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Bagardi M, Ghilardi S, Minozzi G, Fusi E, Locatelli C, Ferrari PL, Drago G, Polli M, Lorenzi E, Zanchi F, Brambilla PG. Study of correlations between serum taurine, thyroid hormones and echocardiographic parameters of systolic function in clinically healthy Golden retrievers fed with commercial diet. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297811. [PMID: 38753635 PMCID: PMC11098416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Taurine deficiency predisposes to the development of nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy and is widespread in dogs fed with non-traditional diets. However, Golden retrievers show lower plasma taurine concentration and an impaired systolic function compared to breeds of the same size and morphotype. For these reasons, it can be difficult to classify a subject from a cardiological point of view, with the risk of considering as pathological characteristics that can be completely normal in this breed. This is a cross-sectional multicenter study. The aims were 1) to identify breed-specific range of serum taurine concentration, 2) to describe a correlation between serum taurine concentration and echocardiographic parameters of systolic function in clinically healthy Golden retrievers fed with traditional diet, 3) to identify a correlation between thyroid hormones, serum taurine concentration and echocardiographic indices. Sixty clinically healthy Golden retrievers (33% males, 67% females) were included. Fifty-three dogs were fed with traditional diets and their range of serum taurine concentration was 398.2 (31.8-430) nmol/ml. Serum taurine concentration was found to be negatively correlated to systolic internal diameter of the left ventricle and systolic and diastolic left ventricular indices and volumes obtained with different methods, whereas was positively correlated to the left ventricle ejection and shortening fractions but difference was not statistically significative. A weak but significant correlation between serum taurine and T4 was demonstrated. Serum taurine median values in dogs with normal systolic function were higher than in dogs with impaired systolic function. A cut-off of serum taurine concentration of 140.6 nmol/ml had a moderate sensitivity and specificity in the identification of an impaired left ventricular systolic function (AUC 0.6, Se 78%, Sp 44%). This study showed that the median serum taurine concentration was significantly lower in dogs with impaired systolic function. Therefore, echocardiographic monitoring is recommended in all dogs with serum taurine concentration lower than 140.6 nmol/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, VA, Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fusi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Drago
- Cardiology Unit, Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Orobica, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michele Polli
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Elisa Lorenzi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Zanchi
- Department of veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Wrześniewska K, Madany J, Tobolski D, Żylińska B, Milczak A, Sobczyńska-Rak A. A Pilot Study of the Role of Selected Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1305. [PMID: 38731309 PMCID: PMC11083564 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart and kidney diseases are among the most frequent medical conditions diagnosed in small animals. Due to the functional interconnection between these organs, the concept of the cardio-renal axis has been developed. In this context, renal disease or dysfunction often occurs secondary to heart diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy and a leading cause of mortality in large-breed dogs. Traditional biomarkers like creatinine or symmetric dimethylarginine concentration are not always effective, especially in the early stages of the disease, underscoring the need for more sensitive markers of renal impairment during heart failure (HF). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected biomarkers as indicators for early kidney damage in dogs with stage B2 DCM. We measured serum concentrations of cystatin C, KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and their ratios to creatinine, analyzing their diagnostic values. Cystatin C was quantified using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, while KIM-1 and NGAL were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed for canine diagnostics. The concentrations were indexed against serum creatinine. The study included 26 dogs: 9 with HF and 17 healthy controls. The mean ± standard deviation for healthy dogs for cystatin C, cystatin C/creatinine ratio, KIM-1, KIM-1/creatinine ratio, NGAL, and NGAL/creatinine ratio were 0.24 ± 0.04, 0.26 ± 0.07, 0.61 ± 0.07, 0.67 ± 0.13, 2.76 ± 1.8, and 2.79 ± 1.81, respectively. For DCM dogs, these values were 0.27 ± 0.1, 0.32 ± 0.12, 0.61 ± 0.08, 0.69 ± 0.17, 6.46 ± 5.22 (p = 0.02), and 7.99 ± 6.53 (p = 0.04). This study's findings suggest that during the asymptomatic phase of DCM, only NGAL concentration and the NGAL/creatinine ratio may serve as diagnostic markers for early-stage kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wrześniewska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Dawid Tobolski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 14 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Żylińska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Milczak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (J.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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de Souza Balbueno MC, Martins JA, Malaga SK, Forato J, de Paula Coelho C. Dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype in Callithrix penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1812): Case report. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12678. [PMID: 37747073 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle diagnosed by alterations resulting from ventricular systolic dysfunction with enlargement of the heart chambers, which is still underdiagnosed in non-human primates. This report is the first case of the DCM phenotype diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed by necropsy in Callithrix penicillata.
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Niskanen JE, Ohlsson Å, Ljungvall I, Drögemüller M, Ernst RF, Dooijes D, van Deutekom HWM, van Tintelen JP, Snijders Blok CJB, van Vugt M, van Setten J, Asselbergs FW, Petrič AD, Salonen M, Hundi S, Hörtenhuber M, Kere J, Pyle WG, Donner J, Postma AV, Leeb T, Andersson G, Hytönen MK, Häggström J, Wiberg M, Friederich J, Eberhard J, Harakalova M, van Steenbeek FG, Wess G, Lohi H. Identification of novel genetic risk factors of dilated cardiomyopathy: from canine to human. Genome Med 2023; 15:73. [PMID: 37723491 PMCID: PMC10506233 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a life-threatening heart disease and a common cause of heart failure due to systolic dysfunction and subsequent left or biventricular dilatation. A significant number of cases have a genetic etiology; however, as a complex disease, the exact genetic risk factors are largely unknown, and many patients remain without a molecular diagnosis. METHODS We performed GWAS followed by whole-genome, transcriptome, and immunohistochemical analyses in a spontaneously occurring canine model of DCM. Canine gene discovery was followed up in three human DCM cohorts. RESULTS Our results revealed two independent additive loci associated with the typical DCM phenotype comprising left ventricular systolic dysfunction and dilatation. We highlight two novel candidate genes, RNF207 and PRKAA2, known for their involvement in cardiac action potentials, energy homeostasis, and morphology. We further illustrate the distinct genetic etiologies underlying the typical DCM phenotype and ventricular premature contractions. Finally, we followed up on the canine discoveries in human DCM patients and discovered candidate variants in our two novel genes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study yields insight into the molecular pathophysiology of DCM and provides a large animal model for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Niskanen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åsa Ohlsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michaela Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Robert F Ernst
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Dooijes
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Deutekom
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter van Tintelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian J B Snijders Blok
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion van Vugt
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Health Data Research UK and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Milla Salonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sruthi Hundi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthias Hörtenhuber
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - W Glen Pyle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- IMPART Investigator Team Canada, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Jonas Donner
- Wisdom Panel Research Team, Wisdom Panel, Kinship, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Wiberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Friederich
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Eberhard
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Harakalova
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G van Steenbeek
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Wess
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.Box 63, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Czopowicz M, Jońska I, Bonecka J, Jank M. Cardiological Reference Intervals in Adult American Staffordshire Terrier Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2436. [PMID: 37570245 PMCID: PMC10417027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals (RI) for echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), vertebral heart score (VHS) measurement, and arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) in American Staffordshire Terrier dogs. The study population included 29 clinically healthy AST dogs of different ages, genders, and body weights. SBP measurement, ECG, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were performed on each dog. Compared to RIs available for the general population of dogs, the duration of the P wave and QRS complex was longer and VHS was higher. Moreover, the left ventricular dimension in diastole and systole, left atrial dimension, and end point to septal separation values were higher, while the interventricular septum in diastole and systole and aortic root diameter were lower compared to general similar average body weight. The AST breed has a different heart shape, which in this breed is more rounded compared to other dog breeds, especially the deep chest. The specific body structure and the shape of the heart had an impact on the results of the cardiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabella Jońska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Brethel S, Locker S, Girens R, Rivera P, Meurs K, Adin D. The effect of taurine supplementation on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of dogs with congestive heart failure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10700. [PMID: 37400490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of taurine in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs without systemic deficiency is unexplored. Taurine might have beneficial cardiac effects aside from deficit replacement. We hypothesized that oral taurine supplementation administered to dogs with naturally-occurring CHF would suppress the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Oral taurine was administered to 14 dogs with stable CHF. Serum biochemical variables, blood taurine concentrations, and comprehensive analysis of RAAS variables were compared before and 2 weeks after taurine supplementation added to background furosemide and pimobendan therapy for CHF. Whole blood taurine concentrations increased after supplementation (median 408 nMol/mL, range 248-608 before and median 493 nMol/mL, range 396-690 after; P = .006). Aldosterone to angiotensin II ratio (AA2) was significantly decreased after taurine supplementation (median 1.00, range 0.03-7.05 before and median 0.65, range 0.01-3.63 after; P = .009), but no other RAAS components significantly differed between timepoints. A subset of dogs showed marked decreases in RAAS metabolites after supplementation and these dogs were more likely to have been recently hospitalized for CHF treatment than dogs that did not show marked decreases in classical RAAS metabolites. Overall, taurine only lowered AA2 in this group of dogs, however, response heterogeneity was noted, with some dogs showing RAAS suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Charlotte Animal Referral and Emergency, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Seth Locker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Summit Veterinary Referral Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Paulo Rivera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Guglielmini C, Valente C, Romito G, Mazzoldi C, Baron Toaldo M, Goncalves Sousa M, Wolf M, Beluque T, Domenech O, Patata V, Porciello F, Ferrari P, Caivano D, Contiero B, Poser H. Risk factors for atrial fibrillation in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183689. [PMID: 37228845 PMCID: PMC10203468 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atrial fibrillation secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) frequently affects large-breed dogs. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for the development of atrial fibrillation in dogs of different breeds with an echocardiographic diagnosis of DCM. Methods In this multicenter retrospective study, we searched the electronic databases of five cardiology referral centers for dogs with an echocardiographic diagnosis of DCM. A comparison of clinical and echocardiographic variables was performed between dogs developing atrial fibrillation and those not developing atrial fibrillation and the ability to distinguish between these two groups of dogs was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis estimated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of developing atrial fibrillation. Results We included 89 client-owned dogs with occult and overt echocardiographic DCM. Of these, 39 dogs (43.8%) had atrial fibrillation, 29 dogs (32.6%) maintained a sinus rhythm, and 21 dogs (23.6%) showed other cardiac arrhythmias. Left atrial diameter had high accuracy (area under the curve = 0.816, 95% CI = 0.719-0.890) to predict the development of atrial fibrillation at the cut-off of >4.66 cm. After multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis, only increased left atrial diameter (OR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.87-6.87; p < 0.001) and presence of right atrial enlargement (OR = 4.02, 95% CI = 1.35-11.97; p = 0.013) were significant predictors of atrial fibrillation development. Discussion Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of DCM in the dog and is significantly associated with increased absolute left atrial diameter and right atrial enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlotta Valente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazzoldi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Baron Toaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marcela Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tamyris Beluque
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Oriol Domenech
- Department of Cardiology, AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Patata
- Department of Cardiology, AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domenico Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Helen Poser
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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Singh P, Banton S, Raheb S, Templeman JR, Saunders-Blades J, Kostiuk D, Kelly J, Marinangeli CP, Verbrugghe A, Verton-Shaw S, Shoveller AK. The Pulse of It: Dietary Inclusion of Up to 45% Whole Pulse Ingredients with Chicken Meal and Pea Starch in a Complete and Balanced Diet Does Not Affect Cardiac Function, Fasted Sulfur Amino Acid Status, or Other Gross Measures of Health in Adult Dogs. J Nutr 2023; 153:1461-1475. [PMID: 36972833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulses are an attractive alternative protein source for all mammals; however, recent reports suggest that these ingredients may be related to developing dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effects of dietary pulse intake by adult dogs on cardiac function using echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Second, to investigate the effects of pulse consumption on plasma sulfur amino acid (SAA) concentrations as pulses are generally low in SAA and may limit taurine synthesis. Last, to assess the general safety and efficacy of feeding pulse-containing diets on canine body composition and hematological and biochemical indices. METHODS Twenty-eight privately-owned domestic Siberian Huskies (13 females; 4 intact, and 15 males; 6 intact) with a mean age of 5.3 ± 2.8 y (± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 7/treatment), with equal micronutrient supplementation and increasing whole pulse ingredient inclusion (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) with pea starch used to balance protein and energy. RESULTS After 20 wks of feeding, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in echocardiographic parameters, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and cTnI concentrations among treatments or across time within treatment (P > 0.05), indicating no differences in cardiac function among treatments. Concentrations of cTnI remained below the safe upper limit of 0.2 ng/mL for all dogs. Plasma SAA status, body composition, and hematological and biochemical indices were similar among treatments and over time (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that increasing the inclusion of pulses up to 45% with the removal of grains and equal micronutrient supplementation does not impact cardiac function concurrent with dilated cardiomyopathy, body composition, or SAA status and is safe for healthy adult dogs to consume when fed for 20 wks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanpreet Singh
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney Banton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shari Raheb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoshana Verton-Shaw
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Schreiber N, Willis R, Glaus T, Baron Toaldo M. Comparison of the diagnostic value of a small, single channel, electrocardiogram monitoring patch with a standard 3-lead Holter system over 24 h in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 47:47-54. [PMID: 37196397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare a novel small event recorder device, the Carnation Ambulatory Monitor (CAM), with a standard Holter. ANIMALS Nineteen adult dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Comparative and explorative study. The two devices were simultaneously applied for approximately 24 h. RESULTS analysis time (p=0.013) and percentage of artefacts (p<0.001) were greater for the CAM (110 min [40-264]; and 9% [0-34], respectively) compared to a standard Holter (30 min [18-270]; and 0.3% [0-9], respectively). The total number of beats (p=0.017) and maximum (p=0.02) and mean (p=0.037) heart rates were lower for the CAM (113,806 ± 23,619 beats; 227 ± 35 bpm; and 88 ± 22 bpm, respectively) compared to the standard Holter (131,640 ± 40,037 beats; 260 ± 64 bpm; and 92 ± 26 bpm, respectively). The minimal heart rate (p=0.725), number of pauses (p=0.078), duration of the longest pause (p=0.087), number of ventricular ectopic beats (p=0.55), ventricular couplets (p=0.186), ventricular triplets (p=0.203), ventricular tachycardia (p=0.05), Lown grade (p=0.233), presence or absence of ventricular bigeminy, trigeminy, supraventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation (p=0.98) did not differ. The CAM missed some relevant events, like complex ventricular arrhythmias, and the Lown grade did not match in 5/19 dogs when comparing the devices. CONCLUSIONS CAM can be used to record ECG traces in dogs over a prolonged period, allowing to detect arrhythmias. Due to some clinically relevant limitations, including a higher percentage of artefacts, a longer reading time (which precludes quantitative counts of >300VPCs), and underestimation of complex ventricular arrhythmias, the CAM appears not suitable for quantitative arrhythmia analysis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schreiber
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Willis
- Sarah Smith Cardiology, Ivy Court, Willington Road, Etwall, Derby, DE65 6JG, UK
| | - T Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Baron Toaldo
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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10
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Walker AL, Li RHL, Nguyen N, Jauregui CE, Meurs KM, Gagnon AL, Stern JA. Evaluation of autoantibodies to desmoglein-2 in dogs with and without cardiac disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5044. [PMID: 36977772 PMCID: PMC10043840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to desmoglein-2 have been associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) in people. ARVC is a common disease in the Boxer dog. The role of anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies in Boxers with ARVC and correlation with disease status or severity is unknown. This prospective study is the first to evaluate dogs of various breeds and cardiac disease state for anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies. The sera of 46 dogs (10 ARVC Boxers, 9 healthy Boxers, 10 Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy, 10 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, and 7 healthy non-Boxer dogs) were assessed for antibody presence and concentration via Western blotting and densitometry. Anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies were detected in all dogs. Autoantibody expression did not differ between study groups and there was no correlation with age or body weight. In dogs with cardiac disease, there was weak correlation with left ventricular dilation (r = 0.423, p = 0.020) but not left atrial size (r = 0.160, p = 0.407). In ARVC Boxers there was strong correlation with the complexity of ventricular arrhythmias (r = 0.841, p = 0.007) but not total number of ectopic beats (r = 0.383, p = 0.313). Anti-desmoglein-2 antibodies were not disease specific in the studied population of dogs. Correlation with some measures of disease severity requires further study with larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Walker
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ronald H L Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carina E Jauregui
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8732, USA
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27604, USA
| | - Allison L Gagnon
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8732, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8732, USA.
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11
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Penning LC, van den Boom R. Companion animal organoid technology to advance veterinary regenerative medicine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1032835. [PMID: 37008367 PMCID: PMC10063859 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1032835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
First year medical and veterinary students are made very aware that drugs can have very different effects in various species or even in breeds of one specific species. On the other hand, the “One Medicine” concept implies that therapeutic and technical approaches are exchangeable between man and animals. These opposing views on the (dis)similarities between human and veterinary medicine are magnified in regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine promises to stimulate the body's own regenerative capacity via activation of stem cells and/or the application of instructive biomaterials. Although the potential is enormous, so are the hurdles that need to be overcome before large scale clinical implementation is realistic. It is in the advancement of regenerative medicine that veterinary regenerative medicine can play an instrumental and crucial role. This review describes the discovery of (adult) stem cells in domesticated animals, mainly cats and dogs. The promise of cell-mediated regenerative veterinary medicine is compared to the actual achievements, and this will lead to a set of unanswered questions (controversies, research gaps, potential developments in relation to fundamental, pre-clinical, and clinical research). For veterinary regenerative medicine to have impact, either for human medicine and/or for domesticated animals, answering these questions is pivotal.
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12
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El Sharkawy S, Dukes-McEwan J, Abdelrahman H, Stephenson H. Long-term outcome and troponin I concentrations in Great Danes screened for dilated cardiomyopathy: an observational retrospective epidemiological study. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 47:1-13. [PMID: 37099865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is common in Great Danes (GDs) but screening for this condition can be challenging. We hypothesised that cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) concentration is elevated in GDs with DCM and/or ventricular arrhythmias (VAs), and is associated with reduced survival time in GDs. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-four client-owned GDs assigned echocardiographically as normal (n = 53), equivocal (n = 37), preclinical DCM (n = 21), or clinical DCM (n = 13). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective epidemiological study. Echocardiographic diagnosis, VAs, and contemporaneous cTnI concentrations were recorded. Diagnostic accuracy and cTnI cut-offs were determined with receiver operating characteristic analyses. Effects of the cTnI concentration and disease status on survival and cause of death were explored. RESULTS Median cTnI was greater in clinical DCM (0.6 ng/mL [25th-75th percentiles: 0.41-1.71 ng/mL]) and GDs with VAs (0.5 ng/mL [0.27-0.80 ng/mL], P<0.001). Elevated cTnI detected these dogs with good accuracy (area under the curve: 0.78-0.85; cut-offs 0.199-0.34 ng/mL). Thirty-eight GDs (30.6%) suffered a cardiac death (CD); GDs suffering CD (0.25 ng/mL [0.21-0.53 ng/mL]) and specifically sudden cardiac death (SCD) (0.51 ng/mL [0.23-0.72 ng/mL]) had higher cTnI than GDs dying of other causes (0.20 ng/mL [0.14-0.35 ng/mL]; P<0.001). Elevated cTnI (>0.199 ng/mL) was associated with shorter long-term survival (1.25 years) and increased risk of SCD. Great Danes with VAs had shorter survival times (0.97 years). CONCLUSIONS A cardiac troponin-I concentration is a useful adjunctive screening tool. Elevated cTnI is a negative prognostic indicator.
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13
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Köster LS, Zhu X, Schwartz H, Ashley A, Cushing AC. ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN ANESTHETIZED CAPTIVE RED PANDAS ( AILURUS FULGENS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:111-118. [PMID: 36971635 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent review of mortality in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) listed cardiac pathology as the most common cause of death in the adult age group. The aim of this study was to describe the standard echocardiographic variables in 13 captive, healthy, adult red pandas that underwent an elective health examination. In addition, differences between the two subspecies of red panda, A. f. styani than in A. f. fulgens, and association of these echocardiographic variables with age, sex, and body condition score, were examined. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane inhalant anesthetic. All animals underwent a full physical examination and comprehensive echocardiogram including 2D, M-mode, and Doppler modes of ultrasound examination. Mean and SD of the echocardiographic variables are reported. Systolic performance was considered subnormal due to the effect of the anesthetic agent. The echocardiographic variables were similar for the two subspecies and sexes, with the exception of the left atrial dimension (2D), which measured larger (P= 0.03) in A. f. styani than in A. f. fulgens, and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole, which measured larger (P = 0.04) in males than females. Several echocardiographic measurements were correlated with age (P < 0.05), whereas the only measurement that significantly correlated with body condition score was end diastolic volume (P = 0.01). These results provide ranges that can offer guidance for predicting cardiac disease in red panda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Köster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA,
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Office of Information Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew C Cushing
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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14
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Two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived global longitudinal strain in healthy Doberman Pinschers: method evaluation, variability, and reference values. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:3-14. [PMID: 36587449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST)-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS) in healthy Doberman Pinschers (DP) is essential before it can be used in diseased DP to assess systolic function. To determine feasibility and observer related measurement variability of 2D-ST-derived GLS by use of AutoSTRAIN (AUTO) and 2D Cardiac Performance Analysis (TomTec Imaging Systems GmbH, Unterschleissheim, Germany). ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS This prospective study included 120 healthy, client-owned DP presented for screening evaluation. Global longitudinal strain of the apical four- (GLSA4C), two-, and three-chamber view as well as the average GLS of all three views combined (GLSAV) were determined, compared, and reference values established. Measurement variability was assessed by using intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation. RESULTS A small difference existed for GLSAV (mean + 0.23%; P=0.022) between the two software programs although the determined strain values were similar and positively correlated (r = 0.84; P<0.001). No difference could be found between GLSAV and GLSA4C for AUTO (mean + 0.16%; P=0.228), whereas a difference existed for Cardiac Performance Analysis (mean -0.89% (end-systolic strain) and -0.56% (peak strain), P<0.0001). Software specific reference values were established for GLSAV and GLSA4C. Intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation revealed very low to low measurement variability, with better results for AUTO. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) derived GLS is a feasible technique to assess systolic function with low measurement variability. Whenever possible, GLSAV should be determined, although GLSA4C might be a potential alternative.
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15
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Kriström K, Häggström J, Tidholm A, Yu JZ, Fascetti AJ, Ljungvall I. Impact of blood tube additives and timing of sampling on blood taurine concentrations in clinically healthy dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 45:59-70. [PMID: 36702086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy can be associated with taurine deficiency in dogs. Blood taurine concentrations can be analyzed in whole blood (WB) and plasma. The study objectives were to investigate agreement between taurine concentrations measured in WB, heparin plasma, and EDTA plasma, determine intraindividual variation in healthy dogs, and evaluate if time from feeding to sampling impacts concentrations. ANIMALS Ten English Cocker spaniels and 10 dogs of various breeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were fasted 12 h prior to initial blood sampling, and the blood was collected at five occasions over eight h. Food was offered immediately after first and one h after fourth sampling time point. RESULTS Agreement between taurine concentrations in EDTA plasma and heparinized plasma was good (mean difference 4.5 nmol/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI) 36.8-45.8 nmol/mL). Whole blood concentrations were systematically higher than EDTA and heparin plasma concentrations (mean difference 132.7 nmol/mL, 95% CI 23.6-241.8 nmol/mL, and 127.6 nmol/mL, 95% CI 28.6-226.6 nmol/mL, respectively, all P < 0.001). Intraindividual daily variations in taurine concentration were seen in all additives, with largest variations in plasma (P < 0.001). Taurine concentration in heparinized plasma was higher at first and fifth sampling time points compared to the fourth (P = 0.014). DISCUSSION Agreement was found between taurine concentrations measured in different additives, with expected higher concentration in WB than plasma. Taurine concentrations measured in heparinized plasma varied with sampling time point. Intraindividual daily variations were observed in all additives, but mainly in plasma samples. CONCLUSION Taurine concentrations in dogs with suspected deficiency should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kriström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden.
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Tidholm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Rinkebyvägen 21A, SE-182 36 Danderyd, Sweden
| | - J Z Yu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - A J Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Sykes KT, Wesselowski S, Saunders AB, Tjostheim SS, Potter BM, Gelzer ARM, Katz N, Ward JL, Karlin ET, Markovic LE, Magee AN, Abbott JA, Kadotani S, Menciotti G. A multicenter, retrospective study of cardiac disease in Borzoi dogs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1102494. [PMID: 36777677 PMCID: PMC9909344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Borzoi are large, relatively uncommon sighthounds anecdotally reported to suffer from sudden death. This multicenter retrospective cohort study aimed to describe the sample of Borzoi presenting to veterinary cardiologists for evaluation, with records searched from 14 centers across a study period of up to 20 years. The study sample was comprised of 152 client-owned Borzoi, with dogs most commonly presenting for pre-breed screening in 87/152 (52%), followed by evaluation of an arrhythmia in 28/152 (18%). Of the 131/152 (86%) dogs that had an echocardiogram performed, 85/131 (65%) were structurally normal, with 40/85 (47%) structurally normal dogs having trace or mild atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Tricuspid valve dysplasia was the most commonly diagnosed congenital cardiac disease (n = 6). Myxomatous mitral valve disease (n = 12) and dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 13) were diagnosed at similar frequencies, though 92% of valve disease cases were mild. Only 48/152 (32%) Borzoi had a diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) and/or a Holter monitor for arrhythmia screening. Despite this, ventricular arrhythmias were identified during the entirety of the available cardiac evaluation including diagnostic ECG, contemporaneous ECG monitoring during the echocardiogram, and/or Holter monitor in 25/131 (19%) dogs in which an echocardiographic diagnosis was available. Of these 25 Borzoi, 76% had minimal or no structural cardiac disease identified, and five had a family history of sudden death. A sudden death outcome was reported in 3/55 (5%) Borzoi with long-term outcome data available. In conclusion, Borzoi commonly have trace or mild atrioventricular valve insufficiencies, and may develop ventricular arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Tess Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonya Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Sonya Wesselowski ✉
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sonja S. Tjostheim
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brianna M. Potter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna R. M. Gelzer
- Department of Clinical Studies and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Natalie Katz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jessica L. Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emily T. Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Markovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aliya N. Magee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Rush JE, Adin DB, Ordovás JM, Freeman LM. Metabolomic profiling in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy eating non-traditional or traditional diets and in healthy controls. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22585. [PMID: 36585421 PMCID: PMC9803641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), caused by genetic and environmental factors, usually progresses to heart failure, a major cause of death in elderly people. A diet-associated form of DCM was recently identified in pet dogs eating non-traditional (NT) diets. To identify potential dietary causes, we analyzed metabolomic signatures and gene set/pathway enrichment in (1) all dogs based on disease, diet, and their interactions and (2) dogs with DCM based on diet. Metabolomic analysis was performed in 38 dogs with DCM eating NT diets (DCM-NT), 8 dogs with DCM eating traditional diets, 12 healthy controls eating NT diets, and 17 healthy controls eating traditional diets. Overall, 153 and 63 metabolites differed significantly between dogs with DCM versus healthy controls and dogs eating NT versus traditional diets, respectively, with 12 metabolites overlapping both analyses. Protein-protein interaction networks and gene set enrichment analysis identified 105 significant pathways and gene sets including aging-related pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, oxidative damage, inflammation). Seventeen metabolites differed significantly in dogs with DCM eating NT versus traditional diets (e.g., fatty acids, amino acids, legume biomarkers), suggesting different mechanisms for primary versus diet-associated DCM. Our multifaceted metabolomic assessment of DCM in dogs highlighted diet's role in some forms of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E. Smith
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laurence D. Parnell
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - John E. Rush
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Darcy B. Adin
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - José M. Ordovás
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
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Owens EJ, LeBlanc NL, Freeman LM, Scollan KF. Comparison of echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 37:37-46. [PMID: 36482834 PMCID: PMC9889624 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent association between nontraditional diets and development of diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers between healthy dogs eating nontraditional vs traditional diets. We hypothesized that dogs eating nontraditional diets would have lower measures of systolic myocardial performance compared to dogs eating traditional diets. ANIMALS Forty-six healthy dogs: 23 eating nontraditional diets and 23 eating traditional diets. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Dogs were divided into groups based on diet ingredients. Dogs underwent 2-dimensional (2D), 3-dimensional (3D), and Doppler echocardiographic examinations and analysis of plasma N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide, serum cardiac troponin I, and whole blood and plasma taurine concentrations. RESULTS Mean 2D ejection fraction (EF) was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (48.65 ± 7.42%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (56.65 ± 4.63%; P < .001; mean difference 8.0% [4.0%-12.0%] 95% confidence interval [CI]). Mean 3D EF was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (45.38 ± 7.35%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (57.58 ± 4.84%; P < .001; 12.0% [8.0%-16.0%] 95% CI). Mean 2D left ventricular end-systolic volumes, indexed to body weight, were significantly higher in dogs eating nontraditional diets (1.46 ± 0.08 mL/kg) vs dogs eating traditional diets (1.06 ± 0.08 mL/kg; P = .002; 0.4 mL/kg [0.18-0.62 mL/kg] 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets had lower indices of systolic function and larger left ventricular volumes compared to dogs eating traditional diets. Screening of apparently healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets might allow for early detection of diet-associated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Owens
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 8042 Katy FreewayHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nicole L. LeBlanc
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Summit Veterinary Referral Center, 2505 S 80th StreetTacomaWashingtonUSA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts University, 200 Westboro RoadNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Katherine F. Scollan
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA
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19
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Romito G, Darida S, Valente C, Poser H, Contiero B, Cipone M, Guglielmini C. Prevalence and prognostic role of L wave and selected clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with atrial fibrillation. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 37:47-57. [PMID: 36480559 PMCID: PMC9889615 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the frequency of L waves and their prognostic relevance in dogs with secondary atrial fibrillation (AF) is limited. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether L waves occur and ascertain their prognostic role, as well as the role of other clinical and echocardiographic variables in dogs with AF. ANIMALS Fifty-five dogs with AF associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease or dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS Retrospective, multicenter observational study. In addition to L waves analysis, other clinical and echocardiographic variables, including type of antiarrhythmic treatment, were evaluated. A survival analysis was performed to test for predictors of cardiac death and all-cause mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS L waves were evident in 33/55 dogs (60%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 47%-72%) but their presence did not influence outcome. Increased left ventricular end-systolic diameter normalized for body weight (LVSDn) was a significant predictor of both cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.18-16.54; P = .03) and all-cause mortality (HR = 9.39, 95% CI = 2.49-35.32; P < .001). Heart rate assessed during echocardiography (Echo-HR) represented an additional significant predictor of cardiac death (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01; P = .04) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00-1.01; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE L waves occurred frequently in dogs with AF, but held no prognostic relevance. Conversely, LVSDn and Echo-HR represented independent predictors of negative outcome in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Romito
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna (Romito, Darida, Cipone)BolognaItaly
| | - Stefana Darida
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna (Romito, Darida, Cipone)BolognaItaly
| | - Carlotta Valente
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (Valente, Poser, Contiero, Guglielmini), University of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Helen Poser
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (Valente, Poser, Contiero, Guglielmini), University of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (Valente, Poser, Contiero, Guglielmini), University of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Mario Cipone
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesAlma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna (Romito, Darida, Cipone)BolognaItaly
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (Valente, Poser, Contiero, Guglielmini), University of PadovaPaduaItaly
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Parra Martínez C, Charlesworth TM, Francis A. Anaesthetic management in a dog with constrictive pericarditis complicated with bi‐atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation undergoing subtotal pericardiectomy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Francis
- Cardiology Department Eastcott Veterinary Referrals Swindon UK
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Wiegel PS, Nolte I, Mach R, Freise F, Bach JP. Reference ranges for standard-echocardiography in pugs and impact of clinical severity of Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) on echocardiographic parameters. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:282. [PMID: 35854376 PMCID: PMC9297600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiographic measurements may be influenced by breed-specific characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to establish reference values for standard echocardiographic measurements in pugs by investigating the influence of age, sex, heart rate, body weight and Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS). Sixty-two privately owned pugs underwent physical examination, blood sample collection, non-invasive blood pressure measurements and echocardiography. Influences of independent variables on echocardiographic measurements were examined using a multiple linear regression analysis model. For the entire study population, 95% prediction intervals were generated. Further, reference ranges for subcategories of clinical severities of BOAS were provided. Selected echocardiographic measurements of pugs were compared to reference values of previous studies generated from various breeds. RESULTS In the study, a total of fifty-one privately owned pugs aged between two and 10 years were included for establishing reference ranges. Mainly body weight, but also age, sex and heart rate had influence on several echocardiographic parameters. The clinical grading of BOAS was conducted in 42 pugs. Except for pulmonic peak velocity (Pvel), which declined with increasing severity of BOAS, clinical symptoms of upper airway disease did not have significant impact on echocardiographic measurement results. Significant deviations, however, of left ventricular (LV) internal dimension (LVID), interventricular septum (IVS), LV posterior wall (LVPW), and tricuspid annular plane systolic motion excursion (TAPSE) compared to interbreed reference values were observed. CONCLUSIONS Breed-specific reference ranges for echocardiographic values with special regard to BOAS are provided to enable a more accurate assessment of cardiac health in pugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Saskia Wiegel
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Mach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Schulte E, Arlt SP. What Kinds of Dogs Are Used in Clinical and Experimental Research? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121487. [PMID: 35739824 PMCID: PMC9219481 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the signalment of dogs used in veterinary research in six different specialties. In total, 150 randomly chosen clinical studies (25 studies per specialty) published between 2007 and 2019 were evaluated for the breed, sex, neuter status, age, and weight information of the dogs used. Breed information was given for 5.7% of the included animals. Beagles were used 1.9% of the time, which was a less significant role in research than we expected. Information about the sex of the dogs was lacking for 16.2% of the included animals, while age and weight information were missing for 22.7 and 32.7%, respectively. The neuter status was not given in 38.7% of the clinical studies. The results show deficits in the reporting of demographic data for the dogs. The need for an improvement in the documentation and/or reporting of animal signalment is obvious and should be addressed by authors, reviewers, and journal editors in the future. Abstract Background: Dogs are widely used in research to answer questions about canine or human conditions. For the latter, research dogs are often used as models, since they are physiologically more similar to humans than other species used in research and they share similar environmental conditions. From a veterinary perspective, research findings are widely based on academic research, and thus are generated under experimental conditions. In that regard, the question arises: do the dogs used for research adequately represent the dog population seen in veterinary practice? It may, for example, be assumed that Beagle dogs are often used as experimental animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the signalment of dogs used in veterinary research. Furthermore, we aimed to assess other relevant criteria regarding the validity of clinical trials in the context of six different veterinary medicine specialties: cardiology, internal medicine, neurology, orthopaedics, reproduction, and surgery. Methods: A literature search was conducted and 25 studies per specialty were randomly selected. The breed, sex, neuter status, median age, and median weight of the dogs used for clinical studies (n = 150) published between 2007 and 2019 were evaluated. Results: In total, 596,542 dogs were used in the 150 trials. Breed information was given for 33,835 of these dogs (5.7%). Of the latter, 1.9% were Beagles. Nine clinical trials exclusively used Beagles. The most frequently used breeds were German Shepherds (7.3%), Labrador Retrievers (6.7%), and Golden Retrievers (4.7%). The major reporting deficits found were missing breed specification in 25.3% of the articles; missing information about the sex of the dogs in 16.2%; missing age and weight information in 22.7 and 32.7%, respectively; and missing neuter status in 38.7% of the clinical studies. The median sample size was 56 (Q1:29; Q3:365) dogs. Conclusions: The presented project revealed that Beagle dogs represent only a small proportion of dogs in veterinary research. Based on the evaluated publications, it seems that some relevant dog attributes differ between the specialties. The results, however, show deficits in the reporting of demographic data for the dogs. The need for an improvement in the documentation and/or reporting of animal signalment is obvious and should be addressed by authors, reviewers, and journal editors in the future.
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DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE SECONDARY TO DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A SAND TIGER SHARK ( CARCHARIAS TAURUS) WITH ESTABLISHMENT OF PRELIMINARY NORMAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC INDICES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:363-372. [PMID: 35758578 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranch cardiac anatomy and physiology has been well described; however, there is a dearth of information regarding cardiac disease. In support of a clinical case of suspected congestive heart failure in a 22-yr-old male sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus), a study was undertaken to identify feasible echocardiographic imaging planes and preliminary indices for this species. Eleven echocardiograms were performed on six apparently healthy sand tiger sharks. Echocardiographic parameters are presented using descriptive statistics, including mean, median, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values. These data were utilized for the diagnosis and clinical management of the affected shark. The shark initially presented with increased respiratory effort, dependent, peripheral edema, and anemia. Echocardiography revealed atrial, ventricular, and sinus venosus dilation. As congestive heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy was strongly suspected, therapy was initiated with oral benazepril and torsemide, and later pimobendan. After a year of therapy, clinical signs resolved. Cardiac size and function improved on echocardiography with a reduction in sinus venosus dilation, maximum and minimum atrial and ventricular inner diameters, and an increase in atrial and ventricular fractional shortening. Cardiac disease in elasmobranchs may be underdiagnosed, so it may be necessary to develop standardized ultrasound techniques and cardiac measurements for each species of elasmobranch managed within zoos and aquaria.
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Total Bilirubin is an Independent Predictor of Death in Dogs with Degenerative Valvular Disease and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 43:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Freeman L, Rush J, Adin D, Weeks K, Antoon K, Brethel S, Cunningham S, Santos LD, Girens R, Goldberg R, Karlin E, Lessard D, Lopez K, Rouben C, Vereb M, Yang V. Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:451-463. [PMID: 35297103 PMCID: PMC8965249 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have investigated dogs with presumed diet‐associated dilated cardiomyopathy (daDCM), but prospective studies of multiple breeds are needed. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate baseline features and serial changes in echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets (NTDs) or traditional diets (TDs), and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (SCA) eating NTD. Animals Sixty dogs with DCM (NTD, n = 51; TDs, n = 9) and 16 dogs with SCA eating NTDs. Methods Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and measurement of taurine, cardiac troponin I, and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide were performed in dogs with DCM or SCA. Diets were changed for all dogs, taurine was supplemented in most, and echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers were reassessed (3, 6, and 9 months). Results At enrollment, there were few differences between dogs with DCM eating NTDs or TDs; none had low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations. Improvement in fractional shortening over time was significantly associated with previous consumption of a NTD, even after adjustment for other variables (P = .005). Median survival time for dogs with DCM was 611 days (range, 2‐940 days) for the NTD group and 161 days (range, 12‐669 days) for the TD group (P = .21). Sudden death was the most common cause of death in both diet groups. Dogs with SCA also had significant echocardiographic improvements over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with DCM or SCA previously eating NTDs had small, yet significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters after diet changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelsey Weeks
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Antoon
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne Cunningham
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luis Dos Santos
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Lopez
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Camden Rouben
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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Gordon SG, Wesselowski S, Estrada AH, Braz-Ruivo L, Morris N, Häggström J, O’Grady MR, Malcolm E. Prospective evaluation of the combined value of physical examination and biomarker variables in screening for preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 40:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Dukes-McEwan J, Garven KE, Lopez Alvarez J, Oliveira P, Motskula PF, Willis R. Usefulness of cardiac biomarker screening to detect dilated cardiomyopathy in UK Dobermanns. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:275-285. [PMID: 34897698 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of two cardiac biomarker assays (N-terminal pro-BNP and his sensitivity Troponin I (Beckman Coulter Access)) in detecting Dobermann dilated cardiomyopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dobermanns undergoing cardiac biomarker testing were screened by echocardiography and Holter monitoring, then assigned to a group: normal, equivocal, arrhythmia form of dilated cardiomyopathy, echocardiographic form of dilated cardiomyopathy or both. Some were reassessed to identify final status. Initial cardiac biomarker results were compared to final status. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify area under the curve and corresponding sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) for different cut-offs (CO) for each cardiac biomarker. RESULTS A total of 118 Dobermanns with cardiac biomarker data had echocardiography/Holter assessment. Repeat assessment was carried out in 47 Dobermanns after 394.5 ±151.0 days. Seventeen dogs changed group between initial and final status. The final status of 59 was normal, nine were equivocal and 50 had dilated cardiomyopathy (prevalence 42.4%). Of the dilated cardiomyopathy group, 25 had dilated cardiomyopathy-both, 13 dilated cardiomyopathy-echocardiography and 12 dilated cardiomyopathy-Holter. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve=0.807 for N-terminal proBNP (Se 0.69 and Sp 0.81) and 0.873 for high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin I (Se 0.77 and Sp 0.86). When both Se and Sp were optimised for all forms of dilated cardiomyopathy, N-terminal proBNP cut-off was 626 pmol/L (Se and Sp 0.79) and high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin I cut-off was 0.056 ng/mL (Se and Sp 0.84). Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was higher for dilated cardiomyopathy-echocardiography (NT-proBNP 0.883; high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin I 0.907) than dilated cardiomyopathy-Holter. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Cardiac biomarker screening may be useful to select Dobermanns which would benefit from further assessment by echocardiography and Holter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dukes-McEwan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - K E Garven
- MBM Veterinary Group, 21 Hill Street, Kilmarnock, KA3 1HF, UK
| | - J Lopez Alvarez
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Herts, SG5 3HR, UK.,J. Lopez Alvarez's current address is Memvet - Centre de Referència Veterinària. C/Reina Esclaramunda 6, baixos, 07003 Palma, Mallorca, Illes Balears; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Campus UAB, Carrer de l'Hospital, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona; Telemedicine Consultant at Idexx, UK
| | - P Oliveira
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Herts, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - P F Motskula
- Anderson-Moores Veterinary Specialists, The Granary, Bunstead Barns, Poles Ln, Hursley, Winchester, SO21 2LL, UK.,P.F. Motskula's current address is Vetekar - Veterinary Cardiology Consultancy. Fortuuna 35-24, Tartu 50603, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; Telemedicine Consultant at Idexx, UK
| | - R Willis
- Holter Monitoring Services, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK.,R. Willis's current address is Sarah Smith Veterinary Cardiology; Ivy Court, Willington Rd, Etwall, Derby, DE65 6JG, UK
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Romito G, Summerfield N, Baron Toaldo M. Presumptive vagally-mediated atrial flutter in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 39:46-50. [PMID: 34973471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An asymptomatic nine-year-old Dobermann Pinscher underwent a screening for dilated cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction; the rest of the echocardiographic parameters were within normal limits. Holter monitoring demonstrated sinus rhythm as the dominant cardiac rhythm during the first hours of the recording. Then, during a period of physiologically enhanced vagal tone (sleep), spontaneous development of atrial flutter (AFL) associated with variable ventricular response was documented. Alternation between AFL and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was also observed. Subsequently, during a period of physiological increase of sympathetic tone (physical activity/excitement), spontaneous conversion of AFL to sinus rhythm occurred. In light of these findings, a presumptive diagnosis of vagal AFL was made. The images here described allow us to study the onset, behavior and termination of this intriguing electrocardiographic entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romito
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - M Baron Toaldo
- Division of Cardiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wess G. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:51-68. [PMID: 34732313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs. The disease can start with arrhythmias or with systolic dysfunction of the myocardium. OBJECTIVE To describe screening methods for DCM in various breeds and provide a new, modified staging system. RECOMMENDATIONS Screening for occult DCM should start at three years of age and use Holter monitoring in Boxers and Dobermans and might be useful also in other breeds. Single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) can be detected in many healthy dogs, but healthy animals typically have <50 VPCs in 24 h and demonstrate minimal complexity most often occurring only as single ectopic beats. In general, >100 VPCs in 24 h was recommended as the cut-off value for establishing a diagnosis of DCM. However, there are breed-specific recommendations related to Holter recording diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans and Boxers. Yearly screening over the life of a dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out the future development of DCM. Several echocardiographic methods such as M-mode derived measurements, the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD), and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) are recommended for screening purposes. The value of additional tests such as cardiac biomarkers (troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG) or newer echocardiographic methods such as strain measurements is discussed. CONCLUSION This review suggests some guidelines for screening for DCM in various breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, Munich, 80539, Germany.
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Influence of Morphometry on Echocardiographic Measurements in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: An Inverse Probability Weighting Analysis. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100205. [PMID: 34679035 PMCID: PMC8538534 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) are difficult to predict. Thus, the identification of dogs with a morphotype associated with more severe mitral disease at a young age is desirable. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the physical, morphometric, and echocardiographic features of class B1 MMVD-affected Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines; (2) evaluate the influence of morphometric physical measurements on murmur intensity, mitral valve prolapse (MVP), regurgitant jet size, and indexed mitral valve and annulus measurements. Fifty-two MMVD-affected CKCS were included in the ACVIM class B1. This is a prospective clinical cross-sectional study. Morphometric measurements, which included the body, thorax, and head sizes of each dog, were investigated to establish the association with heart murmur intensity, valvular and annular echocardiographic measurements, MVP, and regurgitant jet size, using inverse probability weighting (IPW) analyses to adjust for confounding. The IPW analyses showed that when the head length and nose length decreased, dogs had a more severe regurgitant jet size. Furthermore, subjects with a more pronounced head stop angle had thicker anterior mitral valve leaflets. A brachycephalic morphotype, as seen in dogs similar to the King Charles Spaniel breed in terms of cephalic morphology, is associated with a more severe regurgitant jet size and with valvular characteristics that are related to the most severe forms of MMVD.
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Bonagura JD, Visser LC. Echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:15-50. [PMID: 34750089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a frequent cause of cardiac disability, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmic death in dogs. The etiology of DCM is usually idiopathic/genetic, but some causes of a DCM phenotype are reversible. The disease is classified into preclinical (occult) and clinical (overt) stages; the latter stems from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. DCM is further characterized by clinical, electrocardiographic, circulating biomarker, and imaging abnormalities. The diagnosis of clinical DCM with CHF is straightforward; however, identification of the preclinical stage can be challenging. Echocardiography is central to the diagnosis of both stages and characterized by left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction with progressive chamber dilation and variable enlargements of the left atrium and right-sided chambers. Left ventricular dilation is defined by increased LV end-diastolic volumes, areas, and internal dimensions normalized to body size or indexed to the aorta. Systolic dysfunction is characterized by decreased LV ejection fraction, increased end-systolic volume, and reduced shortening across minor and longitudinal LV axes. Dyssynchrony can confound the interpretation of linear indices of systolic function. A comprehensive echocardiogram in DCM includes two-dimensional and M-mode studies, spectral and tissue Doppler imaging, and potentially three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging. Echocardiographic findings should be interpreted within the context of identifiable risks and comorbidities, physical diagnosis, complementary diagnostic testing, and limitations of current reference intervals. Ambiguous examinations should be repeated. Specific echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of DCM are proposed to encourage discussion and additional outcome and breed-specific echocardiographic studies of canine DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bonagura
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Role of Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Early Detection of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082361. [PMID: 34438818 PMCID: PMC8388726 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography represents an advanced imaging technique that allows the analysis of global and regional myocardial function, cardiac rotation and synchronicity using deformation imaging. It has gained growing importance over the last decade, especially in human medicine as a method of evaluating myocardial function. This review aims to give an overview of the current understanding of this technique and its clinical applicability in the field of veterinary medicine with a focus on early detection of left ventricular dysfunction in dogs. Abstract Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D–STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique based on deformation imaging that allows comprehensive evaluation of the myocardial function. Clinical application of 2D–STE holds great potential for its ability to provide valuable information on both global and regional myocardial function and to quantify cardiac rotation and synchronicity, which are not readily possible with the conventional echocardiography. It has gained growing importance over the past decade, especially in human medicine, and its application includes assessment of myocardial function, detection of subclinical myocardial dysfunction and serving as a prognostic indicator. This review illustrates the fundamental concepts of deformation analysis and gives an overview of the current understanding and its clinical application of this technique in veterinary medicine, with a focus on early detection of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in dogs.
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Wesselowski S, Gordon SG, Meddaugh N, Saunders AB, Häggström J, Cusack K, Janacek BW, Matthews DJ. Prediction of clinically important acquired cardiac disease without an echocardiogram in large breed dogs using a combination of clinical, radiographic and electrocardiographic variables. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:126-141. [PMID: 34483077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large breed (LB) dogs develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Echocardiography is required for a definitive diagnosis but is not always available. Our objective was to assess the clinical utility of thoracic radiographs alone and in combination with physical examination and electrocardiography findings for the prediction of clinically important DCM or MMVD in LB dogs. ANIMALS Four hundred fifty-five client-owned dogs ≥20 kg with concurrent thoracic radiographs and echocardiogram. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records were reviewed and stored thoracic radiographs and echocardiographic images were measured to classify dogs as normal heart size (NHS), preclinical DCM, clinical DCM, preclinical MMVD (with cardiomegaly), clinical MMVD, or equivocal. Dogs with preclinical MMVD, without cardiomegaly, were classified as NHS. Vertebral heart size (VHS) and vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) were measured. Receiver operating characteristic curves and prediction models were derived. RESULTS Prevalence of MMVD (39.3%) was higher than the prevalence of DCM (24.8%), though most MMVD dogs (67.0%) lacked cardiomegaly and were classified as NHS for analysis. The area under the curve for VHS to discriminate between NHS and clinical DCM/MMVD or preclinical DCM/MMVD was 0.861 and 0.712, respectively, while for VLAS, it was 0.891 and 0.722, respectively. Predictive models incorporating physical examination and electrocardiography findings in addition to VHS/VLAS increased area under the curve to 0.978 (NHS vs. clinical DCM/MMVD) and 0.829 (NHS vs. preclinical DCM/MMVD). CONCLUSIONS Thoracic radiographs were useful for predicting clinically important DCM or MMVD in LB dogs, with improved discriminatory ability when physical examination abnormalities and arrhythmias were accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - S G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - N Meddaugh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - J Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7045, 7507 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Cusack
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - B W Janacek
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - D J Matthews
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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DETERMINATION OF VERTEBRAL HEART SCALE AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN HEALTHY ANESTHETIZED AFRICAN WILD DOGS ( LYCAON PICTUS) IN HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:499-506. [PMID: 34130392 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is an important cause of mortality in African wild dogs in human care. Vertebral heart scale (VHS) is a well-documented objective measure of cardiac size and is commonly used in domestic dogs. The VHS of 63 clinically healthy African wild dogs housed in zoological institutions was retrospectively calculated. Using the robust method of reference interval (RI) calculation, the RI for VHS in captive African wild dogs was 9.3-10.8. Echocardiographic measurements from 16 clinically healthy and 2 African wild dogs with preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy are reported. The cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured in a subset of African wild dogs. The median plasma NT-proBNP measurement was 845 pM/L (range 366-1,388) and the median serum cTnI measurement was 0.02 ng/ml (0.01-0.04). These data can be used for the assessment and identification of cardiac disease in this endangered species.
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Kruckman L, Fries RC, Kadotani S, Stack JP, Wallace LG. Comparison of three two-dimensional echocardiographic methods of assessing left ventricular size in Doberman Pinschers. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:110-118. [PMID: 34238699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compare three methods of obtaining linear left ventricular dimensions within the same Doberman Pinscher (DP). ANIMALS One hundred and thirty-nine client-owned DP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Linear left ventricular dimensions were measured using two-dimensional short-axis (Sx-2D), motion-mode short-axis (Sx-MM), and motion-mode long-axis (Lx-MM) methods, then left ventricular volumes were obtained using monoplane Simpson's method of discs (SMOD). A Friedman test with Dunn's multiple comparisons was used to compare differences between methods. Bias and correlation were evaluated via Bland-Altman and Spearman's correlation. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) compared to SMOD were determined. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated for intra- and inter-observer measurement variability. RESULTS There were significant differences between all linear dimensions in diastole and systole. Short-axis 2D measurements had significant bias compared with Sx-MM (diastole +1.19 mm, systole +1.65 mm) and Lx-MM (diastole +4.36 mm, systole +3.87 mm) as did Sx-MM compared with Lx-MM (diastole +3.17 mm, systole +2.22 mm). All linear dimensions had a moderate positive correlation with SMOD. The sensitivity and specificity of linear measurements to detect DCM were: Sx-2D (sensitivity 72.0%, specificity 88.5%), Sx-MM (sensitivity 52.0%, specificity 92.0%), and Lx-MM (sensitivity 37.5%, specificity 99.1%). All methods had acceptably low CV for intra- and inter-observer measurement variability. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that linear measurements are repeatable and correlate with reference standard; however, there is a significant bias between measurements, and they should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
| | - S Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - J P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - L G Wallace
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
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Patata V, Vezzosi T, Marchesotti F, Domenech O. Echocardiographic parameters in 50 healthy English bulldogs: preliminary reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:55-63. [PMID: 34111807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to provide echocardiographic reference intervals for English bulldogs (EBs) and to assess if age, sex, body weight (BW), and heart rate have an influence on echocardiographic variables. ANIMALS We prospectively enrolled client-owned EBs that were considered healthy based on unremarkable history, normal physical examination, six-lead electrocardiography, and transthoracic echocardiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Breed-related reference intervals were provided, and associations between age, sex, BW, and heart rate and echocardiographic variables were tested using a multivariate analysis. Allometric scales were generated for echocardiographic variables showing correlation with BW. Moreover, echocardiographic variables obtained in our population of EBs and previous published reference ranges were compared. RESULTS Echocardiographic reference intervals were generated from 50 healthy adult EBs. As per the multivariate analysis, left atrial diameter (p = 0.015), left ventricular internal end diastolic diameter (p = 0.002), aortic valve annulus (p = 0.032), and pulmonary valve annulus (p = 0.017) resulted influenced by BW, and reference intervals were generated using allometric scales. Our study suggests that EBs tend to have a smaller aortic root and sphericity index than other breeds. In addition, EBs seem to have smaller indexed left ventricular volumes and higher left ventricular ejection fraction than boxers and Doberman. CONCLUSION Preliminary reference intervals in the EBs are reported, which might be helpful for accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening purposes in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patata
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - T Vezzosi
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese Lato Monte, Pisa, 56122, Italy.
| | - F Marchesotti
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
| | - O Domenech
- Anicura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, 28060, Italy
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Echocardiographic reference intervals in healthy UK deerhounds and prevalence of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 40:142-155. [PMID: 34052149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sighthounds have high echocardiographic (ECHO) left ventricular volumes. Establishing robust breed-specific ECHO reference intervals (RI) for screening is important. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI) and ejection fraction (EF) reference ranges derived by Simpson's method of discs are not available for deerhounds. The influence of sex or body weight (BW) on left ventricular diameter during diastole (LVDd) and systole (LVDs) has never been reported. OBJECTIVES Prospectively determine ECHO RI and assess prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in healthy UK deerhounds. ANIMALS Ninety-nine deerhounds. METHODS Deerhounds scored on ECHO and ECG variables then classified as normal (NORM), equivocal (EQUIV) or affected (AFF) with DCM. Fifty-nine NORM deerhounds used to determine ECHO RI. RESULTS Prevalence of DCM was 21.6%. There were significant differences in BW (p<0.001), LVDd (p<0.001) and LVDs (p<0.05) between female and male deerhounds. Cut-off values for EDVI (≥140.2 mL/m2: 79% sensitivity/97% specificity), ESVI (≥71.9 mL/m2: 94.7% sensitivity/94.2% specificity) and EF (≤42.1%: 84.2% sensitivity/92.8% specificity) were proposed to help diagnose DCM. The most reliable ECHO variables to identify AFF dogs were LVDs indexed to BW by allometric scaling and ESVI; one of the least reliable was sphericity index. Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) were identified in 13.6% of the population, with the highest prevalence in AFF deerhounds (42%). CONCLUSIONS Preclinical DCM in deerhounds is common and VA may be associated with DCM. Healthy deerhounds have higher LVDd, LVDs and EDVI compared with other breeds. This study provides ECHO RIs for deerhounds; sex or BW RIs should be used when screening.
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Stege NM, de Boer RA, van den Berg MP, Silljé HHW. The Time Has Come to Explore Plasma Biomarkers in Genetic Cardiomyopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2955. [PMID: 33799487 PMCID: PMC7998409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), screening for pathogenic variants has become standard clinical practice. Genetic cascade screening also allows the identification of relatives that carry the same mutation as the proband, but disease onset and severity in mutation carriers often remains uncertain. Early detection of disease onset may allow timely treatment before irreversible changes are present. Although plasma biomarkers may aid in the prediction of disease onset, monitoring relies predominantly on identifying early clinical symptoms, on imaging techniques like echocardiography (Echo) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and on (ambulatory) electrocardiography (electrocardiograms (ECGs)). In contrast to most other cardiac diseases, which are explained by a combination of risk factors and comorbidities, genetic cardiomyopathies have a clear primary genetically defined cardiac background. Cardiomyopathy cohorts could therefore have excellent value in biomarker studies and in distinguishing biomarkers related to the primary cardiac disease from those related to extracardiac, secondary organ dysfunction. Despite this advantage, biomarker investigations in cardiomyopathies are still limited, most likely due to the limited number of carriers in the past. Here, we discuss not only the potential use of established plasma biomarkers, including natriuretic peptides and troponins, but also the use of novel biomarkers, such as cardiac autoantibodies in genetic cardiomyopathy, and discuss how we can gauge biomarker studies in cardiomyopathy cohorts for heart failure at large.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman H. W. Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, AB43, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.M.S.); (R.A.d.B.); (M.P.v.d.B.)
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Wess G, Bauer A, Kopp A. Echocardiographic reference intervals for volumetric measurements of the left ventricle using the Simpson's method of discs in 1331 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:724-738. [PMID: 33675121 PMCID: PMC7995437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic measurements play an important role in detecting cardiac enlargement and assessing cardiac function. In human cardiology, M‐mode measurements have been widely replaced by volumetric measurements of the left ventricle (LV) using Simpson's method of disc (SMOD). In veterinary cardiology, more large‐scale studies are necessary to generate reference intervals (RIs) for SMOD LV volume measurements. Objective To generate body size independent RIs for LV volume measurements in dogs. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 1331) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. The SMOD was measured from the right parasternal long axis and the left apical 4‐chamber view in clinically healthy dogs. The SMOD measurements were normalized to various allometric scales (kg, kg2/3, or kg1/3). RIs for LV end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end‐systolic volume (LVESV) using SMOD were estimated as prediction intervals of both a linear and an additive regression model. Additionally, after normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits. Separate analyses were performed for 120 sighthound breeds and 1211 other breeds. Results Echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms. The additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate than the other 2 methods to generate RIs. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds are provided. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size and breed‐independent RIs for LV volume measurements using SMOD were generated prospectively from a large and diverse population of dogs and are available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Kopp
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Adin D, Freeman L, Stepien R, Rush JE, Tjostheim S, Kellihan H, Aherne M, Vereb M, Goldberg R. Effect of type of diet on blood and plasma taurine concentrations, cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiograms in 4 dog breeds. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:771-779. [PMID: 33638176 PMCID: PMC7995416 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations of diet with dilated cardiomyopathy are under investigation. Objectives That cardiac assessment would show abnormalities in healthy dogs eating grain‐free (GF) diets or diets with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐listed ingredients of concern (peas, lentils, or potatoes) as top 10 ingredients (FDA‐PLP), but not in dogs eating grain‐inclusive (GI) diets or diets without FDA‐listed ingredients of concern (PLP) in the top 10 ingredients (NoFDA‐PLP). Animals One hundred eighty‐eight healthy Doberman Pinschers, Golden Retrievers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Whippets. Methods This study was an observational cross‐sectional study. Echocardiograms, cardiac biomarkers, and blood and plasma taurine concentrations were compared between dogs eating GF (n = 26) and GI (n = 162) diets, and between FDA‐PLP (n = 39) and NoFDA‐PLP (n = 149) diets, controlling for age and breed. Demographic characteristics, murmurs, genetic status, and ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) during examination were compared between dogs eating different diet types. Results No differences in echocardiographic variables, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide or whole blood taurine were noted between dogs eating different diet types. Dogs eating GF diets had higher median high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) (GF 0.076 ng/mL [Interquartile range (IQR), 0.028‐0.156] vs. GI 0.048 [IQR, 0.0026‐0.080]; P < .001) and higher median plasma taurine (GF 125 nmol/mL [IQR, 101‐148] vs GI 104 [IQR, 86‐123]; P = .02) than dogs eating GI diets. Dogs eating FDA‐PLP diets had higher median hs‐cTnI (0.059 ng/mL [IQR, 0.028‐0.122]) than dogs eating NoFDA‐PLP diets (0.048 [IQR, 0.025‐0.085]; P = .006). A greater proportion of dogs eating FDA‐PLP diets (10%) had VPCs than dogs eating NoFDA‐PLP diets (2%; P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Higher hs‐cTnI in healthy dogs eating GF and FDA‐PLP diets might indicate low‐level cardiomyocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adin
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Freeman
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Stepien
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonja Tjostheim
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heidi Kellihan
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Aherne
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Vezzosi T, Ghinelli R, Ferrari P, Porciello F. Reference intervals for transthoracic echocardiography in the American Staffordshire Terrier. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:656-660. [PMID: 33563862 PMCID: PMC8111344 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the echocardiographic reference intervals in the American Staffordshire Terrier (AST). The echocardiographic variables obtained in 57 healthy adult AST were compared with published data from the general canine population and other breeds. In the AST, the left ventricular volumes were lower than values reported in Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but higher than in small breeds (P<0.0001). The left ventricular ejection fraction was higher than Boxers and Dobermans (P<0.0001), but lower than small breed dogs (P=0.027). The aortic peak velocity values were similar to Boxers (P=0.55) but higher than the general canine population (P<0.0001). The reference intervals presented in this study are clinically useful for an accurate echocardiographic interpretation and screening in the AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vezzosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122 Pisa, Italy.,Anicura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- Clinica Veterinaria Orobica, Viale Isonzo 2/E, 24052 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Porciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Melandri M, Spalla I, Fanciullo L, Alonge S. Pregnancy Effect on Echocardiographic Parameters in Great Dane Bitches. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111992. [PMID: 33138153 PMCID: PMC7694152 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In women, as well as in bitches, pregnancy is associated with the adaptation of the left ventricular function. Pregnancy mainly represents a status of increased volume load of the maternal heart driven by the need to supply an adequate blood flow through an augmented uterine perfusion to the developing fetuses. Consequently, cardiac morpho-functional changes are expected. Cardiac morphology and function in pregnant bitches that would develop complications may differ from those with a normal outcome. Thus, the assessment of the maternal cardiovascular function may be a useful screening tool to detect pregnancy complications in dogs. Few studies investigated the cardiac maternal adaptation in different gestational ages in dogs. Breed is a known source of variation in echocardiographic values; hence, the cardiac performance during pregnancy may also be prone to a breed-related variation. For these purposes, due to possible breed-related variations in cardiac parameters and function, and to the specific predisposition for myocardial diseases, echocardiographic changes along pregnancy in healthy Great Dane bitches were evaluated. A significant effect of the age of gestation on the increase of functional and diastolic parameters and on the decrease of systolic parameters was reported. Abstract Pregnancy is associated with adaptation of the left ventricular (LV) function. Due to differences between breeds in baseline echocardiographic values and specific predispositions for myocardial diseases, breed-specific echocardiographic parameters may be helpful to evaluate whether the systolic function varies during pregnancy. This study enrolled nine healthy Great Dane bitches with uncomplicated pregnancy. Echocardiographic M-mode and B-mode data were collected before ovulation and within 7 days of the predicted parturition term. Evaluated parameters were: LV dimension in diastole (LVd) and systole (LVs), end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volumes indexed to body surface area (BSA), end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV), end-point-septal-separation (EPSS), left atrium to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao), sphericity index (SI), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO). The ANOVA showed a statistical effect of the age of gestation (p < 0.01) on the increase of diastolic dimensions and functional parameters and on the decrease of systolic dimensions. The CO increase parallels the rise in SV and HR (p < 0.01). No statistical differences were observed for EPSS, LA/Ao, and SI. The changes in cardiac chambers and function are likely to reflect maternal adaptation to allow the fetal development in uncomplicated pregnancy. The present study provides specific echocardiographic values in uncomplicated pregnancy of Great Danes, showing that the systolic function is enhanced and that the increase in preload, observed during gestation, is the likely mechanism.
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Sykes KT, Saunders AB, Hoffmann AR, Porter BF. Histologic comparison in two Doberman pinschers with a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 33:1-5. [PMID: 33221699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common acquired cardiac disease in large breed dogs with a high prevalence in Doberman pinschers. It is characterized histologically by attenuated wavy fibers and fatty infiltration with degeneration. The phenotypic appearance of DCM includes ventricular dilation with systolic dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias. These changes can be caused by other etiologies, including infectious, toxic, metabolic, and nutritional deficiencies. Chagas disease is the result of an infection with the protozoal parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by an insect vector. Histopathology of the myocardium is characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and pseudocysts containing T. cruzi amastigotes. Differentiating idiopathic DCM from infectious myocarditis can be challenging when the clinical presentation and diagnostic test results are similar in affected dogs. We present thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and post-mortem histopathology images obtained from two Doberman pinschers with similar signalment, clinical presentation, and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic appearance but with different appearing radiographs and different etiologies for their heart disease, one with idiopathic DCM and one with myocarditis attributed to Chagas disease, to highlight the value of considering alternative etiologies for DCM to guide additional clinical evaluation and owner counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Sykes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - A R Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - B F Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Horowitz BN, Kutinsky IB, Linde A. Species-Spanning Echocardiography: Cardiovascular Insights from Across the Animal Kingdom. Curr Cardiol Rep 2020; 22:165. [PMID: 33037937 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to present comparative echocardiography as a source of insights for human cardiovascular medicine. RECENT FINDINGS We present echocardiographic examples of high impact human cardiovascular pathologies, including valvular, vascular, conduction, and myocardial disorders, in a wide range of species in varying environments. Unique features associated with comparative echocardiographic assessments are linked to human cardiology, including natural animal models of resistance and vulnerability. The cardiovascular vulnerabilities and strengths of other species can be a source of invaluable insights for human healthcare professionals. Echocardiography is playing a key role in bridging human and veterinary cardiology. Consequently, species-spanning echocardiography can deliver novel insights for human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Horowitz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ilana B Kutinsky
- William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Annika Linde
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
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Friederich J, Seuß AC, Wess G. The role of atrial fibrillation as a prognostic factor in doberman pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Vet J 2020; 264:105535. [PMID: 33012438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) in congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with a high risk of mortality and shorter survival times in human and veterinary medicine. A retrospective review of medical records was performed to evaluate the impact of AF on survival times in Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Time of first onset of CHF and its role as a prognostic factor were also determined, as were predictors of AF development. Forty-eight client-owned purebred Doberman Pinschers with DCM and CHF were included; 23 dogs presented with AF and 25 dogs did not develop AF until immediately before cardiac-related death. Dogs with AF survived for significantly shorter times than those without AF (P = 0.043). For dogs with AF, mean and median survival times were 88.2 days and 22 days, respectively (range, 42.1-134.4 days); mean and median survival times for dogs without AF were 150.7 days and 98 days, respectively (range, 98.5-203 days). AF increased the risk of cardiac-related death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.371; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.14-4.95; P = 0.021). Biventricular and right atrial dilation was only present in dogs with AF and right atrial enlargement was the only significant predictor of AF after multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). Dogs with AF had significantly higher mean heart rates than dogs without AF (201 beats per min [bpm] vs. 132 bpm; P < 0.001). In conclusion, AF in Doberman Pinschers with DCM and CHF increased the risk of cardiac-related death and reduced survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Friederich
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - A C Seuß
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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Eberhard J, Wess G. The prevalence of atrial premature complexes in healthy Doberman Pinschers and their role in the diagnosis of occult dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet J 2020; 259-260:105475. [PMID: 32553239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of atrial premature complexes (APCs) as a possible marker of occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Doberman Pinschers (DP) is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify APC in healthy DP and to investigate their role as early markers of occult DCM. Holter-ECG results from 561 examinations of 153 DP at different time points were retrospectively evaluated, with special emphasis on APCs. Holter results from 110 healthy control DPs were compared to the last normal Holter and echocardiographic examinations in 43 DP that subsequently developed DCM within 15 months (DCM group), and to the first examination in the DCM group that contained ventricular premature complexes (VPC). There were no significant differences in the number of APCs or the coupling interval between the control group and the last normal examination in the DCM group (P > 0.05). The number of APCs increased slightly at the first abnormal examination in the DCM group. Healthy male DP had more APCs than females (P = 0.009) and older dogs had APCs more frequently than younger dogs (P < 0.001). About 85% of healthy DP with at least one APC/24 h had <20 APCs/24 h. Extracardiac diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases influenced the occurrence of APCs (P = 0.037 and P = 0.006, respectively). APCs were present without obvious cardiac disease and were not a marker for the development of DCM, as they were not identified until after VPCs were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eberhard
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - G Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Chmielewski P, Michalak E, Kowalik I, Franaszczyk M, Sobieszczanska-Malek M, Truszkowska G, Stepien-Wojno M, Biernacka EK, Foss-Nieradko B, Lewandowski M, Oreziak A, Bilinska M, Kusmierczyk M, Tesson F, Grzybowski J, Zielinski T, Ploski R, Bilinska ZT. Can Circulating Cardiac Biomarkers Be Helpful in the Assessment of LMNA Mutation Carriers? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051443. [PMID: 32408651 PMCID: PMC7290314 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene are variably phenotypically expressed; however, it is unclear whether circulating cardiac biomarkers are helpful in the detection and risk assessment of cardiolaminopathies. We sought to assess (1) clinical characteristics including serum biomarkers: high sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in clinically stable cardiolaminopathy patients, and (2) outcome among pathogenic/likely pathogenic lamin A/C gene (LMNA) mutation carriers. Our single-centre cohort included 53 patients from 21 families. Clinical, laboratory, follow-up data were analysed. Median follow-up was 1522 days. The earliest abnormality, emerging in the second and third decades of life, was elevated hsTnT (in 12% and in 27% of patients, respectively), followed by the presence of atrioventricular block, heart failure, and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (MVA). In patients with missense vs. other mutations, we found no difference in MVA occurrence and, surprisingly, worse transplant-free survival. Increased levels of both hsTnT and NT-proBNP were strongly associated with MVA occurrence (HR > 13, p ≤ 0.02 in both) in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, NT-proBNP level > 150 pg/mL was the only independent indicator of MVA. We conclude that assessment of circulating cardiac biomarkers may help in the detection and risk assessment of cardiolaminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Chmielewski
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.-W.); (B.F.-N.)
| | - Ewa Michalak
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.-W.); (B.F.-N.)
| | - Ilona Kowalik
- Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiac Rehabilitation, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Franaszczyk
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.)
| | | | - Grazyna Truszkowska
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.)
| | - Malgorzata Stepien-Wojno
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.-W.); (B.F.-N.)
| | | | - Bogna Foss-Nieradko
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.-W.); (B.F.-N.)
| | - Michal Lewandowski
- 2nd Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Artur Oreziak
- 1st Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bilinska
- 1st Department of Arrhythmia, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (A.O.); (M.B.)
| | - Mariusz Kusmierczyk
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Frédérique Tesson
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Jacek Grzybowski
- Department of Cardiomyopathy, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Zielinski
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (M.S.-M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Rafal Ploski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zofia T. Bilinska
- Unit for Screening Studies in Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, 04-628 Warsaw, Poland; (P.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.-W.); (B.F.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-223434711
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Ferreira J. Preanaesthetic screening in dogs and cats. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.m1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Stack JP, Fries RC, Kruckman L, Schaeffer DJ. Reference intervals and echocardiographic findings in Leonberger dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:22-32. [PMID: 32380411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leonbergers are large-breed dogs believed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy, yet the normal echocardiographic measurements of these dogs are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe echocardiographic findings and propose breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) for Leonbergers. ANIMALS A total of 42 clinically healthy dogs were involved in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as a cross-sectional study of 42 Leonberger dogs undergoing complete transthoracic echocardiographic studies at a national show. Reference intervals were determined using robust method with bootstrapping. The effects of age, sex, and body weight (BW) on linear and volumetric dimensions were evaluated by regression analysis. Intra- and interobserver variability were evaluated by coefficient of variation from 10 of the studies. RESULTS There were significant linear correlations with BW for many of the cardiac variables evaluated. However, despite the statistical significance, most regression equations had small slopes, necessitating large changes in BW for small changes in two-dimensional echocardiographic variables. As such, this study resulted in breed-specific RIs irrespective of BW. Trace mitral insufficiency (n = 18), trace aortic insufficiency (n = 15), or both (n = 1) was identified in 81% of dogs in this population. Coefficients of variation were <9% for all two-dimensional, volumetric, and motion mode measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study describes echocardiographic findings and provides RIs, which may be useful in echocardiographic evaluations of Leonbergers and may aid in early identification of heart disease within the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - L Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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Werner S, Wallukat G, Becker NP, Wenzel K, Müller J, Schimke I, Wess G. The aptamer BC 007 for treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy: evaluation in Doberman Pinschers of efficacy and outcomes. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:844-855. [PMID: 32212256 PMCID: PMC7261533 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Aptamer BC 007, a 15‐mer single‐strand DNA oligonucleotide (5'‐GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG‐3'), was developed to neutralize functional autoantibodies that bind to the extracellular domains of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR‐AAB), leading to the modulation of receptor‐mediated signalling cascades that induce pathophysiological states. Among the GPCR‐AAB, there are those directed against the β1‐adrenergic receptor (β1‐AAB) that are highly present in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and are increasingly accepted as disease drivers. Using Doberman Pinschers (DP) with DCM, which possess similarities with human DCM among these β1‐AAB positivity for that the disease‐driving role in DP DCM was demonstrated, the safety of BC 007, efficacy for neutralizing β1‐AAB, and the DP's outcome were investigated. Methods and results Fourteen client‐owned β1‐AAB‐positive DP with electrocardiographically and echocardiographically indicated DCM were treated with BC 007. For controlling, two groups were created: 14 β1‐AAB‐positive DP with DCM not treated with BC 007 (Control 1) and 14 DP with DCM closely matched to the BC 007‐treated DP (Control 2), retrospectively selected from the institutional database of DP. After treatment, DP were monitored both echocardiographically, and for β1‐AAB, and survival curves were calculated. Based on clinical and laboratory examination, no adverse effects associated with BC 007 treatment were observed during the study. Forty‐eight hours after treatment, the DP's blood was free of β1‐AAB, which led to a reduction or stabilization of left ventricular end‐systolic volume (ESVI) during β1‐AAB free time in 10 of the treated DP. In one DP, where β1‐AAB returned after 3 months and ESVI worsened again, a second BC 007 treatment after 9 months again cleared the blood from β1‐AAB and improved the ESVI. Compared with the controls, DP treated with BC 007 showed a significantly longer survival time [572 days, interquartile range (IQR) 442–840 days] vs. Control group 1 (266 days, IQR 97–438 days; logrank: P = 0.009) and Control group 2 (229 days, IQR 174–319 days; logrank: P = 0.012). Conclusions Treatment with BC 007 for β1‐AAB neutralization was safe, resulted in a long‐lasting reduction of β1‐AAB combined with improved cardiac function and prolonged the survival of DP with DCM. Using a natural large animal model of DCM considered superior to small animal models of immunization‐induced cardiomyopathy, combined with a study design comparable with clinical trials, we believe that our results provide the basis for optimism that treatment with BC 007 might also be effective in human patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Werner
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Wallukat
- Department of Research & Development, Berlin Cures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels-Peter Becker
- Department of Research & Development, Berlin Cures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Wenzel
- Department of Research & Development, Berlin Cures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Research & Development, Berlin Cures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Schimke
- Department of Research & Development, Berlin Cures GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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