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Yoon SH, Kim HR, Ahn JG. Diagnostic Accuracy of Immunochromatographic Tests for the Detection of Norovirus in Stool Specimens: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0046721. [PMID: 34232095 PMCID: PMC8552764 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00467-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups and constitute a major health and economic burden worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of immunochromatographic tests (ICTs) for the detection of norovirus in stool specimens, which has not been performed previously. In this systematic review and meta-analysis (registered on PROSPERO, CRD42020186911), we searched Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for all studies published up to 16 May 2020. The values for sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR-), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of ICTs with 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve were used to summarize overall test accuracy. We included 43 studies describing 7,428 samples. The overall estimates of sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR-, DOR, and accuracy of ICT for diagnosing norovirus were 0.61 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.67), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95 to 0.98), 17.08 (95% CI, 11.15 to 26.18), 0.40 (95% CI, 0.34 to 0.46), 53.9 (95% CI, 31.32 to 92.78), and 0.928, respectively. Significant differences in pooled sensitivities were noted between age groups and in pooled DOR and LR+ between genogroups of included samples. ICT provides low sensitivity but high specificity and accuracy for detecting norovirus. Thus, an ICT for norovirus can be a rapid and convenient way for identifying patients early; however, a negative result cannot rule out norovirus infection and should be confirmed by a reference test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Kim
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children’s Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Nagasawa K, Matsushima Y, Motoya T, Mizukoshi F, Ueki Y, Sakon N, Murakami K, Shimizu T, Okabe N, Nagata N, Shirabe K, Shinomiya H, Suzuki W, Kuroda M, Sekizuka T, Ryo A, Fujita K, Oishi K, Katayama K, Kimura H. Phylogeny and Immunoreactivity of Norovirus GII.P16-GII.2, Japan, Winter 2016-17. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:144-148. [PMID: 29260675 PMCID: PMC5749477 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2016–17 winter season in Japan, human norovirus GII.P16-GII.2 strains (2016 strains) caused large outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the 2016 strains derived from the GII.2 strains detected during 2010–12. Immunochromatography between 2016 strains and the pre-2016 GII.2 strains showed similar reactivity.
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3
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Saikruang W, Supadej K, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Comparative Evaluation of Norovirus Infection in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis by Rapid Immunochromatographic Test, RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63:468-475. [PMID: 28334789 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunochromatographic (IC) test for norovirus detection is a rapid and simple detection method. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a recent version of R-Biopharm RIDA®QUICK Norovirus IC assay for norovirus detection in fecal specimens from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Fecal specimens were tested by IC kit in comparison with gold standard reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. The IC kit showed high sensitivity and specificity comparable with PCR-based methods. None of false positive and false negative was found and the assay did not cross-react with other gastroenteritis viruses. The IC assay could detect genogroup I.5 (GI.5) and a wide range of genotypes in the GII noroviruses including GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.14, GII.15, GII.21, and also newly emerging GII.17 norovirus. In conclusion, this norovirus IC kit could be an alternative choice for rapid screening or a quick diagnostic tool for norovirus detection in fecal specimens of acute gastroenteritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wilaiporn Saikruang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanittapon Supadej
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Gaspard P, Pothier P, Roth C, Larocca S, Heck B, Ambert-Balay K. Viral prevalence and laboratory investigations of gastroenteritis in institutions for dependent people. Med Mal Infect 2017; 47:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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5
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Jonckheere S, Botteldoorn N, Vandecandelaere P, Frans J, Laffut W, Coppens G, Vankeerberghen A, De Beenhouwer H. Multicenter evaluation of the revised RIDA® QUICK test (N1402) for rapid detection of norovirus in a diagnostic laboratory setting. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88:31-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Bruggink LD, Moselen JM, Marshall JA. The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014. Intervirology 2016; 59:60-5. [PMID: 27553653 DOI: 10.1159/000448100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative molecular epidemiology of the related GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 noroviruses has not been examined in detail. ORF 1, ORF 2 and ORF 1/ORF 2 RT-PCR as well as sequencing and phylogeny analysis were carried out on faecal specimens from 873 gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia (2012-2014). There were 575 (66%) detected as positive for norovirus by means of ORF 1 RT-PCR and/or ORF 2 RT-PCR. Of these, 24 (4.2%) were GII.6 (ORF 2) outbreaks, 7 (1.2%) were GII.7 (ORF 2) outbreaks, and 1 outbreak (0.2%) involved both GII.6 (ORF 2) and GII.7 (ORF 2) noroviruses. The median age of patients identified with GII.6 (ORF 2) (84 years) was significantly different from that of patients identified with GII.7 (ORF 2) (39 years). ORF 2 GII.6 and ORF 2 GII.7 sequences were always associated with a GII.P7 ORF 1 sequence, and GII.P7 sequences fell into two clusters, with one corresponding to the GII.6 ORF 2 genotype and the other to the GII.7 ORF 2 genotype, thereby indicating that the ORF 1 has been evolving separately for the two viruses. Thus, two closely related noroviruses can have a markedly different incidence and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa D Bruggink
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Vyas K, Atkinson C, Clark D, Irish D. Comparison of five commercially available immunochromatographic tests for the detection of norovirus in faecal specimens. J Hosp Infect 2015; 91:176-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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8
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Evaluation of the updated RIDA®QUICK (Version N1402) immunochromatographic assay for the detection of norovirus in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2015; 223:82-7. [PMID: 26248054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of the R-Biopharm RIDA(®)QUICK (N1402) immunochromatography assay for norovirus detection was examined using fecal material from Australian gastroenteritis incidents. The study involved the analysis of 3 groups of specimens; group 1 comprised 100 norovirus open reading frame (ORF) 1 RT-PCR positive specimens; group 2 comprised 100 ORF 1 RT-PCR norovirus negative specimens and group 3 comprised 12 specimens containing common gastroenteritis viruses other than norovirus. The RIDA(®)QUICK (N1402) assay detected both GI and GII norovirus and had an overall sensitivity of 87%. Genotype analysis of the capsid region of the genome (ORF 2) indicated the RIDA(®)QUICK (N1402) assay could detect a range of genotypes including GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, GII.3, GII.4 (including variants GII.4 (2009-like), GII.4 (2012), GII.4 (2012-like) and GII.4 (unknown)), GII.6, GII.13 and GII.21. The assay had good sensitivity for both GI and GII norovirus. The assay had a specificity of 97% and did not cross react with a number of common fecal viruses. However, one of eight rotavirus positive, norovirus negative specimens gave a positive result; rotavirus cannot be taken as the cause of such a false positive but cannot be excluded either. The kit was quick and easy to use and would be valuable in point-of-care testing.
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Characteristics and outcomes of patients diagnosed with norovirus gastroenteritis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation based on immunochromatography. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:121-8. [PMID: 25930664 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus gastroenteritis (NV-GE) is a highly transmittable disease that can lead to fatal outcomes in vulnerable populations including patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prompt detection of NV is therefore important for HSCT recipients. Immunochromatography (IC) can be used to easily and rapidly diagnose NV-GE by detecting NV antigens. In this study, we examined 642 stool specimens in patients who developed diarrhea after allogeneic HSCT between January 2007 and June 2011. NV was detected in 10 of 350 (2.9 %) HSCT recipients. The median onset of symptoms was 36 days (range 3-93) after HSCT. The median duration of symptoms was 42 days (3-135). A second or subsequent allogeneic HSCT was associated with a higher incidence of NV-GE (P = 0.034). Of four patients who underwent colonoscopy, two showed intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) histopathology, whereas the other two showed no evidence of GVHD, and thus no need for intensified immunosuppression. None of the patients died of NV-GE. In conclusion, IC may be useful in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea after allogeneic HSCT, and could enable the appropriate adjustment of immunosuppressive drugs and prompt preventive measures.
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Abstract
Norovirus is an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks globally and the most prevalent cause of sporadic gastroenteritis in many regions. Rapid and accurate identification of causative viral agents is critical for outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and management. Because norovirus is not cultivable and has a highly diversified and variable genome, it is difficult to develop diagnostic assays. Detection methods have evolved from electron microscopy to conventional end-point reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassay, real-time RT-PCR, other molecular technologies, and nanotechnology array-based assays. The status and features of various testing methods are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta Hospital, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405, 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
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Bruggink LD, Dunbar NL, Marshall JA. Norovirus genotype diversity in community-based sporadic gastroenteritis incidents: a five-year study. J Med Virol 2015; 87:961-9. [PMID: 25784155 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although norovirus is a known cause of sporadic gastroenteritis, the incidence and genotypes of norovirus associated with sporadic community-based gastroenteritis are poorly understood. The current study examined this issue by using material from alleged food poisoning incidents in the state of Victoria, Australia, for the period 2008-2012. Norovirus was identified, by either ORF (open reading frame) 1 or ORF 2 RT-PCR methodology, in 159 of 379 (42.0%) sporadic gastroenteritis incidents, thereby showing that norovirus was an important cause of sporadic gastroenteritis. The number of sporadic norovirus incidents did not vary significantly from year to year, indicating that the pool of circulating norovirus remained constant. Norovirus ORF 1 genotypes identified included GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.b, GI.d, GII.2, GII.4 (including variants 2006a, 2006b, 2007, and 2009), GII.16, GII.22, GII.b, GII.e, and GII.g. Norovirus ORF 2 genotypes identified included GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.6, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 (variants 2006b, 2009, 2009-like, 2012, and "unknown"), GII.6, GII.7, GII.9, GII.12, and GII.13. Five ORF 1/ORF 2 norovirus recombinant forms were confirmed: GII.b/GII.3, GII.e/GII.4 (2012), GII.e/GII.4 (unknown), GII.g/GII.12 and GII.16/GII.2. Although the incidence of ORF 2 GI.3 was significantly higher in children than in adults, this was not the case for other major ORF 2 genotypes (GII.2, GII.4, and GII.6) which occurred equally in all age groups. The findings demonstrate the importance and diverse nature of norovirus in sporadic community-based gastroenteritis incidents and indicate that the development of successful vaccine strategies may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leesa D Bruggink
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robilotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stan Deresinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Rooney BL, Pettipas J, Grudeski E, Mykytczuk O, Pang XL, Booth TF, Hatchette TF, LeBlanc JJ. Detection of circulating norovirus genotypes: hitting a moving target. Virol J 2014; 11:129. [PMID: 25037234 PMCID: PMC4112979 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although national surveillance programs are in place to monitor norovirus epidemiology, the emergence of new strains and the genetic diversity among genotypes can be challenging for clinical laboratories. This study evaluated the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of one real-time RT-PCR and two end-point RT-PCRs commonly used in microbiology laboratories. METHODS Lower limit of detection (LoD) was determined using 10-fold dilutions of noroviruses belonging to different genotypes. The clinical performance of the real-time and end-point RT-PCRs was assessed in parallel using nucleic acids extracted from 186 stool specimens. RESULTS The real-time RT-PCR was highly sensitive and specific for the detection of norovirus genotypes that are currently circulating in Canada. In contrast, the two end-point RT-PCRs displayed poor analytical sensitivity or complete failure to detect certain norovirus genotypes, which was correlated to sequence mismatches in the primer-binding sites. In an attempt to improve norovirus detection with the end-point RT-PCRs, both assays were processed concurrently and detection from either assay was considered a positive result. Concurrent testing resulted in only a modest increase in clinical sensitivity (75.0%) compared to each assay alone (62.5% and 71.9%). However, the false positivity rate increased from 1.98% and 3.36% for the assays alone to 5.47% with concurrent testing. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the benefits of a real-time method and provides support for routine surveillance to monitor norovirus epidemiology and ongoing proficiency testing to ensure detection of circulating norovirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda-Lee Rooney
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Janice Pettipas
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elsie Grudeski
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Oksana Mykytczuk
- Food Virology Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim F Booth
- Enteroviruses and Enteric Viruses Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd F Hatchette
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority (CDHA), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Evaluation of the RIDAGENE real-time PCR assay for the detection of GI and GII norovirus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:317-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Borrows CL, Turner PC. Seasonal screening for viral gastroenteritis in young children and elderly hospitalized patients: is it worthwhile? J Hosp Infect 2014; 87:98-102. [PMID: 24811114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral gastroenteritis is common, especially in young children. In adults, particularly amongst the elderly, it can lead to outbreaks at a time when demands on clinical services are at their peak. AIM To evaluate seasonal screening of young children and elderly patients with suspected viral gastroenteritis using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for enteric viruses within a general hospital setting. METHODS Stool samples from 200 children aged five years and under were screened for rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, sapovirus and norovirus using multiplex PCR and a combined rotavirus/adenovirus immunochromatographic test (ICT) during the winter of 2012. Diarrhoeal samples submitted to the laboratory from 195 adults aged 65 years and over attending as inpatients were also evaluated by multiplex PCR. FINDINGS One or more enteric viruses were detected by PCR in 56% of children. Rotavirus was the most prevalent virus, found in 19% of samples. Enteric (diarrhoea-associated) adenovirus was detected in 5% of samples and non-enteric adenovirus was detected in 14% of samples. Astrovirus, norovirus and sapovirus were detected in 18%, 12% and 10% of samples, respectively. The ICT yielded a slightly lower rate for rotavirus and enteric adenovirus, but gave more rapid results. Norovirus, rotavirus and adenovirus were detected in 15%, 2.5% and 1% of elderly adults attending hospital as inpatients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Rapid screening of young children (for rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus) and symptomatic, elderly adults (for norovirus) during winter months may help to limit nosocomial spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Borrows
- Department of Microbiology, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, UK
| | - P C Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Torbay Hospital, Lawes Bridge, Torquay, UK.
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Beier R, Boschke E, Labudde D. New strategies for evaluation and analysis of SELEX experiments. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:849743. [PMID: 24779017 PMCID: PMC3977542 DOI: 10.1155/2014/849743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are an interesting alternative to antibodies in pharmaceutics and biosensorics, because they are able to bind to a multitude of possible target molecules with high affinity. Therefore the process of finding such aptamers, which is commonly a SELEX screening process, becomes crucial. The standard SELEX procedure schedules the validation of certain found aptamers via binding experiments, which is not leading to any detailed specification of the aptamer enrichment during the screening. For the purpose of advanced analysis of the accrued enrichment within the SELEX library we used sequence information gathered by next generation sequencing techniques in addition to the standard SELEX procedure. As sequence motifs are one possibility of enrichment description, the need of finding those recurring sequence motifs corresponding to substructures within the aptamers, which are characteristically fitted to specific binding sites of the target, arises. In this paper a motif search algorithm is presented, which helps to describe the aptamers enrichment in more detail. The extensive characterization of target and binding aptamers may later reveal a functional connection between these molecules, which can be modeled and used to optimize future SELEX runs in case of the generation of target-specific starting libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Beier
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Elke Boschke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Labudde
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Mathematics, Natural and Computer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
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17
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Beier R, Pahlke C, Quenzel P, Henseleit A, Boschke E, Cuniberti G, Labudde D. Selection of a DNA aptamer against norovirus capsid protein VP1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 351:162-9. [PMID: 24372686 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetically and antigenically diverse group of noroviruses is the major cause of human viral epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Virus detection and control are thus crucial topics when aiming at containing and preventing the resulting large and often persisting outbreaks. Aptamers provide a promising alternative to antibodies concerning their ability to bind and thus detect and influence bio-active molecules. These small, single-stranded oligonucleotides are able to bind to a multitude of possible target molecules with high affinity. For a specific target the highest affinity aptamers are found by screening a randomized library. In this work a DNA aptamer capable of binding to the norovirus genotype II.4 capsid protein VP1 was found. The general approach is thereby not limited to norovirus capsid, but could be extended to almost any kind of biologically relevant molecule. The development of the library enrichment was further computationally analyzed in order to describe the enrichment during screening. This is the basis for a later extensive characterization of both target and aptamers that could lead to insights regarding the functional coherence of both partners. An abstract model describing this coherence could be utilized to generate a target-specific library, from which future aptamer screening runs could benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Beier
- Bioinformatics Group, Hochschule Mittweida - University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
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Dicaprio E, Ma Y, Hughes J, Li J. Epidemiology, prevention, and control of the number one foodborne illness: human norovirus. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013; 27:651-74. [PMID: 24011835 PMCID: PMC7126578 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Dicaprio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Evaluation of the Bioline Standard Diagnostics SD immunochromatographic norovirus detection kit using fecal specimens from Australian gastroenteritis incidents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:147-52. [PMID: 23528929 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human norovirus is a major cause of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of gastroenteritis and comprises two main genogroups (GI and GII) which, in turn, comprise a variety of genotypes. The current study examined the efficacy of the Bioline SD kit using fecal material from Australian gastroenteritis incidents. At best, the SD kit had a sensitivity of 62%. Freezing and thawing specimens before testing significantly improved sensitivity. The SD kit had a specificity of 98.6%. Genotype analysis (Open Reading Frame 2) indicated the SD kit could detect a range of genotypes and genotype variants including GI.1, GI.3, GI.4, GII.1, GII.3, GII.4 (unclassified), GII.4 (2006b), GII.4 (2009), GII.4 (2012) and GII.6 but the kit failed to detect GI.2 and GII.2 norovirus. The kit did not cross-react with a number of common fecal viruses including astrovirus, sapovirus, rotavirus or adenovirus. The kit was very easy to use and would be valuable in point-of-care testing.
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Ambert-Balay K, Pothier P. Evaluation of 4 immunochromatographic tests for rapid detection of norovirus in faecal samples. J Clin Virol 2012. [PMID: 23177165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid detection of noroviruses is essential to implement measures to reduce the rapid spread of gastroenteritis infections they cause, notably in institutions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate 4 rapid immunochromatographic tests: RIDA(®)QUICK Norovirus, ImmunoCardSTAT!(®) Norovirus, NOROTOP(®) and SD BIOLINE NOROVIRUS by determining their sensitivity and specificity on a large panel of samples representing 11 genotypes of norovirus genogroup I and 14 of genogroup II, and their cross-reactivity with other enteric viruses. STUDY DESIGN Thawed stool samples containing norovirus genogroup I or II or other enteric viruses, and negative samples, were tested by the 4 assays and compared to the reference standard RT-PCR. Fresh stool samples were also tested by RIDA(®)QUICK. RESULTS The sensitivity of RIDA(®)QUICK, ImmunoCardSTAT!(®), NOROTOP(®) and SD BIOLINE for the detection of norovirus genogroup I on thawed samples was 17%, 26%, 52% and 23%, respectively. For genogroup II, the sensitivity was 64%, 39%, 50% and 54%, respectively. For GII.4, the main circulating genotype, the sensitivity was 78%, 59%, 61% and 67%, respectively. For all tests, the specificity was 100% and no cross-reactivity with other enteric viruses was observed. The sensitivity of RIDA(®)QUICK on fresh stool samples positive for GII.4 was 71%. CONCLUSIONS Knowing that most gastroenteritis cases are due to GII.4, the immunochromatographic tests may be useful for preliminary screening, notably in outbreaks. However, negative samples need to be tested using RT-PCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Ambert-Balay
- National Reference Center for Enteric Viruses, Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP 37013, 21070 Dijon, France.
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Evaluation of the SD Bioline Norovirus rapid immunochromatography test using fecal specimens from Korean gastroenteritis patients. J Virol Methods 2012; 186:94-8. [PMID: 22960089 PMCID: PMC7119779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The analytical and clinical performance of a new rapid immunochromatography test, the SD Bioline Norovirus test, was evaluated for the detection of human norovirus in fecal specimens. The analytical performance studies were performed for detection limit, reproducibility, cross-reactivity, and interference. For comparison, 92 norovirus-positive stool samples and 126 norovirus-negative samples for which the results were confirmed by 2 different real-time PCR kits were used. The rapid immunochromatography test detected the equivalent of 4.48×10(6) copies/mL of the norovirus genome in stool samples. On performing the repeatability/reproducibility test, samples above this concentration all provided positive results (100%) and 97.8% of the samples slightly below this concentration (2.45×10(6) copies/mL) provided negative results. No cross-reactivity or interference was detected. Positive percent agreement (sensitivity), negative percent agreement (specificity), and overall percent agreement of the rapid immunochromatography test compared with testing by real-time PCR were 90.2%, 100%, and 95.9%, respectively. In addition, the rapid immunochromatography test was completed within 20 min. The SD Bioline Norovirus test was, therefore, easier and more rapid to perform and showed excellent reproducibility, no cross-reactivity, no interference, and high agreement compared with real-time PCR. Thus, this test is useful for rapid screening to identity norovirus infection.
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Knight A, Li D, Uyttendaele M, Jaykus LA. A critical review of methods for detecting human noroviruses and predicting their infectivity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:295-309. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.709820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tolentino-Ruiz R, Montoya-Varela D, García-Espitia M, Salas-Benito M, Gutiérrez-Escolano A, Gómez-García C, Figueroa-Arredondo P, Salas-Benito J, De Nova-Ocampo M. Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay to Detect Gastroenteric Pathogens in the Feces of Mexican Children. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:361-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0167-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pierce VM, Hodinka RL. A 3-year-old girl with vomiting and diarrhea. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:203-6. [PMID: 22534146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Pierce
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pombubpa K, Kittigul L. Assessment of a rapid immunochromatographic test for the diagnosis of norovirus gastroenteritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2379-83. [PMID: 22354525 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages. Since the viruses are highly infectious, rapid and early diagnosis is important to prevent and control the disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the commercial immunochromatographic test RIDA® QUICK Norovirus for the detection of norovirus in stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand. As compared with reference RT-PCR results, the RIDA® QUICK Norovirus assay provided a sensitivity of 48.2 and 83.3% with a specificity of 87.5%. False positive results were observed in 12.5% of norovirus-negative stool samples. Based on commercial quantitative real-time RT-PCR, the RIDA® QUICK Norovirus assay revealed a highly significant association, p-value <0.001, and good agreement (kappa = 0.6). The assay could detect norovirus in stool samples ranging from 3.22 × 10(6) to 3.26 × 10(8) copies/ml. False negative results occurred in the stool samples containing 5.9 × 10(6) copies/ml of norovirus GI or 1.85 × 10(4) - 4.28 × 10(5) copies/ml of GII. The immunochromatographic RIDA® QUICK Norovirus assay may be useful for rapid screening of norovirus infections in patients with acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries where the RT-PCR method has not been established for routine diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Battaglioli G, Nazarian EJ, Lamson D, Musser KA, St George K. Evaluation of the RIDAQuick norovirus immunochromatographic test kit. J Clin Virol 2012; 53:262-4. [PMID: 22226980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus infections occur frequently and are widespread throughout the US population causing greater than half of all foodborne gastroenteritis cases. A rapid norovirus assay would be a useful clinical tool for identification of this common virus in gastroenteritis patient samples, thereby identifying outbreaks and facilitating rapid implementation of control measures. OBJECTIVES To determine the suitability of the RIDAQuick norovirus kit as a clinical tool by determining the specificity and sensitivity of the assay, and its cross-reactivity with other enteric viruses. STUDY DESIGN Archived stool specimens containing norovirus genogroup I or II or other viruses were tested using the RIDAQuick norovirus assay and results compared to those obtained with real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS We tested 62 samples: 19 norovirus genogroup I, 25 genogroup II samples, and 18 norovirus negative samples. Compared to PCR results, RIDAQuick assay sensitivity was 61.4%, and specificity was 100%. The low sensitivity was mainly due to poor results with genogroup I specimens; only 11 of 19 were detected. Additionally, samples of four other common enteric viruses all tested negative with the RIDAQuick assay. CONCLUSIONS The RIDAQuick kit effectively detects norovirus genogroup II strains, but not genogroup I strains. We found no cross-reactivity with several common enteric viruses. As most norovirus cases are currently genogroup II strains, positive results with RIDAQuick can be used for rapid detection of norovirus in a large percentage of cases, thus also aiding in identification of outbreaks. However, final confirmation and negative results require further testing with more sensitive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Battaglioli
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.
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Park KS, Baek KA, Kim DU, Kwon KS, Bing SH, Park JS, Nam HS, Lee SH, Choi YJ. Evaluation of a new immunochromatographic assay kit for the rapid detection of norovirus in fecal specimens. Ann Lab Med 2011; 32:79-81. [PMID: 22259783 PMCID: PMC3255496 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2012.32.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of norovirus is essential for the prevention and control of norovirus outbreaks. This study compared the effectiveness of a new immunochromatographic assay kit (SD BIOLINE Norovirus; Standard Diagnostics, Korea) and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for detecting norovirus in fecal specimens. Compared with real-time RT-PCR, the new assay had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 76.5% (52/68), 99.7% (342/343), 98.1% (52/53), and 95.5% (342/358), respectively. The sensitivity of the assay was 81.8% (18/22) for GII.3 and 75.7% (28/37) for GII.4. None of the 38 enteric virus-positive specimens (3 for astrovirus, 5 for enteric adenovirus, and 30 for rotavirus) tested positive in the cross-reactivity test performed by using this assay. The new immunochromatographic assay may be a useful screening tool for the rapid detection of norovirus in sporadic and outbreak cases; however, negative results may require confirmatory assays of greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Sung Park
- Chungcheongnam-Do Health and Environment Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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