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Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Ross CS, Pascu A, Hepple R, Dominguez M, Frost S, Coward VJ, Núñez A, James J, Stephan L, Aegerter JN, Brown IH, Banyard AC. A multi-species, multi-pathogen avian viral disease outbreak event: Investigating potential for virus transmission at the wild bird - poultry interface. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2348521. [PMID: 38686548 PMCID: PMC11168234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2348521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A free-range organic broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) premises in Staffordshire was infected by high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N8 during the 2020-2021 epizootic in the United Kingdom (UK). Following initial confirmation of the infection in poultry, multiple wild bird species were seen scavenging on chicken carcasses. Detected dead wild birds were subsequently demonstrated to have been infected and succumbed to HPAIV H5N8. Initially, scavenging species, magpie (Pica pica) and raven (Corvus corax) were found dead on the premises but over the following days, buzzards (Buteo buteo) were also found dead within the local area with positive detection of HPAIV in submitted carcasses. The subacute nature of microscopic lesions within a buzzard was consistent with the timeframe of infection. Finally, a considerable number of free-living pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were also found dead in the surrounding area, with carcasses having higher viral antigen loads compared to infected chickens. Limited virus dissemination was observed in the carcasses of the magpie, raven, and buzzard. Further, an avirulent avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) was detected within poultry samples as well as in the viscera of a magpie infected with HPAIV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal colocalization of avian paramyxovirus antigens with lesions, supporting an avirulent APMV-1 infection. Overall, this case highlights scenarios in which bi-directional transmission of avian viral diseases between commercial and wild bird species may occur. It also underlines the importance of bio separation and reduced access when infection pressure from HPAIV is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Craig S. Ross
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Andrei Pascu
- APHA England Field Delivery, APHA Stafford, Stafford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Vivien J. Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Joe James
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Levon Stephan
- Veterinary Exotic Notifiable Disease Unit (VENDU), London, UK
| | | | - Ian H. Brown
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
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2
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Falchieri M, Reid SM, Dastderji A, Cracknell J, Warren CJ, Mollett BC, Peers-Dent J, Schlachter ALD, Mcginn N, Hepple R, Thomas S, Ridout S, Quayle J, Pizzi R, Núñez A, Byrne AMP, James J, Banyard AC. Rapid mortality in captive bush dogs ( Speothos venaticus) caused by influenza A of avian origin (H5N1) at a wildlife collection in the United Kingdom. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2361792. [PMID: 38828793 PMCID: PMC11155434 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2361792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Europe has suffered unprecedented epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 since Autumn 2021. As well as impacting upon commercial and wild avian species, the virus has also infected mammalian species more than ever observed previously. Mammalian species involved in spill over events have primarily been scavenging terrestrial carnivores and farmed mammalian species although marine mammals have also been affected. Alongside reports of detections of mammalian species found dead through different surveillance schemes, several mass mortality events have been reported in farmed and wild animals. In November 2022, an unusual mortality event was reported in captive bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV of avian origin being the causative agent. The event involved an enclosure of 15 bush dogs, 10 of which succumbed during a nine-day period with some dogs exhibiting neurological disease. Ingestion of infected meat is proposed as the most likely infection route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falchieri
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Akbar Dastderji
- Mammalian Virology Investigation Unit, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Caroline J. Warren
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Benjamin C. Mollett
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Jacob Peers-Dent
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Audra-Lynne D. Schlachter
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Natalie Mcginn
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Richard Hepple
- APHA Field Epidemiology Team, APHA Bridgwater, Rivers House, East Quay, Bridgwater, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Susan Ridout
- APHA Field Epidemiology Team, APHA Hornbeam House, Electra Way, Crewe, Cheshire, UK
| | | | | | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Joe James
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Influenza and Avian Virology Team, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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3
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Singh G, Trujillo JD, McDowell CD, Matias-Ferreyra F, Kafle S, Kwon T, Gaudreault NN, Fitz I, Noll L, Morozov I, Retallick J, Richt JA. Detection and characterization of H5N1 HPAIV in environmental samples from a dairy farm. Virus Genes 2024; 60:517-527. [PMID: 39008139 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The recent expansion of HPAIV H5N1 infections in terrestrial mammals in the Americas, most recently including the outbreak in dairy cattle, emphasizes the critical need for better epidemiological monitoring of zoonotic diseases. In this work, we detected, isolated, and characterized the HPAIV H5N1 from environmental swab samples collected from a dairy farm in the state of Kansas, USA. Genomic sequencing of these samples uncovered two distinctive substitutions in the PB2 (E249G) and NS1 (R21Q) genes which are rare and absent in recent 2024 isolates of H5N1 circulating in the mammalian and avian species. Additionally, approximately 1.7% of the sequence reads indicated a PB2 (E627K) substitution, commonly associated with virus adaptation to mammalian hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of the PB2 and NS genes demonstrated more genetic identity between this environmental isolate and the 2024 human isolate (A/Texas/37/2024) of H5N1. Conversely, HA and NA gene analyses revealed a closer relationship between our isolate and those found in other dairy cattle with almost 100% identity, sharing a common phylogenetic subtree. These findings underscore the rapid evolutionary progression of HPAIV H5N1 among dairy cattle and reinforces the need for more epidemiological monitoring which can be done using environmental sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sujan Kafle
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Isaac Fitz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance Noll
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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4
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Banyard AC, Bennison A, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Lynton-Jenkins JG, Mollett B, De Silva D, Peers-Dent J, Finlayson K, Hall R, Blockley F, Blyth M, Falchieri M, Fowler Z, Fitzcharles EM, Brown IH, James J. Detection and spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 in the Antarctic Region. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7433. [PMID: 39227574 PMCID: PMC11372179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Until recent events, the Antarctic was the only major geographical region in which high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) had never previously been detected. Here we report on the detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions of South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, respectively. We initially detected H5N1 HPAIV in samples collected from brown skuas at Bird Island, South Georgia on 8th October 2023. Since this detection, mortalities were observed in several avian and mammalian species at multiple sites across South Georgia. Subsequent testing confirmed H5N1 HPAIV across several sampling locations in multiple avian species and two seal species. Simultaneously, we also confirmed H5N1 HPAIV in southern fulmar and black-browed albatross in the Falkland Islands. Genetic assessment of the virus indicates spread from South America, likely through movement of migratory birds. Critically, genetic assessment of sequences from mammalian species demonstrates no increased risk to human populations above that observed in other instances of mammalian infections globally. Here we describe the detection, species impact and genetic composition of the virus and propose both introductory routes and potential long-term impact on avian and mammalian species across the Antarctic region. We also speculate on the threat to specific populations following recent reports in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ashley Bennison
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Alexander M P Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joshua G Lynton-Jenkins
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Benjamin Mollett
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jacob Peers-Dent
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Kim Finlayson
- KEMH Pathology and Food, Water & Environmental Laboratory, St Mary's Walk, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - Rosamund Hall
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Freya Blockley
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Marcia Blyth
- British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Zoe Fowler
- Department of Agriculture, Bypass Road, Stanley, FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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5
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Spackman E, Jones DR, McCoig AM, Colonius TJ, Goraichuk IV, Suarez DL. Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in retail dairy products in the US. J Virol 2024; 98:e0088124. [PMID: 38958444 PMCID: PMC11264905 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00881-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected in dairy cattle in the US, and it was discovered that the virus could be detected in raw milk. Although affected cow's milk is diverted from human consumption and current pasteurization requirements are expected to reduce or eliminate infectious HPAIV from the milk supply, a study was conducted to characterize whether the virus could be detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qrRT-PCR) in pasteurized retail dairy products and, if detected, to determine whether the virus was viable. From 18 April to 22 April 2024, a total of 297 samples of Grade A pasteurized retail milk products (23 product types) were collected from 17 US states that represented products from 132 processors in 38 states. Viral RNA was detected in 60 samples (20.2%), with qrRT-PCR-based quantity estimates (non-infectious) of up to 5.4log1050% egg infectious doses per mL, with a mean and median of 3.0log10/mL and 2.9log10/mL, respectively. Samples that were positive for type A influenza by qrRT-PCR were confirmed to be clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV by qrRT-PCR. No infectious virus was detected in any of the qrRT-PCR-positive samples in embryonating chicken eggs. Further studies are needed to monitor the milk supply, but these results provide evidence that the infectious virus did not enter the US pasteurized milk supply before control measures for HPAIV were implemented in dairy cattle.IMPORTANCEHighly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections in US dairy cattle were first confirmed in March 2024. Because the virus could be detected in raw milk, a study was conducted to determine whether it had entered the retail food supply. Pasteurized dairy products were collected from 17 states in April 2024. Viral RNA was detected in one in five samples, but infectious virus was not detected. This provides a snapshot of HPAIV in milk products early in the event and reinforces that with current safety measures, infectious viruses in milk are unlikely to enter the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Deana R. Jones
- Egg and Poultry Production Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber M. McCoig
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Tristan J. Colonius
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
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6
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McMenamy MJ, McKenna R, Bailie VB, Cunningham B, Jeffers A, McCullough K, Forsythe C, Cuartero LG, Flynn O, Byrne C, Connaghan E, Moriarty J, Fanning J, Ronan S, Barrett D, Fusaro A, Monne I, Terregino C, James J, Byrne AMP, Lean FZX, Núñez A, Reid SM, Hansen R, Brown IH, Banyard AC, Lemon K. Evaluating the Impact of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H6N1 Outbreaks in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland Poultry Farms during 2020. Viruses 2024; 16:1147. [PMID: 39066308 PMCID: PMC11281592 DOI: 10.3390/v16071147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In January 2020, increased mortality was reported in a small broiler breeder flock in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Gross pathological findings included coelomitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, visceral gout, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Clinical presentation included inappetence, pronounced diarrhoea, and increased egg deformation. These signs, in combination with increased mortality, triggered a notifiable avian disease investigation. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was not suspected, as mortality levels and clinical signs were not consistent with HPAIV. Laboratory investigation demonstrated the causative agent to be a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV), subtype H6N1, resulting in an outbreak that affected 15 premises in Northern Ireland. The H6N1 virus was also associated with infection on 13 premises in the Republic of Ireland and six in Great Britain. The close genetic relationship between the viruses in Ireland and Northern Ireland suggested a direct causal link whereas those in Great Britain were associated with exposure to a common ancestral virus. Overall, this rapidly spreading outbreak required the culling of over 2 million birds across the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland to stamp out the incursion. This report demonstrates the importance of investigating LPAIV outbreaks promptly, given their substantial economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McMenamy
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Robyn McKenna
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Valerie B. Bailie
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Ben Cunningham
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Adam Jeffers
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Kelly McCullough
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Catherine Forsythe
- Disease Surveillance & Investigation Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | - Laura Garza Cuartero
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFM, Backweston Campus, Stacummy Lane, W23 X3PH Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Orla Flynn
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFM, Backweston Campus, Stacummy Lane, W23 X3PH Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Christina Byrne
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFM, Backweston Campus, Stacummy Lane, W23 X3PH Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Emily Connaghan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFM, Backweston Campus, Stacummy Lane, W23 X3PH Celbridge, Ireland
| | - John Moriarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFM, Backweston Campus, Stacummy Lane, W23 X3PH Celbridge, Ireland
| | - June Fanning
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare Street, D02 WK12 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Ronan
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare Street, D02 WK12 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Barrett
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Kildare Street, D02 WK12 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alice Fusaro
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Padua, Italy
| | - Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alexander M. P. Byrne
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena Hansen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Now the Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency—Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virological Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Virology Branch, Agri-Food and Bioscience Institute, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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7
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Shemmings-Payne W, De Silva D, Warren CJ, Thomas S, Slomka MJ, Reid SM, James J, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Ward AI. Repeatability and reproducibility of hunter-harvest sampling for avian influenza virus surveillance in Great Britain. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105279. [PMID: 38704977 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pathogens can threaten human and animal health, necessitating reliable surveillance schemes to enable preparedness. We evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of a method developed previously during a single year at one study site. Hunter-harvested ducks and geese were sampled for avian influenza virus at three discrete locations in the UK. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV) was detected in four species (mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Eurasian teal [Anas crecca], Eurasian wigeon [Mareca penelope] and pink-footed goose [Anser brachyrhynchus]) across all three locations and two non-HPAIV H5N1, influenza A positive detections were made from a mallard and Eurasian wigeon at two locations. Virus was detected within 1-to-4 days of sampling at every location. Application of rapid diagnostic methods to samples collected from hunter-harvested waterfowl offers potential as an early warning system for the surveillance and monitoring of emerging and existing strains of avian influenza A viruses in key avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya Thomas
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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8
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Lean FZX, Falchieri M, Furman N, Tyler G, Robinson C, Holmes P, Reid SM, Banyard AC, Brown IH, Man C, Núñez A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in skua and gulls in the United Kingdom, 2022. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:421-431. [PMID: 38140946 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231217224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reemergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in the United Kingdom in 2021-2022 has caused unprecedented epizootic events in wild birds and poultry. During the summer of 2022, there was a shift in virus transmission dynamics resulting in increased HPAIV infection in seabirds, and consequently, a profound impact on seabird populations. To understand the pathological impact of HPAIV in seabirds, we evaluated the virus antigen distribution and associated pathological changes in the tissues of great skua (Stercorarius skua, n = 8), long-tailed skua (Stercorarius longicaudus, n = 1), European herring gull (Larus argentatus, n = 5), and black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus, n = 4), which succumbed to natural infection of HPAIV during the summer of 2022. Cases were collected from Shetland, including Scatness (mainland), No Ness (mainland), Clumlie (mainland), Hermaness (island), Fair Isle (island), Noss (island), and the West Midlands, South East, and South West of England. Grossly, gizzard ulceration was observed in one great skua and pancreatic necrosis was observed in 4 herring gulls, with intralesional viral antigen detected subsequently. Microscopical analysis revealed neuro-, pneumo-, lymphoid-, and cardiomyotropism of HPAIV H5N1, with the most common virus-associated pathological changes being pancreatic and splenic necrosis. Examination of the reproductive tract of the great skua revealed HPAIV-associated oophoritis and salpingitis, and virus replication within the oviductal epithelium. The emergence of HPAIV in seabirds Stercorariidae and Laridae, particularly during summer 2022, has challenged the dogma of HPAIV dynamics, posing a significant threat to wild bird life with potential implications for the reproductive performance of seabirds of conservation importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Z X Lean
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Shrewsbury Veterinary Investigation Centre, UK
| | | | | | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
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9
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Kuchinski KS, Coombe M, Mansour SC, Cortez GAP, Kalhor M, Himsworth CG, Prystajecky NA. Targeted genomic sequencing of avian influenza viruses in wetland sediment from wild bird habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0084223. [PMID: 38259077 PMCID: PMC10880596 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00842-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds, including highly pathogenic strains that infect poultry and humans. Consequently, surveillance of IAVs in wild birds is a cornerstone of agricultural biosecurity and pandemic preparedness. Surveillance is traditionally done by testing wild birds directly, but obtaining these specimens is labor intensive, detection rates can be low, and sampling is often biased toward certain avian species. As a result, local incursions of dangerous IAVs are rarely detected before outbreaks begin. Testing environmental specimens from wild bird habitats has been proposed as an alternative surveillance strategy. These specimens are thought to contain diverse IAVs deposited by a broad range of avian hosts, including species that are not typically sampled by surveillance programs. To enable this surveillance strategy, we developed a targeted genomic sequencing method for characterizing IAVs in these challenging environmental specimens. It combines custom hybridization probes, unique molecular index-based library construction, and purpose-built bioinformatic tools, allowing IAV genomic material to be enriched and analyzed with single-fragment resolution. We demonstrated our method on 90 sediment specimens from wetlands around Vancouver, Canada. We recovered 2,312 IAV genome fragments originating from all eight IAV genome segments. Eleven hemagglutinin subtypes and nine neuraminidase subtypes were detected, including H5, the current global surveillance priority. Our results demonstrate that targeted genomic sequencing of environmental specimens from wild bird habitats could become a valuable complement to avian influenza surveillance programs.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we developed genome sequencing tools for characterizing avian influenza viruses in sediment from wild bird habitats. These tools enable an environment-based approach to avian influenza surveillance. This could improve early detection of dangerous strains in local wild birds, allowing poultry producers to better protect their flocks and prevent human exposures to potential pandemic threats. Furthermore, we purposefully developed these methods to contend with viral genomic material that is diluted, fragmented, incomplete, and derived from multiple strains and hosts. These challenges are common to many environmental specimens, making these methods broadly applicable for genomic pathogen surveillance in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Kuchinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michelle Coombe
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah C Mansour
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Angelo P Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marzieh Kalhor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chelsea G Himsworth
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie A Prystajecky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Nagy A, Stará M, Černíková L, Kličková E, Horák O, Hofmannová L, Sedlák K. Enzootic Circulation, Massive Gull Mortality and Poultry Outbreaks during the 2022/2023 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N1 Season in the Czech Republic. Viruses 2024; 16:221. [PMID: 38399998 PMCID: PMC10892573 DOI: 10.3390/v16020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2022/2023, Europe experienced its third consecutive season of high-pathogenicity avian influenza. During this period, the Czech Republic was again severely affected. For the first time, the number of culled birds approached one million, which was three times higher than in previous seasons. In parallel to the outbreaks in poultry, mass die-offs of gulls were also observed. In the present study, we performed whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 137 H5N1 strains collected in the Czech Republic in 2022/2023 (94.6% of all outbreaks or locations). The analysis revealed four distinct genotypes: AB, CH, BB and AF. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the AF genotype persisted from the previous H5N1 season without reassortment. In addition, the genotype BB, which was detected mainly in gulls, showed a noticeable strain diversity at the local level. This virus was also responsible for a single outbreak in commercially bred turkeys. Finally, an interesting spatio-temporal cluster with three co-circulating H5N1 genotypes, AB, CH and AF, was identified with no evidence of intrasubtype reassortment. Highly sensitive molecular surveillance and the timely sharing of genomic sequences and associated metadata could greatly assist in tracking the spread and detecting molecular changes associated with the increased virulence of this potentially zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nagy
- State Veterinary Institute Prague, Sídlištní 136/24, 165 03 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (L.Č.); (E.K.); (O.H.); (L.H.); (K.S.)
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11
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Duan C, Li C, Ren R, Bai W, Zhou L. An overview of avian influenza surveillance strategies and modes. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2023; 2:100043. [PMID: 39077039 PMCID: PMC11262264 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The global epidemic of avian influenza has imposed a substantial disease burden, inciting substantial societal panic and economic losses. The high variability and associated uncertainty of the influenza virus present significant challenges in its prevention and control. As a pivotal strategy for the mitigation of avian influenza, the surveillance network has shown considerable growth at both global and regional levels. This includes the expansion of surveillance coverage, continuous refinement of monitoring content and scope, and rapid enhancement of monitoring quality. Although the ultimate goal of avian influenza surveillance remains uniform, strategies and models vary, reflecting regional or national differences in surveillance system frameworks and their implementation. This review collates and examines the features and experiences of global, regional, and national avian influenza surveillance efforts. Furthermore, it delves into the surveillance system modalities in light of the "One Health" concept, which includes the establishment and enhancement of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation among medical, veterinary, and public health institutions, and the sharing of surveillance information for timely alerts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Duan
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Ren
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Bai
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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12
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Lagan P, McKenna R, Baleed S, Hanna B, Barley J, McConnell S, Georgaki A, Sironen T, Kauppinen A, Gadd T, Lindh E, Ikonen N, McMenamy MJ, Lemon K. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in foxes with PB2-M535I identified as a novel mammalian adaptation, Northern Ireland, July 2023. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2300526. [PMID: 37855904 PMCID: PMC10588307 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.42.2300526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We report cases of mammalian infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in Northern Ireland. Two common gulls (Larus canus) and two red fox kits (Vulpes vulpes), were found dead in close vicinity. Comparison of viral whole genome sequences obtained from the animals identified a novel mammalian adaptation, PB2-M535I. Analysis of genetic sequences from other recent mammalian infections shows that this mutation has arisen on at least five occasions in three European countries since April 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Robyn McKenna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Salam Baleed
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Bob Hanna
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jason Barley
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Shirley McConnell
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Anastasia Georgaki
- Veterinary Service Animal Health Group, Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Ballykelly, Northern Ireland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland and Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Gadd
- Finnish Food Authority (Ruokavirasto), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Lindh
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael J McMenamy
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ken Lemon
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) Belfast, Northern Ireland
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13
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Slomka MJ, Reid SM, Byrne AMP, Coward VJ, Seekings J, Cooper JL, Peers-Dent J, Agyeman-Dua E, de Silva D, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Brown IH. Efficient and Informative Laboratory Testing for Rapid Confirmation of H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4) High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Outbreaks in the United Kingdom. Viruses 2023; 15:1344. [PMID: 37376643 PMCID: PMC10304448 DOI: 10.3390/v15061344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the early stages of the UK 2021-2022 H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) epizootic in commercial poultry, 12 infected premises (IPs) were confirmed by four real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT)-PCRs, which identified the viral subtype and pathotype. An assessment was undertaken to evaluate whether a large sample throughput would challenge laboratory capacity during an exceptionally large epizootic; hence, assay performance across our test portfolio was investigated. Statistical analysis of RRT-PCR swab testing supported it to be focused on a three-test approach, featuring the matrix (M)-gene, H5 HPAIV-specific (H5-HP) and N1 RRT-PCRs, which was successfully assessed at 29 subsequent commercial IPs. The absence of nucleotide mismatches in the primer/probe binding regions for the M-gene and limited mismatches for the H5-HP RRT-PCR underlined their high sensitivity. Although less sensitive, the N1 RRT-PCR remained effective at flock level. The analyses also guided successful surveillance testing of apparently healthy commercial ducks from at-risk premises, with pools of five oropharyngeal swabs tested by the H5-HP RRT-PCR to exclude evidence of infection. Serological testing at anseriform H5N1 HPAIV outbreaks, together with quantitative comparisons of oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding, provided epidemiological information concerning the chronology of initial H5N1 HPAIV incursion and onward spread within an IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J. Slomka
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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14
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James J, Warren CJ, De Silva D, Lewis T, Grace K, Reid SM, Falchieri M, Brown IH, Banyard AC. The Role of Airborne Particles in the Epidemiology of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Commercial Poultry Production Units. Viruses 2023; 15:1002. [PMID: 37112981 PMCID: PMC10142477 DOI: 10.3390/v15041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since October 2021, Europe has experienced the largest avian influenza virus (AIV) epizootic, caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV), with over 284 poultry infected premises (IPs) and 2480 dead H5N1-positive wild birds detected in Great Britain alone. Many IPs have presented as geographical clusters, raising questions about the lateral spread between premises by airborne particles. Airborne transmission over short distances has been observed for some AIV strains. However, the risk of airborne spread of this strain remains to be elucidated. We conducted extensive sampling from IPs where clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs were confirmed during the 2022/23 epizootic, each representing a major poultry species (ducks, turkeys, and chickens). A range of environmental samples were collected inside and outside houses, including deposited dust, feathers, and other potential fomites. Viral RNA (vRNA) and infectious viruses were detected in air samples collected from inside and outside but in close proximity to infected houses, with vRNA alone being detected at greater distances (≤10 m) outside. Some dust samples collected outside of the affected houses contained infectious viruses, while feathers from the affected houses, located up to 80 m away, only contained vRNA. Together, these data suggest that airborne particles harboring infectious HPAIV can be translocated short distances (<10 m) through the air, while macroscopic particles containing vRNA might travel further (≤80 m). Therefore, the potential for airborne transmission of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV between premises is considered low. Other factors, including indirect contact with wild birds and the efficiency of biosecurity, represent greater importance in disease incursion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J. Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Silva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katherine Grace
- Epidemiology and Risk Policy Advice, Advice Services, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marco Falchieri
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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15
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Furness RW, Gear SC, Camphuysen KCJ, Tyler G, de Silva D, Warren CJ, James J, Reid SM, Banyard AC. Environmental Samples Test Negative for Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Four Months after Mass Mortality at A Seabird Colony. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040584. [PMID: 37111470 PMCID: PMC10144497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) profoundly impacted several seabird populations during the summers of 2021 and 2022. Infection spread rapidly across colonies, causing unprecedented mortality. At Foula, Shetland, 1500 breeding adult great skuas Stercorarius skua, totalling about two tonnes of decomposing virus-laden material, died at the colony in May-July 2022. Carcasses were left where they died as Government policy was not to remove dead birds. The factors influencing risk of further spread of infection are uncertain, but evidence suggests that HPAI can persist in water for many months in cool conditions and may be a major transmission factor for birds living in wetlands. We investigated risk of further spread of infection from water samples collected from under 45 decomposing carcasses and in three freshwater lochs/streams by sampling water in October 2022, by which time the great skua carcasses had rotted to bones, skin, and feathers. No viral genetic material was detected four months after the mortality, suggesting a low risk of seabird infection from the local environment when the seabirds would return the next breeding season. These findings, although based on a relatively small number of water samples, suggest that the high rainfall typical at Shetland probably washed away the virus from the decomposing carcasses. However, limitations to our study need to be taken on board in the design of environmental monitoring at seabird colonies during and immediately after future outbreaks of HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Furness
- MacArthur Green, 95 South Woodside Road, Glasgow G20 6NT, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sheila C Gear
- Foula Ranger Service, Magdala, Foula, Shetland ZE2 9PN, UK
| | - Kees C J Camphuysen
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 1790 Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Glen Tyler
- NatureScot, Lerwick, Shetland ZE1 0LL, UK
| | | | | | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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16
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Yang XY, Gong QL, Li YJ, Ata EB, Hu MJ, Sun YY, Xue ZY, Yang YS, Sun XP, Shi CW, Yang GL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang WT, Wang CF. The global prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) infection in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106001. [PMID: 36682670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Emad Beshir Ata
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep., Vet. Res. Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Man-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yong-Yang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying-Shi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Pan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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17
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Wade D, Ashton-Butt A, Scott G, Reid SM, Coward V, Hansen RDE, Banyard AC, Ward AI. High pathogenicity avian influenza: targeted active surveillance of wild birds to enable early detection of emerging disease threats. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 151:e15. [PMID: 36502812 PMCID: PMC9990394 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is an important disease that has significant implications for animal and human health. High pathogenicity AI (HPAI) has emerged in consecutive seasons within the UK to cause the largest outbreaks recorded. Statutory measures to control outbreaks of AI virus (AIV) at poultry farms involve disposal of all birds on infected premises. Understanding of the timing of incursions into the UK could facilitate decisions on improved responses. During the autumnal migration and wintering period (autumn 2019- spring 2020), three active sampling approaches were trialled for wild bird species considered likely to be involved in captive AI outbreaks with retrospective laboratory testing undertaken to define the presence of AIV.Faecal sampling of birds (n = 594) caught during routine and responsive mist net sampling failed to detect AIV. Cloacal sampling of hunter-harvested waterfowl (n = 146) detected seven positive samples from three species with the earliest detection on the 17 October 2020. Statutory sampling first detected AIV in wild and captive birds on 3 November 2020. We conclude that hunter sourced sampling of waterfowl presents an opportunity to detect AI within the UK in advance of outbreaks on poultry farms and allow for early intervention measures to protect the national poultry flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wade
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Graham Scott
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Vivien Coward
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rowena D. E. Hansen
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alastair I. Ward
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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18
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Letsholo SL, James J, Meyer SM, Byrne AMP, Reid SM, Settypalli TBK, Datta S, Oarabile L, Kemolatlhe O, Pebe KT, Mafonko BR, Kgotlele TJ, Kumile K, Modise B, Thanda C, Nyange JFC, Marobela-Raborokgwe C, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Brown IH, Dundon WG, Banyard AC. Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild Birds and Poultry in Botswana. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122601. [PMID: 36560605 PMCID: PMC9788244 DOI: 10.3390/v14122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous outbreaks of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) were reported during 2020-2021. In Africa, H5Nx has been detected in Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa in both wild birds and poultry. Botswana reported its first outbreak of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 2021. An H5N1 virus was detected in a fish eagle, doves, and chickens. Full genome sequence analysis revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and showed high identity within haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins (NA) for viruses identified across a geographically broad range of locations. The detection of H5N1 in Botswana has important implications for disease management, wild bird conservation, tourism, public health, economic empowerment of vulnerable communities and food security in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Letsholo
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
| | - Joe James
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M. Meyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Scott M. Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Tirumala B. K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Sneha Datta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Letlhogile Oarabile
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Obakeng Kemolatlhe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kgakgamatso T. Pebe
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Bruce R. Mafonko
- Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo J. Kgotlele
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kago Kumile
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Boitumelo Modise
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Carter Thanda
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - John F. C. Nyange
- Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory (BNVL), Private Bag 0035, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - William G. Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, Friedenstrasse 1, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)—Woodham Ln, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.L.); (A.C.B.)
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19
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Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Great Skuas: A Species of Conservation Concern in Great Britain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020212. [PMID: 35215806 PMCID: PMC8878110 DOI: 10.3390/v14020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The UK and Europe have seen successive outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza across the 2020/21 and 2021/22 autumn/winter seasons. Understanding both the epidemiology and transmission of these viruses in different species is critical to aid mitigating measures where outbreaks cause extensive mortalities in both land- and waterfowl. Infection of different species can result in mild or asymptomatic outcomes, or acute infections that result in high morbidity and mortality levels. Definition of disease outcome in different species is of great importance to understanding the role different species play in the maintenance and transmission of these pathogens. Further, the infection of species that have conservation value is also important to recognise and characterise to understand the impact on what might be limited wild populations. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been detected in great skuas (Stercorarius skua) across different colonies on islands off the shore of Scotland, Great Britain during summer 2021. A large number of great skuas were observed as developing severe clinical disease and dying during the epizootic and mortalities were estimated to be high where monitored. Of eight skuas submitted for post-mortem examination, seven were confirmed as being infected with this virus using a range of diagnostic assays. Here we overview the outbreak event that occurred in this species, listed as species of conservation concern in Great Britain and outline the importance of this finding with respect to virus transmission and maintenance.
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