heart and respiratory rate, left ventricle chamber and systolic function will be measured. Dogs assigned to each intervention will endure a 42-min session of HIIT or MICT during 12 weeks. HIIT comprises four intervals of 4 min each at a load of 85%, alternating with a 4-min resting period. MICT group will have a continuous load of 60%. The control group will remain in a cage. An intention-to-treat statistical analysis will be implemented. Analysis of covariance will be used to estimate the effect of HIIT compared with MICT training on maximal aerobic potency, aerobic resistance, systolic function at rest, left ventricle chamber measurements and indexes, respiratory rate and HR at rest. CONCLUSION Significant time and effort are invested into training sports/working dogs, which could benefit from improving physical capacity by means of the HIIT methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C. Orozco
- Biogenesis Research GroupFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
| | | | - Pablo A. Carvajal
- Servicio de CardiologíaHospital VeterinarioFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
| | | | - Martha Olivera‐Angel
- Biogenesis Research GroupFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínAntioquiaColombia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wess G. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:51-68. [PMID: 34732313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs. The disease can start with arrhythmias or with systolic dysfunction of the myocardium. OBJECTIVE To describe screening methods for DCM in various breeds and provide a new, modified staging system. RECOMMENDATIONS Screening for occult DCM should start at three years of age and use Holter monitoring in Boxers and Dobermans and might be useful also in other breeds. Single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) can be detected in many healthy dogs, but healthy animals typically have <50 VPCs in 24 h and demonstrate minimal complexity most often occurring only as single ectopic beats. In general, >100 VPCs in 24 h was recommended as the cut-off value for establishing a diagnosis of DCM. However, there are breed-specific recommendations related to Holter recording diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans and Boxers. Yearly screening over the life of a dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out the future development of DCM. Several echocardiographic methods such as M-mode derived measurements, the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD), and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) are recommended for screening purposes. The value of additional tests such as cardiac biomarkers (troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG) or newer echocardiographic methods such as strain measurements is discussed. CONCLUSION This review suggests some guidelines for screening for DCM in various breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, Munich, 80539, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vatne L, Dickson D, Tidholm A, Caivano D, Rishniw M. The effects of activity, body weight, sex and age on echocardiographic values in English setter dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 37:26-41. [PMID: 34517274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breed-specific reference intervals improve echocardiographic interpretation and thereby reduce misdiagnoses, especially in athletic breeds. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to examine transthoracic echocardiographic values in healthy adult English setter dogs and determine the effects of activity, body weight, sex and age on these values. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and one adult English setter dogs, recruited from local veterinary clinics and from the Norwegian English setter club, underwent routine transthoracic echocardiography. The population was stratified into two groups based on the reported level of activity. The effects of activity level, body weight, sex and age on echocardiographic variables were examined. Results were compared with published data from other breeds and from a pre-existing species-wide allometric model. RESULTS Of the 100 dogs between 19 months and 10 years of age included in the study, 72 were reported as very active and 28 as less active. Echocardiographic intervals were calculated for body size-independent echocardiographic variables. The upper limits of the intervals for left-atrial-to-aortic ratios and normalised left ventricular volumes exceeded those of various, previously published studies of other breeds. Normalised left ventricular dimensions exceeded published allometric 95th percentile upper reference values in 13% of dogs in diastole and 32% of dogs in systole. More active dogs had larger cardiac dimensions than less active dogs; however, the activity level did not predict echocardiographic variables when included in a multiple regression model. CONCLUSIONS The study provides breed specific transthoracic echocardiographic values for English setter dogs, thereby contributing to improve diagnostic assessment of cardiac health in this breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Vatne
- AniCura Oslo Animal Hospital, Hoffsveien 70C, 0377 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - A Tidholm
- AniCura Albano Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvagan 21B, 182 36 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - D Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonagura JD, Visser LC. Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:15-50. [PMID: 34750089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a frequent cause of cardiac disability, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmic death in dogs. The etiology of DCM is usually idiopathic/genetic, but some causes of a DCM phenotype are reversible. The disease is classified into preclinical (occult) and clinical (overt) stages; the latter stems from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. DCM is further characterized by clinical, electrocardiographic, circulating biomarker, and imaging abnormalities. The diagnosis of clinical DCM with CHF is straightforward; however, identification of the preclinical stage can be challenging. Echocardiography is central to the diagnosis of both stages and characterized by left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with progressive chamber dilation and variable enlargements of the left atrium and right-sided chambers. Left ventricular dilation is defined by increased LV end-diastolic volumes, areas, and internal dimensions normalized to body size or indexed to the aorta. Systolic dysfunction is characterized by decreased LV ejection fraction, increased end-systolic volume, and reduced shortening across minor and longitudinal LV axes. Dyssynchrony can confound the interpretation of linear indices of systolic function. A comprehensive echocardiogram in DCM includes two-dimensional and M-mode studies, spectral and tissue Doppler imaging, and potentially three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. Echocardiographic findings should be interpreted within the context of identifiable risks and comorbidities, physical diagnosis, complementary diagnostic testing, and limitations of current reference intervals. Ambiguous examinations should be repeated. Specific echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of DCM are proposed to encourage discussion and additional outcome and breed-specific echocardiographic studies of canine DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Bonagura
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vurucu M, Ekinci G, Gunes V. An echocardiographic study of breed-specific reference ranges in healthy French Bulldogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:573-582. [PMID: 34109689 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echocardiography is a standard diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac functions and cardiovascular diseases in dogs, however published echocardiographic measurements have varied widely based on dog breeds. The objective of this prospective reference interval study was to provide breed-specific echocardiographic values for healthy French Bulldogs. A total of 42 healthy French Bulldogs of both sexes (23 females and 19 males) were sampled. Furthermore, measurements for a control group (n = 16) were also conducted in four other dog breeds (Cocker Spaniel [n = 2], Cavalier King Charles Spaniel [n = 4], Terrier [n = 5], and Crossbreed [n = 5]). Standard M-mode, two-dimensional (2D), pulse wave (PW) Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiographic measurements were obtained from healthy French Bulldogs. The M-mode echocardiographic data obtained from French Bulldogs were compared to the data obtained from the control group. The left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd; cm)/body surface area (BSA) (m2 ) ratio for the study group was 3.35/0.53 = 6.32. Left ventricular measurements for French bulldogs and internal dimension at end-systole (21.23 ± 3.50 mm) and at end-diastole (33.50 ± 4.12 mm) were found to be significantly higher (P < .001) compared to control group values (left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole [LVIDs]; 17.46 ± 2.85 mm, LVIDd; 27.16 ± 4.20 mm, respectively). A significantly positive correlation in the French Bulldog group was noted between body weight and M-mode measurements (EPSS, IVSd, IVSs, LVIDd, LVIDs, and LVPWd). French bulldogs had a greater systolic and diastolic left ventricular volume than the control group. As a result, values reported in this study could be used as specific reference ranges in French Bulldogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Vurucu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gencay Ekinci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Vehbi Gunes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Echocardiographic reference intervals in healthy UK deerhounds and prevalence of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:142-155. [PMID: 34052149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sighthounds have high echocardiographic (ECHO) left ventricular volumes. Establishing robust breed-specific ECHO reference intervals (RI) for screening is important. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI) and ejection fraction (EF) reference ranges derived by Simpson's method of discs are not available for deerhounds. The influence of sex or body weight (BW) on left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVDd) and systole (LVDs) has never been reported. OBJECTIVES Prospectively determine ECHO RI and assess prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in healthy UK deerhounds. ANIMALS Ninety-nine deerhounds. METHODS Deerhounds scored on ECHO and ECG variables then classified as normal (NORM), equivocal (EQUIV) or affected (AFF) with DCM. Fifty-nine NORM deerhounds used to determine ECHO RI. RESULTS Prevalence of DCM was 21.6%. There were significant differences in BW (p<0.001), LVDd (p<0.001) and LVDs (p<0.05) between female and male deerhounds. Cut-off values for EDVI (≥140.2 mL/m2: 79% sensitivity/97% specificity), ESVI (≥71.9 mL/m2: 94.7% sensitivity/94.2% specificity) and EF (≤42.1%: 84.2% sensitivity/92.8% specificity) were proposed to help diagnose DCM. The most reliable ECHO variables to identify AFF dogs were LVDs indexed to BW by allometric scaling and ESVI; one of the least reliable was sphericity index. Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) were identified in 13.6% of the population, with the highest prevalence in AFF deerhounds (42%). CONCLUSIONS Preclinical DCM in deerhounds is common and VA may be associated with DCM. Healthy deerhounds have higher LVDd, LVDs and EDVI compared with other breeds. This study provides ECHO RIs for deerhounds; sex or BW RIs should be used when screening.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wess G, Bauer A, Kopp A. Echocardiographic reference intervals for volumetric measurements of the left ventricle using the Simpson's method of discs in 1331 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:724-738. [PMID: 33675121 PMCID: PMC7995437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic measurements play an important role in detecting cardiac enlargement and assessing cardiac function. In human cardiology, M‐mode measurements have been widely replaced by volumetric measurements of the left ventricle (LV) using Simpson's method of disc (SMOD). In veterinary cardiology, more large‐scale studies are necessary to generate reference intervals (RIs) for SMOD LV volume measurements. Objective To generate body size independent RIs for LV volume measurements in dogs. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 1331) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. The SMOD was measured from the right parasternal long axis and the left apical 4‐chamber view in clinically healthy dogs. The SMOD measurements were normalized to various allometric scales (kg, kg2/3, or kg1/3). RIs for LV end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end‐systolic volume (LVESV) using SMOD were estimated as prediction intervals of both a linear and an additive regression model. Additionally, after normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits. Separate analyses were performed for 120 sighthound breeds and 1211 other breeds. Results Echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms. The additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate than the other 2 methods to generate RIs. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds are provided. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size and breed‐independent RIs for LV volume measurements using SMOD were generated prospectively from a large and diverse population of dogs and are available for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Kopp
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adin D, Freeman L, Stepien R, Rush JE, Tjostheim S, Kellihan H, Aherne M, Vereb M, Goldberg R. Effect of type of diet on blood and plasma taurine concentrations, cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiograms in 4 dog breeds. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:771-779. [PMID: 33638176 PMCID: PMC7995416 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations of diet with dilated cardiomyopathy are under investigation. OBJECTIVES That cardiac assessment would show abnormalities in healthy dogs eating grain-free (GF) diets or diets with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-listed ingredients of concern (peas, lentils, or potatoes) as top 10 ingredients (FDA-PLP), but not in dogs eating grain-inclusive (GI) diets or diets without FDA-listed ingredients of concern (PLP) in the top 10 ingredients (NoFDA-PLP). ANIMALS One hundred eighty-eight healthy Doberman Pinschers, Golden Retrievers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Whippets. METHODS This study was an observational cross-sectional study. Echocardiograms, cardiac biomarkers, and blood and plasma taurine concentrations were compared between dogs eating GF (n = 26) and GI (n = 162) diets, and between FDA-PLP (n = 39) and NoFDA-PLP (n = 149) diets, controlling for age and breed. Demographic characteristics, murmurs, genetic status, and ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) during examination were compared between dogs eating different diet types. RESULTS No differences in echocardiographic variables, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide or whole blood taurine were noted between dogs eating different diet types. Dogs eating GF diets had higher median high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) (GF 0.076 ng/mL [Interquartile range (IQR), 0.028-0.156] vs. GI 0.048 [IQR, 0.0026-0.080]; P < .001) and higher median plasma taurine (GF 125 nmol/mL [IQR, 101-148] vs GI 104 [IQR, 86-123]; P = .02) than dogs eating GI diets. Dogs eating FDA-PLP diets had higher median hs-cTnI (0.059 ng/mL [IQR, 0.028-0.122]) than dogs eating NoFDA-PLP diets (0.048 [IQR, 0.025-0.085]; P = .006). A greater proportion of dogs eating FDA-PLP diets (10%) had VPCs than dogs eating NoFDA-PLP diets (2%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Higher hs-cTnI in healthy dogs eating GF and FDA-PLP diets might indicate low-level cardiomyocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adin
- University of FloridaCollege of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Lisa Freeman
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rebecca Stepien
- University of WisconsinSchool of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - John E. Rush
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sonja Tjostheim
- University of WisconsinSchool of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Heidi Kellihan
- University of WisconsinSchool of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael Aherne
- University of FloridaCollege of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- University of FloridaCollege of Veterinary MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bourguignon C, Caivano D, Dickson D, Vatne L, Harris J, Rishniw M, Pariaut R. Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular volumes obtained in different views in dogs provide similar measurements but are not interchangeable. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 33:13-24. [PMID: 33276310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little information exists regarding the interchangeability of left ventricular volume estimates using a monoplane Simpson's Method of Discs on images obtained from the left apical four-chamber and right parasternal long axis four-chamber views. We examined if volume estimates obtained from these views were interchangeable. ANIMALS A total of 224 dogs: 86 healthy, 96 with mitral valve disease, 42 with various cardiac pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Investigators obtained right parasternal long-axis and left apical four-chamber views from each dog and used manufacturer-supplied software to estimate left ventricular volumes in diastole and systole using Simpson's Method of Discs. Estimates based on linear measurements (diameter cubed, 0.67∗diameter cubed, and Teichholz) were also calculated. Reproducibility for each view, and agreement between the estimates obtained with each view, and those calculated from linear dimensions, were examined using Limits of Agreement. Reference intervals for volumes indexed to bodyweight and body surface area were calculated. RESULTS Neither method proved very reproducible. Although no bias was detected, the agreement between volumes indexed to bodyweight and body surface area was insufficient to recommend interchangeability. Estimates based on Teichholz and diameter cubed methods overestimated volumes; however, those based on 0.67∗diameter cubed performed reasonably. CONCLUSIONS Monoplane volume estimates from the left apical and right parasternal long axis four-chamber views are similar but not interchangeable. Clinicians can perform crude estimates of left ventricular volume using the equation 0.67∗diameter cubed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bourguignon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - D Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - L Vatne
- AniCura Oslo, Uelandsgate 85, 0462, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Harris
- HeartVets at Vale Referrals, Stinchcombe, Dursley, GL11 6AJ, UK
| | - M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, 777 W Covell Blvd, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - R Pariaut
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Esser LC, Borkovec M, Bauer A, Häggström J, Wess G. Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2242-2252. [PMID: 33009675 PMCID: PMC7694859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. OBJECTIVES To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. DOGS: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. METHODS Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobserver-variability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. RESULTS Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE Findings of our study reinforces the value of BW-dependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Borkovec
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Caivano D, Rishniw M, Baiona L, Birettoni F, Nisini N, Porciello F. Assessment of Longitudinal Left Ventricle Deformation by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Obtained from Different Views in Cats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030104. [PMID: 32781537 PMCID: PMC7558847 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel, angle-independent imaging technique useful to assess myocardial function by strain and strain rate analysis in human and veterinary medicine. Commonly, the left apical four-chamber (LAP4Ch) view is used to assess left ventricular (LV) longitudinal deformation in dogs and cats. However, the right parasternal four-chamber (RP4Ch) view is often more easily obtained than the LAP4Ch view in cats. No studies exist comparing longitudinal strain and strain rate values using STE from different echocardiographic views in cats. Therefore, we examined the agreement between RP4Ch and LAP4Ch for assessment of LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in cats. We acquired 2D echocardiographic cineloops from RP4Ch and LAP4Ch views and analyzed LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in 50 cats (31 healthy cats and 19 cats with different disease states) using XstrainTM software. Peak systolic strain and strain rate values of endocardial and epicardial border were used for the analysis. The two echocardiographic views were compared using limits-of-agreement analyses and intra-observer measurement variability was assessed. We could obtain longitudinal strain and strain rate from the RP4Ch view in all cats. Strain, but not strain rate, had good intra-observer measurement variability (<10% vs. <20%). However, only endocardial strain values obtained with the two views agreed sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −3.28, 2.58). Epicardial strain/strain rate and endocardial strain rate values did not agree sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −11.58, 9.19; −2.28, 1.74; −1.41, 1.36, respectively). Our study suggests that RP4Ch view was feasible for assessment of the LV longitudinal deformation analysis by STE in cats, but only endocardial longitudinal strain values obtained from the two different views were interchangeable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (N.N.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (F.B.); Tel.: +39-075-5857613 (D.C.); +39-075-5857608 (F.B.)
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Lucia Baiona
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (N.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Birettoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (N.N.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (F.B.); Tel.: +39-075-5857613 (D.C.); +39-075-5857608 (F.B.)
| | - Noemi Nisini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (N.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (N.N.); (F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stack JP, Fries RC, Kruckman L, Schaeffer DJ. Reference intervals and echocardiographic findings in Leonberger dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:22-32. [PMID: 32380411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leonbergers are large-breed dogs believed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy, yet the normal echocardiographic measurements of these dogs are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe echocardiographic findings and propose breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) for Leonbergers. ANIMALS A total of 42 clinically healthy dogs were involved in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as a cross-sectional study of 42 Leonberger dogs undergoing complete transthoracic echocardiographic studies at a national show. Reference intervals were determined using robust method with bootstrapping. The effects of age, sex, and body weight (BW) on linear and volumetric dimensions were evaluated by regression analysis. Intra- and interobserver variability were evaluated by coefficient of variation from 10 of the studies. RESULTS There were significant linear correlations with BW for many of the cardiac variables evaluated. However, despite the statistical significance, most regression equations had small slopes, necessitating large changes in BW for small changes in two-dimensional echocardiographic variables. As such, this study resulted in breed-specific RIs irrespective of BW. Trace mitral insufficiency (n = 18), trace aortic insufficiency (n = 15), or both (n = 1) was identified in 81% of dogs in this population. Coefficients of variation were <9% for all two-dimensional, volumetric, and motion mode measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study describes echocardiographic findings and provides RIs, which may be useful in echocardiographic evaluations of Leonbergers and may aid in early identification of heart disease within the breed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - L Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Treseder JR, LeBlanc NL, Scollan KF. Inotropic and chronotropic effects of sotalol in healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 25:14-24. [PMID: 31442634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sotalol is an anti-arrhythmic drug commonly used for the treatment of pathologic tachyarrhythmias in dogs. The β-adrenergic blockade associated with sotalol administration may result in reduced myocardial contractility, which is clinically relevant for treating dogs with arrhythmias and concurrent myocardial dysfunction. The inotropic properties of sotalol are not well characterized in dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Ten healthy, adult, large breed dogs were prospectively enrolled. All dogs underwent physical examination, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography, 24-h Holter monitoring, and echocardiography including three-dimensional left ventricular volume measurements. Dogs were subsequently administered sotalol (1-2 mg/kg) orally twice daily for 12-16 days, and the same diagnostic tests were performed. Paired statistical analysis was used to compare parameters at baseline and after treatment with sotalol. RESULTS Standard echocardiographic parameters of systolic function were reduced on sotalol compared to baseline, including ejection fraction via Simpson's method of disks which was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.77-8.83%, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment. Maximum heart rate on Holter monitor was 17 bpm (95% CI: 9-37 bpm, p = 0.002) lower post-treatment than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Sotalol has a mild negative inotropic effect in healthy dogs based on standard echocardiographic measurements. There is also a negative chronotropic effect at higher heart rates based on 24-h Holter monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Treseder
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - N L LeBlanc
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
| | - K F Scollan
- Oregon State University, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, 105 Magruder Hall, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Visser LC, Ciccozzi MM, Sintov DJ, Sharpe AN. Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: A prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1909-1920. [PMID: 31313382 PMCID: PMC6766555 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Broadly applicable reference intervals (RIs) for measurements of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and function generated prospectively using statistically appropriate methods are limited. Objectives To generate body size‐independent RIs for linear, area, and volume measurements of LA size and LV size and function. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 122) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. All dogs underwent an echocardiogram performed by the same examiner. Effects of body weight, sex, age, and heart rate were evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. Scaling exponents and prediction intervals were generated for linear measurements using the allometric equation. After normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits (each with 90% confidence intervals), respectively. Results Linear LA and LV measurements were strongly correlated (R2 ≥ 0.79) with body weight. Scaling exponents were close to the expected 1/3 (0.299‐0.392). Prediction intervals for linear measurements of LV chamber size were considerably narrower than previously reported. Weak correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.50) among LV fractional shortening, fractional area change, and ejection fraction and body weight were identified. No other meaningful relationships were identified between the measurements and sex, age, and heart rate. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size‐independent RIs for several linear, area, and volume measurements of LA and LV size and function were generated prospectively from a large and diverse reference population and are available for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Marisa M Ciccozzi
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel J Sintov
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ashley N Sharpe
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Giraut S, Häggström J, Koskinen LLE, Lohi H, Wiberg M. Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:374-378. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Giraut
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - J. Häggström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 75007 Sweden
| | - L. L. E. Koskinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular NeurologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular NeurologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Wiberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shave R, Howatson G, Dickson D, Young L. Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Lessons from Humans, Horses, and Dogs. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010009. [PMID: 29056668 PMCID: PMC5606617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is dependent upon the cardiovascular system adequately delivering blood to meet the metabolic and thermoregulatory demands of exercise. Animals who regularly exercise therefore require a well-adapted heart to support this delivery. The purpose of this review is to examine cardiac structure, and the potential for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling, in animals that regularly engage in strenuous activity. Specifically, we draw upon the literature that has studied the "athlete's heart" in humans, horses, and dogs, to enable the reader to compare and contrast cardiac remodeling in these three athletic species. The available literature provides compelling evidence for exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in all three species. However, more work is required to understand the influence of species/breed specific genetics and exercise-related hemodynamics, in order to fully understand the impact of exercise on cardiac structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Shave
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne TN1 8ST, UK.
- Water Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | | | - Lesley Young
- Specialist equine Cardiology Services, Moulton, Suffolk CB8 8SD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dickson D, Shave R, Rishniw M, Harris J, Patteson M. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the English springer spaniel: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:520-528. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Shave
- Cardiff School of Sport; Cardiff Metropolitan University; Cardiff CF23 6XD
| | - M. Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|