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Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246503. [PMID: 33571246 PMCID: PMC7877616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs in sheep. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie occurs in sheep that tend to be resistant to classical scrapie and it is thought to occur spontaneously. The purpose of this study was to test the transmission of the Atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent in three genotypes of Suffolk sheep and characterize the distribution of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Ten sheep were intracranially inoculated with brain homogenate from a sheep with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie. All sheep with the ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/ARR genotypes developed Atypical/Nor98 scrapie confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and one sheep with the VRQ/ARQ genotype had detectable PrPSc consistent with Atypical/Nor98 scrapie at the experimental endpoint of 8 years. Sheep with mild early accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum had concomitant retinal PrPSc. Accordingly, large amounts of retinal PrPSc were identified in clinically affected sheep and sheep with dense accumulations of PrPSc in the cerebellum.
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2
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Abstract
In sheep, scrapie is a fatal neurologic disease that is caused by a misfolded protein called a prion (designated PrPSc). The normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is encoded by an endogenous gene, PRNP, that is present in high concentrations within the CNS. Although a broad range of functions has been described for PrPC, its entire range of functions has yet to be fully elucidated. Accumulation of PrPSc results in neurodegeneration. The PRNP gene has several naturally occurring polymorphisms, and there is a strong correlation between scrapie susceptibility and PRNP genotype. The cornerstone of scrapie eradication programs is the selection of scrapie-resistant genotypes to eliminate classical scrapie. Transmission of classical scrapie in sheep occurs during the prenatal and periparturient periods when lambs are highly susceptible. Initially, the scrapie agent is disseminated throughout the lymphoid system and into the CNS. Shedding of the scrapie agent occurs before the onset of clinical signs. In contrast to classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is believed to be a spontaneous disease that occurs in isolated instances in older animals within a flock. The agent that causes atypical scrapie is not considered to be naturally transmissible. Transmission of the scrapie agent to species other than sheep, including deer, has been experimentally demonstrated as has the transmission of nonscrapie prion agents to sheep. The purpose of this review is to outline the current methods for diagnosing scrapie in sheep and the techniques used for studying the pathogenesis and host range of the scrapie agent. Also discussed is the US scrapie eradication program including recent updates.
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Otero A, Duque Velásquez C, Johnson C, Herbst A, Bolea R, Badiola JJ, Aiken J, McKenzie D. Prion protein polymorphisms associated with reduced CWD susceptibility limit peripheral PrP CWD deposition in orally infected white-tailed deer. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:50. [PMID: 30717795 PMCID: PMC6360794 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting members of the Cervidae family. PrPC primary structures play a key role in CWD susceptibility resulting in extended incubation periods and regulating the propagation of CWD strains. We analyzed the distribution of abnormal prion protein (PrPCWD) aggregates in brain and peripheral organs from orally inoculated white-tailed deer expressing four different PRNP genotypes: Q95G96/Q95G96 (wt/wt), S96/wt, H95/wt and H95/S96 to determine if there are substantial differences in the deposition pattern of PrPCWD between different PRNP genotypes. Results Although we detected differences in certain brain areas, globally, the different genotypes showed similar PrPCWD deposition patterns in the brain. However, we found that clinically affected deer expressing H95 PrPC, despite having the longest survival periods, presented less PrPCWD immunoreactivity in particular peripheral organs. In addition, no PrPCWD was detected in skeletal muscle of any of the deer. Conclusions Our data suggest that expression of H95-PrPC limits peripheral accumulation of PrPCWD as detected by immunohistochemistry. Conversely, infected S96/wt and wt/wt deer presented with similar PrPCWD peripheral distribution at terminal stage of disease, suggesting that the S96-PrPC allele, although delaying CWD progression, does not completely limit the peripheral accumulation of the infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Camilo Duque Velásquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chad Johnson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Allen Herbst
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, IA2, IIS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Judd Aiken
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Debbie McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Silva CJ, Erickson-Beltran ML, Martín-Burriel I, Badiola JJ, Requena JR, Bolea R. Determining the Relative Susceptibility of Four Prion Protein Genotypes to Atypical Scrapie. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1255-1262. [PMID: 29240410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atypical scrapie is a sheep prion (PrPSc) disease whose epidemiology is consistent with a sporadic origin and is associated with specific polymorphisms of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC). To determine the relative amounts of PrP polymorphisms present in atypical scrapie, total PrP was digested with chymotrypsin to generate characteristic peptides spanning relevant polymorphisms at positions 136, 141, 154, 171, and 172 of sheep PrPC. A multiple reaction monitoring method (MRM), employing 15N-labeled internal standards, was used to detect and quantify these polymorphisms present in both the PrPSc and PrPC from heterozygous (ALRRY and ALHQY or ALRQD or AFRQY) atypical scrapie-infected or uninfected control sheep. Both polymorphisms of the full length and truncated (C1) natively expressed PrPC are produced in equal amounts. The overall amount of PrPC present in the infected or uninfected animals was similar. PrPSc isolated from heterozygotes was composed of significant amounts of both PrP polymorphisms, including the ALRRY polymorphism which is highly resistant to classical scrapie. Thus, an atypical scrapie infection does not result from an overexpression of sheep PrPC. The replication of all atypical scrapie prions occurs at comparable rates, despite polymorphisms at positions 141, 154, 171, or 172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Silva
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Albany, California 94710, United States of America
| | - Melissa L Erickson-Beltran
- Produce Safety & Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Albany, California 94710, United States of America
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- LAGENBIO, Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, IA2 Universidad de Zaragoza , 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús R Requena
- CIMUS Biomedical Research Institute & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela-IDIS , Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Veterinary Faculty, Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Universidad de Zaragoza , 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Otero A, Bolea R, Hedman C, Fernández-Borges N, Marín B, López-Pérez Ó, Barrio T, Eraña H, Sánchez-Martín MA, Monzón M, Badiola JJ, Castilla J. An Amino Acid Substitution Found in Animals with Low Susceptibility to Prion Diseases Confers a Protective Dominant-Negative Effect in Prion-Infected Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6182-6192. [PMID: 29264770 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While prion diseases have been described in numerous species, some, including those of the Canidae family, appear to show resistance or reduced susceptibility. A better understanding of the factors underlying prion susceptibility is crucial for the development of effective treatment and control measures. We recently demonstrated resistance to prion infection in mice overexpressing a mutated prion protein (PrP) carrying a specific amino acid substitution characteristic of canids. Here, we show that coexpression of this mutated PrP and wild-type mouse PrP in transgenic mice inoculated with different mouse-adapted prion strains (22 L, ME7, RML, and 301C) significantly increases survival times (by 45 to 113%). These data indicate that this amino acid substitution confers a dominant-negative effect on PrP, attenuating the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc and delaying disease onset without altering the neuropathological properties of the prion strains. Taken together, these findings have important implications for the development of new treatment approaches for prion diseases based on dominant-negative proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Hedman
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Manuel A Sánchez-Martín
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,IBSAL, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.
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6
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Pei F, DiSalvo S, Sindi SS, Serio TR. A dominant-negative mutant inhibits multiple prion variants through a common mechanism. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007085. [PMID: 29084237 PMCID: PMC5679637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions adopt alternative, self-replicating protein conformations and thereby determine novel phenotypes that are often irreversible. Nevertheless, dominant-negative prion mutants can revert phenotypes associated with some conformations. These observations suggest that, while intervention is possible, distinct inhibitors must be developed to overcome the conformational plasticity of prions. To understand the basis of this specificity, we determined the impact of the G58D mutant of the Sup35 prion on three of its conformational variants, which form amyloids in S. cerevisiae. G58D had been previously proposed to have unique effects on these variants, but our studies suggest a common mechanism. All variants, including those reported to be resistant, are inhibited by G58D but at distinct doses. G58D lowers the kinetic stability of the associated amyloid, enhancing its fragmentation by molecular chaperones, promoting Sup35 resolubilization, and leading to amyloid clearance particularly in daughter cells. Reducing the availability or activity of the chaperone Hsp104, even transiently, reverses curing. Thus, the specificity of inhibition is determined by the sensitivity of variants to the mutant dosage rather than mode of action, challenging the view that a unique inhibitor must be developed to combat each variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Pei
- The University of Arizona, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Susanne DiSalvo
- Brown University, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S. Sindi
- University of California, Merced, Applied Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (TRS)
| | - Tricia R. Serio
- The University of Arizona, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (TRS)
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7
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Meloni D, Bozzetta E, Langeveld JPM, Groschup MH, Goldmann W, Andrèoletti O, Lantier I, Van Keulen L, Bossers A, Pitardi D, Nonno R, Sklaviadis T, Ingravalle F, Peletto S, Colussi S, Acutis PL. EU-approved rapid tests might underestimate bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:232-236. [PMID: 28068881 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716688045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the diagnostic sensitivity of 3 EU-approved rapid tests (ELISAs; 1 from IDEXX and 2 from Bio-Rad) for the detection of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases in goats. Ninety-eight goat brainstem samples were tested. All the rapid tests had 100% specificity and ≥80% sensitivity, with the IDEXX test significantly more sensitive than the 2 Bio-Rad tests. All tests detected 100% of samples from goats with clinical scrapie, but missed 8% (IDEXX) to 33% (Bio-Rad SG) of samples from preclinical goats. Importantly, only IDEXX picked up all samples from clinical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-infected goats, whereas the other 2 rapid tests missed 15% (Bio-Rad SG) to 25% (Bio-Rad SAP). These results show that a fraction of preclinical scrapie infections are likely missed by EU surveillance, with sensitivity of detection strongly dependent on the choice of the rapid test. Moreover, a significant proportion of clinical BSE infections are underestimated by using either Bio-Rad test. Assuming that the same sensitivity on preclinical goats would also occur in BSE-infected goats, our data suggest that IDEXX is likely the most sensitive test for detecting preclinical field cases of BSE infection in goats, although with an 8% failure rate. These results raise some concerns about the reliability of current EU surveillance figures on BSE infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meloni
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Jan P M Langeveld
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Martin H Groschup
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Olivier Andrèoletti
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Isabelle Lantier
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Lucien Van Keulen
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Alex Bossers
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Danilo Pitardi
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Romolo Nonno
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Simone Peletto
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Silvia Colussi
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- CEA, Centro di Referenza Nazionale per lo Studio e le Ricerche sulle Encefalopatie Animali e Neuropatologie Comparate, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy (Meloni, Bozzetta, Pitardi, Ingravalle, Peletto, Colussi, Acutis).,Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands (Langeveld, Van Keulen, Bossers).,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Insel Riems, Germany (Groschup).,Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom (Goldmann).,UMR INRA ENVT 1225 Interactions Hotes Agents Pathògenes, ENVT, Toulouse, France (Andrèoletti).,ISP, INRA, Université Tours, Nouzilly, France (Lantier).,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy (Nonno).,Aristotle University, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences Thessaloniki, Greece (Sklaviadis)
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8
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Hwang S, Greenlee JJ, Nicholson EM. Use of bovine recombinant prion protein and real-time quaking-induced conversion to detect cattle transmissible mink encephalopathy prions and discriminate classical and atypical L- and H-Type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172391. [PMID: 28225797 PMCID: PMC5321280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are amyloid-forming proteins that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies through a process involving conversion from the normal cellular prion protein to the pathogenic misfolded conformation (PrPSc). This conversion has been used for in vitro assays including serial protein misfolding amplification and real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). RT-QuIC can be used for the detection of prions in a variety of biological tissues from humans and animals. Extensive work has been done to demonstrate that RT-QuIC is a rapid, specific, and highly sensitive prion detection assay. RT-QuIC uses recombinant prion protein to detect minute amounts of PrPSc. RT-QuIC has been successfully used to detect PrPSc from different prion diseases with a variety of substrates including hamster, human, sheep, bank vole, bovine and chimeric forms of prion protein. However, recombinant bovine prion protein has not been used to detect transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) or to differentiate types of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in samples from cattle. We evaluated whether PrPSc from TME and BSE infected cattle can be detected with RT-QuIC using recombinant bovine prion proteins, and optimized the reaction conditions to specifically detect cattle TME and to discriminate between classical and atypical BSE by conversion efficiency. We also found that substrate composed of the disease associated E211K mutant protein can be effective for the detection of TME in cattle and that wild type prion protein appears to be a practical substrate to discriminate between the different types of BSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Hwang
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Justin J. Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Nicholson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
Dietary exposure to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion. Despite the variety of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants, there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modelling of the "species barrier," the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents' propagation from one species to another. In the past decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein have proven to be essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modelling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier. To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents. These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M-HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goats to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle, and that these agents can convey molecular properties and be neuropathologically indistinguishable from vCJD. However, homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species, suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant. Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.
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10
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Niedermeyer S, Eiden M, Toumazos P, Papasavva-Stylianou P, Ioannou I, Sklaviadis T, Panagiotidis C, Langeveld J, Bossers A, Kuczius T, Kaatz M, Groschup MH, Fast C. Genetic, histochemical and biochemical studies on goat TSE cases from Cyprus. Vet Res 2016; 47:99. [PMID: 27716411 PMCID: PMC5053211 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE’s) affecting sheep and goats. Susceptibility of goats to scrapie is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) of the host. Five polymorphisms are associated with reduced susceptibility to TSE’s. In the study presented here caprine samples from a scrapie eradication program on Cyprus were genotyped and further characterized using BioRad TeSeE rapid test, histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. In total 42 goats from 20 flocks were necropsied from which 25 goats showed a positive result in the rapid test, a spongiform encephalopathy and an accumulation of pathological prion protein (PrPSc) in the obex. PrPSc deposits were demonstrated in the placenta, peripheral nervous and lymphoreticular system. Two animals showed PrPSc-accumulations in peripheral tissues only. By discriminatory immunoblots a scrapie infection could be confirmed for all cases. Nevertheless, slight deviations in the glycosylation pattern might indicate the presence of different scrapie strains. Furthermore scrapie samples from goats in the current study demonstrated less long term resistance to proteinase K than ovine or caprine BSE control samples. Reduced scrapie susceptibility according to the PRNP genotype was demonstrated (Fishers Exact test, p < 0.05) for the goats with at least one polymorphism (p = 0.023) at the six codons examined and in particular for those with polymorphisms at codon 146 (p = 0.016). This work characterizes scrapie in goats having implications for breeding and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Niedermeyer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Pavlos Toumazos
- Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, 1417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Ioannis Ioannou
- Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, 1417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Cynthia Panagiotidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Department of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Kaatz
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Isle of Riems, Germany.
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11
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Imamura M, Iwamaru Y, Masujin K, Matsuura Y, Yokoyama T. Transmission of atypical scrapie to homozygous ARQ sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1619-1624. [PMID: 27320968 PMCID: PMC5095634 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Cheviot ewes homozygous for the A136L141R154Q171 (AL141RQ) prion protein (PrP) genotype were exposed intracerebrally to brain pools prepared using four field cases of atypical scrapie from the United Kingdom. Animals were clinically normal until the end of the experiment, when they were culled 7 years post-inoculation. Limited accumulation of disease-associated PrP (PrPSc) was observed in the cerebellar molecular layer by immunohistochemistry, but not by western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, PrPSc was partially localized in astrocytes and microglia, suggesting that these cells have a role in PrPSc processing, degradation or both. Our results indicate that atypical scrapie is transmissible to AL141RQ sheep, but these animals act as clinically silent carriers with long incubation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal protein-misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. TSEs have been described in several species, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink, and Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. These diseases are associated with the accumulation of a protease-resistant, disease-associated isoform of the prion protein (called PrP(Sc)) in the central nervous system and other tissues, depending on the host species. Typically, TSEs are acquired through exposure to infectious material, but inherited and spontaneous TSEs also occur. All TSEs share pathologic features and infectious mechanisms but have distinct differences in transmission and epidemiology due to host factors and strain differences encoded within the structure of the misfolded prion protein. The possibility that BSE can be transmitted to humans as the cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has brought attention to this family of diseases. This review is focused on the TSEs of livestock: bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle and scrapie in sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Justin J. Greenlee, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVP, is a research veterinary medical officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit of the National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service in Ames, Iowa. M. Heather West Greenlee, PhD, is an associate professor of biomedical sciences at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine
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13
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Chong A, Kennedy I, Goldmann W, Green A, González L, Jeffrey M, Hunter N. Archival search for historical atypical scrapie in sheep reveals evidence for mixed infections. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3165-3178. [PMID: 26281831 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural scrapie in sheep occurs in classical and atypical forms, which may be distinguished on the basis of the associated neuropathology and properties of the disease-associated prion protein on Western blots. First detected in 1998, atypical scrapie is known to have occurred in UK sheep since the 1980s. However, its aetiology remains unclear and it is often considered as a sporadic, non-contagious disease unlike classical scrapie which is naturally transmissible. Although atypical scrapie tends to occur in sheep of prion protein (PRNP) genotypes that are different from those found predominantly in classical scrapie, there is some overlap so that there are genotypes in which both scrapie forms can occur. In this search for early atypical scrapie cases, we made use of an archive of fixed and frozen sheep samples, from both scrapie-affected and healthy animals (∼1850 individuals), dating back to the 1960s. Using a selection process based primarily on PRNP genotyping, but also on contemporaneous records of unusual clinical signs or pathology, candidate sheep samples were screened by Western blot, immunohistochemistry and strain-typing methods using tg338 mice. We identified, from early time points in the archive, three atypical scrapie cases, including one sheep which died in 1972 and two which showed evidence of mixed infection with classical scrapie. Cases with both forms of scrapie in the same animal as recognizable entities suggest that mixed infections have been around for a long time and may potentially contribute to the variety of scrapie strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chong
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Iain Kennedy
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lorenzo González
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Martin Jeffrey
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Nora Hunter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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14
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Scientific Opinion on the scrapie situation in the EU after 10 years of monitoring and control in sheep and goats. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by a conformational change in the normal host protein PrPC. While the majority of mature PrPC is tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, topological variants of this protein can arise during its biosynthesis. Here we have generated Drosophila transgenic for cytosolic ovine PrP in order to investigate its toxic potential in flies in the absence or presence of exogenous ovine prions. While cytosolic ovine PrP expressed in Drosophila was predominantly detergent insoluble and showed resistance to low concentrations of proteinase K, it was not overtly detrimental to the flies. However, Drosophila transgenic for cytosolic PrP expression exposed to classical or atypical scrapie prion inocula showed a faster decrease in locomotor activity than similar flies exposed to scrapie-free material. The susceptibility to classical scrapie inocula could be assessed in Drosophila transgenic for panneuronal expression of cytosolic PrP, whereas susceptibility to atypical scrapie required ubiquitous PrP expression. Significantly, the toxic phenotype induced by ovine scrapie in cytosolic PrP transgenic Drosophila was transmissible to recipient PrP transgenic flies. These data show that while cytosolic PrP expression does not adversely affect Drosophila, this topological PrP variant can participate in the generation of transmissible scrapie-induced toxicity. These observations also show that PrP transgenic Drosophila are susceptible to classical and atypical scrapie prion strains and highlight the utility of this invertebrate host as a model of mammalian prion disease. Importance: During prion diseases, the host protein PrPC converts into an abnormal conformer, PrPSc, a process coupled to the generation of transmissible prions and neurotoxicity. While PrPC is principally a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein, the role of topological variants, such as cytosolic PrP, in prion-mediated toxicity and prion formation is undefined. Here we generated Drosophila transgenic for cytosolic PrP expression in order to investigate its toxic potential in the absence or presence of exogenous prions. Cytosolic ovine PrP expressed in Drosophila was not overtly detrimental to the flies. However, cytosolic PrP transgenic Drosophila exposed to ovine scrapie showed a toxic phenotype absent from similar flies exposed to scrapie-free material. Significantly, the scrapie-induced toxic phenotype in cytosolic transgenic Drosophila was transmissible to recipient PrP transgenic flies. These data show that cytosolic PrP can participate in the generation of transmissible prion-induced toxicity and highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model of mammalian prion disease.
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16
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Lan Z, Li J, Sun C, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Chi T, Yu X, Song F, Wang Z. Allelic variants of PRNP in 16 Chinese local sheep breeds. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2141-4. [PMID: 24643335 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, polymorphisms of the ovine prion protein gene were analyzed in 486 Chinese sheep from 16 main local breeds. Polymorphisms R or H at codons 154 and four polymorphisms at codon 171 encoding Q, R, H, or K were identified. The A/V polymorphism at codon 136 was not observed, and all sheep were homozygous for A at this position. In addition, ten polymorphisms at codons 21, 101, 112, 127, 138, 141, 143, 146, 153 and 189 were detected. The predominant Q allele occurred at codon 171, with a high frequency of 88.68 %, implying a risk of scrapie in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouran Lan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369, Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266032, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Kuczius T, Groschup MH. Regional phenotypes of cellular prion proteins in human brains identified by differential detergent solubility. Brain Res 2013; 1507:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Meydan H, Özkan MM, Yildiz MA. Genetic risk assessment for atypical scrapie in Turkish native sheep breeds. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Cancellotti E, Mahal SP, Somerville R, Diack A, Brown D, Piccardo P, Weissmann C, Manson JC. Post-translational changes to PrP alter transmissible spongiform encephalopathy strain properties. EMBO J 2013; 32:756-69. [PMID: 23395905 PMCID: PMC3590993 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, contain as a major component PrP(Sc), an abnormal conformer of the host glycoprotein PrP(C). TSE agents are distinguished by differences in phenotypic properties in the host, which nevertheless can contain PrP(Sc) with the same amino-acid sequence. If PrP alone carries information defining strain properties, these must be encoded by post-translational events. Here we investigated whether the glycosylation status of host PrP affects TSE strain characteristics. We inoculated wild-type mice with three TSE strains passaged through transgenic mice with PrP devoid of glycans at the first, second or both N-glycosylation sites. We compared the infectious properties of the emerging isolates with TSE strains passaged in wild-type mice by in vivo strain typing and by the standard scrapie cell assay in vitro. Strain-specific characteristics of the 79A TSE strain changed when PrP(Sc) was devoid of one or both glycans. Thus infectious properties of a TSE strain can be altered by post-translational changes to PrP which we propose result in the selection of mutant TSE strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cancellotti
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sukhvir P Mahal
- Department of Infectology, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Robert Somerville
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Abigail Diack
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Deborah Brown
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK,Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jean C Manson
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK,Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK. Tel.:+44 131 651900; Fax:+44 131 6519105; E-mail:
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20
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Dobly A, Van der Heyden S, Roels S. Trends in genotype frequency resulting from breeding for resistance to classical scrapie in Belgium (2006 ˜ 2011). J Vet Sci 2013; 14:45-51. [PMID: 23388443 PMCID: PMC3615231 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheep, susceptibility to scrapie is mainly determined by codons 136, 154, and 171 of the PRNP gene. Five haplotypes are usually present (ARR, ARQ, ARH, AHQ, and VRQ). The ARR haplotype confers the greatest resistance to classical scrapie while VRQ renders animals most susceptible. In 2004, the European Union implemented a breeding program that promotes selection of the ARR haplotype while reducing the incidence of VRQ. From 2006 to 2011 in Belgium, frequency for the ARR/ARR genotypes increased from 38.3% to 63.8% (n = 6,437), the ARQ haplotype diminished from 21.1% to 12.9%, and the VRQ haplotype decreased from 2.0% to 1.7%. The status of codon 141, a determinant for atypical scrapie, was also evaluated. Out of 27 different breeds (n = 5,163), nine were abundant. The ARR/ARR frequency increased in eight of these nine major breeds. The selection program has had a major impact on the ARR haplotype frequency in Belgium. However, the occurrence of atypical scrapie represents a critical point for this program that warrants the continuous monitoring of scrapie. Additionally, genotype frequencies among the breeds varied greatly. Texel, a breed that is common in Belgium, can still be selected for due to its average ARR frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dobly
- Pathology and Prionology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Murayama Y, Imamura M, Masujin K, Shimozaki N, Yoshioka M, Mohri S, Yokoyama T. Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep by interspecies in vitro amplification. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:541-7. [PMID: 22548476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prions, infectious agents causing TSEs, are composed primarily of the pathogenic form (PrP(Sc)) of the PrP(C). The susceptibility of sheep to scrapie is determined by polymorphisms in the coding region of the PRNP, mainly at codons 136, 154, and 171. The efficiency of in vitro amplification of sheep PrP(Sc) seems to be linked also to the PrP genotype. PrP(Sc) derived from sheep with V(136)R(154)Q(171)-associated genotypes can be amplified efficiently by PMCA in the presence of additional polyanion such as poly A, but there are no reports that cite ultrasensitive detection of PrP(Sc) derived from sheep of other PrP genotypes. We report here that sheep PrP(Sc) derived from ARQ and AHQ homozygotes was amplified efficiently by serial PMCA using mouse brain homogenate as PrP(C) substrate. ARQ/ARQ PrP(Sc) was detected in infected brain homogenates diluted up to 10(-10) after five rounds of amplification, and AHQ/AHQ PrP(Sc) was detected in samples diluted up to 10(-8) after four rounds of amplification. On the other hand, amplification of PrP(Sc) from VRQ/ARQ sheep seemed to be less efficient under the experimental conditions used. The interspecies PMCA developed in this study may be useful in the detailed analysis of PrP(Sc) distribution in classical scrapie-infected ARQ and AHQ homozygote sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Murayama
- Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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22
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Gray JG, Dudas S, Graham C, Czub S. Performance analysis of rapid diagnostic tests on atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:976-80. [PMID: 22855378 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712455325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The preferred method to determine the prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a country is to use immunology-based rapid-tests. Though these tests are validated to detect C-type BSE disease-associated prion (PrP(sc)), test-specific properties may influence their ability to detect H- and/or L-type BSE PrP(sc), where both are atypical from C-type PrP(sc). Molecular characterization shows atypical BSE PrP(sc) to have a different sensitivity to proteinase activity and different affinities for certain prion-specific antibodies. It is important to understand how atypical BSE PrP(sc) may affect the performance of rapid-tests, which are typically dependent on the use of specific proteases and antibodies. The current study used experimentally generated C-, H-, and L-type BSE PrP(sc) to evaluate 3 tests used in various national BSE surveillance programs: an immunochromatographic assay, a standard sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (stndELISA), and a PrP(sc)-conformation-specific ELISA (confELISA). Although BSE PrP(sc) type had some effects on rapid-test performance, analytical sensitivity for atypical BSE PrP(sc) on all 3 platforms was not significantly compromised. When testing for atypical BSE PrP(sc), the 3 tests were able to meet the same requirements that the European Food Safety Authority set when evaluating the tests for C-type BSE PrP(sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Gray
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory. Box 640, Township Road 9-1, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Hautaniemi M, Tapiovaara H, Korpenfelt SL, Sihvonen L. Genotyping and surveillance for scrapie in Finnish sheep. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:122. [PMID: 22831168 PMCID: PMC3414783 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The progression of scrapie is known to be influenced by the amino acid polymorphisms of the host prion protein (PrP) gene. There is no breeding programme for TSE resistance in sheep in Finland, but a scrapie control programme has been in place since 1995. In this study we have analysed PrP genotypes of total of 928 purebred and crossbred sheep together with the data of scrapie survey carried out in Finland during 2002–2008 in order to gain knowledge of the genotype distribution and scrapie prevalence in Finnish sheep. Results The ARQ/ARQ genotype was the most common genotype in all breeds studied. ARR allele frequency was less than 12% in purebred Finnish sheep and in most genotypes heterozygous for ARR, the second allele was ARQ. The VRQ allele was not detected in the Grey race sheep of Kainuu or in the Aland sheep, and it was present in less than 6% of the Finnish Landrace sheep. Leucine was the most prominent amino acid found in codon 141. In addition, one novel prion dimorphisms of Q220L was detected. During the scrapie survey of over 15 000 sheep in 2002–2008, no classical scrapie cases and only five atypical scrapie cases were detected. Conclusions The results indicate that the Finnish sheep populations have genetically little resistance to classical scrapie, but no classical scrapie was detected during an extensive survey in 2002–2008. However, five atypical scrapie cases emerged; thus, the disease is present in the Finnish sheep population at a low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hautaniemi
- Research Department/Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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All major prion types recognised by a multiplex immunofluorometric assay for disease screening and confirmation in sheep. J Immunol Methods 2012; 380:30-9. [PMID: 22498749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants are presented in many forms: classical scrapie, Nor98/atypical scrapie, CH1641 scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). We previously described a multiplex immunofluorometric assay (mIFMA), based on a bead array flow cytometry technology, which provided, in a single assay, discrimination between BSE (in cattle and sheep) and classical scrapie (Tang et al., 2010). In this study, we extended the mlFMA to differentiate classical scrapie, atypical scrapie, BSE (experimentally infected sheep and naturally infected cattle) and CH1641 (both experimental and natural CH1641-like infections in sheep). Three capture antibodies were used, two distinct PrP N-terminus specific antibodies 12B2 and 9A2, and a PrP core specific antibody 94B4. All three antibodies were shown to bind classical scrapie PrP(res) strongly, whereas in Nor98/atypical scrapie PrP(res) only 12B2 and 9A2 binding was observed. PrP(res) binding of 12B2 was low for both BSE and CH1641, as expected. Furthermore, analysis of serially diluted samples indicated that the assay provided a similar level of sensitivity for atypical scrapie as that found using a well established commercial test. Unexpectedly, 9A2 binding to CH1641 PrP(res) was reduced by 2.1 fold both for experimental CH1641 and CH1641-like scrapie when compared with BSE, suggesting that major cleavage of the N-terminus occurs further towards the C-terminus in CH1641 than in BSE. The ratios of 12B2/94B4 and 9A2/94B4 were similar between experimental CH1641 and CH1641-like cases, although two CH1641-like subjects displayed slightly elevated ratios of both 12B2/94B4 and 9A2/94B4. To verify this finding for PrP(res), mass spectrometry based quantification was used to determine the absolute abundance of the peptides associated with all three antibody binding regions. There was a 2.2 fold reduction of peptides containing the 9A2 epitope for experimental CH1641 PrP(res) in comparison to BSE PrP(res). Observation of reduced PrP(res) may serve as a new marker for CH1641. This mIFMA may thus provide the basis for simplified TSE diagnosis with capability for simultaneous screening and differential diagnosis.
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25
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Torres JM, Andréoletti O, Lacroux C, Prieto I, Lorenzo P, Larska M, Baron T, Espinosa JC. Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by transmission of H-type prion in homologous prion protein context. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1636-44. [PMID: 21888788 PMCID: PMC3322056 DOI: 10.3201/eid1709.101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TOC Summary: An epidemic agent could have originated from such a cattle prion. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and BSE-related disorders have been associated with a single major prion strain. Recently, 2 atypical, presumably sporadic forms of BSE have been associated with 2 distinct prion strains that are characterized mainly by distinct Western blot profiles of abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres), named high-type (BSE-H) and low-type (BSE-L), that also differed from classical BSE. We characterized 5 atypical BSE-H isolates by analyzing their molecular and neuropathologic properties during transmission in transgenic mice expressing homologous bovine prion protein. Unexpectedly, in several inoculated animals, strain features emerged that were highly similar to those of classical BSE agent. These findings demonstrate the capability of an atypical bovine prion to acquire classical BSE–like properties during propagation in a homologous bovine prion protein context and support the view that the epidemic BSE agent could have originated from such a cattle prion.
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Breyer J, Wemheuer WM, Wrede A, Graham C, Benestad SL, Brenig B, Richt JA, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Detergents modify proteinase K resistance of PrP Sc in different transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:23-31. [PMID: 22226540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are diagnosed by the detection of their proteinase K-resistant prion protein fragment (PrP(Sc)). Various biochemical protocols use different detergents for the tissue preparation. We found that the resistance of PrP(Sc) against proteinase K may vary strongly with the detergent used. In our study, we investigated the influence of the most commonly used detergents on eight different TSE agents derived from different species and distinct prion disease forms. For a high throughput we used a membrane adsorption assay to detect small amounts of prion aggregates, as well as Western blotting. Tissue lysates were prepared using DOC, SLS, SDS or Triton X-100 in different concentrations and these were digested with various amounts of proteinase K. Detergents are able to enhance or diminish the detectability of PrP(Sc) after proteinase K digestion. Depending on the kind of detergent, its concentration - but also on the host species that developed the TSE and the disease form or prion type - the detectability of PrP(Sc) can be very different. The results obtained here may be helpful during the development or improvement of a PrP(Sc) detection method and they point towards a detergent effect that can be additionally used for decontamination purposes. A plausible explanation for the detergent effects described in this article could be an interaction with the lipids associated with PrP(Sc) that may stabilize the aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Breyer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Jeffrey M, Scholes SFE, Martin S, McGovern G, Sisó S, González L. Increased immunohistochemical labelling for prion protein occurs in diverse neurological disorders of sheep: relevance for normal cellular PrP function. J Comp Pathol 2011; 147:46-54. [PMID: 22000036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classical prion diseases (e.g. scrapie of sheep and goats and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of cattle) are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal forms of the prion protein (PrP), usually recognized by their relative resistance to proteolysis compared with the physiological cellular forms of PrP. However, novel prion diseases have been detected in sheep, cattle and man, in which the abnormal PrP has less resistance to proteolysis than identified previously. These more subtle differences between abnormal and normal forms of PrP can be problematic in routine diagnostic tests and raise questions in respect of the range of PrP disorders. Abnormal accumulations of PrP in atypical and classical prion diseases can be recognized by immunohistochemistry. To determine whether altered PrP expression or trafficking might occur in nosological entities not previously connected with prion disease, the brains of sheep affected with diverse neurological conditions were examined for evidence of altered PrP labelling. Such altered immunolabelling was detected in association with either basic lesions or specific diseases. Some reactive glial cells and degenerate neurons found in several different recognized disorders and non-specific inflammatory processes were associated with abnormal PrP labelling, which was absent from brains of healthy, age-matched sheep. The results agree with previous indications that normal PrP function may be linked with the oxidative stress response, but the data also suggest that PrP functions are more extensive than simple protective responses against stress insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffrey
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 OPZ, Scotland, UK.
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Perrott MR, Sigurdson CJ, Mason GL, Hoover EA. Evidence for distinct chronic wasting disease (CWD) strains in experimental CWD in ferrets. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:212-221. [PMID: 21918005 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an evolving prion disease of cervids (deer, elk and moose) that has been recognized in North America and Korea. Infection of non-cervid reservoir or transport species in nature is not reported. However, the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is susceptible to CWD after experimental inoculation. Here, we report that infection of ferrets with either of two ferret CWD isolates by various routes of exposure has revealed biologically distinct strain-like properties distinguished by different clinical progression and survival period. The isolates of ferret CWD were also differentiated by the distribution of the infectious prion protein (PrP(CWD)) in the brain and periphery, and by the proteinase K sensitivity of PrP(CWD). These findings suggest that diversity in prion conformers exists in CWD-infected cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Perrott
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Christina J Sigurdson
- Dept Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gary L Mason
- Dept Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edward A Hoover
- Dept Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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29
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Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch A, Gurgul A, Polak MP, Smołucha G, Zmudziński JF, Rejduch B. Characterization of PRNP and SPRN coding regions from atypical scrapie cases diagnosed in Poland. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2575-83. [PMID: 21674189 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie, a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurs in two phenotypes: classical and atypical. Many authors point out that the polymorphism of three codons (136, 154, 171) of the PRNP (PrP gene) is associated with a sheep susceptibility to classical scrapie. Until now, only one PRNP gene variant coding phenylalanine at codon 141 has been found to be associated with atypical scrapie. Another recently identified and interesting candidate gene for scrapie susceptibility in sheep is an SPRN gene coding for Shadoo protein (Sho). Sho is a highly interspecies conserved protein and an insertion/deletion (indel) found in a sheep Sho gene was associated with classical scrapie occurrence. Here we determined the polymorphism of PRNP and SPRN genes in nine atypical scrapie cases (six in native born sheep and three in imported sheep) and compared these results with a control group of healthy animals comprising six corresponding Polish sheep breeds. In atypical scrapie cases five PRNP diplotypes were identified: A(136)R(154)Q(171)/ARQ, AHQ/ARQ, ARR/ARQ, ARR/AHQ and AHQ/AHQ. The ARR/AHQ diplotype was found only in imported sheep. A previously unobserved SNP in PRNP (E224K) was also found in both atypical scrapie and in a few control animals. In the ORF of the SPRN gene, six SNPs and one indel were identified. None of these variations was exclusive for scrapie animals and they were probably, naturally occurring polymorphisms. Special attention was given to the 6-bp indel SPRN polymorphism which was previously associated with classical scrapie occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch
- Department of Animal Immuno- and Cytogenetics, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice n Krakow, Poland
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30
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Gossner A, Roupaka S, Foster J, Hunter N, Hopkins J. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral lymphoid tissue reveals genes and networks linked to SSBP/1 scrapie pathology in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:218-28. [PMID: 21684093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are slow and progressive neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. The major target organ for all TSEs is the brain but some TSE agents are associated with prior accumulation within the peripheral lymphoid system. Many studies have examined the effects of scrapie infection on the expression of central nervous system (CNS) genes, but this study examines the progression of scrapie pathology in the peripheral lymphoid system and how scrapie infection affects the transcriptome of the lymph nodes and spleen. Infection of sheep with SSBP/1 scrapie resulted in PrP(Sc) deposition in the draining prescapular lymph node (PSLN) by 25 days post infection (dpi) in VRQ/VRQ genotype sheep and 75 dpi in tonsils and spleen. Progression of PrP(Sc) deposition in VRQ/ARR animals was 25 dpi later in the PSLN and 250 dpi later in spleen. Microarray analysis of 75 dpi tissues from VRQ/VRQ sheep identified 52 genes in PSLN and 37 genes in spleen cells that showed significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between scrapie-infected and mock-infected animals. Transcriptional pathway analysis highlighted immunological disease, cell death and neurological disease as the biological pathways associated with scrapie pathogenesis in the peripheral lymphoid system. PrP(Sc) accumulation of lymphoid tissue resulted in the repression of genes linked to inflammation and oxidative stress, and the up-regulation of genes related to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gossner
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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31
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Comparative performance of three TSE rapid tests for surveillance in healthy sheep affected by scrapie. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Gray JG, Dudas S, Czub S. A study on the analytical sensitivity of 6 BSE tests used by the Canadian BSE reference laboratory. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17633. [PMID: 21412419 PMCID: PMC3055877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance programs
have been employed in numerous countries to monitor BSE prevalence and to
protect animal and human health. Since 1999, the European Commission (EC)
authorized the evaluation and approval of 20 molecular based tests for the rapid
detection of the pathological prion protein (PrPsc) in BSE infection.
The diagnostic sensitivity, convenience, and speed of these tests have made
molecular diagnostics the preferred method for BSE surveillance. The aim of this
study was to determine the analytical sensitivity of 4 commercially available
BSE rapid-test kits, including the Prionics®-Check WESTERN,
the Prionics® Check-PrioSTRIP™, the
BioRad® TeSeE™ ELISA, and the IDEXX®
HerdChek™ EIA. Performances of these tests were then compared
to 2 confirmatory tests, including the BioRad® TeSeE™
Western Blot and the modified Scrapie Associated
Fibrils (SAF)/OIE Immunoblot. One
50% w/v homogenate was made from experimentally generated C-type BSE
brain tissues in ddH2O. Homogenates were diluted through a background
of BSE-negative brainstem homogenate. Masses of both positive and negative
tissues in each dilution were calculated to maintain the appropriate tissue
amounts for each test platform. Specific concentrated homogenization buffer was
added accordingly to maintain the correct buffer condition for each test.
ELISA-based tests were evaluated using their respective software/detection
platforms. Blot-protocols were evaluated by manual measurements of blot signal
density. Detection limitations were determined by fitted curves intersecting the
manufacturers' positive/negative criteria. The confirmatory SAF Immunoblot
displayed the highest analytical sensitivity, followed by the IDEXX®
HerdChek™ EIA, Bio-Rad®
TeSeE™ Western Blot, the Bio-Rad®
TeSeE™ ELISA, Prionics®-Check
PrioSTRIP™, and Prionics®-Check
WESTERN™, respectively. Although the tests performed at different
levels of sensitivity, the most sensitive and least sensitive of the rapid tests
were separated by 2 logs in analytical sensitivity, meeting European performance
requirements. All rapid tests appear suitable for targeted BSE surveillance
programs, as implemented in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Gray
- Lethbridge Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandor Dudas
- Lethbridge Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefanie Czub
- Lethbridge Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Wemheuer WM, Benestad SL, Wrede A, Wemheuer WE, Brenig B, Bratberg B, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. PrPSc spreading patterns in the brain of sheep linked to different prion types. Vet Res 2011; 42:32. [PMID: 21324114 PMCID: PMC3050706 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie in sheep and goats has been known for more than 250 years and belongs nowadays to the so-called prion diseases that also include e.g. bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. According to the prion hypothesis, the pathological isoform (PrPSc) of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) comprises the essential, if not exclusive, component of the transmissible agent. Currently, two types of scrapie disease are known - classical and atypical/Nor98 scrapie. In the present study we examine 24 cases of classical and 25 cases of atypical/Nor98 scrapie with the sensitive PET blot method and validate the results with conventional immunohistochemistry. The sequential detection of PrPSc aggregates in the CNS of classical scrapie sheep implies that after neuroinvasion a spread from spinal cord and obex to the cerebellum, diencephalon and frontal cortex via the rostral brainstem takes place. We categorize the spread of PrPSc into four stages: the CNS entry stage, the brainstem stage, the cruciate sulcus stage and finally the basal ganglia stage. Such a sequential development of PrPSc was not detectable upon analysis of the present atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases. PrPSc distribution in one case of atypical/Nor98 scrapie in a presumably early disease phase suggests that the spread of PrPSc aggregates starts in the di- or telencephalon. In addition to the spontaneous generation of PrPSc, an uptake of the infectious agent into the brain, that bypasses the brainstem and starts its accumulation in the thalamus, needs to be taken into consideration for atypical/Nor98 scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke M Wemheuer
- Prion and Dementia Research Unit, Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str, 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Eiden M, Soto EO, Mettenleiter TC, Groschup MH. Effects of polymorphisms in ovine and caprine prion protein alleles on cell-free conversion. Vet Res 2011; 42:30. [PMID: 21324112 PMCID: PMC3050705 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheep polymorphisms of the prion gene (PRNP) at the codons 136, 154 and 171 strongly influence the susceptibility to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infections. In goats a number of other gene polymorphisms were found which are suspected to trigger similar effects. However, no strong correlation between polymorphisms and TSE susceptibility in goats has yet been obtained from epidemiological studies and only a low number of experimental challenge data are available at present. We have therefore studied the potential impact of these polymorphisms in vitro by cell-free conversion assays using mouse scrapie strain Me7. Mouse scrapie brain derived PrPSc served as seeds and eleven recombinant single mutation variants of sheep and goat PrPC as conversion targets. With this approach it was possible to assign reduced conversion efficiencies to specific polymorphisms, which are associated to low frequency in scrapie-affected goats or found only in healthy animals. Moreover, we could demonstrate a dominant-negative inhibition of prion polymorphisms associated with high susceptibility by alleles linked to low susceptibility in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eiden
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Seuberlich T, Heim D, Zurbriggen A. Atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in ruminants: a challenge for disease surveillance and control. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:823-42. [PMID: 21088166 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1987, when bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) emerged as a novel disease in cattle, enormous efforts were undertaken to monitor and control the disease in ruminants worldwide. The driving force was its high economic impact, which resulted from trade restrictions and the loss of consumer confidence in beef products, the latter because BSE turned out to be a fatal zoonosis, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in human beings. The ban on meat and bone meal in livestock feed and the removal of specified risk materials from the food chain were the main measures to successfully prevent infection in cattle and to protect human beings from BSE exposure. However, although BSE is now under control, previously unknown, so-called atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in cattle and small ruminants have been identified by enhanced disease surveillance. This report briefly reviews and summarizes the current level of knowledge on the spectrum of TSEs in cattle and small ruminants and addresses the question of the extent to which such atypical TSEs have an effect on disease surveillance and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Seuberlich
- NeuroCentre, National and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, DCR-VPH, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland.
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Marie McIntyre K, Del Rio Vilas VJ, Gubbins S. Demographic characteristics of scrapie-affected holdings identified by active and passive surveillance schemes in Great Britain: 2002–2005. Vet J 2011; 187:207-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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PrP gene polymorphisms in Cyprus goats and their association with resistance or susceptibility to natural scrapie. Vet J 2011; 187:245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Joint Scientific Opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep, have long been recognized, our understanding of their epidemiology and pathogenesis is still in its early stages. Progress is hampered by the lengthy incubation periods and the lack of effective ways of monitoring and characterizing these agents. Protease-resistant conformers of the prion protein (PrP), known as the "scrapie form" (PrP(Sc)), are used as disease markers, and for taxonomic purposes, in correlation with clinical, pathological, and genetic data. In humans, prion diseases can arise sporadically (sCJD) or genetically (gCJD and others), caused by mutations in the PrP-gene (PRNP), or as a foodborne infection, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) causing variant CJD (vCJD). Person-to-person spread of human prion disease has only been known to occur following cannibalism (kuru disease in Papua New Guinea) or through medical or surgical treatment (iatrogenic CJD, iCJD). In contrast, scrapie in small ruminants and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids behave as infectious diseases within these species. Recently, however, so-called atypical forms of prion diseases have been discovered in sheep (atypical/Nor98 scrapie) and in cattle, BSE-H and BSE-L. These maladies resemble sporadic or genetic human prion diseases and might be their animal equivalents. This hypothesis also raises the significant public health question of possible epidemiological links between these diseases and their counterparts in humans.
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Wong M, Toth J, Haney S, Krewski D, Leighton FA, Ricketts M, Westaway D, Cashman N. PrioNet Canada: a network of centres of excellence for research on prion diseases--ongoing and future research directions. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:73-87. [PMID: 21218336 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.529056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It is PrioNet's vision to build a network that shapes and sustains prion research in Canada, translating basic science into accessible socioeconomic benefits for global betterment. PrioNet's research is developing surveillance measures, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and potential therapies and determining the various impacts of prion diseases on people. PrioNet seeks to integrate scientifically informed risk management strategies and to use this knowledge to address ongoing problems posed by bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the gathering crisis of chronic wasting disease (CWD), emerging issues of human prion disease, and basic scientific understanding of the nature of prions. PrioNet is strategically responding to prion threats by focusing its network of highly accomplished researchers and trainees to implement integrated risk management strategies that could not be supported by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wong
- PrioNet Canada, 200-2386 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Loiacono CM, Beckwith N, Kunkle RA, Orcutt D, Hall SM. Detection of PrP(Sc) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by Western blot differentiates classical scrapie, Nor98 scrapie, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:684-9. [PMID: 20807921 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible, spongiform encephalopathies including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and scrapie are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the presence of an infectious abnormal isoform of normal mammalian proteins called prions. Identification of the prion protein associated with scrapie (PrP(Sc)) in the central nervous system is typically based upon immunoassays including immunohistochemistry (IHC) using formalin-fixed tissues or Western blot (WB) assays using fresh and/or frozen, non-formalin-fixed tissues. Each assay can discriminate between BSE, classical scrapie, and a previously reported strain of scrapie recently identified in the United States named Nor98 scrapie. Different tissue samples are required from the same animal to run these 2 different immunoassays. This may result in inconsistent test results for the same animal. Sampling problems such as collecting insufficient volumes of fresh tissue or less than optimal anatomic location of brainstem for IHC can affect the ability of the test procedures to offer definitive and discriminatory results. Recently, a WB method using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to identify PrP(Sc) was developed that successfully identified PrP(Sc) in sheep affected by classical scrapie. In the current study, the use of this technique to produce discriminatory results identifying classical BSE in bovine tissue and both classical and Nor98 scrapie in ovine tissue using paraffin-embedded brain samples is described. Protein-banding patterns from WB using FFPE tissue were similar to protein-banding patterns produced by WB assays utilizing fresh tissues from the same animals, and results correlated well with the IHC PrP(Sc)-positive staining present in the cerebellum and obex regions of brain samples from these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Loiacono
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Pathobiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Del Rio Vilas VJ, Vink WD, Hubbard R. A case-control study of atypical scrapie in GB sheep flocks. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:241-51. [PMID: 20615563 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wide-scale scrapie surveillance started in 2002 in the EU. As a result, a new form of scrapie was detected which has been referred to as atypical scrapie. Here we present a case-control study conducted on British sheep farms to increase our understanding of the disease and potential risk factors at holding level. Forty case and 120 control holdings were traced from the confirmed atypical results in the scrapie surveillance programme in Great Britain during the period 2002-2007. A detailed questionnaire was completed by interview to record data on holding-specific management variables. A combination of generalized additive, generalized linear and Bayesian models returned 3 variables clearly associated with an increase in the odds of atypical scrapie: presence of two sheep breeds (Welsh Mountain and Cheviot) and flock type (store/fattening flocks). A fourth variable, the number of visits by veterinarians to the holding exerted a protective effect. Various other variables were significantly associated with the outcome, but at a somewhat lower level of confidence; for example, the size of the holding and the presence on the farm of concentrates intended for animals other than sheep.
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González L, Sisó S, Monleón E, Casalone C, van Keulen LJM, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ortiz-Peláez A, Iulini B, Langeveld JPM, Hoffmann C, Badiola JJ, Jeffrey M, Acín C. Variability in disease phenotypes within a single PRNP genotype suggests the existence of multiple natural sheep scrapie strains within Europe. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2630-41. [PMID: 20538906 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability of pathological phenotypes within classical sheep scrapie cases has been reported for some time, but in many instances it has been attributed to differences in the PRNP genotype of the host. To address this issue we have examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB) for the disease-associated form of the prion protein (PrP(d)), the brains of 23 sheep from five European countries, all of which were of the same ARQ/ARQ genotype. As a result of IHC examinations, sheep were distributed into five groups with different phenotypes and the groups were the same regardless of the scoring method used, 'long' or 'short' PrP(d) profiling. The groups made did not respond to the geographical origin of the cases and did not correlate with the vacuolar lesion profiles, which showed a high individual variability. Discriminatory IHC and WB methods coincided to detect a 'CH1641-like' case but otherwise correlated poorly in the classification of disease phenotypes. No other polymorphisms of the PRNP gene were found that could account for the pathological differences, except perhaps for a sheep from Spain with a mutation at codon 103 and a unique pathological phenotype. Preliminary evidence indicates that those different IHC phenotypes correlate with distinct biological properties on bioassay, suggesting that they are indicative of strain diversity. We therefore conclude that natural scrapie strains exist and that they can be revealed by detailed pathological examinations, which can be harmonized between laboratories to produce comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo González
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Häusermann C, Schwermer H, Oevermann A, Nentwig A, Zurbriggen A, Heim D, Seuberlich T. Surveillance and simulation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie in small ruminants in Switzerland. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:20. [PMID: 20398417 PMCID: PMC2867968 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) emerged in European cattle livestock in 1986 a fundamental question was whether the agent established also in the small ruminants' population. In Switzerland transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants have been monitored since 1990. While in the most recent TSE cases a BSE infection could be excluded, for historical cases techniques to discriminate scrapie from BSE had not been available at the time of diagnosis and thus their status remained unclear. We herein applied state-of-the-art techniques to retrospectively classify these animals and to re-analyze the affected flocks for secondary cases. These results were the basis for models, simulating the course of TSEs over a period of 70 years. The aim was to come to a statistically based overall assessment of the TSE situation in the domestic small ruminant population in Switzerland. RESULTS In sum 16 TSE cases were identified in small ruminants in Switzerland since 1981, of which eight were atypical and six were classical scrapie. In two animals retrospective analysis did not allow any further classification due to the lack of appropriate tissue samples. We found no evidence for an infection with the BSE agent in the cases under investigation. In none of the affected flocks, secondary cases were identified. A Bayesian prevalence calculation resulted in most likely estimates of one case of BSE, five cases of classical scrapie and 21 cases of atypical scrapie per 100'000 small ruminants. According to our models none of the TSEs is considered to cause a broader epidemic in Switzerland. In a closed population, they are rather expected to fade out in the next decades or, in case of a sporadic origin, may remain at a very low level. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data indicate that despite a significant epidemic of BSE in cattle, there is no evidence that BSE established in the small ruminant population in Switzerland. Classical and atypical scrapie both occur at a very low level and are not expected to escalate into an epidemic. In this situation the extent of TSE surveillance in small ruminants requires reevaluation based on cost-benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Häusermann
- NeuroCenter, Reference Laboratory for TSE in animals, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Griffiths PC, Spiropoulos J, Lockey R, Tout AC, Jayasena D, Plater JM, Chave A, Green RB, Simonini S, Thorne L, Dexter I, Balkema-Buschmann A, Groschup MH, Béringue V, Le Dur A, Laude H, Hope J. Characterization of atypical scrapie cases from Great Britain in transgenic ovine PrP mice. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2132-2138. [PMID: 20392900 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four atypical scrapie cases from sheep with different prion protein genotypes from Great Britain were transmitted to transgenic tg338 and/or TgshpXI mice expressing sheep PrP alleles, but failed to transmit to wild-type mice. Mean incubation periods were 200-300 days in tg338 mice and 300-500 days in TgshpXI mice. Survival times in C57BL/6 and VM/Dk mice were >700 days. Western blot analysis of mouse brain samples revealed similar multi-band, protease-resistant prion protein (PrP(res)) profiles, including an unglycosylated band at approximately 8-11 kDa, which was shown by antibody mapping to correspond to the approximately 93-148 aa portion of the PrP molecule. In transgenic mice, the incubation periods, Western blot PrP(res) profiles, brain lesion profiles and abnormal PrP (PrP(Sc)) distribution patterns produced by the Great Britain atypical scrapie isolates were similar and compatible with the biological characteristics of other European atypical scrapie or Nor98 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Griffiths
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Neuropathology Section, Pathology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Richard Lockey
- Neuropathology Section, Pathology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anna C Tout
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dhanushka Jayasena
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jane M Plater
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alun Chave
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Robert B Green
- Neuropathology Section, Pathology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Sarah Simonini
- Neuropathology Section, Pathology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian Dexter
- Animal Services Unit, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, U892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annick Le Dur
- Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, U892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, U892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - James Hope
- Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Rodríguez-Martínez AB, Garrido JM, Maza S, Benedicto L, Geijo M, Gómez N, Minguijón E, Benestad SL, Juste RA. Atypical/Nor98 scrapie in the Basque Country: a case report of eight outbreaks. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:17. [PMID: 20346155 PMCID: PMC2859363 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2002, an active surveillance program for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in small ruminants in European Union countries allowed identification of a considerable number of atypical cases with similarities to the previously identified atypical scrapie cases termed Nor98. CASE PRESENTATION Here we report molecular and neuropathological features of eight atypical/Nor98 scrapie cases detected between 2002 and 2009. Significant features of the affected sheep included: their relatively high ages (mean age 7.9 years, range between 4.3 and 12.8), their breed (all Latxa) and their PRNP genotypes (AFRQ/ALRQ, ALRR/ALRQ, AFRQ/AFRQ, AFRQ/AHQ, ALRQ/ALRH, ALRQ/ALRQ). All the sheep were confirmed as atypical scrapie by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Two cases presented more PrP immunolabelling in cerebral cortex than in cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that atypical scrapie constitutes the most common small ruminant transmissible spongiform encephalopathy form in Latxa sheep in the Spanish Basque Country. Moreover, a new genotype (ALRQ/ALRH) was found associated to atypical scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
| | - Sonia Maza
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
| | - Leyre Benedicto
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
| | - Mariví Geijo
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
| | - Nieves Gómez
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
| | | | - Sylvie L Benestad
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Pathology, Postboks 750 Sentrum. 0106 Oslo. Norway
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Department of Animal Health. Neiker-Tecnalia, 48160 Derio. Bizkaia. Spain
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Orge L, Oliveira A, Machado C, Lima C, Ochoa C, Silva J, Carvalho R, Tavares P, Almeida P, Ramos M, Pinto MJ, Simas JP. Putative emergence of classical scrapie in a background of enzootic atypical scrapie. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1646-50. [PMID: 20164262 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Active transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) surveillance in small ruminants across Europe was implemented in 2002 following the epizootic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Here, we report the potential emergence of classical scrapie in Portugal, in a background of enzootic atypical scrapie. Between 2003 and 2008, 375,459 small ruminants were screened in total, with 328 animals confirmed positive for NOR98 atypical scrapie. During this period, the prevalence rate of atypical scrapie for all years combined was 0.0874% across the country. In this scenario, classical scrapie emerged as a single outbreak in 2008, with 12 identified cases. In contrast to other European countries, where classical scrapie has been enzootic for decades, these data indicate that, in Portugal, atypical scrapie is the predominant form of TSE. The findings reported here will have implications for the control of classical scrapie in Portugal, namely in terms of keeping the country free of enzootic classical scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Orge
- Laboratório Nacional de Investigação Veterinária, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I. P., Portugal
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Fediaevsky A, Maurella C, Nöremark M, Ingravalle F, Thorgeirsdottir S, Orge L, Poizat R, Hautaniemi M, Liam B, Calavas D, Ru G, Hopp P. The prevalence of atypical scrapie in sheep from positive flocks is not higher than in the general sheep population in 11 European countries. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:9. [PMID: 20137097 PMCID: PMC2832631 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decade, active surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in small ruminants has been intensive in Europe. In many countries this has led to the detection of cases of atypical scrapie which, unlike classical scrapie, might not be contagious. EU legislation requires, that following detection of a scrapie case, control measures including further testing take place in affected flocks, including the culling of genotype susceptible to classical scrapie. This might result in the detection of additional cases. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of additional cases in flocks affected by atypical scrapie using surveillance data collected in Europe in order to ascertain whether atypical scrapie, is contagious. Results Questionnaires were used to collect, at national level, the results of active surveillance and testing associated with flock outbreaks in 12 European countries. The mean prevalence of atypical scrapie was 5.5 (5.0-6.0) cases per ten thousand in abattoir surveillance and 8.1 (7.3-9.0) cases per ten thousand in fallen stock. By using meta-analysis, on 11 out of the 12 countries, we found that the probability of detecting additional cases of atypical scrapie in positive flocks was similar to the probability observed in animals slaughtered for human consumption (odds ratio, OR = 1.07, CI95%: 0.70-1.63) or among fallen stock (OR = 0.78, CI95%: 0.51-1.2). In contrast, when comparing the two scrapie types, the probability of detecting additional cases in classical scrapie positive flocks was significantly higher than the probability of detecting additional cases in atypical scrapie positive flocks (OR = 32.4, CI95%: 20.7-50.7). Conclusions These results suggest that atypical scrapie is not contagious or has a very low transmissibility under natural conditions compared with classical scrapie. Furthermore this study stressed the importance of standardised data collection to make good use of the analyses undertaken by European countries in their efforts to control atypical and classical scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fediaevsky
- Section of epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Co-existence of classical scrapie and Nor98 in a sheep from an Italian outbreak. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:478-85. [PMID: 20031179 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nor98 is an atypical scrapie strain characterized by a molecular pattern and brain distribution of the pathological prion protein (PrP(Sc)) different from classical scrapie. In Italy, 69 atypical cases have been identified so far and all were characterized as Nor98 strain. In this paper we report an unusual case in a sheep which showed immunohistochemical and molecular features of PrP(Sc) different from the other atypical cases. The sheep was from an outbreak where the index and the other four cases were affected by classical scrapie. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses on the brain of the unusual case revealed the simultaneous presence of pathological features characteristic of Nor98 and classical scrapie. Interestingly, the prevalent disease phenotype in the brainstem was classical scrapie-like, while in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum the Nor98 phenotype was dominant. The sub-mandibular lymph node was positive and showed a PrP(Sc) molecular pattern referable to classical scrapie. The PrP genotype was AL(141)RQ/AF(141)RQ. Taken together, the occurrence of classical scrapie in the outbreak, the PrP genotype, the involvement of different cellular targets in the brain and the pathological and molecular PrP(Sc) features observed suggest that this unusual case may result from the co-existence of Nor98 and classical scrapie.
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