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A. Abd El-Ghany W. Avian Metapneumovirus Infection in Poultry Flocks: A Review of Current Knowledge. PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2023; 46:971-1002. [DOI: 10.47836/pjtas.46.3.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the respiratory viruses that cause global economic losses in poultry production systems. Therefore, it was important to design a comprehensive review article that gives more information about aMPV infection regarding the distribution, susceptibility, transmission, pathogenesis, pathology, diagnosis, and prevention. The aMPV infection is characterized by respiratory and reproductive disorders in turkeys and chickens. The disease condition is turkey rhinotracheitis in turkeys and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Infection with aMPV is associated with worldwide economic losses, especially in complications with other infections or poor environmental conditions. The genus Metapneumovirus is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus and contains A, B, C, and D subtypes. Meat and egg-type birds are susceptible to aMPV infection. The virus can transmit through aerosol, direct contact, mechanical, and vertical routes. The disease condition is characterized by respiratory manifestations, a decrease in egg production, growth retardation, increasing morbidity rate, and sometimes nervous signs and a high mortality rate, particularly in concurrent infections. Definitive diagnosis of aMPV is based mainly on isolation and identification methods, detection of the viral DNA, as well as seroconversion. Prevention of aMPV infection depends on adopting biosecurity measures and vaccination using inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant or DNA vaccines.
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Lemaitre E, Bougeard S, Allée C, Eterradossi N, Courtillon C, Brown PA. Avian metapneumovirus: A five-plex digital droplet RT-PCR method for identification of subgroups A, B, C, and D. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1058294. [PMID: 36458056 PMCID: PMC9705331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1058294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
End-point and real-time avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) RT-PCRs have been developed to detect one or two of the four recognized subgroups (A,B,C, and D) simultaneously or for broad range AMPV detection. Current subgroup specific tests target variable areas of the genome which makes these PCRs sensitive to specificity defects as recently documented. In the current study, a single five-plex digital droplet RT-PCR targeting the conserved viral polymerase gene of AMPV, which is less prone to genetic drift, has been designed. This digital droplet RT-PCR was capable of identifying each of the four AMPV subgroups. Each subgroup was identified according to a specifically assigned fluorescent amplitude. Specificity, which was tested including 31 AMPV strains, non-AMPV avian viruses and closely related human respiratory viruses, was 100%. The specific limit of detection for extracted viral RNA was estimated between 1 and 3 copies/μl. This tool simplifies the number of tests required for AMPV genotype diagnostics and should be theoretically less effected by viral genome evolution due to its target region. Ultimately, application of this test will contribute to an improved understanding of the global geographic distribution and subgroup host range of field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Lemaitre
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), VIPAC Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Metapneumovirus Infections, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), EPISABE Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), VIPAC Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Metapneumovirus Infections, Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), VIPAC Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Metapneumovirus Infections, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), VIPAC Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Metapneumovirus Infections, Ploufragan, France
| | - Paul Alun Brown
- Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), VIPAC Unit, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Avian Metapneumovirus Infections, Ploufragan, France
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Lachheb J, Bouslama Z, Nsiri J, Badr C, Al Gallas N, Souissi N, Khazri I, Larbi I, Kaboudi K, Ghram A. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses of subtype-B metapneumovirus from chickens in Tunisia. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102253. [PMID: 36455491 PMCID: PMC9712995 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) is an economically important viral disease of chickens caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). The virus comprises 6 different subtypes (A,B,C,D, New-1 and New-2). To date, no information was available on the presence of the virus in Tunisian poultry. The present work aims to detect the presence of (aMPV) in broiler chicken in Tunisia, then to characterise the isolates in order to determine their subtype and to estimate their geographic origin of introduction. A total of 289 samples were collected, aMPV detection was detected by real time RT-PCR and molecular characterization was warried out by Sanger sequencing on the glycoprotein (G) gene. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Beast 2 software. Out of the 289 samples, 21 were revealed positive to aMPV. Only 2 isolates have been confirmed by sequencing analysis ; one isolate sampled in 2015 and another in 2019. Based on the partial G gene sequence, analysis of these 2 Tunisian isolates showed that they belong to subtype B. The isolate sampled in 2015, appeared to be phylogenetically related to derived vaccine strain. However, the one sampled in 2019 appeared to be a field strain. Phylodynamic analysis provided evidence that this field strain derived from a Spanish strain and probably the virus has been introduced from Spain to North Africa back in 2016. This study is the first that highlighted the circulation of (aMPV) in Tunisia. It is possible that aMPV has been circulating in Tunisia and neighboring countries without being detected. Also, multiple strains could be present and therefore multiple introductions have happened. Through this study, we shed the light on the importance of reinforcing farms biosecurity as well as virological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia.
| | - Zied Bouslama
- Laboratory of Viruses, Vectors and Hosts, LR20 IPT 02 Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Nazek Al Gallas
- Food and Water Control Laboratory, National Center for Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibriospp. Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nada Souissi
- Veterinary Research Institute of Tunis (IRVT), Tunisia
| | - Imed Khazri
- Veterinary Research Institute of Tunis (IRVT), Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
| | - Khaled Kaboudi
- Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary Medicine School, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunisia
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Graziosi G, Mescolini G, Silveira F, Lupini C, Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Cecchinato M, Legnardi M, Gobbo F, Terregino C, Catelli E. First detection of Avian metapneumovirus subtype C Eurasian Lineage in a Eurasian wigeon ( Mareca penelope) wintering in Northeastern Italy: an additional hint on the role of migrating birds in the viral epidemiology. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:283-290. [PMID: 35261311 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2051429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) economically affects the global poultry industry causing respiratory and reproductive disorders. Considering the paucity of data on the aMPV occurrence in European free-ranging avifauna, a molecular survey was conducted on wild birds of 23 species belonging to the orders Anseriformes, Charadriiformes or Passeriformes, captured alive and sampled in Northeast Italy as part of the national Avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance activities. A total of 492 oropharyngeal swabs, collected from 2007 to 2010, all AIV negative, were screened from aMPV by subtype-specific qRT-PCR. An aMPV-C strain, named aMPV/C/IT/Wigeon/758/07, was found in a wintering young Eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope) sampled in November 2007. The matrix, fusion, and attachment glycoprotein genes of the detected strain were subsequently amplified by specific independent RT-PCRs, then sequenced, and compared in a phylogenetic framework with known aMPV homologous sequences retrieved from GenBank. Close genetic relationships were found between the aMPV/C/IT/Wigeon/758/07 strain and subtype C Eurasian lineage strains isolated in the late 1990s in French domestic ducks, suggesting epidemiological links. Eurasian wigeons are indeed medium to long-range migrant dabbling ducks that move along the Black Sea/Mediterranean flyway, our finding might therefore be related to migratory bridges between countries. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence of the occurrence of a subtype C in Italy and backdates the aMPV-C circulation to 2007. Moreover, results suggest the susceptibility of Eurasian wigeons to aMPV. Broader investigations are needed to assess the role of wild ducks and the significance of the wildfowl/poultry interface in the aMPV-C epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Flageul A, Courtillon C, Allée C, Leroux A, Blanchard Y, Deleforterie Y, Grasland B, Brown PA. Extracting Turkey Coronaviruses from the intestinal lumen of infected turkey embryos yields full genome data with good coverage by NGS. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:291-294. [PMID: 35201915 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2046701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, turkey coronaviruses (TCoV) are isolated from homogenized intestines of experimentally infected embryos to ensure a maximum recovery of viral particles from all components of the intestines. However, the process of homogenization also ensures a release of an important amount of cellular RNAs into the sample that hinders downstream viral genome sequencing. This is especially the case for next generation sequencing (NGS) that sequences molecules at random. This characteristic means that the heavily abundant cellular RNA in the sample drowns out the minority viral RNA during the sequencing process and consequently very little to no viral genome data is obtained.To address this problem, a method was developed, in which ten descendent isolates of the European strain of TCoV were recovered uniquely from the intestinal lumen without homogenization of the tissue. For nine out of ten samples, NGS produced viral RNA reads with good coverage depth over the entire TCoV genomes. This is a much-needed new, simple and cost effective method of isolating TCoV that facilitates downstream NGS of viral RNA and should be considered as an alternative method for isolating other avian enteric coronaviruses in the interest of obtaining full-length genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Flageul
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Virology, immunology and parasitology in poultry and rabbit (VIPAC) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Virology, immunology and parasitology in poultry and rabbit (VIPAC) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | - Chantal Allée
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Virology, immunology and parasitology in poultry and rabbit (VIPAC) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | - Aurélie Leroux
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Viral Genetic and Biosafety (GVB) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Viral Genetic and Biosafety (GVB) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | | | - Béatrice Grasland
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Virology, immunology and parasitology in poultry and rabbit (VIPAC) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
| | - Paul Alun Brown
- Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Virology, immunology and parasitology in poultry and rabbit (VIPAC) Unit, Université de Rennes 1
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Kaboudi K, Lachheb J. Avian metapneumovirus infection in turkeys: a review on turkey rhinotracheitis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Yang H, Meng L, Ai D, Hou N, Li H, Shuai X, Peng X. Acetic acid alleviates the inflammatory response and liver injury in septic mice by increasing the expression of TRIM40. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2789-2798. [PMID: 30906467 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains a significant health care issue in clinical practice due to its high mortality rate and healthcare cost, despite extensive efforts to better understand the pathophysiology of sepsis. The systemic inflammatory response often leads to severe liver injury, even acute liver dysfunction and failure. Acetic acid, as a type of chemical compound, has been reported to be an emerging drug for improving metabolic syndrome and inhibiting inflammation in rats and human. To verify the effects of acetic acid in protecting the liver and reducing the inflammatory response, a septic mouse model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and then the CLP-model mice were treated with acetic acid or PBS. Following the treatment, it was determined that, in CLP-model mice, acetic acid could alleviate the inflammatory response by decreasing the expression of cytokines including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, acetic acid also alleviated the liver injury, and the levels of alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were decreased. The expression of tripartite motif-containing protein (TRIM)40 was also upregulated significantly. Therefore, the authors of the current study hypothesized that acetic acid could decrease the inflammatory response by increasing the expression of TRIM40 and TRIM40 may regulate the activity of the TLR4 signaling pathway. To further illustrate the interaction between TRIM40 and the TLR4 signaling pathway, the authors collected macrophages from the peritoneal cavity by intraperitoneally administering mice with 5 ml ice-cold normal saline. Following the collection, peritoneal macrophages were treated with acetic acid, TRIM40 small interfering RNA or PBS. It was demonstrated that acetic acid upregulated the expression of TRIM40. When TRIM40 was silenced, the protective effect of acetic acid would be reversed as well. The results suggested that TRIM40 could act on and downregulate the activity of the TLR4 signaling pathway. TRIM40 is possibly the major target for acetic acid, which may function as a protective factor in septic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Lan Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Dengbin Ai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Nianguo Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xunjun Shuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
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The small hydrophobic (SH) gene of North American turkey AMPV-C does not attenuate nor modify host tropism in recombinant European duck AMPV-C. Virology 2019; 526:138-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nuñez LF, Santander-Parra SH, Chaible L, De la Torre DI, Buim MR, Murakami A, Zaidan Dagli ML, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Development of a Sensitive Real-Time Fast-qPCR Based on SYBR ® Green for Detection and Quantification of Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV). Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5030069. [PMID: 30044371 PMCID: PMC6163237 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses have been associated with runting and stunting syndrome (RSS). These viral infections mainly affect young chickens, causing apathy, depression, ruffled feathers, cloacal pasting, and diarrhea. Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) is such an infection and has been detected in chickens showing signs of enteric diseases worldwide. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a sensitive real-time fast-qPCR assay based on SYBR® Green for detection and quantification of ChPV. A 561-bp non-structural (NS) gene was amplified and cloned, and a pair of primers was designed based on conserved nucleotide sequences on the NS gene of ChPV, the intercalating DNA reagent SYBR® Green was employed, and the Fast mode of a thermocycler was used. The assay detects 109 to 101 copies of the genome (CG). The limit of detection (LoD) was estimated to five CG, and the limit of quantification (LoQ) was estimated at ten CG. The standard curve efficiency was 101.94%, and the melting curve showed a unique clean peak and a melting temperature of 79.3 °C. The assay was specific to amplify the ChPV NS gene, and no amplification was shown from other viral genomes or in the negative controls. A total of 141 samples were tested using the assay, of which 139 samples were found positive. The highest CG value of ChPV was 5.7 × 106 CG/uL of DNA without apparent clinical signs of enteric disturbance, and 4.6 × 106 CG/uL DNA were detected in chickens with RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Jeronimo Leiton s/n, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Silvana H Santander-Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Chaible
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - David I De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Jeronimo Leiton s/n, EC170521 Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Marcos R Buim
- Biological Institute, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, CEP 17690-000 Bastos, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Murakami
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
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