1
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Bruhn PJ, Jessen ML, Eiberg J, Ghulam Q. Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms in vivo: A narrative review. JVS Vasc Sci 2023; 5:100189. [PMID: 38379781 PMCID: PMC10877407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2023.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are relatively common, primarily among older men, and, in the case of rupture, are associated with high mortality. Although procedure-related morbidity and mortality have improved with the advent of endovascular repair, noninvasive treatment and improved assessment of AAA rupture risk should still be sought. Several cellular pathways seem contributory to the histopathologic changes that drive AAA growth and rupture. Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is an oxygen-sensitive protein that accumulates in the cytoplasm under hypoxic conditions and regulates a wide array of downstream effectors to hypoxia. Examining the potential role of HIF-1α in the pathogenesis of AAAs is alluring, because local hypoxia is known to be present in the AAA vessel wall. A systematic scoping review was performed to review the current evidence regarding the role of HIF-1α in AAA disease in vivo. After screening, 17 studies were included in the analysis. Experimental animal studies and human studies show increased HIF-1α activity in AAA tissue compared with healthy aorta and a correlation of HIF-1α activity with key histopathologic features of AAA disease. In vivo HIF-1α inhibition in animals protects against AAA development and growth. One study reveals a positive correlation between HIF-1α-activating genetic polymorphisms and the risk of AAA disease in humans. The main findings suggest a causal role of HIF-1α in the pathogenesis of AAAs in vivo. Further research into the HIF-1α pathway in AAA disease might reveal clinically applicable pharmacologic targets or biomarkers relevant in the treatment and monitoring of AAA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas Eiberg
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Academy of Medical Education and Simulation, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qasam Ghulam
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Morgan S, Lee LH, Halu A, Nicolau JS, Higashi H, Ha AH, Wen JR, Daugherty A, Libby P, Cameron SJ, Mix D, Aikawa E, Owens AP, Singh SA, Aikawa M. Identifying novel mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm via unbiased proteomics and systems biology. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:889994. [PMID: 35990960 PMCID: PMC9382335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.889994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), characterized by a continued expansion of the aorta, leads to rupture if not surgically repaired. Mice aid the study of disease progression and its underlying mechanisms since sequential studies of aneurysm development are not feasible in humans. The present study used unbiased proteomics and systems biology to understand the molecular relationship between the mouse models of AAA and the human disease. Methods and results Aortic tissues of developing and established aneurysms produced by either angiotensin II (AngII) infusion in Apoe -/- and Ldlr -/- mice or intraluminal elastase incubation in wildtype C57BL/6J mice were examined. Aortas were dissected free and separated into eight anatomical segments for proteomics in comparison to their appropriate controls. High-dimensional proteome cluster analyses identified site-specific protein signatures in the suprarenal segment for AngII-infused mice (159 for Apoe -/- and 158 for Ldlr -/-) and the infrarenal segment for elastase-incubated mice (173). Network analysis revealed a predominance of inflammatory and coagulation factors in developing aneurysms, and a predominance of fibrosis-related pathways in established aneurysms for both models. To further substantiate our discovery platform, proteomics was performed on human infrarenal aortic aneurysm tissues as well as aortic tissue collected from age-matched controls. Protein processing and inflammatory pathways, particularly neutrophil-associated inflammation, dominated the proteome of the human aneurysm abdominal tissue. Aneurysmal tissue from both mouse and human had inflammation, coagulation, and protein processing signatures, but differed in the prevalence of neutrophil-associated pathways, and erythrocyte and oxidative stress-dominated networks in the human aneurysms. Conclusions Identifying changes unique to each mouse model will help to contextualize model-specific findings. Focusing on shared proteins between mouse experimental models or between mouse and human tissues may help to better understand the mechanisms for AAA and establish molecular bases for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Morgan
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arda Halu
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica S. Nicolau
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hideyuki Higashi
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna H. Ha
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Wen
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Peter Libby
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott J. Cameron
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Doran Mix
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A. Phillip Owens
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sasha A. Singh
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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3
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Shi J, Guo J, Li Z, Xu B, Miyata M. Importance of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:454-466. [PMID: 33678767 PMCID: PMC8193780 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic inflammatory degenerative aortic disease, which particularly affects older people. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multi-protein complex and mediates inflammatory responses by activating caspase 1 for processing premature interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. In this review, we first summarize the principle of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the functionally distinct classes of small molecule NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors. Next, we provide a comprehensive literature review on the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome effector mediators (IL-1β and IL-18) and components (caspase 1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and NLRP3) in clinical and experimental AAAs. Finally, we discuss the influence of genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of individual effector mediators and components of NLRP3 inflammasome on experimental AAAs. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests that NLRP3 inflammasome may be a promise therapeutic target for developing pharmacological strategies for clinical AAA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Shi
- Center for Hypertension Care, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- Center for Hypertension Care, Shanxi Medical University First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhidong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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4
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Stegbauer J, Thatcher SE, Yang G, Bottermann K, Rump LC, Daugherty A, Cassis LA. Mas receptor deficiency augments angiotensin II-induced atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm ruptures in hypercholesterolemic male mice. J Vasc Surg 2019; 70:1658-1668.e1. [PMID: 30850299 PMCID: PMC6728232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated that deficiency of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) augmented angiotensin II (AngII)-induced atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in hypercholesterolemic mice. Effects of ACE2 deficiency could arise from increased concentrations of its substrate, AngII, or decreased concentrations of its product, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]. Infusion of Ang-(1-7), a Mas receptor (MasR) ligand, to hypercholesterolemic male mice reduced AngII-induced atherosclerosis, suggesting a protective role of the Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis. However, it is unclear whether endogenous Ang-(1-7) acts at MasR to influence AngII-induced vascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to define the role of MasR deficiency in AngII-induced atherosclerosis and AAA formation and severity in hypercholesterolemic male mice. METHODS MasR+/+ and MasR-/- male mice on a low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) or apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) background were infused with AngII at either 600 or 1000 ng/kg/min by osmotic minipump for 28 days. Atherosclerosis was quantified at study end point as percentage lesion surface area of the aortic arch in Ldlr-/- mice. Abdominal aortic internal diameters were quantified by ultrasound, and maximal external AAA diameters were quantified at study end point. Blood pressure was quantified by radiotelemetry and a tail cuff-based technique. Serum cholesterol concentrations and vascular tissue characterization were examined at study end point. RESULTS MasR deficiency did not influence body weight, systolic blood pressure at baseline and during AngII infusion, or serum cholesterol concentrations in either Apoe-/- or Ldlr-/- mice. MasR deficiency increased AngII-induced atherosclerosis in aortic arches of Ldlr-/- mice (P < .05), associated with increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in aortic root sections (P < .05). MasR deficiency also augmented internal and external AAA diameters and increased aortic ruptures of both Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mice (P < .05). These effects were associated with increased elastin breaks and T-lymphocyte and macrophage accumulation into abdominal aortas of AngII-infused MasR-deficient mice (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that MasR deficiency augmented AngII-induced atherosclerosis and AAA rupture through mechanisms involving increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, suggesting that MasR activation may provide therapeutic efficacy against vascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin I/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/blood
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/etiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Rupture/blood
- Aortic Rupture/etiology
- Aortic Rupture/pathology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/complications
- Cholesterol
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sean E Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Bottermann
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Rump
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Department of Pharmacology and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky
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5
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Kelly MJ, Igari K, Yamanouchi D. Osteoclast-Like Cells in Aneurysmal Disease Exhibit an Enhanced Proteolytic Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194689. [PMID: 31546645 PMCID: PMC6801460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is among the top 20 causes of death in the United States. Surgical repair is the gold standard for AAA treatment, therefore, there is a need for non-invasive therapeutic interventions. Aneurysms are more closely associated with the osteoclast-like catabolic degradation of the artery, rather than the osteoblast-like anabolic processes of arterial calcification. We have reported the presence of osteoclast-like cells (OLCs) in human and mouse aneurysmal tissues. The aim of this study was to examine OLCs from aneurysmal tissues as a source of degenerative proteases. Aneurysmal and control tissues from humans, and from the mouse CaPO4 and angiotensin II (AngII) disease models, were analyzed via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence for the expression of osteoclast markers. We found higher expression of the osteoclast markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and cathepsin K, and the signaling molecule, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), in aneurysmal tissue compared to controls. Aneurysmal tissues also contained more OLCs than controls. Additionally, more OLCs from aneurysms express HIF-1α, and produce more MMP-9 and cathepsin K, than myeloid cells from the same tissue. These data indicate that OLCs are a significant source of proteases known to be involved in aortic degradation, in which the HIF-1α signaling pathway may play an important role. Our findings suggest that OLCs may be an attractive target for non-surgical suppression of aneurysm formation due to their expression of degradative proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kelly
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Kimihiro Igari
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Dai Yamanouchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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6
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Sangha GS, Busch A, Acuna A, Berman AG, Phillips EH, Trenner M, Eckstein HH, Maegdefessel L, Goergen CJ. Effects of Iliac Stenosis on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Mice and Humans. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:217-229. [PMID: 31272099 DOI: 10.1159/000501312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced lower-limb blood flow has been shown to lead to asymmetrical abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) but the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Therefore, small animal ultrasound (Vevo2100, FUJIFILM VisualSonics) was used to longitudinally study mice that underwent standard porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion (n = 5), and PPE infusion with modified 20% iliac artery stenosis in the left (n = 4) and right (n = 5) iliac arteries. Human AAA computed tomography images were obtained from patients with normal (n = 9) or stenosed left (n = 2), right (n = 1), and bilateral (n = 1) iliac arteries. We observed rapid early growth and rightward expansion (8/9 mice) in the modified PPE groups (p < 0.05), leading to slightly larger and asymmetric AAAs compared to the standard PPE group. Further examination showed a significant increase in TGFβ1 (p < 0.05) and cellular infiltration (p < 0.05) in the modified PPE group versus standard PPE mice. Congruent, yet variable, observations were made in human AAA patients with reduced iliac outflow compared to those with normal iliac outflow. Our results suggest that arterial stenosis at the time of aneurysm induction leads to faster AAA growth with aneurysm asymmetry and increased vascular inflammation after 8 weeks, indicating that moderate iliac stenosis may have upstream effects on AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Albert Busch
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich Aortic Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Acuna
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alycia G Berman
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Evan H Phillips
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthias Trenner
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich Aortic Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich Aortic Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Technical University Munich, Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Munich Aortic Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, .,Purdue University, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA,
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7
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a local dilatation of the abdominal aortic vessel wall and is among the most challenging cardiovascular diseases as without urgent surgical intervention, ruptured AAA has a mortality rate of >80%. Most patients present acutely after aneurysm rupture or dissection from a previously asymptomatic condition and are managed by either surgery or endovascular repair. Patients usually are old and have other concurrent diseases and conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia making surgical intervention more difficult. Collectively, these issues have driven the search for alternative methods of diagnosing, monitoring, and treating AAA using therapeutics and less invasive approaches. Noncoding RNAs-short noncoding RNAs (microRNAs) and long-noncoding RNAs-are emerging as new fundamental regulators of gene expression. Researchers and clinicians are aiming at targeting these microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs and exploit their potential as clinical biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for AAAs. While the role of miRNAs in AAA is established, studies on long-noncoding RNAs are only beginning to emerge, suggesting their important yet unexplored role in vascular physiology and disease. Here, we review the role of noncoding RNAs and their target genes focusing on their role in AAA. We also discuss the animal models used for mechanistic understanding of AAA. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as clinical biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Reinier A. Boon
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of
Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular
Sciences, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Frankfurt,
Germany
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm,
Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Technical
University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Munich,
Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of
Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Frankfurt,
Germany
- Corresponding authors: Hanjoong Jo, PhD, John and Jan Portman
Professor, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory
University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA
30322, , Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD, Institute for
Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany,
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,
USA
- Corresponding authors: Hanjoong Jo, PhD, John and Jan Portman
Professor, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory
University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA
30322, , Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD, Institute for
Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany,
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8
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Kim HW, Weintraub NL. Aortic Aneurysm: In Defense of the Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 36:2138-2140. [PMID: 27784700 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Won Kim
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.
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9
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Giraud A, Zeboudj L, Vandestienne M, Joffre J, Esposito B, Potteaux S, Vilar J, Cabuzu D, Kluwe J, Seguier S, Tedgui A, Mallat Z, Lafont A, Ait-Oufella H. Gingival fibroblasts protect against experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm development and rupture through tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 production. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1364-1375. [PMID: 28582477 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), frequently diagnosed in old patients, is characterized by chronic inflammation, vascular cell apoptosis and metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix destruction. Despite improvement in the understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysm, no pharmacological treatment is yet available to limit dilatation and/or rupture. We previously reported that human gingival fibroblasts (GFs) can reduce carotid artery dilatation in a rabbit model of elastase-induced aneurysm. Here, we sought to investigate the mechanisms of GF-mediated vascular protection in two different models of aortic aneurysm growth and rupture in mice. Methods and results In vitro, mouse GFs proliferated and produced large amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (Timp-1). GFs deposited on the adventitia of abdominal aorta survived, proliferated, and organized as a layer structure. Furthermore, GFs locally produced Il-10, TGF-β, and Timp-1. In a mouse elastase-induced AAA model, GFs prevented both macrophage and lymphocyte accumulations, matrix degradation, and aneurysm growth. In an Angiotensin II/anti-TGF-β model of aneurysm rupture, GF cell-based treatment limited the extent of aortic dissection, prevented abdominal aortic rupture, and increased survival. Specific deletion of Timp-1 in GFs abolished the beneficial effect of cell therapy in both AAA mouse models. Conclusions GF cell-based therapy is a promising approach to inhibit aneurysm progression and rupture through local production of Timp-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Giraud
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lynda Zeboudj
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vandestienne
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Joffre
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Esposito
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Potteaux
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - José Vilar
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Cabuzu
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hamburg University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sylvie Seguier
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antoine Lafont
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hafid Ait-Oufella
- Inserm U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Université Pierre-et-Marie Curie, Paris, France
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10
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Indoleamine 2 3-dioxygenase knockout limits angiotensin II-induced aneurysm in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice fed with high fat diet. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193737. [PMID: 29494675 PMCID: PMC5833272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an age-associated disease characterized by chronic inflammation, vascular cell apoptosis and metalloproteinase-mediated extracellular matrix degradation. Despite considerable progress in identifying targets involved in these processes, therapeutic approaches aiming to reduce aneurysm growth and rupture are still scarce. Indoleamine 2–3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme involved in the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of IDO in two different models of AAA in mice. Methods and results Mice with deficiencies in both low density receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) and IDO (Ldlr-/-Ido1-/-) were generated by cross-breeding Ido1-/- mice with Ldlr-/-mice. To induce aneurysm, these mice were infused with angiotensin II (Ang II) (1000 ng/min/kg) and fed with high fat diet (HFD) during 28 days. AAAs were present in almost all Ldlr-/- infused with AngII, but only in 50% of Ldlr-/-Ido1-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry at an early time point (day 7) revealed no changes in macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration within the vessel wall, but showed reduced apoptosis, as assessed by TUNEL assay, and increased α-actin staining within the media of Ldlr-/-Ido1-/- mice, suggesting enhanced survival of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the absence of IDO. In another model of elastase-induced AAA in C57Bl/6 mice, IDO deficiency had no effect on aneurysm formation. Conclusion Our study showed that the knockout of IDO prevented VSMC apoptosis in AngII -treated Ldlr-/- mice fed with HFD, suggesting a detrimental role of IDO in AAA formation and thus would be an important target for the treatment of aneurysm.
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Wang W, Xu B, Xuan H, Ge Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Huang J, Fu W, Michie SA, Dalman RL. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in clinical and experimental aortic aneurysm disease. J Vasc Surg 2017; 68:1538-1550.e2. [PMID: 29242064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mural angiogenesis and macrophage accumulation are two pathologic hallmarks of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. The heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an essential regulator of angiogenesis and macrophage function. In this study, we investigated HIF-1 expression and activity in clinical and experimental AAA disease. METHODS Human aortic samples were obtained from 24 AAA patients and six organ donors during open abdominal surgery. Experimental AAAs were created in 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by transient intra-aortic infusion of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Expression of HIF-1α and its target gene messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were assessed in aneurysmal and control aortae. The HIF-1α inhibitors 2-methoxyestradiol and digoxin, the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein (PHD) inhibitors cobalt chloride and JNJ-42041935, and the vehicle alone as control were administered daily to mice at varying time points beginning before or after PPE infusion. Influences on experimental AAA formation and progression were assessed by serial transabdominal ultrasound measurements of aortic diameter and histopathologic analysis at sacrifice. RESULTS The mRNA levels for HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor A, glucose transporter 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 were significantly increased in both human and experimental aneurysm tissue. Tissue immunostaining detected more HIF-1α protein in both human and experimental aneurysmal aortae compared with respective control aortae. Treatment with either HIF-1α inhibitor, beginning before or after PPE infusion, prevented enlargement of experimental aneurysms. Both HIF-1α inhibition regimens attenuated medial elastin degradation, smooth muscle cell depletion, and mural angiogenesis and the accumulation of macrophages, T cells, and B cells. Whereas mRNA levels for PHD1 and PHD2 were elevated in experimental aneurysmal aortae, pharmacologic inhibition of PHDs had limited effect on experimental aneurysm progression. CONCLUSIONS Expression of HIF-1α and its target genes is increased in human and experimental AAAs. Treatment with HIF-1α inhibitors limits experimental AAA progression, with histologic evidence of attenuated mural leukocyte infiltration and angiogenesis. These findings underscore the potential significance of HIF-1α in aneurysm pathogenesis and as a target for pharmacologic suppression of AAA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Department of Vascular Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Haojun Xuan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yingbin Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weiguo Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara A Michie
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Ronald L Dalman
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.
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Wu H, Du Q, Dai Q, Ge J, Cheng X. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:111-123. [PMID: 28978867 PMCID: PMC5827079 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Cysteine protease cathepsins play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in expression between cathepsins (such as cathepsins S, K, L, C) and their inhibitor cystatin C may favor proteolysis of ECM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, restenosis, and neovascularization. New insights into cathepsin functions have been made possible by the generation of knock-out mice and by the application of specific inhibitors. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression and activities of cathepsins in cultured vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, evaluations of the possibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that the circulating levels of cathepsin S, K, and L, and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C could be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, aneurysm, adiposity, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcification. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the mechanistic contributions of cathepsins to ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Qiuna Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yang L, Shen L, Li G, Yuan H, Jin X, Wu X. Silencing of hypoxia inducible factor-1α gene attenuated angiotensin Ⅱ-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2016; 252:40-49. [PMID: 27497884 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to determine the effect of HIF-1α, the main regulatory subunit of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), on the development of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS AAA was induced in ApoE(-/-) mice by angiotensinⅡ (AngⅡ) infusion. In vivo silencing of HIF-1α was achieved by transfection of lentivirus expressing HIF-1α shRNA. RESULTS Time course analysis of the AngⅡ infusion model revealed that HIF-1α was persistently upregulated during a 28-day period of AAA development. Silencing of the HIF-1α gene reduced the aneurysm size (2.84 ± 1.96 mm vs. 1.41 ± 0.85 mm respectively at day 28, p = 0.0002). Silencing of HIF-1α also alleviated infiltration of macrophages (38.8 ± 14.7 vs. 11.4 ± 4.4 macrophages/0.1 mm(2), p = 0.0006) and neovascularity (5.56 ± 2.14 vs. 1.27 ± 1.05 microvessels/0.1 mm(2), p = 0.0008) in the AngⅡ infusion model, at day 28. The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was also decreased by knockdown of HIF-1α. The early increased expression of pro-inflammatory factors, angiogenic factors, and MMPs during AAA induction was alleviated by HIF-1α silencing. CONCLUSIONS Activation of HIF-1 signaling pathway participates in the Ang Ⅱ-induced AAA formation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, QiLu Hospital to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Xuejun Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Hashimoto T, Shibasaki F. Hypoxia-inducible factor as an angiogenic master switch. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:33. [PMID: 25964891 PMCID: PMC4408850 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate the transcription of genes that mediate the response to hypoxia. HIFs are constantly expressed and degraded under normoxia, but stabilized under hypoxia. HIFs have been widely studied in physiological and pathological conditions and have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of various vascular diseases. In clinical settings, the HIF pathway has been studied for its role in inhibiting carcinogenesis. HIFs might also play a protective role in the pathology of ischemic diseases. Clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis after the administration of a single growth factor have yielded unsatisfactory or controversial results, possibly because the coordinated activity of different HIF-induced factors is necessary to induce mature vessel formation. Thus, manipulation of HIF activity to simultaneously induce a spectrum of angiogenic factors offers a superior strategy for therapeutic angiogenesis. Because HIF-2α plays an essential role in vascular remodeling, manipulation of HIF-2α is a promising approach to the treatment of ischemic diseases caused by arterial obstruction, where insufficient development of collateral vessels impedes effective therapy. Eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit e (eIF3e)/INT6 interacts specifically with HIF-2α and induces the proteasome inhibitor-sensitive degradation of HIF-2α, independent of hypoxia and von Hippel-Lindau protein. Treatment with eIF3e/INT6 siRNA stabilizes HIF-2α activity even under normoxic conditions and induces the expression of several angiogenic factors, at levels sufficient to produce functional arteries and veins in vivo. We have demonstrated that administration of eIF3e/INT6 siRNA to ischemic limbs or cold-injured brains reduces ischemic damage in animal models. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship between HIFs and vascular diseases. We also discuss novel oxygen-independent regulatory proteins that bind HIF-α and the implications of a new method for therapeutic angiogenesis using HIF stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Futoshi Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular Medical Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , Tokyo , Japan
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Wei Z, Wang Y, Zhang K, Liao Y, Ye P, Wu J, Wang Y, Li F, Yao Y, Zhou Y, Liu J. Inhibiting the Th17/IL-17A–Related Inflammatory Responses With Digoxin Confers Protection Against Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2429-38. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjie Wei
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Yu Wang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Kailun Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Yaohang Liao
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Ping Ye
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Jie Wu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Yang Wang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Feifei Li
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Yufeng Yao
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Yanzhao Zhou
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
| | - Jinping Liu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (Z.W., K.Z., Y.L., P.Y., J.W., Y.W., F.L., J.L.) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.W.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China (P.Y.); and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research (Y.Y
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Inhibition of AAA in a rat model by treatment with ACEI perindopril. J Surg Res 2014; 189:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cathepsins: a new culprit behind abdominal aortic aneurysm. Regen Med Res 2013; 1:5. [PMID: 25984324 PMCID: PMC4431531 DOI: 10.1186/2050-490x-1-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a fatal disease defined as an abdominal aortic diameter of 3.0 cm or more, where the abdominal aorta exceeds the normal diameter by more than 50%. Histopathological changes of AAA mainly include extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling at the abdominal aorta wall, but there is lack of specific drugs to treat AAA. Recent studies have reported that lysosomal cathepsins could induce vascular remodeling and AAA formation by regulating vascular inflammation, medial smooth muscle cell apoptosis, neovascularization, and protease expression. Thus, cathepsins are expected to become a new therapeutic target for AAA treatment.
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Lim CS, Kiriakidis S, Sandison A, Paleolog EM, Davies AH. Hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and diseases of the vascular wall. J Vasc Surg 2013; 58:219-30. [PMID: 23643279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.02.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia may contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases of the vascular wall. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are nuclear transcriptional factors that regulate the transcription of genes that mediate cellular and tissue homeostatic responses to altered oxygenation. This article reviews the published literature on and discusses the role of the HIF pathway in diseases involving the vascular wall, including atherosclerosis, arterial aneurysms, pulmonary hypertension, vascular graft failure, chronic venous diseases, and vascular malformation. METHODS PubMed was searched with the terms "hypoxia-inducible factor" or "HIF" and "atherosclerosis," "carotid stenosis," "aneurysm," "pulmonary artery hypertension," "varicose veins," "venous thrombosis," "graft thrombosis," and "vascular malformation." RESULTS In atherosclerotic plaque, HIF-1α was localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells bordering the necrotic core. Increased HIF-1α may contribute to atherosclerosis through alteration of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism. The expression of HIF-1α is significantly elevated in aortic aneurysms compared with nonaneurysmal arteries. In pulmonary hypertension, HIF-1α contributes to the increase of intracellular K(+) and Ca(2+) leading to vasoconstriction of pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Alteration of the HIF pathway may contribute to vascular graft failure through the formation of intimal hyperplasia. In chronic venous disease, HIF pathway dysregulation contributes to formation of varicose veins and venous thromboembolism. However, whether the activation of the HIF pathway is protective or destructive to the venous wall is unclear. Increased activation of the HIF pathway causes aberrant expression of angiogenic factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of vascular malformations. CONCLUSIONS Pathologic vascular wall remodelling of many common diseases of the blood vessels has been found to be associated with altered activity of the HIF pathway. Therefore, understanding the role of the HIF pathway in diseases of the vascular wall is important to identify novel therapeutic strategies in the management of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Lim
- Academic Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Iida Y, Xu B, Xuan H, Glover KJ, Tanaka H, Hu X, Fujimura N, Wang W, Schultz JR, Turner CR, Dalman RL. Peptide inhibitor of CXCL4-CCL5 heterodimer formation, MKEY, inhibits experimental aortic aneurysm initiation and progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:718-26. [PMID: 23288157 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages are critical contributors to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease. We examined the ability of MKEY, a peptide inhibitor of CXCL4-CCL5 interaction, to influence AAA progression in murine models. APPROACH AND RESULTS AAAs were created in 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice by transient infrarenal aortic porcine pancreatic elastase infusion. Mice were treated with MKEY via intravenous injection either (1) before porcine pancreatic elastase infusion or (2) after aneurysm initiation. Immunostaining demonstrated CCL5 and CCR5 expression on aneurysmal aortae and mural monocytes/macrophages, respectively. MKEY treatment partially inhibited migration of adaptively transferred leukocytes into aneurysmal aortae in recipient mice. Although all vehicle-pretreated mice developed AAAs, aneurysms formed in only 60% (3/5) and 14% (1/7) of mice pretreated with MKEY at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. MKEY pretreatment reduced aortic diameter enlargement, preserved medial elastin fibers and smooth muscle cells, and attenuated mural macrophage infiltration, angiogenesis, and aortic metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expression after porcine pancreatic elastase infusion. MKEY initiated after porcine pancreatic elastase infusion also stabilized or reduced enlargement of existing AAAs. Finally, MKEY treatment was effective in limiting AAA formation after angiotensin II infusion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS MKEY suppresses AAA formation and progression in 2 complementary experimental models. Peptide inhibition of CXCL4-CCL5 interactions may represent a viable translational strategy to limit progression of human AAA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Iida
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5102, USA
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Maegdefessel L, Azuma J, Toh R, Deng A, Merk DR, Raiesdana A, Leeper NJ, Raaz U, Schoelmerich AM, McConnell MV, Dalman RL, Spin JM, Tsao PS. MicroRNA-21 blocks abdominal aortic aneurysm development and nicotine-augmented expansion. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:122ra22. [PMID: 22357537 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains among the most prominent challenges in vascular medicine. MicroRNAs are crucial regulators of cardiovascular pathology and represent possible targets for the inhibition of AAA expansion. We identified microRNA-21 (miR-21) as a key modulator of proliferation and apoptosis of vascular wall smooth muscle cells during development of AAA in two established murine models. In both models (AAA induced by porcine pancreatic elastase or infusion of angiotensin II), miR-21 expression increased as AAA developed. Lentiviral overexpression of miR-21 induced cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in the aortic wall, with protective effects on aneurysm expansion. miR-21 overexpression substantially decreased expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein, leading to increased phosphorylation and activation of AKT, a component of a pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic pathway. Systemic injection of a locked nucleic acid-modified antagomir targeting miR-21 diminished the pro-proliferative impact of down-regulated PTEN, leading to a marked increase in the size of AAA. Similar results were seen in mice with AAA augmented by nicotine and in human aortic tissue samples from patients undergoing surgical repair of AAA (with more pronounced effects observed in smokers). Modulation of miR-21 expression shows potential as a new therapeutic option to limit AAA expansion and vascular disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Collins MJ, Eberth JF, Wilson E, Humphrey JD. Acute mechanical effects of elastase on the infrarenal mouse aorta: implications for models of aneurysms. J Biomech 2012; 45:660-5. [PMID: 22236532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intraluminal exposure of the infrarenal aorta to porcine pancreatic elastase represents one of the most commonly used experimental models of the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Morphological and histological effects of elastase on the aortic wall have been well documented in multiple rodent models, but there has been little attention to the associated effects on mechanical properties. In this paper, we present the first biaxial mechanical data on, and associated nonlinear constitutive descriptors of, the effects of elastase on the infrarenal aorta in mice. Quantification of the dramatic, acute effects of elastase on wall behavior in vitro is an essential first step toward understanding the growth and remodeling of aneurysms in vivo, which depends on both the initial changes in the mechanics and the subsequent inflammation-mediated turnover of cells and extracellular matrix that contributes to the evolving mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Gallo A, Saad A, Ali R, Dardik A, Tellides G, Geirsson A. Circulating interferon-γ-inducible Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3 ligands are elevated in humans with aortic aneurysms and Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3 is necessary for aneurysm formation in mice. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 143:704-10. [PMID: 21962843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is associated with the formation of aortic aneurysm. This study investigates the role of inducible Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3 and its ligands in the pathogenesis of arterial aneurysms. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with or without a diagnosis of thoracic aortic aneurysms were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the T-helper 1 cytokine interferon-γ and the interferon-γ-inducible chemokine receptor 3 ligands: interferon-inducible protein-10, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant, and monokine induced by interferon gamma. Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, initial aortic diameter, and growth rates. Aneurysm diameter and growth rates were correlated with plasma cytokine and chemokine levels using linear regression analysis. We used an animal model of aneurysm formation, where calcium chloride is applied topically to the carotid arteries of wild-type and Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3(-/-) mice. After 10 weeks, the arteries were harvested and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms had significant elevations in circulating interferon-γ, interferon-inducible protein-10, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant, and monokine induced by interferon gamma compared with referent patients (P < .001). Cytokine and chemokine plasma levels did not correlate with aneurysm size or growth rates. Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3(-/-) mice were protected from aneurysm formation and showed decreased vascular infiltration by CD45(+) leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma levels of interferon-γ and Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3-binding chemokines are present in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms. The Cys-X-Cys chemokine receptor 3 receptor is necessary for vascular inflammation and the formation of arterial aneurysms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Sjöberg S, Shi GP. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2011; 9:138-147. [PMID: 22505840 DOI: 10.1007/s12018-011-9098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix remodeling is an important mechanism in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cysteine protease cathepsins are among the important proteases that affect major events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm, including smooth muscle cell transmigration through elastic lamina, macrophage foam cell formation, vascular cell and macrophage apoptosis, and plaque rupture. These events have been studied in cathepsin deficiencies and cathepsin inhibitor deficiencies in mice and have provided invaluable insights regarding the roles of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacological inhibitions for cathepsins are under evaluation for other human diseases and may be used as clinical treatments for cardiovascular diseases in the near future. This article reviews different mechanisms for cathepsins in atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm that could be targeted by selective cathepsin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sjöberg
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Leeper NJ, Raiesdana A, Kojima Y, Chun HJ, Azuma J, Maegdefessel L, Kundu RK, Quertermous T, Tsao PS, Spin JM. MicroRNA-26a is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell function. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1035-43. [PMID: 20857419 PMCID: PMC3108574 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant smooth muscle cell (SMC) plasticity has been implicated in a variety of vascular disorders including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. While the pathways governing this process remain unclear, epigenetic regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in SMCs. We hypothesized that additional miRNAs might play an important role in determining vascular SMC phenotype. Microarray analysis of miRNAs was performed on human aortic SMCs undergoing phenotypic switching in response to serum withdrawal, and identified 31 significantly regulated entities. We chose the highly conserved candidate miRNA-26a for additional studies. Inhibition of miRNA-26a accelerated SMC differentiation, and also promoted apoptosis, while inhibiting proliferation and migration. Overexpression of miRNA-26a blunted differentiation. As a potential mechanism, we investigated whether miRNA-26a influences TGF-β-pathway signaling. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated enhanced SMAD signaling with miRNA-26a inhibition, and the opposite effect with miRNA-26a overexpression in transfected human cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miRNA-26a increased gene expression of SMAD-1 and SMAD-4, while overexpression inhibited SMAD-1. MicroRNA-26a was also found to be downregulated in two mouse models of AAA formation (2.5- to 3.8-fold decrease, P < 0.02) in which enhanced switching from contractile to synthetic phenotype occurs. In summary, miRNA-26a promotes vascular SMC proliferation while inhibiting cellular differentiation and apoptosis, and alters TGF-β pathway signaling. MicroRNA-26a represents an important new regulator of SMC biology and a potential therapeutic target in AAA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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25
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Animal models of cardiovascular diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:497841. [PMID: 21403831 PMCID: PMC3042667 DOI: 10.1155/2011/497841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the first leading cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. The use of animal models have contributed to increase our knowledge, providing new approaches focused to improve the diagnostic and the treatment of these pathologies. Several models have been developed to address cardiovascular complications, including atherothrombotic and cardiac diseases, and the same pathology have been successfully recreated in different species, including small and big animal models of disease. However, genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in cardiovascular pathophysiology, making difficult to match a particular disease, with a single experimental model. Therefore, no exclusive method perfectly recreates the human complication, and depending on the model, additional considerations of cost, infrastructure, and the requirement for specialized personnel, should also have in mind. Considering all these facts, and depending on the budgets available, models should be selected that best reproduce the disease being investigated. Here we will describe models of atherothrombotic diseases, including expanding and occlusive animal models, as well as models of heart failure. Given the wide range of models available, today it is possible to devise the best strategy, which may help us to find more efficient and reliable solutions against human cardiovascular diseases.
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26
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Goergen CJ, Azuma J, Barr KN, Magdefessel L, Kallop DY, Gogineni A, Grewall A, Weimer RM, Connolly AJ, Dalman RL, Taylor CA, Tsao PS, Greve JM. Influences of aortic motion and curvature on vessel expansion in murine experimental aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:270-9. [PMID: 21071686 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.216481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively compare aortic curvature and motion with resulting aneurysm location, direction of expansion, and pathophysiological features in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). METHODS AND RESULTS MRI was performed at 4.7 T with the following parameters: (1) 3D acquisition for vessel geometry and (2) 2D cardiac-gated acquisition to quantify luminal motion. Male 24-week-old mice were imaged before and after AAA formation induced by angiotensin II (AngII)-filled osmotic pump implantation or infusion of elastase. AngII-induced AAAs formed near the location of maximum abdominal aortic curvature, and the leftward direction of expansion was correlated with the direction of suprarenal aortic motion. Elastase-induced AAAs formed in a region of low vessel curvature and had no repeatable direction of expansion. AngII significantly increased mean blood pressure (22.7 mm Hg, P<0.05), whereas both models showed a significant 2-fold decrease in aortic cyclic strain (P<0.05). Differences in patterns of elastin degradation and localization of fluorescent signal from protease-activated probes were also observed. CONCLUSIONS The direction of AngII aneurysm expansion correlated with the direction of motion, medial elastin dissection, and adventitial remodeling. Anterior infrarenal aortic motion correlated with medial elastin degradation in elastase-induced aneurysms. Results from both models suggest a relationship between aneurysm pathological features and aortic geometry and motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Goergen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5431, USA.
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27
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Jones JA, Ruddy JM, Bouges S, Zavadzkas JA, Brinsa TA, Stroud RE, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG, Ikonomidis JS. Alterations in membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase abundance after the induction of thoracic aortic aneurysm in a murine model. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H114-24. [PMID: 20418476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00028.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) develop as a result of dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling mediated by several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Membrane type-1 MMP (MT1-MMP) is the prototypical member of a unique family of membrane-bound MMPs, possessing multiple substrates and functions. The present study tested the hypothesis that MT1-MMP expression, abundance, and activity would be elevated during TAA development and that this protease is produced primarily by mesenchymal cells within the thoracic aorta. Descending thoracic aortas were harvested from C57BL/6J mice at multiple time points (2, 4, 8, and 16 wk, n = 15 each) post-TAA induction (0.5M CaCl(2), 15 min) and compared with reference controls (n = 15). The expression and abundance of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunoblot analysis. MT1-MMP activity was determined by fluorescent peptide assay. MT1-MMP was localized within the aortic wall by immunohistochemistry. MT1-MMP abundance and localization in live animals (8 wk post-TAA induction vs. control) was determined by micro-ultrasound imaging with an MT1-MMP-targeted microbubble contrast agent. Aortic diameter was increased 172 +/- 7% at 16 wk post-TAA induction (P < 0.05). MT1-MMP and MMP-2 mRNA levels were elevated at 2 wk post-TAA induction (P < 0.05). MT1-MMP protein abundance increased progressively to a maximum of 178 +/- 26% at 16 wk post-TAA induction, whereas MMP-2 and TIMP-2 peaked at 2 wk post-TAA induction (526 +/- 93% and 376 +/- 48%, respectively, P < 0.05). MT1-MMP colocalized with fibroblasts, and MT1-MMP-targeted contrast binding was elevated in 8-wk TAA-induced mice versus control mice (217 +/- 53% vs. 81 +/- 8%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, these novel results suggest that MT1-MMP plays a dynamic multifunctional role in TAA development and, therefore, may provide a significant target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Jones
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Research, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Rush C, Nyara M, Moxon JV, Trollope A, Cullen B, Golledge J. Whole genome expression analysis within the angiotensin II-apolipoprotein E deficient mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:298. [PMID: 19580648 PMCID: PMC2728106 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal model commonly used to investigate pathways and potential therapeutic interventions relevant to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) involves subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II within the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse. The aim of this study was to investigate genes differentially expressed in aneurysms forming within this mouse model in order to assess the relevance of this model to human AAA. RESULTS Using microarrays we identified genes relevant to aneurysm formation within apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Firstly we investigated genes differentially expressed in the aneurysm prone segment of the suprarenal aorta in these mice. Secondly we investigated genes that were differentially expressed in the aortas of mice developing aneurysms relative to those that did not develop aneurysms in response to angiotensin II infusion. Our findings suggest that a host of inflammation and extracellular matrix remodelling pathways are upregulated within the aorta in mice developing aneurysms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome categories enriched in the aortas of mice with aneurysms included cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, leukocyte transendothelial migration, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and hematopoietic cell lineage. Genes associated with extracellular matrix remodelling, such as a range of matrix metalloproteinases were also differentially expressed in relation to aneurysm formation. CONCLUSION This study is the first report describing whole genome expression arrays in the apolipoprotein E deficient mice in relation to aneurysm formation. The findings suggest that the pathways believed to be critical in human AAA are also relevant to aneurysm formation in this mouse model. The findings therefore support the value of this model to investigate interventions and mechanisms of human AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Rush
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Moses Nyara
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Joseph V Moxon
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Alexandra Trollope
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bradford Cullen
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- The Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) comprise the tenth leading cause of death in Caucasian males 65 to 74 years of age and accounted for nearly 16,000 deaths overall in 2000. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of AAAs is an important undertaking. Clinically, multiple risk factors are associated with the development of AAAs, including increasing age, positive smoking history, and hypertension. Male gender is also a well-established risk factor for the development of an AAA, with a 4:1 male to female ratio. The reason for this gender disparity is unknown. The pathogenesis of AAAs formation is complex and multifactorial. Histologically, AAAs are characterized by early chemokine-driven leukocyte infiltration into the aortic wall. Subsequent destruction of elastin and collagen in the media and adventitia ensues owing to excessive local production of matrix-degrading enzymes and is accompanied by smooth muscle cell loss and thinning of the aortic wall. At present, no medical therapies are available to treat patients with aortic aneurysms, using only the crude measurement of aortic diameter as a threshold for which patients must undergo life-threatening and costly surgery. Defining the early mechanisms underlying gender-related differences in AAA formation is critical as understanding differences in disease patterns based on gender may allow us to develop new translational approaches to the prevention and treatment of patients with aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Hannawa
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0329, USA
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Sadek M, Hynecek RL, Goldenberg S, Kent KC, Marin ML, Faries PL. Gene expression analysis of a porcine native abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Surgery 2008; 144:252-8. [PMID: 18656633 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We sought to characterize the gene expression patterns occurring during the development of aneurysms in the native porcine aorta. METHODS In Yorkshire swine, the infrarenal aorta was balloon dilated and infused with a solution of type I collagenase/pancreatic porcine elastase (16,000 U/1,000 U). Aneurysmal and control aortic samples were obtained at 1 (n = 3), 2 (n = 6), and 4 (n = 5) weeks following aneurysm induction. RNA was isolated, converted to biotin-modified antisense RNA and hybridized to porcine genome arrays. Aneurysmal and control gene intensities were compared using the 2-sample-for-means z-test. P < .01 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Extracellular matrix remodeling genes that were upregulated in aneurysmal compared with control tissue included matrix metalloproteinase-1, -2, -3, and -9; MT-MMP; cathepsin-D, -H, -K, and -S; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; and collagen I-alpha1 chain (P < .01). Elastin exhibited temporally downregulated gene expression (P < .01). Inflammatory genes that were upregulated included intercellular adhesion molecule-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-10, chemokine receptor-4, and tissue plasminogen activator (P < .01). Atherosclerosis and cancer genes that were upregulated included apolipoprotein E, acyl-CoA binding protein, friend leukemia virus integration-1, and E26 transformation-specific sequence (P < .01). CONCLUSION The porcine model replicates the gene expression patterns that are observed during the development of aneurysms in human studies as well as in rodent models. The porcine model thereby represents a novel method to study the impact of endovascular, cell-based, and other therapeutic interventions on AAA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sadek
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Curci JA. Effect of smoking on abdominal aortic aneurysms: novel insights through murine models. Future Cardiol 2007; 3:457-66. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a poorly understood and fatal disease. The etiology of the disease is believed to be multifactorial. Of all the recognized clinical associations, none has a greater impact on the incidence and progression of the disease than exposure to tobacco smoke. Novel murine models developed over the past several years present the opportunity to investigate the mechanism of this critical clinical relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Curci
- Assistant Professor of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus, Box 8109, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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32
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Bergoeing MP, Arif B, Hackmann AE, Ennis TL, Thompson RW, Curci JA. Cigarette smoking increases aortic dilatation without affecting matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -12 expression in a modified mouse model of aneurysm formation. J Vasc Surg 2007; 45:1217-1227. [PMID: 17398058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is presumed to result from multiple genetic and environmental factors, with exposure to tobacco smoke the single largest known factor predisposing to aneurysm growth. We have attempted to adapt the elastase-perfused animal model to determine whether tobacco exposure can lower the threshold of aortic injury necessary for AAA development. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 mice underwent transient perfusion of the infrarenal aorta with an active solution of elastase: high-dose (HDE, 0.19 U/mL, n=9), standard-dose (SDE, 0.16 U/mL, n=21) or low-dose (LDE, 0.07 U/mL, n=24). Control animals (n=24) were treated with heat inactivated elastase (HIE). Twenty LDE perfused mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (LDE-S) beginning 2 weeks before perfusion and continuing until aortic harvest. Aortic diameter (AD) was measured preperfusion, postperfusion, and at harvest on day 14. AAA was defined as %DeltaAD>or=100% between preperfusion and harvest. Aortas from each group (except HDE) were analyzed for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-12 expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. RESULTS All SDE mice developed large AAA by %DeltaAD (189.3%+/-16.9%, mean+/-standard error of the mean), but control mice had only a small dilatation (69.7%+/-3.7%, P<.01). Higher doses of elastase did not produce larger aneurysms in HDE mice. In contrast, only 63% of LDE mice showed aneurysmal dilatation, and these were significantly smaller (104.3%+/-4.2%, P<.01). When exposed to cigarette smoke, LDE animals developed significantly larger aneurysms (%DeltaAD, 134.5%+/-7.9%, P=.0021). There was no difference in normalized aortic MMP-9 and MMP-12 expression between elastase doses or between smoke-exposed and unexposed animals. Histologic analysis revealed that smoking increased the extent of aortic elastin degradation when compared with LDE-S animals. CONCLUSION Aneurysm development in the elastase model is dependent on the quantity of active elastase infused. Exposure of animals to tobacco smoke after a relatively minor aortic elastase injury produces increases in elastin degradation and aneurysm size without affecting MMP-9 or MMP-12 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration in an animal model that smoking can act as a synergistic factor in AAA development. Further understanding of the relationship between smoking and AAA in this model may help unveil the pathophysiologic pathways involved between cigarette smoke and AAAs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/etiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cotinine/urine
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 12/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/analysis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreatic Elastase
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Risk Factors
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Time Factors
- Nicotiana
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P Bergoeing
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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McCormick ML, Gavrila D, Weintraub NL. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:461-9. [PMID: 17218601 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000257552.94483.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is well established. The inflammatory process leads to protease-mediated degradation of the extracellular matrix and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells (SMC), which are the predominant matrix synthesizing cells of the vascular wall. These processes act in concert to progressively weaken the aortic wall, resulting in dilatation and aneurysm formation. Oxidative stress is invariably increased in, and contributes importantly to, the pathophysiology of inflammation. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and induction of SMC apoptosis. ROS may also contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a risk factor for AAA. Emerging evidence suggests that ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are associated with AAA formation in animal models and in humans. Although experimental data are limited, several studies suggest that modulation of ROS production or activity may suppress AAA formation and improve experimental outcome in rodent models. Although a number of enzymes can produce injurious ROS in the vasculature, increasing evidence points toward a role for NADPH oxidase as a source of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L McCormick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Majumdar R, Miller DV, Ballman KV, Unnikrishnan G, McKellar SH, Sarkar G, Sreekumar R, Bolander ME, Sundt TM. Elevated expressions of osteopontin and tenascin C in ascending aortic aneurysms are associated with trileaflet aortic valves as compared with bicuspid aortic valves. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:144-50. [PMID: 17502243 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ascending aortic aneurysms (AscAAs) are a highly lethal condition whose pathobiology remains to be poorly understood. Although most AscAAs occur in the presence of a trileaflet aortic valve (TAV), a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a common congenital anomaly associated with an increased risk for an AscAA and dissection independent of functional valve pathology but secondary to inherent structural abnormality of the aorta. The objective of this investigation was to compare the patterns of gene expression in aortas between TAV and BAV patients with the aim of identifying markers for AscAAs. METHODS We used microarray analysis to first compare messenger RNA expressions between aneurysmal aortas from TAV patients (n=11) and those from BAV patients (n=11), identified genes overexpressed in TAV aneurysms, and compared expressions of the selected genes among TAV aneurysms, BAV aneurysms, and normal aortas (n=3). Finally, expressions of the selected genes were assessed by immunostaining of aortas from the TAV, BAV, and normal specimens. RESULTS Two overexpressed genes in the TAV group, osteopontin (OPN) and tenascin C (TNC), were consistently more highly expressed in TAV aneurysms than in BAV aneurysms and normal aortas as determined by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Differential staining revealed that OPN protein was concentrated in the medial smooth muscle and that TNC protein was concentrated around the vasa vasorum. CONCLUSIONS We identified two novel potential markers, OPN and TNC, that are strongly associated with TAV aneurysms. The roles of OPN and TNC in influencing extracellular matrix remodeling in AscAAs warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanath Majumdar
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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35
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Pagano MB, Bartoli MA, Ennis TL, Mao D, Simmons PM, Thompson RW, Pham CTN. Critical role of dipeptidyl peptidase I in neutrophil recruitment during the development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2855-60. [PMID: 17301245 PMCID: PMC1797622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0606091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) is a lysosomal cysteine protease critical for the activation of granule-associated serine proteases, including neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. DPPI and granule-associated serine proteases have been shown to play a key role in regulating neutrophil recruitment at sites of inflammation. It has recently been suggested that neutrophils and neutrophil-associated proteases may also be important in the development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), a common vascular disease associated with chronic inflammation and destructive remodeling of aortic wall connective tissue. Here we show that mice with a loss-of-function mutation in DPPI are resistant to the development of elastase-induced experimental AAAs. This is in part because of diminished recruitment of neutrophils to the elastase-injured aortic wall and impaired local production of CXC-chemokine ligand (CXCL) 2. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of wild-type neutrophils is sufficient to restore susceptibility to AAAs in DPPI-deficient mice, as well as aortic wall expression of CXCL2. In addition, in vivo blockade of CXCL2 by using neutralizing antibodies directed against its cognate receptor leads to a significant reduction in aortic dilatation. These findings suggest that DPPI and/or granule-associated serine proteases are necessary for neutrophil recruitment into the diseased aorta and that these proteases act to amplify vascular wall inflammation that leads to AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terri L. Ennis
- *Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, and
| | - Dongli Mao
- *Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, and
| | | | - Robert W. Thompson
- *Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, and
- Departments of Radiology
- Cell Biology and Physiology
| | - Christine T. N. Pham
- Medicine, and
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63124
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Thompson RW, Curci JA, Ennis TL, Mao D, Pagano MB, Pham CTN. Pathophysiology of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Insights from the Elastase-Induced Model in Mice with Different Genetic Backgrounds. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1085:59-73. [PMID: 17182923 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1383.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a complex degenerative disorder involving chronic aortic wall inflammation and destructive remodeling of structural connective tissue. Studies using human AAA tissues have helped identify a variety of molecular mediators and matrix-degrading proteinases, which contribute to aneurysm disease, thereby providing a sound foundation for understanding AAAs; however, these human tissue specimens represent only the "end stage" of a long and progressive disease process. Further progress in understanding the pathophysiology of AAAs is therefore dependent in part on the development and application of effective animal models that recapitulate key aspects of the disease. Based on original studies in rats, transient perfusion of the abdominal aorta with porcine pancreatic elastase has provided a reproducible and robust model of AAAs. More recent applications of this model to mice have also opened new avenues for investigation. In this review, we summarize investigations using the elastase-induced mouse model of AAAs including results in animals with targeted deletion of specific genes and more general differences in mice on different genetic backgrounds. These studies have helped us identify genes that are essential to the development of AAAs (such as MMP9, IL6, and AT1R) and to reveal other genes that may be dispensable in aneurysm formation. Investigations on mice from different genetic backgrounds are also beginning to offer a novel approach to evaluate the genetic basis for susceptibility to aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Thompson
- Department of Surgery (Section of Vascular Surgery), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diehm
- Clinical and Interventional Angiology, University Hospital Bern, Swiss Cardiovascular Centre, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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