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Zhang C, Yang F, Wojdyla JA, Qin B, Zhang W, Zheng M, Cao W, Wang M, Gao X, Zheng H, Cui S. An anti-picornaviral strategy based on the crystal structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2C protein. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111030. [PMID: 35793627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2C protein shares conserved motifs with enterovirus 2Cs despite low sequence identity. Here, we determine the crystal structure of an FMDV 2C fragment to 1.83 Å resolution, which comprises an ATPase domain, a region equivalent to the enterovirus 2C zinc-finger (ZFER), and a C-terminal domain harboring a loop (PBL) that occupies a hydrophobic cleft (Pocket) in an adjacent 2C molecule. Mutations at ZFER, PBL, and Pocket affect FMDV 2C ATPase activity and are lethal to FMDV infectious clones. Because the PBL-Pocket interaction between FMDV 2C molecules is essential for its functions, we design an anti-FMDV peptide derived from PBL (PBL-peptide). PBL-peptide inhibits FMDV 2C ATPase activity, binds FMDV 2C with nanomolar affinity, and disrupts FMDV 2C oligomerization. FMDV 2C targets lipid droplets (LDs) and induces LD clustering in cells, and PBL-peptide disrupts FMDV 2C-induced LD clustering. Finally, we demonstrate that PBL-peptide exhibits anti-FMDV activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | | | - Bo Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Xiaopan Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Sheng Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Zia MA, Dobson SJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Shah MS, Habib M. Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35384830 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zia MA, Shah MS, Shafqat Ali Khan R, Farooq U, Shafi J, Habib M. High level expression and purification of recombinant 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using SUMO fusion system. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 191:106025. [PMID: 34826607 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of antibody to non-structural protein (NSP) of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the reliable diagnostic method for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). For this purpose, the detection of antibodies to non-structural 3ABC protein is suitable for identification of virus activity in the animals exposed to FMDV infection. However, large-scale production of recombinant 3ABC protein is challenging due to the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and low yield due to protein aggregation during in vitro refolding. In this study, 3ABC gene was fused with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) fusion system which significantly enhanced expression of recombinant 3ABC protein in E. coli. The solubility of the recombinant 6xHis-SUMO 3ABC fusion protein was improved by mild detergent treatment and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography under non-denaturing conditions which yielded 9 mg protein obtained from 1-L bacterial fermentation culture. The diagnostic potential of recombinant 3ABC protein was also tested by ELISA that provided reliable diagnostic performance (DSn = 92%, DSp = 94%) upon comparison with commercially available kit. The thermal stability of fusion protein was also tested which presented reliable performance at different temperatures. In conclusion, we presented SUMO fusion for the enhanced expression in E. coli and purification of active recombinant 3ABC protein using non-denaturing conditions without refolding steps. This protein can be used as a suitable diagnostic antigen to detect antibodies following FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rai Shafqat Ali Khan
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Umer Farooq
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
| | - Jamila Shafi
- Livestock and Dairy Development, Faisalabad, 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- College of Biological Sciences, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan; Vaccine Development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O Box 128, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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Tewari A, Ambrose H, Parekh K, Inoue T, Guitian J, Nardo AD, Paton DJ, Parida S. Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050914. [PMID: 34063385 PMCID: PMC8156621 DOI: 10.3390/v13050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-endemic countries, vaccination is commonly used to control the disease, whilst in FMD-free countries, vaccination is considered as an option, in addition to culling the infected and in contact animals. FMD vaccines are mainly comprised of inactivated virions and stimulate protective antibodies to virus structural proteins. In contrast, infection with FMD virus leads to virus replication and additional antibody responses to viral nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, antibodies against NSPs are used to differentiate infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA), in order to estimate the prevalence of infection or its absence. Another advantage of NSP antibody tests is that they detect FMD infection in the field, irrespective of the serotypes of virus in circulation. In cattle, the NSP tests that target the 3ABC polyprotein provides the highest sensitivity, detecting up to 90% of vaccinated animals that become carriers after exposure to infection, with a specificity of around 99%. Due to insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, detection of a low level of infection is difficult at the population level with a high degree of confidence. The low level of non-specific responses can be overcome by retesting samples scored positive using a second confirmatory test, which should have at least comparable sensitivity to the first test. In this study, six in-house tests were developed incorporating different NSP antigens, and validated using bovine sera from naïve animals, field cases and experimentally vaccinated and/or infected animals. In addition, two (short and long incubation) new commercial NSP tests based on 3ABC competitive blocking ELISAs (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, IDvet, France) were validated in this study. The two commercial ELISAs had very similar sensitivities and specificities that were not improved by lengthening the incubation period. Several of the new in-house tests had performance characteristics that were nearly as good as the commercial ELISAs. Finally, the in-house tests were evaluated for use as confirmatory tests following screening with the PrioCHECK® and ID Screen® FMDV NS commercial kits, to assess the diagnostic performance produced by a multiple testing strategy. The in-house tests could be used in series (to confirm) or in parallel (to augment) with the PrioCHECK® and IDvet® FMDV NS commercial kits, in order to improve either the specificity or sensitivity of the overall test system, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in the counterpart (sensitivity/specificity) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Helen Ambrose
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Krupali Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Exotic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1, Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan;
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - David James Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7920512797
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Mahajan S, Sharma GK, Bora K, Pattnaik B. Identification of novel interactions between host and non-structural protein 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33729124 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2C protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is reported to play a critical role in the virus replication complex and modulating the host's immune response. However, the underlying molecular intricacies of subversion of cellular machinery remains poorly understood, thus emphasizing the need to study 2C-host interactions. In this study, we identified the host proteins interacting with the 2C using yeast-two hybrid (Y2H) approach, which is one of the most recognized, high-throughput tools to study protein-protein interactions. The FMDV-2C bait was characterized for auto-activation, toxicity, and expression and was found to be suitable for mating with cDNA library. On preliminary screening a total of 32 interacting host proteins were identified which were reduced to 22 on subsequent confirmation with alternative yeast based assays. Amongst these, NMI/2C interaction has been reported earlier by Wang et al. (2012) and remaining 21 are novel interactions. The Reactome analysis has revealed the role of the identified host proteins in cellular pathways exploited by 2C during FMDV replication. We also confirmed interaction of MARCH7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase with 2C using mammalian two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation. This study leads to the identification of novel 2C interacting host proteins which enhance our understanding of 2C-host interface and may provide checkpoints for development of potential therapeutics against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalika Mahajan
- Present address: Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.,ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Present address: Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.,ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Kavita Bora
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India
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6
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Tewari A, Jain B, Bhatia AK. Multiplexed DIVA tests for rapid detection of FMDV infection/circulation in endemic countries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:545-554. [PMID: 31832714 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10263-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Due to FMD outbreaks, the annual economic losses in endemic countries range from USD 6.1 billion to 200 billion. It also restricts the export of animals/animal by-products to FMD-free countries. FMD-free countries can experience a more severe economic loss due to the culling of infected animals as experienced by the UK in 2001 outbreaks. In endemic countries outbreaks occur mainly due to unrestricted animal movements. This creates a difficult situation in an endemic setting for controlling FMD spread to nearby areas. During post-vaccination surveillance, testing of serum samples using single test may not be able to substantiate complete freedom from infection. Thus, there is a requirement of more sensitive, robust, and accurate diagnostic tests to detect the FMDV infection/virus circulation in the vaccinated population with more accuracy than the available diagnostic tests. This can be achieved by using multiple antigens and setting the criteria for the positivity/negativity of the samples. Thus, this review emphasizes the comparison and the practical utility of the available diagnostic tests which detect antibodies against single antigen with those which detect antibodies against multiple antigens in single testing. It also emphasizes the utility of these tests in PCP-FMD (Progressive Control Pathway for Foot-and-Mouth Disease) going on in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263145, India.
| | - Beenu Jain
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
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7
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Yang S, Sun Y, Yang J, Liu Y, Feng H, Zhang G. A gold nanoparticle strip for simultaneously evaluating FMDV immunized antibody level and discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30164-30170. [PMID: 35530212 PMCID: PMC9072146 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A gold nanoparticle strip was developed for rapidly evaluating FMDV type O antibody level and simultaneously discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals. The strip was established depending on the colloidal gold nanoparticle labeling technique. Staphylococcal protein A colloidal gold nanoparticles were used as a probe. The epitope antigens of FMDV structural proteins and nonstructural proteins were dispensed on a nitrocellulose membrane as two test lines, respectively, and goat anti-pig antibody IgG was used as a control line. The assay was evaluated with FMDV immunized, infected sera and positive sera for another virus. The results showed the specificities of the T1 and T2 lines were 95.17% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity was in accordance with commercial ELISA kits. The coincidence rate of the new strip with 3ABC Mab-bELISA and LPB-ELISA was 95.5% and 93.13%, respectively. In summary, this experimental strip could provide a simple, inexpensive and rapid approach for onsite detection of FMDV type O antibody level and discrimination of FMDV vaccinated from infected animals without any expensive instrument. A gold nanoparticle strip was developed for rapidly evaluating FMDV type O antibody level and simultaneously discriminating FMDV vaccinated animals from infected animals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Feng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology
- Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Zhengzhou
- People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
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Mahmoud MAEF, Ghazy AA, Shaapan RM. Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2018; 14:45-52. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2019.45.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Chung CJ, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA, Uddowla S, Sayed A, Dancho B, Olesen IC, Pacheco J, Kamicker BJ, Brake DA, Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage CL, Lee SS, Rai DK, Rieder E. An improved, rapid competitive ELISA using a novel conserved 3B epitope for the detection of serum antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:699-707. [PMID: 29916768 PMCID: PMC6505784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in significant costs because of loss of trade and recovery from disease. We developed a sensitive, specific, and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies to FMDV. The cELISA utilized a monoclonal blocking antibody specific for a highly conserved FMDV nonstructural 3B epitope, a recombinant mutant FMDV 3ABC coating protein, and optimized format variables including serum incubation for 90 min at 20-25°C. Samples from 16 animals experimentally infected with one FMDV serotype (A, O, Asia, or SAT-1) demonstrated early detection capacity beginning 7 d post-inoculation. All samples from 55 vesicular stomatitis virus antibody-positive cattle and 44 samples from cloven-hoofed animals affected by non-FMD vesicular diseases were negative in the cELISA, demonstrating 100% analytical specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% against sera from 128 cattle infected with isolates of all FMDV serotypes, emphasizing serotype-agnostic results. Diagnostic specificities of U.S. cattle ( n = 1135) and swine ( n = 207) sera were 99.4% and 100%, respectively. High repeatability and reproducibility were demonstrated with 3.1% coefficient of variation in percent inhibition data and 100% agreement using 2 kit lots and 400 negative control serum samples, with no difference between bench and biosafety cabinet operation. Negative results from vaccinated, uninfected cattle, pig, and sheep sera confirmed the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) capability. This rapid (<3 h), select agent-free assay with high sensitivity and specificity, DIVA capability, and room temperature processing capability will serve as a useful tool in FMDV surveillance, emergency preparedness, response, and outbreak recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon J Chung
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (Chung) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, College Station, TX (Clavijo)
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Bounpheng)
| | - Sabena Uddowla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Abu Sayed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Brooke Dancho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Ian C Olesen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | | | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates LLC (Brake) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | | | - Stephen S Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (Rieder) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
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Liu ZZ, Zhao FR, Gao SD, Shao JJ, Zhang YG, Chang HY. Development of a chemiluminescence immunoassay using recombinant non-structural epitope-based proteins to accurately differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated bovines. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:338-344. [PMID: 29341485 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of inactivated vaccine with non-structural proteins (NSPs) leads to a high false-positive rate, which is a substantial barrier to accurately differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected animals from vaccinated animals. To address this problem, a new chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) method was developed to detect antibodies targeting the two recombinant epitope-based proteins located in 3A and 3B. The 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA exhibited a diagnostic sensitivity of 94.0% and a diagnostic specificity of 97.5% for the detection of serum samples (naïve bovines, n = 52, vaccinated bovines, n = 422, infected bovines, n = 116) from animals with known status. The CLIA method also had a concordance rate of 88.1% with the PrioCHECK FMDV NSP ELISA based on the detection of 270 serum samples from the field. Importantly, the 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA produced no false-positives when used to detect FMDV in samples from bovines that had been vaccinated up to five times, and it was demonstrated a low false-positive rate when the bovines had been vaccinated up to ten (2.15%) and fifteen times (5.93%). Therefore, the 3Aepitp-3Bepitp CLIA detects FMDV in samples from frequently vaccinated bovines with high accuracy and represents an alternative method to differentiate FMDV-infected and vaccinated bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - F-R Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - S-D Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J-J Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y-G Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - H-Y Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Shen Y, Cheng A, Wang M, Chen S, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Sun K, Yang Q, Chen X. Development of an indirect ELISA method based on the VP3 protein of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) for dual detection of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 antibodies. J Virol Methods 2015; 225:30-4. [PMID: 26341062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) based on the recombinant VP3 protein of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) was developed and evaluated in this study. The optimal antigen, serum and enzyme-labeled antibody dilutions were 1:160 (0.94μg), 1:160 and 1:2000, respectively. The optimal blocking buffer was 1% gelatin. The cutoff value was determined to be 0.332, and the analytical sensitivity was 1:1280 (OD450-630=0.37). The results of the specificity evaluation showed that no cross-reactivity existed between DHAV-1 antiserum and other common duck-sensitive pathogens, except for duck hepatitis A virus type 3 (DHAV-3), suggesting that this could be a common approach for the simultaneous detection of DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 antibodies. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for all of the tested samples were lower than 10%. The concordance between the I-ELISA based on the VP3 subunit of DHAV-1 and that based on the whole DHAV-1 particle was 96%. These results indicate that the VP3-based I-ELISA method has high sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability and is as effective as the DHAV-1-based I-ELISA method for sero-surveillance. Thus, it may be a convenient and novel method for DHAV antibody detection and epidemiological surveillance of DHAV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlin Shen
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Kunfeng Sun
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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12
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Ranjan R, Biswal J, Rout M, Mohapatra JK, Dash BB, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Diagnostic assays developed for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in India. World J Virol 2015; 4:295-302. [PMID: 26279990 PMCID: PMC4534820 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease of livestock, primarily affecting cattle, buffalo and pigs. FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia1 are prevalent in India and systematic efforts are on to control and eventually eradicate the disease from the country. FMD epidemiology is complex due to factors like co-circulation, extinction, emergence and re-emergence of genotypes/lineages within the three serotypes, animal movement, diverse farm practices and large number of susceptible livestock in the country. Systematic vaccination, prompt diagnosis, strict biosecurity measures, and regular monitoring of vaccinal immunity and surveillance of virus circulation are indispensible features for the effective implementation of the control measures. Availability of suitable companion diagnostic tests is very important in this endeavour. In this review, the diagnostic assays developed and validated in India and their contribution in FMD control programme is presented.
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13
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Mahajan S, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik B. Indirect ELISA using recombinant nonstructural protein 3D to detect foot and mouth disease virus infection associated antibodies. Biologicals 2015; 43:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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14
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Pattnaik B. Production and characterization of single-chain antibody (scFv) against 3ABC non-structural protein in Escherichia coli for sero-diagnosis of Foot and Mouth Disease virus. Biologicals 2014; 42:339-45. [PMID: 25439091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease infected from vaccinated animals is essential for effective implementation of vaccination based control programme. Detection of antibodies against 3ABC non-structural protein of FMD virus by immunodiagnostic assays provides reliable indication of FMD infection. Sero-monitoring of FMD in the large country like India is a big task where thousands of serum samples are annually screened. Currently, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are widely used in these immunodiagnostic assays. Considering the large population of livestock in the country, an economical and replenishable alternative of these antibodies was required. In this study, specific short chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against 3B region of 3ABC poly-protein was developed. High level of scFv expression in Escherichia coli system was obtained by careful optimization in four different strains. Two formats of enzyme immunoassays (sandwich and competitive ELISAs) were optimized using scFv with objective to differentiate FMD infected among the vaccinated population. The assays were statistically validated by testing 2150 serum samples. Diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of sandwich and competitive ELISAs were determined by ROC method as 92.2%/95.5% and 89.5%/93.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that scFv is a suitable alternate for immunodiagnosis of FMD on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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15
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B. Comparative evaluation of non-structural protein-antibody detecting ELISAs for foot-and-mouth disease sero-surveillance under intensive vaccination. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:22-8. [PMID: 24996132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly infectious and contagious disease of livestock animals with transboundary and economical importance. Animals in the endemic settings are regularly vaccinated in addition to intensive surveillance for control of the disease. Under intensive vaccination, detection of infected animals among the vaccinated population is essential to monitor the infection and to track down the virus movement. Sero-surveillance and retrospective disease diagnosis is performed primarily by detecting antibodies against non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus which are usually absent in the inactivated vaccine formulations. The study was conducted with an objective to compare simultaneously performance of six NSP ELISAs in detecting infected animals in the areas covered under intensive vaccination, and to assess their fit-for-purpose attribute for sero-surveillance of FMD in India. A panel of bovine serum samples consisting of samples collected from infected with FMDV, vaccinated and naive animals were constituted. In addition, samples collected at random from areas having varied FMD situation and vaccination coverage were tested simultaneously by the six NSP ELISAs to compare their performances. The four indigenous assays showed varying degrees of correlation with the two commercial kits. The study validated that, in all the groups of samples, the indigenous assays were equally sensitive and specific as the two commercial kits. Among all the six assays, PrioCheck and in-house 3ABC I-ELISAs showed maximum sensitivity for detection of infected animals, whereas 3AB3 I-ELISA and 3ABC C-ELISA showed maximum specificity. The study concluded that the in-house available assays are equally capable as the commercially available kits for differentiation of infected animals under intensive vaccination and identifies the 3AB3 I-ELISA with optimum sensitivity and specificity for the purpose of sero-surveillance in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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16
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Diagnostic potential of recombinant nonstructural protein 3B to detect antibodies induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in bovines. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2359-69. [PMID: 24777827 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antibodies to nonstructural proteins (NSP) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is the preferred diagnostic method to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. In India, an endemic region practising preventive biannual vaccination, 3AB3 indirect ELISA (r3AB3 I-ELISA) has been employed as the primary screening test for serosurveillance. However, because of the variability observed in the immune response to the NSPs, the likelihood of detecting or confirming an infected animal is increased if an antibody profile against multiple NSPs is considered for diagnosis. In this study, all three copies of NSP 3B were expressed in a prokaryotic system to develop an indirect ELISA (r3B I-ELISA). At the decided cutoff of 40 percent positivity, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3B I-ELISA were estimated to be 92.1% (95% CI: 89.0-94.5) and 98.1% (95% CI: 96.9-98.8), respectively, as compared to 97.04% and 95.04% for r3AB3 I-ELISA. Although r3B I-ELISA displayed lower sensitivity compared to the screening assay, which could possibly be attributed to additional relevant B-cell epitopes in the carboxy-terminal half of the 3A protein, the former achieved considerably higher specificity on repeatedly vaccinated animals. NSP antibodies could be detected from 10 to as late as 998 days postinfection in experimental calves. Substantial agreement in the test results (90.6%) was found between the two ELISAs. The r3B I-ELISA, when used in conjunction with the r3AB3 I-ELISA as an integrated system, can potentially augment the efficiency and confidence of detection of infected herds against the backdrop of intensive vaccination.
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