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Hou Y, Chen R, Wang Z, Lu R, Wang Y, Ren S, Li S, Wang Y, Han T, Yang S, Zhou H, Gao Z. Bio-barcode assay: A useful technology for ultrasensitive and logic-controlled specific detection in food safety: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341351. [PMID: 37257972 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is one of the greatest public health challenges. Developing ultrasensitive detection methods for analytes at ultra-trace levels is, therefore, essential. In recent years, the bio-barcode assay (BCA) has emerged as an effective ultrasensitive detection strategy that is based on the indirect amplification of various DNA probes. This review systematically summarizes the progress of fluorescence, PCR, and colorimetry-based BCA methods for the detection of various contaminants, including pathogenic bacteria, toxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and other chemical substances in food in over 120 research papers. Current challenges, including long experimental times and strict storage conditions, and the prospects for the application of BCA in biomedicine and environmental analyses, have also been discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguang Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Lu
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Han
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiping Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanying Zhou
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
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Bedin F, Benoit V, Ferrazzi E, Aufradet E, Boulet L, Rubens A, Dalbon P, Imbaud P. Procalcitonin detection in human plasma specimens using a fast version of proximity extension assay. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281157. [PMID: 36795693 PMCID: PMC9934411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An exciting trend in clinical diagnostics is the development of easy-to-use, minimally invasive assays for screening and prevention of disease at the point of care. Proximity Extension Assay (PEA), an homogeneous, dual-recognition immunoassay, has proven to be sensitive, specific and convenient for detection or quantitation of one or multiple analytes in human plasma. In this paper, the PEA principle was applied to the detection of procalcitonin (PCT), a widely used biomarker for the identification of bacterial infection. A simple, short PEA protocol, with an assay time suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, is presented here as a proof of concept. Pairs of oligonucleotides and monoclonal antibodies were selected to generate tools specifically adapted to the development of an efficient PEA for PCT detection. The assay time was reduced by more than 13-fold compared to published versions of PEA, without significantly affecting assay performance. It was also demonstrated that T4 DNA polymerase could advantageously be replaced by other polymerases having strong 3'>5' exonuclease activity. The sensitivity of this improved assay was determined to be about 0.1 ng/mL of PCT in plasma specimen. The potential use of such an assay in an integrated system for the low-plex detection of biomarkers in human specimen at the point of care was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Bedin
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincent Benoit
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Boulet
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Agnes Rubens
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Pascal Dalbon
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Pierre Imbaud
- Innovation Department, BioMérieux SA, Marcy L’Etoile, France
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Is Immuno-PCR Better than ELISA Test for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG Antibody? Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:904-911. [PMID: 35332384 PMCID: PMC8945868 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IgG antibodies against T. gondii persist for years, and can act as a reliable serological biomarker for the diagnosis of previous exposure to this parasite. Hence, the current investigation was designed to compare diagnostic power of immuno-polymerase chain reaction (iPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for detection of T. gondii IgG antibody. METHODS Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against T. gondii were measured by the ELISA method in 81 participants. In addition, detection of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis was performed via the ELISA IgG avidity. The set-up of iPCR was carried out and then, serum IgG of subjects were detected using the iPCR method. RESULTS Of 81 samples, 4 (4.9%) and 30 (37%) cases were be found positive for IgM and IgG against T. gondii in the ELISA method, respectively. Moreover, of 81 specimens, 42 (51.9%) and 39 (48.1%) samples had low-avidity IgG and high-avidity IgG by the IgG avidity kit, respectively. While, 59 (72.8%) of 81 samples were detected positive using the iPCR technique. Kappa (κ) value coefficient, between the iPCR and ELISA (for IgG) showed a strong agreement (0.360, p value < 0.001). A value of 0.25 I.U./ml for serum IgG [area under curve (AUC) = 0.720 (CI = 0.613-0.827); p = 0.002] was the cut-off value to differentiating between positive and negative toxoplasmosis (with sensitivity 66.0% and specificity 60.0%). CONCLUSION Our findings indicated despite a strong agreement shown between iPCR and ELISA methods, the diagnostic power of iPCR technique was more sensitive than ELISA test for detection of T. gondii IgG antibody. However, more complementary investigations are widely needed in this regard.
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He S, Yu S, Feng Y, He L, Liu L, Effah CY, Wu Y. A digital immuno-PCR assay for simultaneous determination of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dahiya B, Prasad T, Singh V, Khan A, Kamra E, Mor P, Yadav A, Gupta KB, Mehta PK. Diagnosis of tuberculosis by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assay based on mycobacterial MPT64 and CFP-10 detection. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2609-2624. [PMID: 33090059 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of immuno-PCR (I-PCR) in tuberculosis (TB) patients by using functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with detection antibodies and oligonucleotides, and magnetic beads (MBs) conjugated with capture antibodies in the liquid phase. Materials & methods: MB-coupled AuNP-based I-PCR (MB-AuNP-I-PCR) assay was designed to detect a cocktail of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT64 and CFP-10 proteins in bodily fluids of TB patients. Results: The sensitivities of 89.3 (n = 94) and 78.1% (n = 73) were observed in pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB patients, respectively, with specificities of 97.9-98.3%. Notably, the sensitivities attained by MB-AuNP-I-PCR in smear-negative pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB patients were significantly higher (p < 0.05-0.001) than Magneto-ELISA and GeneXpert assay. Conclusion: The improved technology, as well as enhanced diagnostic accuracy of MB-AuNP-I-PCR, may lead to development of an attractive diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Special Centre for Nano Science & Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ekta Kamra
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Preeti Mor
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Aparna Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna B Gupta
- Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, UHS, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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Everitt ML, Tillery A, David MG, Singh N, Borison A, White IM. A critical review of point-of-care diagnostic technologies to combat viral pandemics. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1146:184-199. [PMID: 33461715 PMCID: PMC7548029 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 global pandemic of 2019-2020 pointedly revealed the lack of diagnostic solutions that are able to keep pace with the rapid spread of the virus. Despite the promise of decades of lab-on-a-chip research, no commercial products were available to deliver rapid results or enable testing in the field at the onset of the pandemic. In this critical review, we assess the current state of progress on the development of point-of-care technologies for the diagnosis of viral diseases that cause pandemics. While many previous reviews have reported on progress in various lab-on-a-chip technologies, here we address the literature from the perspective of the testing needs of a rapidly expanding pandemic. First, we recommend a set of requirements to heed when designing point-of-care diagnostic technologies to address the testing needs of a pandemic. We then review the current state of assay technologies with a focus on isothermal amplification and lateral-flow immunoassays. Though there is much progress on assay development, we argue that the largest roadblock to deployment exists in sample preparation. We summarize current approaches to automate sample preparation and discuss both the progress and shortcomings of these developments. Finally, we provide our recommendations to the field of specific challenges to address in order to prepare for the next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela L Everitt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Alana Tillery
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Martha G David
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Nikita Singh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Aviva Borison
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, United States.
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Tabatabaei MS, Islam R, Ahmed M. Applications of gold nanoparticles in ELISA, PCR, and immuno-PCR assays: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1143:250-266. [PMID: 33384122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of state-of-the-art assays for sensitive and specific detection of disease biomarkers has received significant interest for early detection and prevention of various diseases. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are two examples of proteins and nucleic acid detection assays respectively, which have been widely used for the sensitive detection of target analytes in biological fluids. Recently, immuno-PCR has emerged as a sensitive detection method, where high specificity of sandwich ELISA assays is combined with high sensitivity of PCR for trace detection of biomarkers. However, inherent disadvantages of immuno-PCR assays limit their application as rapid and sensitive detection method in clinical settings. With advances in nanomaterials, nanoparticles-based immunoassays have been widely used to improve the sensitivity and simplicity of traditional immunoassays. Owing to facile synthesis, surface functionalization, and superior optical and electronic properties, gold nanoparticles have been at the forefront of sensing and detection technologies and have been extensively studied to improve the efficacies of immunoassays. This review provides a brief history of immuno-PCR assays and specifically focuses on the role of gold nanoparticles to improve the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA, PCR and immuno-PCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafiq Islam
- Somru BioScience Inc., 19 Innovation Way, BioCommons Research Park.Charlottetown, PE, C1E 0B7, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada; Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave. Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Singh N, Huang L, Wang DB, Shao N, Zhang XE. Simultaneous Detection of a Cluster of Differentiation Markers on Leukemia-Derived Exosomes by Multiplex Immuno-Polymerase Chain Reaction via Capillary Electrophoresis Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10569-10577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Netrapal Singh
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Biological Macromolecules, National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- CAS Center for Biological Macromolecules, National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Dian-Bing Wang
- CAS Center for Biological Macromolecules, National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Nan Shao
- CAS Center for Biological Macromolecules, National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Biological Macromolecules, National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Zhao D, Kong Y, Zhao S, Xing H. Engineering Functional DNA–Protein Conjugates for Biosensing, Biomedical, and Nanoassembly Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:41. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang Y, Jin M, Chen G, Cui X, Zhang Y, Li M, Liao Y, Zhang X, Qin G, Yan F, Abd El-Aty A, Wang J. Bio-barcode detection technology and its research applications: A review. J Adv Res 2019; 20:23-32. [PMID: 31193255 PMCID: PMC6522771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the bio-barcode assay (BCA), as a new diagnostic tool, has been gradually applied to the detection of protein and nucleic acid targets and small-molecule compounds. BCA has the advantages of high sensitivity, short detection time, simple operation, low cost, good repeatability and good linear relationship between detection results. However, bio-barcode technology is not yet fully formed as a complete detection system, and the detection process in all aspects and stages is unstable. Therefore, studying the optimal reaction conditions, optimizing the experimental steps, exploring the multi-residue detection of small-molecule substances, and preparing immuno-bio-barcode kits are important research directions for the standardization and commercialization of BCA. The main theme of this review was to describe the principle of BCA, provide a comparison of its application, and introduce the single-residue and multi-residue detection of macromolecules and single-residue detection of small molecules. We also compared it with other detection methods, summarized its feasibility and limitations, expecting that with further improvement and development, the technique can be more widely used in the field of stable small-molecule and multi-residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshang Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ge Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xueyan Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Guoxin Qin
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Feiyan Yan
- Agro-products Quality Safety and Testing Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - A.M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Dahiya B, Mehta PK. Detection of potential biomarkers associated with outrageous diseases and environmental pollutants by nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assays. Anal Biochem 2019; 587:113444. [PMID: 31545948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-polymerase chain reaction (I-PCR) assay with advantages of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR exhibits several-fold enhanced sensitivity in comparison to respective ELISA, which has wide applications for ultralow detection of several molecules, i.e. cytokines, protooncogenes and biomarkers associated with several diseases. Conjugation of reporter DNA to the detection antibodies is the most crucial step of I-PCR assay that usually employs streptavidin-protein A, streptavidin-biotin conjugate or succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) system by a covalent binding. However, coupling of antibodies and oligonucleotides to nanoparticles (NPs) is relatively easier in the NP-based I-PCR (NP-I-PCR) that also displays better accuracy. This article is mainly focused on the detection of important biomarkers associated with several outrageous infectious and non-infectious diseases by NP-I-PCR assays, which would expedite an early initiation of therapy thus human health would be improved. Similarly, ultralow detection of environmental pollutants by these assays and their elimination would certainly improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Sharma S, Sheoran A, Gupta KB, Yadav A, Varma-Basil M, Sreenivas V, Chaudhary D, Mehta PK. Quantitative detection of a cocktail of mycobacterial MPT64 and PstS1 in tuberculosis patients by real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:223-233. [PMID: 30663893 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM There is an urgent need to design a reliable diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). METHODS Real-time immuno-PCR (RT-I-PCR) assay was devised for the quantitative detection of a cocktail of mycobacterial MPT64 (Rv1980c) and PstS1 (Rv0934) in TB patients. RESULTS A broad dynamic range of 0.95 pg/ml-95 ng/ml of MPT64+PstS1 was detected in TB patients. In smear-positive (n = 59) and smear-negative (n = 42) pulmonary TB cases, sensitivities of 93.2 and 83.3% were observed, respectively with 92.8% specificity, whereas a sensitivity of 77.9% and a specificity of 91.3% were observed in extrapulmonary TB cases (n = 86). Furthermore, significantly reduced MPT64+PstS1 concentrations (p < 0.001) were noticed in patients on therapy by RT-I-PCR as compared with untreated patients. CONCLUSION Our RT-I-PCR assay revealed high sensitivity especially for the rapid diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary TB and paucibacillary extrapulmonary TB samples, which could also monitor the dynamics of disease in patients on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Abhishek Sheoran
- Department of Statistics, Ramanujan College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110019, India
| | - Krishna B Gupta
- Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Aparna Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Mandira Varma-Basil
- Microbiology Department, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110007, India
| | - Vishnubhatla Sreenivas
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India
| | - Dhruva Chaudhary
- Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001, India
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Singh N, Dahiya B, Radhakrishnan VS, Prasad T, Mehta PK. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified ESAT-6 (Rv3875) by magnetic bead-coupled gold nanoparticle-based immuno-PCR assay. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8523-8535. [PMID: 30587975 PMCID: PMC6296691 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s181052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immuno-PCR (I-PCR), an ultrasensitive method, combines the versatility of ELISA with the exponential amplification capacity of PCR. Coupling of detection antibodies with the reporter DNA is a critical step of I-PCR. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and magnetic beads (MBs) are relatively easy to attach with the antibodies and DNA. Therefore, we designed MB-coupled GNP-based I-PCR (MB-GNP-I-PCR) assay for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen. METHODS GNPs were synthesized by chemical reduction and seed-mediated synthesis. Functionalized GNPs were prepared by coupling GNPs with the detection antibodies and reporter DNA and were characterized. Detection limit of M. tuberculosis-specific purified early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) (Rv3875) was determined by MB-GNP-I-PCR. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical and slightly polydispersed GNPs of ~20 and ~60 nm size. Coupling of antibodies to GNPs was indicated by a shift in absorption maxima from 524 to 534 nm, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. A color reaction with ELISA and the presence of 76 bp product by PCR further validated the coupling of detection antibodies and signal DNA to the functionalized GNPs. Also, attachment of capture antibodies with MBs was confirmed by magneto-ELISA. Detection limit of purified ESAT-6 by MB-GNP-I-PCR was determined to be 10 fg/mL, 105-fold lower than analogous ELISA. Notably, no sample matrix effect was observed in the saliva samples of healthy individuals spiked with the purified ESAT-6. CONCLUSION Unlike conventional I-PCR (solid format), MB-GNP-I-PCR (liquid format) is relatively simple with the reduced background signals, which can be further exploited for the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netrapal Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
- Institute of Synthetic Biology (iSynBio), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
| | - Venkatraman Srinivasan Radhakrishnan
- Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF) and Special Centre for Nanoscience (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India,
| | - Tulika Prasad
- Advanced Instrumentation Research & Facility (AIRF) and Special Centre for Nanoscience (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India,
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
- Microbiology Department, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India,
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14
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Su Y, Li W, Huang Z, Wang R, Luo W, Liu Q, Tong J, Xiao L. Sensitive and high throughput quantification of abscisic acid based on quantitative real time immuno-PCR. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:104. [PMID: 30534191 PMCID: PMC6260876 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscisic acid (ABA) functions as a stress phytohormone in many growth and developmental processes in plants. The ultra-sensitive determination of ABA would help to better understand its vital roles and action mechanisms. RESULTS We report a new sensitive and high throughput quantitative real time immuno-PCR (qIPCR) method based on biotin-avidin linkage system for ABA determination in plants. ABA monoclonal antibody (McAb) coated on the inner surface of PCR well pretreated with glutaraldehyde. The pre-prepared probe complex, including biotinylated McAb, biotinylated DNA and streptavidin linker, was convenient for high throughput operations. Finally, probe DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. The detectable ranges were from 10 to 40 ng/L with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.5 fg. ABA contents in plant sample were simultaneously analyzed using LC-MS/MS to validate the qIPCR method. The results showed that qIPCR method has good specificity and repeatability with a recovery rate of 96.9%. CONCLUSION The qIPCR method is highly sensitive for ABA quantification for actual plant samples with an advantage of using crude extracts instead of intensively purified samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Science, Changsha, 410125 China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruozhong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Weigui Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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15
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Abud JE, Santamaría CG, Luque EH, Rodriguez HA. Development of a quantitative immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and quantify low levels of human thyroid stimulating hormone. Anal Biochem 2017; 539:134-143. [PMID: 29111317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed both a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a highly sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) assay specific for detection of human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH). Several anti-hTSH monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated using hybridoma technology. Two pairs of MAbs (B-4 and B-9) were rationally selected and the optimal assay conditions of sandwich ELISAs were established. The ELISA prototypes were evaluated with standards calibrated with WHO 2nd International Reference Preparation for hTSH and in comparison with a commercial ELISA Kit. Although the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.1 μIU/ml in all cases, B-9-ELISA showed an analytical performance similar to commercial ELISA Kit. Therefore, we selected the B-9 ELISA to develop a hTSH-IPCR assay applying an "Universal-IPCR" format in standard PCR tubes without pretreatment. The signal amplification was achieved through the interaction between the biotinylated detection MAb and mono-biotinylated DNA probe pre-self-assembled with neutravidin. The hTSH-IPCR assay showed a significant increase in terms of the slope definition of sensitivity in low levels range. Our results support the potential of IPCR technique for being applied in clinical diagnosis of thyroid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Abud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - C G Santamaría
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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16
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Immuno-PCR, a new technique for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 139:218-229. [PMID: 28527886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is essential to control the disease. The conventional microbiological tests have limitations and there is an urgent need to devise a simple, rapid and reliable point-of-care (POC) test. The failure of TB diagnostic tests based on antibody detection due to inconsistent and imprecise results has stimulated renewed interest in the development of rapid antigen detection methods. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized to continue research for designing new antibody-based detection tests with improved accuracy. Immuno-polymerase chain reaction (I-PCR) combines the simplicity and versatility of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the exponential amplification capacity and sensitivity of PCR thus leading to several-fold increase in sensitivity in comparison to analogous ELISA. In this review, we have described the serodiagnostic potential of I-PCR assays for an early diagnosis of TB based on the detection of potential mycobacterial antigens and circulating antibodies in body fluids of TB patients.
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17
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Abud JE, Luque EH, Ramos JG, Rodriguez HA. Production of monoclonal antibodies and development of a quantitative immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and quantify recombinant Glutathione S-transferase. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 135:16-23. [PMID: 28458052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GST-tagged proteins are important tools for the production of recombinant proteins. Removal of GST tag from its fusion protein, frequently by harsh chemical treatments or proteolytic methods, is often required. Thus, the monitoring of the proteins in tag-free form requires a significant effort to determine the remnants of GST during purification process. In the present study, we developed both a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) assay, both specific for detection of recombinant GST (rGST). rGST was expressed in Escherichia coli JM109, using a pGEX4T-3 vector, and several anti-rGST monoclonal antibodies were generated using hybridoma technology. Two of these were rationally selected as capture and detection antibodies, allowing the development of a sandwich ELISA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 μg/ml. To develop the rGST-IPCR assay, we selected "Universal-IPCR" format, comprising the biotin-avidin binding as the coupling system. In addition, the rGST-IPCR was developed in standard PCR tubes, and the surface adsorption of antibodies on PCR tubes, the optimal neutravidin concentrations, the generation of a reporter DNA and the concentration effect were studied and determined. Under optimized assay conditions, the rGST-IPCR assay provided a 100-fold increase in the LOD as well as an expanded working range, in comparison with rGST-ELISA. The proposed method exhibited great potentiality for application in several fields in which measurement of very low levels of GST is necessary, and might provide a model for other IPCR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Abud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - J G Ramos
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H A Rodriguez
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo s/n, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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18
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Hmila I, Wongphatcharachai M, Laamiri N, Aouini R, Marnissi B, Arbi M, Sreevatsan S, Ghram A. A novel method for detection of H9N2 influenza viruses by an aptamer-real time-PCR. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:83-91. [PMID: 28159667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 Influenza subtype has emerged in Tunisia causing epidemics in poultry and resulting in major economic losses. New mutations in their hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were acquired, suggesting their potential to directly infect humans. Effective surveillance tools should be implemented to help prevent potential spillover of the virus across species. We have developed a highly sensitive real time immuno-polymerase chain reaction (RT-I-PCR) method for detecting H9N2 virus. The assay applies aptamers as ligands to capture and detect the virus. First, a panel of specific ssDNA aptamers was selected via a one step high stringency protocol. Next, the panel of selected aptamers was characterized for their affinities and their specificity to H9N2 virus. The aptamer showing the highest binding affinity to the virus was used as ligand to develop a highly sensitive sandwich Aptamer I-PCR. A 3-log increase in analytical sensitivity was achieved as compared to a routinely used ELISA antigen test, highlighting the potential of this approach to detect very low levels of virus particles. The test was validated using clinical samples and constitutes a rapid and a label-free platform, opening a new venue for the development of aptamer -based viability sensing for a variety of microorganisms of economic importance in Tunisia and surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issam Hmila
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.
| | - Manoosak Wongphatcharachai
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota,St. Paul, MN, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota,St. Paul, MN, USA; Department of Soil, Water, & Climate, and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nacira Laamiri
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia; University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Rim Aouini
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia; University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Marnissi
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota,St. Paul, MN, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota,St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- University Tunis El Manar, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis,13 Place Pasteur, 1002 Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia
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Ryazantsev DY, Voronina DV, Zavriev SK. Immuno-PCR: achievements and perspectives. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1754-1770. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916130113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Wen G, Ju H. Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Proximity Assay for Highly Selective Protein Detection in Biological Matrixes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8339-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P.R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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21
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Spengler M, Adler M, Niemeyer CM. Highly sensitive ligand-binding assays in pre-clinical and clinical applications: immuno-PCR and other emerging techniques. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26196036 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spengler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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22
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Chang L, Li J, Wang L. Immuno-PCR: An ultrasensitive immunoassay for biomolecular detection. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 910:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Increased Sensitivity of HIV-1 p24 ELISA Using a Photochemical Signal Amplification System. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:109-14. [PMID: 26090753 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we describe a photochemical signal amplification method (PSAM) for increasing of the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen. The photochemical signal amplification method is based on an autocatalytic photochemical reaction of a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) substrate, orthophenylenediamine (OPD). METHODS To compare the performance of PSAM-boosted ELISA with a conventional colorimetric ELISA for determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen we employed a PerkinElmer HIV-1 p24 ELISA kit, using conventional ELISA alongside ELISA + PSAM. RESULTS In the present study, we show that PSAM technology allows one to increase the analytical sensitivity and dynamic range of a commercial HIV-1 p24 ELISA kit, with and without immune-complex disruption, by a factor of approximately 40-fold. CONCLUSIONS ELISA + PSAM is compatible with commercially available microtiter plate readers, requires only an inexpensive illumination device, and the PSAM amplification step takes no longer than 15 min. This method can be used for both commercially available and in-house ELISA tests, and has the advantage of being considerably simpler and less costly than alternative signal amplification methods. This method can be used for both commercially available and in-house ELISA tests, and has the advantage of being considerably simpler and less costly than alternative signal amplification methods.
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24
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Greenwood C, Ruff D, Kirvell S, Johnson G, Dhillon HS, Bustin SA. Proximity assays for sensitive quantification of proteins. BIOMOLECULAR DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION 2015; 4:10-6. [PMID: 27077033 PMCID: PMC4822221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proximity assays are immunohistochemical tools that utilise two or more DNA-tagged aptamers or antibodies binding in close proximity to the same protein or protein complex. Amplification by PCR or isothermal methods and hybridisation of a labelled probe to its DNA target generates a signal that enables sensitive and robust detection of proteins, protein modifications or protein-protein interactions. Assays can be carried out in homogeneous or solid phase formats and in situ assays can visualise single protein molecules or complexes with high spatial accuracy. These properties highlight the potential of proximity assays in research, diagnostic, pharmacological and many other applications that require sensitive, specific and accurate assessments of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Greenwood
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - David Ruff
- Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Gemma Johnson
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Harvinder S Dhillon
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
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25
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Real-time immuno-PCR for ultrasensitive detection of pyrene and other homologous PAHs. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:42-7. [PMID: 25791466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are significant environmental pollutant that can lead to cancer and endocrine system disrupting. Here we developed a real-time immuno-PCR (RT-IPCR) assay based on a biotinylated reporter DNA system for ultrasensitive detection of pyrene (PYR) and homologous PAHs in water. The PAHs in sample compete with PYR-OVA coated on PCR plate to bind with monoclonal antibody (McAb). The biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG (Bio-IgG) can be captured by the McAb bound with PYR-OVA. Then streptavidin is bound with biotin on Bio-IgG. Finally biotinylated reporter DNA is captured by the streptavidin and quantified by real-time PCR using FastStart universal SYBR Green Master (ROX) kit. The linear range of the assay was from 500 fmol L(-1) to 5 nmol L(-)) with a detection limit of 450 fmol L(-1). The average recoveries of PYR and homologous PAHs from lake water, tap water and commercial mineral water were 96.8%, 101.4% and 99.6% respectively, indicating that water samples had little interfere with the assay. The results demonstrated that the developed RT-IPCR might be a potential method for ultrasensitive detection of PYR and homologous PAHs in drinking and environment water sample.
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Abstract
The immuno-PCR (IPCR) assay combines the versatility and robustness of immunoassays with the exponential signal amplification power of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Typically, IPCR allows a 10-1,000-fold increase in sensitivity over the analogous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This is achieved by replacing the signal-producing antibody-enzyme conjugate of an ELISA with an antibody-DNA conjugate that serves as a marker for PCR amplification. The amplification power of the PCR allows for the detection of even single molecules of nucleic acid templates, making it well suited for a broad range of applications. Here, we describe the application of an IPCR assay for detection of trace amount of antigens using ricin as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit (FTDP), Western Regional Research Center (WRRC), Pacific West Area (PWA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, USA,
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27
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Maerle AV, Ryazantsev DY, Dmitrenko OA, Petrova EE, Komaleva RL, Sergeev IV, Trofimov DY, Zavriev SK. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus toxins using immuno-PCR. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014; 40:571-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Litvinov J, Hagström AEV, Lopez Y, Adhikari M, Kourentzi K, Strych U, Monzon FA, Foster W, Cagle PT, Willson RC. Ultrasensitive immuno-detection using viral nanoparticles with modular assembly using genetically-directed biotinylation. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1863-8. [PMID: 24930095 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel, modular approach to immuno-detection based on antibody recognition and PCR read-out that employs antibody-conjugated bacteriophage and easily-manipulated non-pathogenic viruses as affinity agents. Our platform employs phage genetically tagged for in vivo biotinylation during phage maturation that can easily be linked, through avidin, to any biotinylated affinity agent, including full-length antibodies, peptides, lectins or aptamers. The presence of analyte is reported with high sensitivity through real-time PCR. This approach avoids the need to clone antibody-encoding DNA fragments, allows the use of full-length, high affinity antibodies and, by having DNA reporters naturally encapsulated inside the bacteriophage, greatly reduces nonspecific binding of DNA. We validate the efficacy of this new approach through the detection of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, a known angiogenic cancer biomarker protein, at attomolar concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Litvinov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77204, USA,
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Simple objective detection of human lyme disease infection using immuno-PCR and a single recombinant hybrid antigen. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1094-105. [PMID: 24899074 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00245-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A serology-based tiered approach has, to date, provided the most effective means of laboratory confirmation of clinically suspected cases of Lyme disease, but it lacks sensitivity in the early stages of disease and is often dependent on subjectively scored immunoblots. We recently demonstrated the use of immuno-PCR (iPCR) for detecting Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in patient serum samples that were positive for Lyme disease. To better understand the performance of the Lyme disease iPCR assay, the repeatability and variability of the background of the assay across samples from a healthy population (n = 36) were analyzed. Both of these parameters were found to have coefficients of variation of <3%. Using eight antigen-specific iPCR assays and positive call thresholds established for each assay, iPCR IgM and/or IgG diagnosis from Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 12) demonstrated a strong correlation with that of 2-tier testing. Furthermore, a simplified iPCR approach using a single hybrid antigen and detecting only IgG antibodies confirmed the 2-tier diagnosis in the Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 12). Validation of the hybrid antigen IgG iPCR assay using a blinded panel of Lyme disease and non-Lyme disease patient serum samples (n = 92) resulted in a sensitivity of 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50% to 84%), compared to that of the 2-tier analysis at 59% (95% CI, 41% to 76%), and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 91% to 100%) compared to that of the 2-tier analysis at 97% (95% CI, 88% to 100%). A single-tier hybrid antigen iPCR assay has the potential to be an improved method for detecting host-generated antibodies against B. burgdorferi.
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Ren K, Wu J, Yan F, Ju H. Ratiometric electrochemical proximity assay for sensitive one-step protein detection. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4360. [PMID: 24618513 PMCID: PMC3950580 DOI: 10.1038/srep04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work proposes the concept of ratiometric electrochemical proximity assay (REPA), which can be used for one-step, highly sensitive and selective detection of protein. The assay strategy was achieved on a sensing interface that was formed by hybridization of methylene blue (MB)-labeled antibody-DNA probe (MB-DNA1-Ab1) with ferrocene (Fc)-labeled DNA capture probe (Fc-P) modified gold electrode. On the interface the target protein could trigger the formation of immunocomplex between MB-DNA1-Ab1 and detection antibody-DNA probe (Ab2-DNA2) and subsequently the proximity hybridization of DNA1-DNA2, which led to the departure of MB-DNA1-Ab1 from the interface. The remained Fc-P could form a hairpin structure to take Fc group to electrode surface. Therefore, the recognition of target protein to Ab1 and Ab2 resulted in both the "signal-off" of MB and the "signal-on" of Fc for dual-signal electrochemical ratiometric readout. The proposed REPA could be carried out in one-step with 40-min duration and showed a wide detection range from 0.05 to 100 ng/mL with pg/mL limit of detection, displaying great potential for convenient point-of-care testing and commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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Mehta PK, Raj A, Singh NP, Khuller GK. Detection of potential microbial antigens by immuno-PCR (PCR-amplified immunoassay). J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:627-641. [PMID: 24568881 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-PCR (PCR-amplified immunoassay; I-PCR) is a novel ultrasensitive method combining the versatility of ELISA with the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification of PCR. The enormous exponential amplification power of PCR in an I-PCR assay leads to at least a 10(2)-10(4)-fold increase in sensitivity compared with an analogous ELISA. I-PCR has been used to detect many biological molecules such as proto-oncogenes, toxins, cytokines, hormones, and biomarkers for autoimmune and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as microbial antigens and antibodies, and it can be adapted as a novel diagnostic tool for various infectious and non-infectious diseases. Quantitative real-time I-PCR has the potential to become the most analytically sensitive method for the detection of proteins. The sensitivity and specificity of a real-time I-PCR assay can be enhanced further with the use of magnetic beads and nanoparticles. This review is primarily focused on the detection of potential viral, bacterial and parasitic antigens by I-PCR assay, thus enabling their application for immunological research and for early diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Ankush Raj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Netra Pal Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Gopal K Khuller
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh-160014, India
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New in situ capture quantitative (real-time) reverse transcription-PCR method as an alternative approach for determining inactivation of Tulane virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2120-4. [PMID: 24463967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04036-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Although quantitative (real-time) reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) is widely used for detecting HuNoVs, it only detects the presence of viral RNA and does not indicate viral infectivity. Human blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors/co-receptors for both HuNoVs and Tulane virus (TV) and are crucial for viral infection. We propose that viral infectivity can be evaluated with a molecular assay based on receptor-captured viruses. In this study, we employed TV as an HuNoV surrogate to validate the HBGA-based capture qRT-PCR method against the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) method. We employed type B HBGA on an immuno-well module to concentrate TV, followed by amplification of the captured viral genome by in situ qRT-PCR. We first demonstrated that this in situ capture qRT-PCR (ISC-qRT-PCR) method could effectively concentrate and detect TV. We then treated TV under either partial or full inactivation conditions and measured the remaining infectivity by ISC-qRT-PCR and a tissue culture-based amplification method (TCID50). We found that the ISC-qRT-PCR method could be used to evaluate virus inactivation deriving from damage to the capsid and study interactions between the capsid and viral receptor. Heat, chlorine, and ethanol treatment primarily affect the capsid structure, which in turns affects the ability of the capsid to bind to viral receptors. Inactivation of the virus by these methods could be reflected by the ISC-qRT-PCR method and confirmed by TCID50 assay. However, the loss of the infectivity caused by damage to the viral genome (such as that from UV irradiation) could not be effectively reflected by this method. Despite this limitation, the ISC-qRT-PCR provides an alternative approach to determine inactivation of Tulane virus. A particular advantage of the ISC-qRT-PCR method is that it is also a faster and easier method to effectively recover and detect the viruses, as there is no need to extract viral RNA or to transfer the captured virus from magnetic beads to PCR tubes for further amplification. Therefore, ISC-qRT-PCR can be easily adapted for use in automated systems for multiple samples.
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Nong RY, Gu J, Darmanis S, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Landegren U. DNA-assisted protein detection technologies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 9:21-32. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Enhanced detection of host response antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi using immuno-PCR. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:350-7. [PMID: 23302740 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00630-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is the fastest-growing zoonotic disease in North America. Current methods for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi infection are challenged by analysis subjectivity and standardization of antigen source. In the present study, we developed an immuno-PCR (iPCR)-based approach employing recombinant in vivo-expressed B. burgdorferi antigens for objective detection of a host immune response to B. burgdorferi infection. iPCR is a liquid-phase protein detection method that combines the sensitivity of PCR with the specificity and versatility of immunoassay-based protocols. Use of magnetic beads coated with intact spirochetes provided effective antigen presentation and allowed detection of host-generated antibodies in experimentally infected mice at day 11 postinoculation, whereas host-generated antibodies were detected at day 14 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and day 21 by immunoblotting. Furthermore, magnetic beads coated with recombinant B. burgdorferi in vivo-expressed antigen OspC or BmpA demonstrated positive detection of host-generated antibodies in mice at day 7 postinoculation with markedly increased iPCR signals above the background, with the quantification cycle (C(q)) value for each sample minus the mean background C(q) plus 3 standard deviations (ΔC(q)) being 4 to 10, whereas ΔC(q) was 2.5 for intact spirochete-coated beads. iPCR demonstrated a strong correlation (Spearman rank correlation = 0.895, P < 0.0001) with a commercial ELISA for detection of host antibodies in human Lyme disease patient sera using the B. burgdorferi VlsE C6 peptide. In addition, iPCR showed potential applicability for direct detection of spirochetes in blood. The results presented here indicate that our iPCR assay has the potential to provide an objective format that can be used for sensitive detection of multiple host response antibodies and isotypes to B. burgdorferi infection.
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Kuczius T, Becker K, Fischer A, Zhang W. Simultaneous detection of three CNS indicator proteins in complex suspensions using a single immuno-PCR protocol. Anal Biochem 2012; 431:4-10. [PMID: 22960561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of infections and protection against their transmission are aided greatly by determination of indicator proteins. However, protein assays are mostly restricted to single-antigen determinations and are often limited in sensitivity and specificity. Consequently, there is a large demand for high-sensitivity immunoassays for analysis of several antigens in protein suspensions. A novel immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is described for the simultaneous detection of central nervous system (CNS) indicators such as the neuron-specific enolase, the glial fibrillary acid protein, and the cellular prion protein. Coated antigens are immunocomplexed with specific antibodies and a DNA fragment is subsequently amplified by PCR. The PCR product obtained corresponds to the antigen signal. Background signals are a critical factor, primarily when using complex protein suspensions, but we were able to reduce background noise dramatically by including two heating steps, the first for protein denaturation and the second for detachment of immunocomplexed DNA, enabling optimal DNA amplification. Using these methods and depending on the antigen and antibody affinity, a sensitivity enhancement of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude is achieved for CNS indicator detection using the immuno-PCR approach compared with ELISA procedures carried out under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster and University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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36
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Jiang X, Cheng S, Chen W, Wang L, Shi F, Zhu C. Comparison of oligonucleotide-labeled antibody probe assays for prostate-specific antigen detection. Anal Biochem 2012; 424:1-7. [PMID: 22343190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As a specific tumor marker, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely used for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Sensitive and specific methods are required to improve the diagnostic accuracy of PSA detection. In the current study, we compared the immuno-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-PCR) method with the solid-phase proximity ligation assay (SP-PLA) with respect to the detection of PSA. Using oligonucleotide-labeled antibody probes, we used both immuno-PCR and SP-PLA to detect trace levels of PSA. The nucleic acid sequences can be monitored using real-time PCR. SP-PLA, however, was found to be superior in terms of both the detection limit and the dynamic range. To detect even lower levels of PSA, we used the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to measure the levels of reporter DNA molecules in SP-PLA. The sensitivity of the LAMP method is 0.001 pM, which is approximately 100-fold higher than the sensitivities of the other assays. The results suggest that an SP-PLA- and LAMP-based protocol with oligonucleotide-labeled antibody probes may have great application in detecting PSA or other proteins present at trace levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Mehta PK, Kalra M, Khuller GK, Behera D, Verma I. Development of an ultrasensitive polymerase chain reaction–amplified immunoassay based on mycobacterial RD antigens: implications for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 72:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Morin I, Askin SP, Schaeffer PM. IgG-detection devices for the Tus-Ter-lock immuno-PCR diagnostic platform. Analyst 2011; 136:4815-21. [PMID: 21980595 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15731k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of new Immuno-PCR technologies and applications is steadily growing as a result of a general need for more sensitive immunoassays for early detection of diseases. Although Immuno-PCR has been demonstrated to be superior to its immunoassay counterpart, it is still regarded as a challenging technology due to various problems arising from its increased detection power, such as high background noise as well as substantial batch-to-batch reproducibility issues. Current efforts have intensified to produce homogeneous universal protein-DNA conjugates to simplify this technology and render it more robust. We have recently developed a new quantitative Immuno-PCR (qIPCR) technology using the Tus-Ter-lock (TT-lock) interaction to produce homogeneous protein-DNA conjugates that can detect very small numbers of disease-related antibodies. We now report the further development of the TT-lock Immuno-PCR platform for the quasi universal quantitative detection of antigens and mammalian IgG. For this, Tus was fused to various IgG-binding proteins--i.e. protein G, protein L and their LG chimera--and self-assembled to the TT-lock-T template. These detection devices were then evaluated and applied in various direct and indirect Immuno-PCR formats. The direct TT-lock qIPCR could detect goat anti-GFP IgG at concentrations as low as 0.3 pM and total human IgG in serum samples with great sensitivity. Further indirect TT-lock qIPCR systems were developed that could detect 1 pM of GFP and 10 pM of measles nucleoprotein. In all cases, the superiority of the TT-lock Immuno-PCR was demonstrated in terms of sensitivity over an analogous Protein G-Peroxidase ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Morin
- Comparative Genomics Centre, School of Pharmacy & Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Malou N, Raoult D. Immuno-PCR: a promising ultrasensitive diagnostic method to detect antigens and antibodies. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Campuzano S, de Ávila BEF, Yuste J, Pedrero M, García JL, García P, García E, Pingarrón JM. Disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensors for the specific detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1225-30. [PMID: 20615685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensors, based on the use of functionalized magnetic beads and gold screen-printed electrodes, have been developed for the selective detection and quantification of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A specific antibody prepared against a serotype 37 S. pneumoniae strain, selected by flow cytometry among seven anticapsular or antisomatic antibodies, was linked to Protein A-modified magnetic beads and incubated with bacteria. The same antibody, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, was attached to the bacteria and the resulting modified magnetic beads were captured by a magnetic field on the surface of tetrathiafulvalene-modified gold screen-printed electrodes. The amperometric response obtained at -0.15 V vs. the silver pseudoreference electrode of the Au/SPE after the addition of H(2)O(2) was used as transduction signal. Different assay formats were examined and the experimental variables optimized. The limits of detection achieved, without pre-concentration or pre-enrichment steps, were 1.5×10(4) cfu mL(-1) (colony forming unit) and 6.3×10(5) cfu mL(-1) for S. pneumoniae strains Dawn (serotype 37) and R6 (non-encapsulated), respectively. The developed methodology shows a good selectivity against closely related streptococci and its usefulness for the analysis of inoculated urine samples has been demonstrated. The total analysis time of 3.5 h from sampling to measurement, the possibility to prepare up to 30 sensors per day and the use of small amounts of test solution for S. pneumoniae identification, constitute important advantages that make the developed methodology a promising alternative for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Characterization of immune responses to capsid protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and implications for detection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1244-51. [PMID: 20534793 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00066-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To further refine our current nanoparticle-based HIV-1 p24 antigen assay, we investigated immune responses to p24 to identify diagnostically significant immune dominant epitopes (IDEs) in HIV-infected human sera, to address cross-reactivity of anti-p24 antibodies to different subtypes, and to identify new biomarkers that distinguish acute from chronic HIV infection for more accurate incidence estimation. We identified two major linear epitope regions, located in the CypA binding loop and adjacent helices and at the end of the C-terminal domain. Most sera (86%) from acutely HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with multiple peptides, while 60% and 30% of AIDS patient samples reacted with multiple and single peptides, respectively. In contrast, 46% and 43% of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with one and none of the peptides, respectively, and only 11% reacted with multiple p24 peptides, indicating a progression of immune responses from polyclone-like during acute infection to monoclone-like or a nonresponse to linear epitopes during chronic infection. Anti-p24 antibodies (subtype B) show broad cross-reactivity to different HIV-1 subtypes, and the synergistic action of different combinations of anti-HIV antibodies improves capture and detection of divergent HIV-1 subtypes. Our results indicate that the modified peptide immunoassay is sensitive and specific for the rapid identification of HIV-1 p24 IDEs and for investigation of immune responses to p24 during natural HIV-1 infection. The data provide the foundation for development and refinement of new assays for improved p24 antigen testing as future tools for rapid and accurate diagnosis as part of early intervention strategies and estimations of incidence.
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Morin I, Dixon NE, Schaeffer PM. Ultrasensitive detection of antibodies using a new Tus–Ter-lock immunoPCR system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1173-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c002163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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