1
|
Sharma N, Jamwal VL, Nagial S, Ranjan M, Rath D, Gandhi SG. Current status of diagnostic assays for emerging zoonotic viruses: Nipah and Hendra. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:473-485. [PMID: 38924448 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2368591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nipah and Hendra viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which pose a significant threat to human health, with sporadic outbreaks causing severe morbidity and mortality. Early symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and headache, which offer little in terms of differential diagnosis. There are no specific therapeutics and vaccines for these viruses. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively covers a spectrum of diagnostic techniques for Nipah and Hendra virus infections, discussed in conjunction with appropriate type of samples during the progression of infection. Serological assays, reverse transcriptase Real-Time PCR assays, and isothermal amplification assays are discussed in detail, along with a listing of few commercially available detection kits. Patents protecting inventions in Nipah and Hendra virus detection are also covered. EXPERT OPINION Despite several outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra infections in the past decade, in-depth research into their pathogenesis, Point-of-Care diagnostics, specific therapies, and human vaccines is lacking. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for efficient outbreak management, patient treatment, and the adoption of preventative measures. The emergence of rapid point-of-care tests holds promise in enhancing diagnostic capabilities in real-world settings. The patent landscape emphasizes the importance of innovation and collaboration within the legal and business realms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sakshi Nagial
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jammu (AIIMS), Jammu, India
| | - Dharitri Rath
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Xu K, Li S, Zhang J, Xie Y, Lou Y, Xiao X. Novel methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of Nipah virus based on a CRISPR/Cas12a system. Analyst 2024; 149:2586-2593. [PMID: 38497408 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-borne zoonotic viral pathogen with high infectivity and lethality to humans, has caused severe outbreaks in several countries of Asia during the past two decades. Because of the worldwide distribution of the NiV natural reservoir, fruit bats, and lack of effective treatments or vaccines for NiV, routine surveillance and early detection are the key measures for containing NiV outbreaks and reducing its influence. In this study, we developed two rapid, sensitive and easy-to-conduct methods, RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FQ and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FB, for NiV detection based on a recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay and a CRISPR/Cas12a system by utilizing dual-labeled fluorophore-quencher or fluorophore-biotin ssDNA probes. These two methods can be completed in 45 min and 55 min and achieve a limit of detection of 10 copies per μL and 100 copies per μL of NiV N DNA, respectively. In addition, they do not cross-react with nontarget nucleic acids extracted from the pathogens causing similar symptoms to NiV, showing high specificity for NiV N DNA detection. Meanwhile, they show satisfactory performance in the detection of spiked samples from pigs and humans. Collectively, the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FQ and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FB methods developed by us would be promising candidates for the early detection and routine surveillance of NiV in resource-poor areas and outdoors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Kexin Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Siying Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jiangnian Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yinli Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azuero OC, Lefrancq N, Nikolay B, McKee C, Cappelle J, Hul V, Ou TP, Hoem T, Lemey P, Rahman MZ, Islam A, Gurley ES, Duong V, Salje H. The genetic diversity of Nipah virus across spatial scales. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.14.23292668. [PMID: 37502973 PMCID: PMC10370237 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.23292668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly lethal virus in humans, circulates silently in Pteropus bats throughout South and Southeast Asia. Difficulty in obtaining genomes from bats means we have a poor understanding of NiV diversity, including how many lineages circulate within a roost and the spread of NiV over increasing spatial scales. Here we develop phylogenetic approaches applied to the most comprehensive collection of genomes to date (N=257, 175 from bats, 73 from humans) from six countries over 22 years (1999-2020). In Bangladesh, where most human infections occur, we find evidence of increased spillover risk from one of the two co-circulating sublineages. We divide the four major NiV sublineages into 15 genetic clusters (emerged 20-44 years ago). Within any bat roost, there are an average of 2.4 co-circulating genetic clusters, rising to 5.5 clusters at areas of 1,500-2,000 km2. Using Approximate Bayesian Computation fit to a spatial signature of viral diversity, we estimate that each genetic cluster occupies an average area of 1.3 million km2 (95%CI: 0.6-2.3 million), with 14 clusters in an area of 100,000 km2 (95%CI: 6-24). In the few sites in Bangladesh and Cambodia where genomic surveillance has been concentrated, we estimate that most of the genetic clusters have been identified, but only ~15% of overall NiV diversity has been uncovered. Our findings are consistent with entrenched co-circulation of distinct lineages, even within individual roosts, coupled with slow migration over larger spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noémie Lefrancq
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | - Clifton McKee
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Vibol Hul
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Tey Putita Ou
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Thavry Hoem
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ausraful Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang X, Li Y, Li R, Wang S, Yang L, Wang S, Yin Y, Zai X, Zhang J, Xu J. Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein ectodomain delivered by type 5 adenovirus vector elicits broad immune response against NiV and HeV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1180344. [PMID: 37577376 PMCID: PMC10413271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are newly emerging dangerous zoonotic pathogens of the Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV and HeV (HNVs) which are transmitted by bats cause acute respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis in humans. To date, as there is a lack of antiviral drugs or effective antiviral therapies, the development of vaccines against those two viruses is of primary importance, and the immunogen design is crucial to the success of vaccines. In this study, the full-length protein (G), the ectodomain (Ge) and the head domain (Gs) of NiV attachment glycoprotein were delivered by the replication-defective type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad5) respectively, and the recombinant Ad5-NiV vaccine candidates (Ad5-NiVG, Ad5-NiVGe and Ad5-NiVGs) were constructed and their immunogenicity were evaluated in mice. The results showed that all the vaccine candidates stimulated specific humoral and cellular immune responses efficiently and rapidly against both NiV and HeV, and the Ad5-NiVGe elicited the strongest immune responses after a single-dose immunization. Furthermore, the potent conserved T-cell epitope DTLYFPAVGFL shared by NiV and HeV was identified in the study, which may provide valid information on the mechanism of HNVs-specific cellular immunity. In summary, this study demonstrates that the Ad5-NiVGe could be a potent vaccine candidate against HNVs by inducing robust humoral and cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pollak NM, Olsson M, Marsh GA, Macdonald J, McMillan D. Evaluation of three rapid low-resource molecular tests for Nipah virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101914. [PMID: 36845977 PMCID: PMC9949527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of Nipah virus (NiV) requires rapid, inexpensive, and robust diagnostic tests to control spread of disease. Current state of the art technologies are slow and require laboratory infrastructure that may not be available in all endemic settings. Here we report the development and comparison of three rapid NiV molecular diagnostic tests based on reverse transcription recombinase-based isothermal amplification coupled with lateral flow detection. These tests include a simple and fast one-step sample processing step that inactivates the BSL-4 pathogen, enabling safe testing without the need for multi-step RNA purification. The rapid NiV tests targeted the Nucleocapsid protein (N) gene with analytical sensitivity down to 1,000 copies/μL for synthetic NiV RNA and did not cross-react with RNA of other flaviviruses or Chikungunya virus, which can clinically present with similar febrile symptoms. Two tests detected 50,000-100,000 TCID50/mL (100-200 RNA copies/reaction) of the two distinct strains of NiV, Bangladesh (NiVB) and Malaysia (NiVM), and took 30 min from sample to result, suggesting these tests are well suited for rapid diagnosis under resource-limited conditions due to rapidity, simplicity, and low equipment requirements. These Nipah tests represent a first step toward development of near-patient NiV diagnostics that are appropriately sensitive for first-line screening, sufficiently robust for a range of peripheral settings, with potential to be safely performed outside of biohazard containment facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Pollak
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Nina M. Pollak,
| | - Malin Olsson
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,BioCifer Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Joanne Macdonald,
| | - David McMillan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,David McMillan,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010159. [PMID: 36611767 PMCID: PMC9817766 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a viral disease caused by a Henipavirus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, responsible for a zoonosis. The course of the disease can be very serious and lead to death. NiV natural hosts are fruit bats (also known as megabats) belonging to the Pteropodidae family, especially those of the Pteropus genus. Natural infection in domestic animals has been described in farming pigs, horses, domestic and feral dogs and cats. Natural NiV transmission is possible intra-species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) and inter-species (flying bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human). The infection can be spread by humans or animals in different ways. It is peculiar how the viral transmission modes among different hosts also change depending on the geographical area for different reasons, including different breeding methods, eating habits and the recently identified genetic traits/molecular features of main virus proteins related to virulence. Outbreaks have been described in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines with, in some cases, severe respiratory and neurological disease and high mortality in both humans and pigs. Diagnosis can be made using different methods including serological, molecular, virological and immunohistochemical methods. The cornerstones for control of the disease are biosecurity (via the correct management of reservoir and intermediate/amplifying hosts) and potential vaccines which are still under development. However, the evaluation of the potential influence of climate and anthropogenic changes on the NiV reservoir bats and their habitat as well as on disease spread and inter-specific infections is of great importance. Bats, as natural reservoirs of the virus, are responsible for the viral spread and, therefore, for the outbreaks of the disease in humans and animals. Due to the worldwide distribution of bats, potential new reports and spillovers are not to be dismissed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bruno
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Anna Nappo
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viral Hyperparasitism in Bat Ectoparasites: Implications for Pathogen Maintenance and Transmission. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061230. [PMID: 35744747 PMCID: PMC9230612 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans continue to encroach on the habitats of wild animals, potentially bringing different species into contact that would not typically encounter each other under natural circumstances, and forcing them into stressful, suboptimal conditions. Stressors from unsustainable human land use changes are suspected to dramatically exacerbate the probability of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from their natural reservoir hosts to humans, both by increasing viral load (and shedding) and the interface between wildlife with livestock, pets and humans. Given their known role as reservoir hosts, bats continue to be investigated for their possible role as the origins of many viral outbreaks. However, the participation of bat-associated ectoparasites in the spread of potential pathogens requires further work to establish. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of viruses, viral genes and other viral sequences obtained from bat ectoparasites from studies over the last four decades. This review summarizes research findings of the seven virus families in which these studies have been performed, including Paramyxoviridae, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Filoviridae. We highlight that bat ectoparasites, including dipterans and ticks, are often found to have medically important viruses and may have a role in the maintenance of these pathogens within bat populations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wacharapluesadee S, Ghai S, Duengkae P, Manee-Orn P, Thanapongtharm W, Saraya AW, Yingsakmongkon S, Joyjinda Y, Suradhat S, Ampoot W, Nuansrichay B, Kaewpom T, Tantilertcharoen R, Rodpan A, Wongsathapornchai K, Ponpinit T, Buathong R, Bunprakob S, Damrongwatanapokin S, Ruchiseesarod C, Petcharat S, Kalpravidh W, Olival KJ, Stokes MM, Hemachudha T. Two decades of one health surveillance of Nipah virus in Thailand. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:12. [PMID: 34218820 PMCID: PMC8255096 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus (NiV) infection causes encephalitis and has > 75% mortality rate, making it a WHO priority pathogen due to its pandemic potential. There have been NiV outbreak(s) in Malaysia, India, Bangladesh, and southern Philippines. NiV naturally circulates among fruit bats of the genus Pteropus and has been detected widely across Southeast and South Asia. Both Malaysian and Bangladeshi NiV strains have been found in fruit bats in Thailand. This study summarizes 20 years of pre-emptive One Health surveillance of NiV in Thailand, including triangulated surveillance of bats, and humans and pigs in the vicinity of roosts inhabited by NiV-infected bats. METHODS Samples were collected periodically and tested for NiV from bats, pigs and healthy human volunteers from Wat Luang village, Chonburi province, home to the biggest P. lylei roosts in Thailand, and other provinces since 2001. Archived cerebrospinal fluid specimens from encephalitis patients between 2001 and 2012 were also tested for NiV. NiV RNA was detected using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NiV antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or multiplex microsphere immunoassay. RESULTS NiV RNA (mainly Bangladesh strain) was detected every year in fruit bats by RT-PCR from 2002 to 2020. The whole genome sequence of NiV directly sequenced from bat urine in 2017 shared 99.17% identity to NiV from a Bangladeshi patient in 2004. No NiV-specific IgG antibodies or RNA have been found in healthy volunteers, encephalitis patients, or pigs to date. During the sample collection trips, 100 community members were trained on how to live safely with bats. CONCLUSIONS High identity shared between the NiV genome from Thai bats and the Bangladeshi patient highlights the outbreak potential of NiV in Thailand. Results from NiV cross-sectoral surveillance were conveyed to national authorities and villagers which led to preventive control measures, increased surveillance of pigs and humans in vicinity of known NiV-infected roosts, and increased vigilance and reduced risk behaviors at the community level. This proactive One Health approach to NiV surveillance is a success story; that increased collaboration between the human, animal, and wildlife sectors is imperative to staying ahead of a zoonotic disease outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Siriporn Ghai
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Forest Biology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapol Manee-Orn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerapong Thanapongtharm
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abhinbhen W Saraya
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yutthana Joyjinda
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weenassarin Ampoot
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Bundit Nuansrichay
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rachod Tantilertcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apaporn Rodpan
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Teerada Ponpinit
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rome Buathong
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Bunprakob
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudarat Damrongwatanapokin
- U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Regional Development Mission for Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanida Ruchiseesarod
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Martha M Stokes
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Biological Threat Reduction Program, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epstein JH, Anthony SJ, Islam A, Kilpatrick AM, Ali Khan S, Balkey MD, Ross N, Smith I, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Tao Y, Islam A, Quan PL, Olival KJ, Khan MSU, Gurley ES, Hossein MJ, Field HE, Fielder MD, Briese T, Rahman M, Broder CC, Crameri G, Wang LF, Luby SP, Lipkin WI, Daszak P. Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29190-29201. [PMID: 33139552 PMCID: PMC7682340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000429117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia-one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus's range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - A Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Khulshi 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Maria D Balkey
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | | | - Yun Tao
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
| | - Ausraful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Phenix Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - M Salah Uddin Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Emily S Gurley
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - M Jahangir Hossein
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Mark D Fielder
- School of Life Sciences, Science, Engineering and Computing Faculty, Kingston University, London KT1 2EE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Stephen P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cappelle J, Hoem T, Hul V, Furey N, Nguon K, Prigent S, Dupon L, Ken S, Neung C, Hok V, Pring L, Lim T, Bumrungsri S, Duboz R, Buchy P, Ly S, Duong V, Tarantola A, Binot A, Dussart P. Nipah virus circulation at human-bat interfaces, Cambodia. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:539-547. [PMID: 32773899 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.254227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To better understand the potential risks of Nipah virus emergence in Cambodia by studying different components of the interface between humans and bats. Methods From 2012 to 2016, we conducted a study at two sites in Kandal and Battambang provinces where fruit bats (Pteropus lylei) roost. We combined research on: bat ecology (reproductive phenology, population dynamics and diet); human practices and perceptions (ethnographic research and a knowledge, attitude and practice study); and Nipah virus circulation in bat and human populations (virus monitoring in bat urine and anti-Nipah-virus antibody detection in human serum). Findings Our results confirmed circulation of Nipah virus in fruit bats (28 of 3930 urine samples positive by polymerase chain reaction testing). We identified clear potential routes for virus transmission to humans through local practices, including fruit consumed by bats and harvested by humans when Nipah virus is circulating, and palm juice production. Nevertheless, in the serological survey of 418 potentially exposed people, none of them were seropositive to Nipah virus. Differences in agricultural practices among the regions where Nipah virus has emerged may explain the situation in Cambodia and point to actions to limit the risks of virus transmission to humans. Conclusion Human practices are key to understanding transmission risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. Social science disciplines such as anthropology need to be integrated in health programmes targeting emerging infectious diseases. As bats are hosts of major zoonotic pathogens, such integrated studies would likely also help to reduce the risk of emergence of other bat-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Campus International de Baillarguet, University of Montpellier, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Thavry Hoem
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vibol Hul
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Neil Furey
- Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kunthy Nguon
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Liane Dupon
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Campus International de Baillarguet, University of Montpellier, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Sreymom Ken
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Visal Hok
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Long Pring
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thona Lim
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of Biology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Raphaël Duboz
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Campus International de Baillarguet, University of Montpellier, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sowath Ly
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Aurélie Binot
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Campus International de Baillarguet, University of Montpellier, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Artika IM, Wiyatno A, Ma'roef CN. Pathogenic viruses: Molecular detection and characterization. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104215. [PMID: 32006706 PMCID: PMC7106233 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses are viruses that can infect and replicate within human cells and cause diseases. The continuous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. Whenever pathogenic viruses emerge, their rapid detection is critical to enable implementation of specific control measures and the limitation of virus spread. Further molecular characterization to better understand these viruses is required for the development of diagnostic tests and countermeasures. Advances in molecular biology techniques have revolutionized the procedures for detection and characterization of pathogenic viruses. The development of PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology, have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Pathogenic viruses potentially having global catastrophic consequences may emerge in regions where capacity for their detection and characterization is limited. Development of a local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is therefore critical. This article reviews the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the basic principles of molecular techniques commonly used for their detection and characterization. The principles of good laboratory practices for handling pathogenic viruses are also discussed. This review aims at providing researchers and laboratory personnel with an overview of the molecular biology of pathogenic viruses and the principles of molecular techniques and good laboratory practices commonly implemented for their detection and characterization. The continous emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic viruses has become a major threat to public health. PCR-based techniques together with DNA sequencing technology have provided highly sensitive and specific methods to determine virus circulation. Southeast Asia is considered to be vulnerable to potential outbreaks of pathogenic viruses. A number of pathogenic viruses have been reported to circulate in this region. The 2019 novel coronavirus has also been identified in Southeast Asia. Development of local capacity to rapidly identify new viruses is very important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Made Artika
- Biosafety Level 3 Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Chairin Nisa Ma'roef
- Emerging Virus Research Unit, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jalan Diponegoro 69, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hassan MZ, Ahmed MS, Khan MM, Uddin MA, Chowdhury F, Kamruzzaman M. Genomic profiling of Nipah virus using NGS driven RNA-Seq expression data. Bioinformation 2019; 15:853-862. [PMID: 32256005 PMCID: PMC7088422 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an ssRNA, enveloped paramyxovirus in the genus Henipaveridae with a case fatality rate >70%. We analyzed the NGS RNA-Seq gene expression data of NiV to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the statistical R package limma. We used the Cytoscape, Ensembl, and STRING tools to construct the gene-gene interaction tree, phylogenetic gene tree and protein-protein interaction networks towards functional annotation. We identified 2707 DEGs (p-value <0.05) among 54359 NiV genes. The top-up and down-regulated DEGs were EPST1, MX1, IFIT3, RSAD2, OAS1, OASL, CMPK2 and SLFN13, SPAC977.17 using log2FC criteria with optimum threshold 1.0. The top 20 up-regulated gene-gene interaction trees showed no significant association between Nipah and Tularemia virus. Similarly, the top 20 down-regulated genes of neither Ebola nor Tularemia virus showed an association with the Nipah virus. Hence, we document the top-up and down-regulated DEGs for further consideration as biomarkers and candidates for vaccine or drug design against Nipah virus to combat infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Zakiul Hassan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shakil Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Fahmida Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamruzzaman
- Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Olival KJ, Latinne A, Islam A, Epstein JH, Hersch R, Engstrand RC, Gurley ES, Amato G, Luby SP, Daszak P. Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:970-985. [PMID: 31652377 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure and connectivity of wildlife host populations may influence zoonotic disease dynamics, evolution and therefore spillover risk to people. Fruit bats in the genus Pteropus, or flying foxes, are the primary natural reservoir for henipaviruses-a group of emerging paramyxoviruses that threaten livestock and public health. In Bangladesh, Pteropus medius is the reservoir for Nipah virus-and viral spillover has led to human fatalities nearly every year since 2001. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers to measure the population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of P. medius in Bangladesh. We combine this with a phylogeographic analysis of all known Nipah virus sequences and strains currently available to better inform the dynamics, distribution and evolutionary history of Nipah virus. We show that P. medius is primarily panmictic, but combined analysis of microsatellite and morphological data shows evidence for differentiation of two populations in eastern Bangladesh, corresponding to a divergent strain of Nipah virus also found in bats from eastern Bangladesh. Our demographic analyses indicate that a large, expanding population of flying foxes has existed in Bangladesh since the Late Pleistocene, coinciding with human population expansion in South Asia, suggesting repeated historical spillover of Nipah virus likely occurred. We present the first evidence of mitochondrial introgression, or hybridization, between P. medius and flying fox species found in South-East Asia (P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus), which may help to explain the distribution of Nipah virus strains across the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Hersch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel C Engstrand
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Beena V, Saikumar G. Emerging horizon for bat borne viral zoonoses. Virusdisease 2019; 30:321-328. [PMID: 31803797 PMCID: PMC6864002 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the only flying placental mammals that constitute the second largest order of mammals and present all around the world except in Arctic, Antarctica and a few oceanic islands. Sixty percent of emerging infectious diseases originating from animals are zoonotic and more than two-thirds of them originate in wildlife. Bats were evolved as a super-mammal for harboring many of the newly identified deadly diseases without any signs and lesions. Their unique ability to fly, particular diet, roosting behavior, long life span, ability to echolocate and critical susceptibility to pathogens make them suitable host to harbor numerous zoonotic pathogens like virus, bacteria and parasite. Many factors are responsible for the emergence of bat borne zoonoses but the most precipitating factor is human intrusions. Deforestation declined the natural habitat and forced the bats and other wild life to move out of their niche. These stressed bats, having lost foraging and behavioral pattern invade in proximity of human habitation. Either directly or indirectly they transmit the viruses to humans and animals. Development of fast detection modern techniques for viruses from the diseased and environmental samples and the lessons learned in the past helped in preventing the severity during the latest outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Beena
- 1Present Address: CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, UP 226001 India.,2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| | - G Saikumar
- 2ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP 243122 India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thakur N, Bailey D. Advances in diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics for Nipah virus. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:278-286. [PMID: 30817995 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The virus was first discovered after an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers in Malaysia and Singapore with subsequent outbreaks in Bangladesh or India occurring almost annually. Due to the highly pathogenic nature of NiV, its pandemic potential, and the lack of licensed vaccines or therapeutics, there is a requirement for research and development into highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools as well as antivirals and vaccines to help prevent and control future outbreak situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- e Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd. , Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- g Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) , University of Canberra , Gujarat , India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- h Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- i Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- j Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- k National Institute of Virology , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India , Pune , India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mazzola LT, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001118. [PMID: 30815286 PMCID: PMC6361328 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that, unlike other priority pathogens identified by WHO, is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is most commonly transmitted through exposure to saliva or excrement from the Pteropus fruit bat, or direct contact with intermediate animal hosts, such as pigs. NiV infection causes severe febrile encephalitic disease and/or respiratory disease; treatment options are limited to supportive care. A number of in-house diagnostic assays for NiV using serological and nucleic acid amplification techniques have been developed for NiV and are used in laboratory settings, including some early multiplex panels for differentiation of NiV infection from other febrile diseases. However, given the often rural and remote nature of NiV outbreak settings, there remains a need for rapid diagnostic tests that can be implemented at the point of care. Additionally, more reliable assays for surveillance of communities and livestock will be vital to achieving a better understanding of the ecology of the fruit bat host and transmission risk to other intermediate hosts, enabling implementation of a ‘One Health’ approach to outbreak prevention and the management of this zoonotic disease. An improved understanding of NiV viral diversity and infection kinetics or dynamics will be central to the development of new diagnostics, and access to clinical specimens must be improved to enable effective validation and external quality assessments. Target product profiles for NiV diagnostics should be refined to take into account these outstanding needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Mazzola
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Emerging Threats Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Clayton BA. Nipah virus: transmission of a zoonotic paramyxovirus. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:97-104. [PMID: 28088124 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus is a recently-recognised, zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease and high fatality rates in people. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh, and a putative Nipah virus was also recently associated with human disease in the Philippines. Worryingly, human-to-human transmission is common in Bangladesh, where outbreaks occur with near-annual frequency. Onward human transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh is associated with close contact with clinically-unwell patients or their infectious secretions. While Nipah virus isolates associated with outbreaks of human infection have not resulted in sustained transmission to date, specific exposures carry a high risk of person-to-person transmission, an observation which is supported by recent findings in animal models. Novel paramyxoviruses continue to emerge from wildlife hosts, and represent an ongoing threat to human health globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Anne Clayton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Bats are hosts of a range of viruses, including ebolaviruses, and many important human viral infections, such as measles and mumps, may have their ancestry traced back to bats. Here, I review viruses of all viral families detected in global bat populations. The viral diversity in bats is substantial, and viruses with all known types of genomic structures and replication strategies have been discovered in bats. However, the discovery of viruses is not geographically even, with some apparently undersampled regions, such as South America. Furthermore, some bat families, including those with global or wide distributions such as Emballonuridae and Miniopteridae, are underrepresented on viral databases. Future studies, including those that address these sampling gaps along with those that develop our understanding of viral-host relationships, are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wacharapluesadee S, Samseeneam P, Phermpool M, Kaewpom T, Rodpan A, Maneeorn P, Srongmongkol P, Kanchanasaka B, Hemachudha T. Molecular characterization of Nipah virus from Pteropus hypomelanus in Southern Thailand. Virol J 2016; 13:53. [PMID: 27016237 PMCID: PMC4807597 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus (NiV) first emerged in Malaysia in 1998, with two bat species (Pteropus hypomelanus and P. vampyrus) as the putative natural reservoirs. In 2002, NiV IgG antibodies were detected in these species from Thailand, but viral RNA could not be detected for strain characterization. Two strains of NiV (Malaysia and Bangladesh) have been found in P. lylei in central Thailand, although Bangladesh strain, the causative strain for the outbreak in Bangladesh since 2001, was dominant. To understand the diversity of NiV in Thailand, this study identified NiV strain, using molecular characterizations, from P. hypomelanus in southern Thailand. Findings Pooled bat urine specimens were collected from plastic sheet underneath bat roosts in April 2010, and then monthly from December 2010 to May 2011 at an island in southern Thailand. Five in 184 specimens were positive for NiV, using duplex nested RT-PCR assay on partial nucleocapsid fragment (357 bp). Whole sequences of nucleocapsid gene from four bats were characterized. All 5 partial fragments and 4 whole nucleocapsid genes formed a monophyletic with NiV-MY. Conclusions Our study showed that P. hypomelanus in southern Thailand and from Malaysia, a bordering country, harbored similar NiV. This finding indicates that NiV is not limited to central Thailand or P. lylei species, and it may be a source of inter-species transmission. This indicates a higher potential for a widespread NiV outbreak in Thailand. NiV surveillance in Pteropus bats, the major natural reservoirs, should be conducted continuously in countries or regions with high susceptibility to outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Panumas Samseeneam
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mana Phermpool
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apaporn Rodpan
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapol Maneeorn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wacharapluesadee S, Sintunawa C, Kaewpom T, Khongnomnan K, Olival KJ, Epstein JH, Rodpan A, Sangsri P, Intarut N, Chindamporn A, Suksawa K, Hemachudha T. Group C betacoronavirus in bat guano fertilizer, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1349-51. [PMID: 23880503 PMCID: PMC3739538 DOI: 10.3201/eid1908.130119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
22
|
Tarantola A, Goutard F, Newton P, de Lamballerie X, Lortholary O, Cappelle J, Buchy P. Estimating the burden of Japanese encephalitis virus and other encephalitides in countries of the mekong region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2533. [PMID: 24498443 PMCID: PMC3907313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse aetiologies of viral and bacterial encephalitis are widely recognized as significant yet neglected public health issues in the Mekong region. A robust analysis of the corresponding health burden is lacking. We retrieved 75 articles on encephalitis in the region published in English or in French from 1965 through 2011. Review of available data demonstrated that they are sparse and often derived from hospital-based studies with significant recruitment bias. Almost half (35 of 75) of articles were on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) alone or associated with dengue. In the Western Pacific region the WHO reported 30,000-50,000 annual JEV cases (15,000 deaths) between 1966 and 1996 and 4,633 cases (200 deaths) in 2008, a decline likely related to the introduction of JEV vaccination in China, Vietnam, or Thailand since the 1980s. Data on dengue, scrub typhus and rabies encephalitis, among other aetiologies, are also reviewed and discussed. Countries of the Mekong region are undergoing profound demographic, economic and ecological change. As the epidemiological aspects of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are transformed by vaccination in some countries, highly integrated expert collaborative research and objective data are needed to identify and prioritize the human health, animal health and economic burden due to JE and other pathogens associated with encephalitides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavie Goutard
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Département ES, Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Paul Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université René Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Labex IBEID, Paris, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Département ES, Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kulkarni DD, Tosh C, Venkatesh G, Senthil Kumar D. Nipah virus infection: current scenario. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:398-408. [PMID: 24426305 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Nipah virus (NiV) infection into the pig population and subsequently into the human population is believed to be due to changes in ecological conditions. In Malaysia, A major NiV outbreak occurred in pigs and humans from September 1998 to April 1999 that resulted in infection of 265 and death of 105 persons. About 1.1 million pigs had to be destroyed to control the outbreak. The disease was recorded in the form of a major outbreak in India in 2001 and then a small incidence in 2007, both the outbreaks in West Bengal only in humans without any involvement of pigs. There were series of human Nipah incidences in Bangladesh from 2001 till 2013 almost every year with mortality exceeding 70 %. The disease transmission from pigs acting as an intermediate host during Malaysian and Singapore outbreaks has changed in NIV outbreaks in India and Bangladesh, transmitting the disease directly from bats to human followed by human to human. The drinking of raw date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat urine or saliva containing NiV is the only known cause of outbreak of the disease in Bangladesh outbreaks. The virus is now known to exist in various fruit bats of Pteropus as well as bats of other genera in a wider belt from Asia to Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Kulkarni
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India
| | - C Tosh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India
| | - G Venkatesh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India
| | - D Senthil Kumar
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sendow I, Ratnawati A, Taylor T, Adjid RMA, Saepulloh M, Barr J, Wong F, Daniels P, Field H. Nipah virus in the fruit bat Pteropus vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69544. [PMID: 23894501 PMCID: PMC3718695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus causes periodic livestock and human disease with high case fatality rate, and consequent major economic, social and psychological impacts. Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus are the natural reservoir. In this study, we used real time PCR to screen the saliva and urine of P. vampyrus from North Sumatera for Nipah virus genome. A conventional reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR) assay was used on provisionally positive samples to corroborate findings. This is the first report of Nipah virus detection in P. vampyrus in Sumatera, Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrawati Sendow
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Atik Ratnawati
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Trevor Taylor
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Jennifer Barr
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Wong
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Daniels
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hume Field
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Breed AC, Meers J, Sendow I, Bossart KN, Barr JA, Smith I, Wacharapluesadee S, Wang L, Field HE. The distribution of henipaviruses in Southeast Asia and Australasia: is Wallace's line a barrier to Nipah virus? PLoS One 2013; 8:e61316. [PMID: 23637812 PMCID: PMC3634832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) (Genus Henipavirus) is a recently emerged zoonotic virus that causes severe disease in humans and has been found in bats of the genus Pteropus. Whilst NiV has not been detected in Australia, evidence for NiV-infection has been found in pteropid bats in some of Australia's closest neighbours. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of henipaviruses in fruit bat (Family Pteropodidae) populations to the north of Australia. In particular we tested the hypothesis that Nipah virus is restricted to west of Wallace's Line. Fruit bats from Australia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Indonesia were tested for the presence of antibodies to Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus, and tested for the presence of HeV, NiV or henipavirus RNA by PCR. Evidence was found for the presence of Nipah virus in both Pteropus vampyrus and Rousettus amplexicaudatus populations from East Timor. Serology and PCR also suggested the presence of a henipavirus that was neither HeV nor NiV in Pteropus alecto and Acerodon celebensis. The results demonstrate the presence of NiV in the fruit bat populations on the eastern side of Wallace's Line and within 500 km of Australia. They indicate the presence of non-NiV, non-HeV henipaviruses in fruit bat populations of Sulawesi and Sumba and possibly in Papua New Guinea. It appears that NiV is present where P. vampyrus occurs, such as in the fruit bat populations of Timor, but where this bat species is absent other henipaviruses may be present, as on Sulawesi and Sumba. Evidence was obtained for the presence henipaviruses in the non-Pteropid species R. amplexicaudatus and in A. celebensis. The findings of this work fill some gaps in knowledge in geographical and species distribution of henipaviruses in Australasia which will contribute to planning of risk management and surveillance activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Breed
- Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clayton BA, Wang LF, Marsh GA. Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir and features of transmission. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:69-83. [PMID: 22709528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The henipaviruses, Hendra virus and Nipah virus, are pathogens that have emerged from flying foxes in Australia and South-east Asia to infect both livestock and humans, often fatally. Since the emergence of Hendra virus in Australia in 1994 and the identification of Australian flying foxes as hosts to this virus, our appreciation of bats as reservoir hosts of henipaviruses has expanded globally to include much of Asia and areas of Africa. Despite this, little is currently known of the mechanisms by which bats harbour viruses capable of causing such severe disease in other terrestrial mammals. Pteropid bat ecology, henipavirus virology, therapeutic developments and features of henipavirus infection, pathology and disease in humans and other mammals are reviewed elsewhere in detail. This review focuses on bats as reservoir hosts to henipaviruses and features of transmission of Hendra virus and Nipah virus following spillover from these reservoir hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Clayton
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rockx B, Winegar R, Freiberg AN. Recent progress in henipavirus research: molecular biology, genetic diversity, animal models. Antiviral Res 2012; 95:135-49. [PMID: 22643730 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra virus are members of a newly identified genus of emerging paramyxoviruses, the henipaviruses. Both viruses have the ability to cause severe pulmonary infection and severe acute encephalitis. Following their discovery in the 1990s, outbreaks caused by these zoonotic paramyxoviruses have been associated with high public health and especially economic threat potential. Currently, only geographic groupings in Asia and Australia have been described for the henipaviruses. However, while few viral isolates are available and more detailed characterization is necessary, there has been recent evidence that divergent henipaviruses might be present on the African continent. This review endeavours to capture recent advances in the field of henipavirus research, with a focus on genome structure and replication mechanisms, reservoir hosts, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lo MK, Lowe L, Hummel KB, Sazzad HMS, Gurley ES, Hossain MJ, Luby SP, Miller DM, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Characterization of Nipah virus from outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2008-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:248-55. [PMID: 22304936 PMCID: PMC3310473 DOI: 10.3201/eid1802.111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New genotyping scheme facilitates classification of virus sequences. Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. The initial outbreak of NiV infection occurred in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999; relatively small, sporadic outbreaks among humans have occurred in Bangladesh since 2001. We characterized the complete genomic sequences of identical NiV isolates from 2 patients in 2008 and partial genomic sequences of throat swab samples from 3 patients in 2010, all from Bangladesh. All sequences from patients in Bangladesh comprised a distinct genetic group. However, the detection of 3 genetically distinct sequences from patients in the districts of Faridpur and Gopalganj indicated multiple co-circulating lineages in a localized region over a short time (January–March 2010). Sequence comparisons between the open reading frames of all available NiV genes led us to propose a standardized protocol for genotyping NiV; this protcol provides a simple and accurate way to classify current and future NiV sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Robertson K, Lumlertdacha B, Franka R, Petersen B, Bhengsri S, Henchaichon S, Peruski LF, Baggett HC, Maloney SA, Rupprecht CE. Rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons at risk of bat exposures in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1054. [PMID: 21738801 PMCID: PMC3125144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by lyssaviruses. Evidence of lyssavirus circulation has recently emerged in Southeast Asian bats. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Thailand to assess rabies-related knowledge and practices among persons regularly exposed to bats and bat habitats. The objectives were to identify deficiencies in rabies awareness, describe the occurrence of bat exposures, and explore factors associated with transdermal bat exposures. METHODS A survey was administered to a convenience sample of adult guano miners, bat hunters, game wardens, and residents/personnel at Buddhist temples where mass bat roosting occurs. The questionnaire elicited information on demographics, experience with bat exposures, and rabies knowledge. Participants were also asked to describe actions they would take in response to a bat bite as well as actions for a bite from a potentially rabid animal. Bivariate analysis was used to compare responses between groups and multivariable logistic regression was used to explore factors independently associated with being bitten or scratched by a bat. FINDINGS Of 106 people interviewed, 11 (10%) identified bats as a potential source of rabies. A history of a bat bite or scratch was reported by 29 (27%), and 38 (36%) stated either that they would do nothing or that they did not know what they would do in response to a bat bite. Guano miners were less likely than other groups to indicate animal bites as a mechanism of rabies transmission (68% vs. 90%, p=0.03) and were less likely to say they would respond appropriately to a bat bite or scratch (61% vs. 27%, p=0.003). Guano mining, bat hunting, and being in a bat cave or roost area more than 5 times a year were associated with history of a bat bite or scratch. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the need for educational outreach to raise awareness of bat rabies, promote exposure prevention, and ensure appropriate health-seeking behaviors for bat-inflicted wounds, particularly among at-risk groups in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kis Robertson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Khan MSU, Hossain J, Gurley ES, Nahar N, Sultana R, Luby SP. Use of infrared camera to understand bats' access to date palm sap: implications for preventing Nipah virus transmission. ECOHEALTH 2010; 7:517-525. [PMID: 21207105 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pteropus bats are commonly infected with Nipah virus, but show no signs of illness. Human Nipah outbreaks in Bangladesh coincide with the date palm sap harvesting season. In epidemiologic studies, drinking raw date palm sap is a risk factor for human Nipah infection. We conducted a study to evaluate bats' access to date palm sap. We mounted infrared cameras that silently captured images upon detection of motion on date palm trees from 5:00 pm to 6:00 am. Additionally, we placed two locally used preventative techniques, bamboo skirts and lime (CaCO₃) smeared on date palm trees to assess their effectiveness in preventing bats access to sap. Out of 20 camera-nights of observations, 14 identified 132 visits of bats around the tree, 91 to the shaved surface of the tree where the sap flow originates, 4 at the stream of sap moving toward the collection pot, and no bats at the tap or on the collection pots; the remaining 6 camera-nights recorded no visits. Of the preventative techniques, the bamboo skirt placed for four camera-nights prevented bats access to sap. This study confirmed that bats commonly visited date palm trees and physically contacted the sap collected for human consumption. This is further evidence that date palm sap is an important link between Nipah virus in bats and Nipah virus in humans. Efforts that prevent bat access to the shaved surface and the sap stream of the tree could reduce Nipah spillovers to the human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Salah Uddin Khan
- PIDVS, HSID, ICDDR,B, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, 1212 Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Development and field evaluation of a nested RT-PCR kit for detecting Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes. J Virol Methods 2010; 171:248-52. [PMID: 21093484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based kit is described for detecting Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), especially for genotype 1 and 3 strains. The assay consists of a first round RT-PCR and a subsequent nested PCR amplification. It has unique features such as the use of a premix system in which all reagents are lyophilized in reaction tubes and the inclusion of control RNA in each reaction to monitor false negative results. In addition, an automatic tissue homogenizer and a RNA extraction system are used concurrently for assay standardization and increasing throughput. The assay using the kit proved specific for JEV with no amplification of other JEV-related flaviviruses. The detection limits were approximately 0.1 PFU/ml and 1 PFU/ml for JEV genotypes 1 and 3, respectively. The assay protocol has been validated in large-scale field trials in South Korea during the 2008-2009 surveillance seasons. Nineteen of 1136 pools of mosquitoes (54,583 mosquitoes total) were identified as JEV positive. This nested RT-PCR kit combined with control RNA and an automatic RNA extraction system should be suitable for routine JEV surveillance programs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wacharapluesadee S, Boongird K, Wanghongsa S, Ratanasetyuth N, Supavonwong P, Saengsen D, Gongal GN, Hemachudha T. A longitudinal study of the prevalence of Nipah virus in Pteropus lylei bats in Thailand: evidence for seasonal preference in disease transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010; 10:183-90. [PMID: 19402762 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After 12 serial Nipah virus outbreaks in humans since 1998, it has been noted that all except the initial event in Malaysia occurred during the first 5 months of the year. Increasingly higher morbidity and mortality have been observed in subsequent outbreaks in India and Bangladesh. This may have been related to different virus strains and transmission capability from bat to human without the need for an amplifying host and direct human-to-human transmission. A survey of virus strains in Pteropus lylei and seasonal preference for spillover of these viruses was completed in seven provinces of Central Thailand between May 2005 and June 2007. Nipah virus RNA sequences, which belonged to those of the Malaysian and Bangladesh strains, were detected in the urine of these bats, with the Bangladesh strain being dominant. Highest recovery of Nipah virus RNA was observed in May. Of two provincial sites where monthly surveys were done, the Bangladesh strain was almost exclusively detected during April to June. The Malaysian strain was found dispersed during December to June. Although direct contact during breeding (in December to April) was believed to be an important transmission factor, our results may not entirely support the role of breeding activities in spillage of virus. Greater virus shedding over extended periods in the case of the Malaysian strain and the highest peak of virus detection in May in the case of the Bangladesh strain when offspring started to separate may suggest that there may be responsible mechanisms other than direct contact during breeding in the same roost. Knowledge of seasonal preferences of Nipah virus shedding in P. lylei will help us to better understand the dynamics of Nipah virus transmission and have implications for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Molecular Biology Laboratory for Neurological Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lo MK, Rota PA. The emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:396-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|