1
|
da Silva Freitas L, de Lima Brum R, da Rosa Moraes NG, Dal Pizzol JL, Amado LL, Nilin J, Salla RF, Rocha TL, Camargo LS, Coronas MV, da Silva Pereira T, da Silva Júnior FMR. Pointing out geographic and gender disparities related to productivity indicators among Brazilian ecotoxicologists. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2024; 20:1209-1216. [PMID: 38353394 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Policies and actions related to diversity, equity, and inclusion have been discussed recently in Brazil, but there is still limited information available for most academic and knowledge fields, including ecotoxicology. This study aimed to describe the profile of Brazilian ecotoxicologists and assess gender and geographical disparities, especially regarding productivity indicators. An ecological study was conducted using data of the researchers registered in the open-access database of the Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology, along with their respective curriculum data available on the Lattes Platform, which is the main registry portal for Brazilian researchers. The target population of our study was ecotoxicology researchers in academic educational institutions with a focus on human resource training. The data, collected in 2021, led to the inclusion of a total of 177 researchers in this study, with 62 men and 115 women, and 42.37% working in the southeastern region. Female researchers generally showed lower rates of scientific productivity when the analyzed metrics included research productivity scholarships, the number of articles published in scientific journals, and the number of articles published with international collaborations, compared to male researchers. Researchers from the southeastern and southern regions also had higher rates of productivity and human resource training compared to those from other regions of the country. The proportion of funding grants received was significantly higher among men, and this profile was also observed among researchers from the southern and southeastern regions, although with a smaller disparity. This means that there is an uneven distribution of funding grants from funding organizations, which favors men and urban centers. Our findings highlight gender and geographic disparities in the scientific production of ecotoxicologists working in Brazil and reinforce the existence of complex obstacles that need to be addressed and combated within scientific societies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1209-1216. © 2024 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia da Silva Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Lima Brum
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Niely G da Rosa Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Juliana L Dal Pizzol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Lilian L Amado
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia (LABECOTOX) e Laboratório de Monitoramento Ambiental Marinho (LAPMAR), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Jeamylle Nilin
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Raquel F Salla
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Thiago L Rocha
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | | | - Mariana V Coronas
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Cachoeira do Sul, Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Tatiana da Silva Pereira
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira, Pará, Brasil
| | - Flavio M R da Silva Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Giacomelli E, D'Oria M, Speziali S, Dorigo W, Pacciani C, Bassini S, Lepidi S, Pulli R, Fargion AT. Gender-Related Disparities Among Vascular Surgeons in Italy: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey. Ann Vasc Surg 2024; 105:20-28. [PMID: 38570012 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the presence, quality and impact of gender-related discrepancies in academic vascular surgery at a national level. METHODS This was an anonymous national structured nonvalidated cross-sectional survey on gender disparity perceptions, named "I love it when you call me Señorita", distributed to 645 participants from academic Italian vascular centers. Endpoints were related to job-related characteristics, satisfaction, and sexual harassment. RESULTS The survey yielded a 27% response rate (n = 174, 78 males and 96 females). Significant differences between male and female responders were found in terms of job satisfaction (83.3% vs. 53.1%, P < 0.001), perception of career opportunities (91.7% vs. 67.9%, P < 0.001), surgical activity in the operating theater (34.6% vs. 7.3%, P < 0.001), involvement in scientific activities (contribution in peer-reviewed articles: 37.2% vs. 9.4%, P < 0.001; scientific meeting attendance/year: 42.3% vs. 20.8%, P = 0.002), and perception of lower peer support at work (2.6% vs. 22.9%, P < 0.001). In addition, female physicians more frequently suffered sexual harassment from male peers/colleagues (10% vs. 34%, P < 0.001), male health-care workers (7% vs. 26%, P = 0.001), or patients/caregivers independently from their sex (6% vs. 38.5%, P < 0.001 for males and 5% vs. 22%, P = 0.001 for females). CONCLUSIONS A significant number of the female vascular surgeons in Italian academic vascular centers responding to the survey have experienced workplace inequality and sexual harassment. Substantial efforts and ongoing initiatives are still required to address gender disparities, emphasizing the need for the promotion of specific guidelines within scientific societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giacomelli
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario D'Oria
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Trieste Integrated University Healthcare, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Speziali
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Walter Dorigo
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Claudia Pacciani
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bassini
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Trieste Integrated University Healthcare, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sandro Lepidi
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Trieste Integrated University Healthcare, Trieste, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pulli
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Aaron Thomas Fargion
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Careggi Teaching Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bellomo TR, Reikersdorfer K, Grobman B, Lella SK, Zacharias N, Abai B, Slaw K, Garcia-Toca M. A comprehensive analysis of leadership attributes, discrepancies, and implications for gender equity in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 2024:S0741-5214(24)01236-9. [PMID: 38838967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2024.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-developed leadership skills have been associated with a better understanding of health care context, increased team performance, and improved patient outcomes. Surgeons, in particular, stand to benefit from leadership development. Although studies have focused on investigating knowledge gaps and needs of surgeons in leadership roles, there is a noticeable gap in the literature concerning leadership in vascular surgery. The goal of this study was to characterize current leadership attributes of vascular surgeons and understand demographic influences on leadership patterns. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was a descriptive analysis of vascular surgeons and their observers who took the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) from 2020 to 2023. The LPI is a 30-question inventory that measures the frequency of specific leadership behaviors across five practices of leadership. RESULTS A total of 110 vascular surgeons completed the LPI. The majority of participants were White (56%) and identified as male (60%). Vascular surgeons most frequently observed the "enabling others to act" leadership practice style (8.90 ± 0.74) by all evaluators. Vascular surgeons were most frequently above the 70th percentile in the "challenge the process" leadership practice style (49%) compared with the average of other leaders worldwide. Observers rated vascular surgeons as displaying significantly more frequent leadership behaviors than vascular surgeons rated themselves in every leadership practice style (P < .01). The only demographic variable associated with a significantly increased occurrence of achieving 70th percentile across all five leadership practice styles was the male gender: a multivariable model adjusting for objective experience showed that men were at least 3.5 times more likely to be rated above the 70th percentile than women. CONCLUSIONS Vascular surgeons under-report the frequency at which they practice leadership skills across all five leadership practice styles and should recognize their strengths of enabling others to act and challenging the process. Men are recognized as exhibiting all five leadership practices more frequently than women, regardless of current position or experience level. This observation may reflect the limited leadership positions available for women, thereby restricting their opportunities to demonstrate leadership practices as frequently or recognizably as their male counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Benjamin Grobman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Srihari K Lella
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharias
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Babak Abai
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ken Slaw
- Society for Vascular Surgery, Rosemont, IL
| | - Manuel Garcia-Toca
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fioranelli GA, Lo Y, Jesch AK, Laluzerne MJ, Donnelly D, Lyon SM, Dingle AM. Diversity Drives Representation: An Internal Audit of Gender Representation in Citation Practices of a Single Surgical Laboratory. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5823. [PMID: 38881963 PMCID: PMC11177816 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Large-scale retrospective studies have identified implicit gender bias in citation behaviors across multiple medical fields. There are minimal resources to directly assess one's own citation behavior before publication at a laboratory level. In this study, we performed an internal audit of our own citation practices and behavior, looking at the representation of authors by gender in our own bibliographies. Methods Bibliographies were collated from our laboratory's publications between 2015 and 2022 with a single senior author, who was excluded from participating in this study. Bibliographies were run through a simulation originally constructed and used by authors from the University of Pennsylvania that categorized authors of each article by gender: man or woman, according to external database records. Results Of the 1697 citations, the first and last authorship sequences displayed to be 60.8% male/male, 10.1% male/female, 16.3% female/male and 12.8% female/female. Men-led articles within our laboratory cited 67.4% male/male articles in their bibliographies compared with women-led articles citing 53.9%. All laboratory bibliographies consisted of 77.1% male senior authors compared with 22.9% female senior authors. Conclusions Our data confirm that a gender bias in citation practices exists at the laboratory level. Promisingly, these data also indicate that diversity within an individual laboratory group leads to diversity in representation; therefore, diversifying a team of researchers is prone to improve the overall work and success of the laboratory. We encourage laboratory groups to challenge their own biases by replicating their own results and discovering how these biases might be impacting their publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Fioranelli
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Yunee Lo
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Anna K Jesch
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Matthew J Laluzerne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisc
| | - D'Andrea Donnelly
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Sarah M Lyon
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soni U, Phair J, Zekelman L, Mascharak S, Choinski K, Lipsitz E, Koleilat I. Panel composition and disparities in the topics of presentation in vascular surgery conferences. Vascular 2024; 32:679-684. [PMID: 36708188 DOI: 10.1177/17085381231154343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies identified gender disparities in surgical conference presenters and moderators. We sought to assess disparities in the representation of women in terms of speakers and moderators, but with particular emphasis on panels and topics of discussion at vascular surgery conferences. METHODS Data regarding presenters and moderators from the Southern Association of Vascular Surgery, Western Vascular Society, Vascular and Endovascular Surgical Society, Society for Clinical Vascular Surgery, and Society for Vascular Surgery conferences was obtained from online meeting archives and via email correspondence. Scientific session speakers, moderators, and panelists were identified by sex. Specific vascular topics for each discussion were also identified. Keynote speakers or special guests were excluded. RESULTS Compared to men, women were less often presenters (18% versus 82%, p < .002) and moderators (16% versus 84%, p < .001) of conference sessions. Women were most likely to present on dialysis access and least likely to present on venous disease overall. Women were more likely to present on aortic (24% vs 19%; p < .013) and cerebrovascular disease (33% vs 27%; p < .021) at regional compared to national conferences. Of panels assessed, 68% were all-male. Subgroup analysis suggests that some improvements have been made over time. CONCLUSIONS Significant disparities persist in the topics presented and in panel composition suggesting potential areas for improvement in equity. Further study should focus on evaluating trends in the training level of the presenter and the topics presented, and assessing parity in structural factors that impact research presentation opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Soni
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John Phair
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leo Zekelman
- Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Smita Mascharak
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Krystina Choinski
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan Lipsitz
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wei W, Cai Z, Ding J, Fares S, Patel A, Khosa F. Organizational Leadership Gender Differences in Medical Schools and Affiliated Universities. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:662-670. [PMID: 38061046 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare gender compositions in the leadership of the top 25 medical schools in North America with the leadership of their affiliated university senior leadership and other faculties. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional observational study used publicly available gender data from 2018 to 2019 of universities drawn from the U.S. News Best Global Universities for Clinical Medicine Ranking report. Gender compositions in eight leadership tiers from senior leadership to medical school department directors were analyzed. Data analysis included gender compositions by leadership tier and faculty. Results: Male representation is greater at higher leadership tiers, with the largest imbalance being at the level of medical school department heads. The faculty of medicine has more men in leadership positions than the average of the other faculties (p = 0.02), though similar to schools of engineering, business, dentistry, and pharmacy. Across the eight leadership tiers, a significant trend exists between tier and proportions, indicating that male representation was greater at higher tiers (p < 0.001). No correlation was found between a university's leadership gender composition and its ranking. Conclusion: The under-representation of women is greater in medical school leadership than the leadership of their affiliated universities. The faculty of medicine has greater male over-representation than the average of the other faculties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Wei
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zhenglun Cai
- Department of Statistics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Ding
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Saleh Fares
- Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amy Patel
- Department of Radiology, The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Weaver ML, Srinivas T, Bose S, Deery SE, Amendola MF, Black JH, Hicks CW. Representation of Women and Racially and Ethnically Marginalized Principal Investigators in Vascular Device Trials. JAMA Surg 2024; 159:459-461. [PMID: 38265785 PMCID: PMC10809132 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
This quality improvement study describes the lack of diversity in trial leadership, especially in arterial disease device trials, and recommends action steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Libby Weaver
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Tara Srinivas
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanuja Bose
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E. Deery
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Maine Medical Center, Portland
| | - Michael Fiore Amendola
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond
- Department of Surgery, Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Richmond
| | - James H. Black
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caitlin W. Hicks
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dry S, Collins LC. Gender distribution in pathology journal editorial boards: a call to action. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:217-218. [PMID: 38124017 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-209293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen MA, Yousef S, Gupta R, McKenzie C. Gender distribution in surgical pathology journal publications and editorial boards. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:219-224. [PMID: 37258250 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate trends in representation of women among authors and editorial boards of surgical pathology journals over the last two decades.Secondary aims: to identify barriers and potential solutions. METHODS The names and gender of first, middle, last authors and editorial board members were obtained from original articles from seven pathology journals from various geopolitical regions in 2002, 2011 and 2021. The proportion of women first, middle, last authors and editorial board members were compared over time. RESULTS 1097 publications and 8012 individual authors were extracted. In 2002, 2011 and 2021, respectively, the percentage of women first authors were 28.3% (257 of 907), 31.9% (566 of 1773) and 41.1% (1421 of 3457); women middle authorship rates were 30.0% (159 of 530), 32.8% (375 of 1145) and 40.9% (1067 of 2609) and women last authors were 18.0% (34 of 188), 26.0% (82 of 315) and 36.0% (152 of 422). Women representation on editorial boards has increased (11.3%, 15.8%, 26.5%), but of the chief editors, there was only one woman in 2021, while all were men in 2002 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to document under-representation of women among authors and editorial boards of surgical pathology journals. While women representation has increased over time, predominance of men remains relative to workforce proportions. Our findings are comparable to those from other medical fields and prompt the need to investigate the underlying causes for this imbalance and implement strategies to promote diversity, equity and inclusion in academic surgical pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samer Yousef
- Department of Anatomical Pathology and Cytopathology, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital Health Service District, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona McKenzie
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang F, Cheng T, Ricci JA. Gender Authorship Trends Among Craniofacial Publications: A 20-Year Analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1199-1206. [PMID: 35612863 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify gender disparities within the subspecialty of craniofacial surgery as women surgeons remain underrepresented in academia and leadership, arenas heavily dictated by research productivity. All craniofacial articles published in 3 major research journals from 2000 to 2020 were reviewed and evaluated in 5-year increments. Information regarding author gender, authorship distribution, geographic origin, and publication type was collected. ANOVA, χ2, and logistic regression modeling were used for analysis. In total, there were 3684 articles with 15 206 total authors-3128 (20.6%) were women, including 665 (21.3%) first authors, 1980 (63.2%) middle authors, and 487 (15.7%) senior authors. Mean women authorship increased significantly from 2000 to 2020 (0.33 vs 1.22 P < .001) with corresponding significant increases in first and senior authorship (8.63% vs 27.02; 5.65% vs 16.13%; P < .001). Statistically significant trends across time were observed for first and senior authorships (P < .001). Women were more likely to publish original publications as first and senior authors (OR: 1.83, P < .001; OR: 1.37, P = .0012). Women were less likely to publish editorial articles (OR 0.6, P < .001). The United States ranked third in publication output by female first authors but was behind all regions except Africa for output by female senior authors. Although female authorship has increased significantly over the last 2 decades, women remain a minority within the craniofacial literature. Further research is needed to elicit the root of these disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- The Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Cheng
- The Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Ricci
- The Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Noubani M, Smolkin C, Yang J, Pryor AD. Demographic and practice patterns among minimally invasive surgery fellowship graduates. Surg Endosc 2023; 37:7784-7789. [PMID: 37587239 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous reports show that over 85% of general surgery residents choose to pursue fellowship training after completing residency. There continues to be an increase interest among general surgery residents in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship. Moreover, demographic disparities, particularly gender disparities continue to persist among surgical sub-specialties. In this study, we evaluated the gender disparities and practice patterns among graduating MIS fellows. METHODS AND PROCEDURES MIS fellows were surveyed, and 169 results were received from fellows who completed training in the years: 2010, 2015-2019. Surveys collected were used to create a descriptive analysis of the demographics, practice patterns and job finding measures. Loglinear regression model was performed to assess gender trend variation over training years. RESULTS Fellows self-reported gender showed 65% male, 30% female, and 5% prefer not to say. The cohort of participants was described as 45.3% white, 5.3% African American, and 6.5% Hispanic or Latino. Further, results showed 87.1% of fellows work in MIS surgery with 91.8% reporting their fellowship experience facilitated their ability to find a job. Most alumni pursue a comprehensive MIS practice. Moreover, the proportion of female fellows increased from 29 to 41%, but this increase over time was not significant using loglinear regressions [p-value = 0.0810, Relative risk = 1.1994 (95% CI 0.9778, 1.4711)]. CONCLUSION Overall, there is good evidence to support that fellowship training facilitates future career advancements. Further, MIS fellows have differential practice patterns. Finally, females remain underrepresented among the MIS fellows which should call for leadership action to bridge these gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Noubani
- Department of Surgery, PGY1 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Caroline Smolkin
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Aurora D Pryor
- Department of Surgery, Northwell Health System, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McKenzie CA, Gupta R, Jackett L, Anderson L, Chen V, Dahlstrom JE, Dray M, Farshid G, Hemmings C, Karim R, Kench JG, Klebe S, Kramer N, Kumarasinghe P, Maclean F, Morey A, Nguyen MA, O'Toole S, Rowbotham B, Salisbury ELC, Scolyer RA, Stewart K, Waring L, Cooper CL, Cooper WA. Looking beyond workforce parity: addressing gender inequity in pathology. Pathology 2023; 55:760-771. [PMID: 37573162 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
While women pathologists have made up over one-third of pathologists in the Australian workforce for over 15 years and at least 50% since 2019, they are under-represented in senior leadership roles, scientific publications, grant recipients, editorial boards, key presentations, and professional awards. This is not unique to pathology and is seen in the broader medical and academic community. Barriers to gender equity and equality in pathology, medicine and academia include gender stereotypes, gender-based discrimination, structural and organisational barriers as well as broader social and cultural barriers. A diverse leadership reflective of the whole professional body and the broader community is important for optimal health outcomes. It is the responsibility and moral duty of individuals and organisations to address any gender disparities, inequities, and inequalities by monitoring, identifying, and acting on gender biases and systemic barriers that hinder appropriate levels of representation by women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona A McKenzie
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Lyndal Anderson
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivien Chen
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Haematology Concord Repatriation and General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane E Dahlstrom
- ACT Pathology Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Gelareh Farshid
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Chris Hemmings
- Department of Anatomic Pathology Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rooshdiya Karim
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Fiona Maclean
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology Sonic Healthcare, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrienne Morey
- ACT Pathology Canberra Health Services, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Beverley Rowbotham
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L C Salisbury
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ICPMR Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Caroline L Cooper
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Felton JM, Staub M, Otegbeye E, Kandagatla P, Mirza K, Mutch M, Smith RK. Gender and Racial Diversity Among Colon and Rectal Surgery Trainees and Leaders. Dis Colon Rectum 2023; 66:1212-1222. [PMID: 37339340 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent changes in women and underrepresented minorities in medicine, there still exists large gender and racial gaps in surgical training and leadership. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that gender and racial representation have improved among general and colorectal surgical trainees and leadership over the past 20 years. DESIGN This cross-sectional study examines gender and racial representation of general and colorectal surgery residents, colorectal faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. SETTINGS We extracted data from the Journal of the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education yearly reports for information on surgical residents. We used the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons website and publicly available practice websites to obtain information regarding colon and rectal surgery residents, faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We primarily focused on the gender and underrepresented minority breakdowns of general surgery residents, colorectal surgery residents, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. RESULTS We found that between 2001 and 2021, the number of women and people identifying as underrepresented minorities increased within general surgery programs. In addition, there has been a similar increase in underrepresented minorities and women entering colorectal surgery residency programs. Finally, there has been a steady, significant increase in women representation in the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council, with a slower increase in underrepresented minorities on the council. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by using previously collected data and relying on publicly available profiles for gender and race information. CONCLUSIONS General and colon and rectal surgery have significantly increased gender and racial diversity at the training and leadership levels. DIVERSIDAD RACIAL Y DE GNERO ENTRE LOS APRENDICES Y LDERES DE CIRUGA DE COLON Y RECTO ANTECEDENTES: A pesar de los cambios recientes en las mujeres y las minorías subrepresentadas en la medicina, todavía existen grandes brechas de género y raza en la capacitación y el liderazgo quirúrgico.OBJETIVO: Presumimos que la representación racial y de género ha mejorado entre los pasantes y el liderazgo en cirugía general y colorrectal en los últimos 20 años.DISEÑO: Este es un estudio transversal que examina la representación racial y de género de los residentes de cirugía general y colorrectal, miembros de la facultad colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.CONFIGURACIÓN: Extrajimos datos de los informes anuales de Educación Médica para Graduados del Journal of the American Medical Association para obtener información sobre los residentes quirúrgicos. Utilizamos el sitio web de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto, así como los sitios web de práctica disponibles públicamente para obtener información sobre los residentes de cirugía de colon y recto, miembros de la facultad y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.MEDIDAS PRINCIPALES DE RESULTADO: Nos enfocamos principalmente en los desgloses de género y minorías subrepresentadas de residentes de cirugía general, residentes de cirugía colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.RESULTADOS: Encontramos que entre 2001 y 2021, la cantidad de mujeres y personas que se identificaron como minorías subrepresentadas aumentó dentro de los programas de cirugía general. Además, ha habido un aumento similar en minorías subrepresentadas y mujeres que ingresan a programas de residencia en cirugía colorrectal. Finalmente, ha habido un aumento constante y significativo en la representación de mujeres en el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto con un aumento más lento en las minorías subrepresentadas en el consejo.LIMITACIONES: El estudio está limitado por el uso de datos recopilados previamente y por confiar en perfiles disponibles públicamente para la información de género y raza.CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía general y de colon y recto han hecho algunos avances significativos en el aumento de la diversidad racial y de género en los niveles de formación y liderazgo. (Traducción-Yesenia.Rojas-Khalil ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Felton
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Melinda Staub
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Pridvi Kandagatla
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kasim Mirza
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Radhika K Smith
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xun H, Stonko DP, Goldsborough E, Keegan A, Srinivas T, Bose S, McDermott KM, Weaver ML, Hicks CW. A 10-Year Analysis of Representation of Women in Patent Applications and NIH Funding in Vascular Surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2023; 95:244-250. [PMID: 37037416 PMCID: PMC10523912 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been an increasing focus on gender disparities in the medical field and in the field of vascular surgery specifically. We aimed to characterize gender representation in vascular surgery innovation over the past 10 years, using metrics of patents and National Institutes of Health (NIH) support. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all vascular-related patent filings (Google Scholar) and NIH-funded grants (NIH RePORTER) over a 10-year period (January 1st, 2012, to December 31st, 2021). Gender-API (Application Programming Interface) was used to identify the gender of the inventors, with manual confirmation of a 10% random sample. Gender representation for patent inventors and grant principal investigators (PIs) were compared using Chi-squared and Student's t-tests as appropriate. Yearly temporal changes in representation were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and linear regression analyses. RESULTS We identified 2,992 unique vascular device patents with 6,093 associated inventors over 10 years. Women were underrepresented in patent authorship overall (11.5%), and were least likely to be listed as first inventor (8.9%) and most commonly fourth and fifth inventors (15.5% and 14.1%, respectively) compared to men. There was no significant change in representation of women inventors over time (-0.2% females per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.54 to 0.10). We identified 1736 total unique NIH grants, with 23.8% of funded projects having women PIs. There was an increase in the proportion of women PIs over time (+1.31% per year, 95% CI 0.784 to 1.855; P < 0.001). Projects with women PIs received mean total awards that were significantly lower than projects with men PIs ($350,485 ± $220,072 vs. $451,493 ± $411,040; P < 0.001), but the overall ratio of funding:women investigators improved over time (+$11,531 per year, 95% CI $6,167 to $16,895; P = 0.0011). CONCLUSIONS While we have made strides in increasing the number of women in the surgical research space, there is still room for improvement in funding parity. In addition, we found substantial and persistent room for improvement in representation of women in surgical innovation. As we enter a new frontier of surgery hallmarked by equalizing gender representation, these data should serve as a call-to-action for initiative aimed at rebuilding the foundation of surgical innovations upon equal gender representation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Xun
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David P Stonko
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Alana Keegan
- Sinai Hospital, Baltimore, MD; Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tara Srinivas
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sanuja Bose
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - M Libby Weaver
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Caitlin W Hicks
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Woodyard KC, Lee E, Ferguson R, Dembinski D, Effendi M, Janowak CF, Gobble RM. Surgical Fellowships Demonstrate Variable Improvement in Gender Representation Despite Greater Female Enrollment in General Surgery Residencies. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2023; 80:1104-1112. [PMID: 37336666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite increasing female representation in General Surgery (GS) residency training programs, proportional improvement of female enrollment in surgical fellowships has yet to be quantified. We aimed to assess if female enrollment in surgical fellowships has improved at an equivalent rate in 7 different surgical fellowship options after GS. DESIGN AND SETTING Data were collected from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resources which disclosed active resident and fellow characteristics. Gender identification was self-reported by residents to ACGME. Gender data collected for GS programs and surgical fellowships including Surgical Critical Care, Colon, and Rectal Surgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Surgical Oncology, Thoracic Surgery, and Vascular Surgery from annual reports. Pearson Chi-squared analysis was conducted between GS residencies and fellowship programs in their corresponding years using Stata15 software. RESULTS In all years examined, fellowships in Vascular, Thoracic, and Plastic Surgery had significantly lower female enrollment in proportion to the number of female GS residents (p = <0.02). In all years examined, Surgical Oncology, Pediatric, Colon and Rectal, and Surgical Critical Care had female enrollment that was, at minimum, proportional to female enrollment in GS residency, indicating equitable gender representation. Surgical Oncology (2016), Pediatric (2020) and Surgical Critical Care (2016) fellowships each had 1 year where female enrollment was significantly higher than General Surgery. CONCLUSIONS The enrollment of female surgeons in Plastic, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery fellowships has not improved proportionally despite an increase in female GS residents. These results suggest the possibility of persistent factors that deter female enrollment in Vascular, Thoracic and Plastic Surgery fellowships that are not present to the same degree in fields with equitable fellowship female enrollment. Female representation in surgical fellowships is vital to improving gender diversity in all disciplines of surgery, particularly academic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten C Woodyard
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Craniofacial and Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ermina Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Riley Ferguson
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Douglas Dembinski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maleeh Effendi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher F Janowak
- Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan M Gobble
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saadoun R, Risse E, Sadoun L, Kamal A, Pudszuhn A, Obermueller T. Gender distribution and women leadership in German Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:426-434. [PMID: 37090881 PMCID: PMC10116970 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the distribution of female physicians throughout the rank from resident to leadership positions in German Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) departments. Methods This cross-sectional study collected data about the physician workforce in the German OHNS.The primary outcome was the proportion of female physicians. Data were collected from 165 departments from January 2022 to February 2022. The physician workforce was stratified based on gender and leadership. Results We included 2089 physicians from 165 departments of OHNS in German hospitals. Female residents and specialists outnumbered male peers (484/872 [55.5%] vs. 388/872 [44.5%] and 224/363 [61.71%] vs. 139/363 [38.29%], respectively). However, the women proportion decreased gradually with elevated hierarchical rank starting at the attending physician level to reaching its lowest extreme (14/165 [7.23%]) at the head of the department level. Holding a leadership position was associated with being male (n = 282 [85.2%] vs. n = 49 [14.8%], p < .0001). This persisted even after controlling the academic rank in a multivariable regression model (OR: 5.027, 95% CI: 3.536-7.146). The gap between the two genders in favor of men regarding leadership persisted in all kinds of hospitals. However, this disparity was lowest in university hospitals, (male: n = 83 [78.3%] vs. female: n = 23, [21.7%], p < .0001). Conclusions Even though women outnumbered men in resident and specialist positions, they are still underrepresented in leadership positions in OHNS. Continuous surveillance is needed to watch the dynamic changes in the gap between the two genders and address it with more sex equality-supporting policies. Level of Evidence IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakan Saadoun
- Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine MannheimMannheimGermany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity Medical Centre MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Eva‐Maria Risse
- Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Leen Sadoun
- University of Damascus, Faculty of PharmacyDamascusSyria
| | - Abdallah Kamal
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of NeuroradiologyPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Annett Pudszuhn
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of HealthCampus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| | - Theresa Obermueller
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of HealthCampus Benjamin FranklinBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin C, McAuliffe PB, Liao CD, Marquez JE, Monroig KG, Hanson OL, Shroyer ALW, Huston TL, Khan SU. Has the Increase of Women in Surgical Training Programs Led to a Concomitant Increase in Female Leadership Positions? A 10-Year Analysis. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:376-379. [PMID: 37093772 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women represent greater than 50% of medical students in America and are becoming increasingly well represented in surgical fields. However, parity at the trainee level has yet to be accomplished, and surgical leadership positions have remained disproportionately biased toward men. To date, there have been no comparisons on the progress within plastic surgery and other surgical specialties. This investigates the gender disparity in resident and leadership representation over the past 10 years within surgical specialties and how these disparities compare to plastic surgery. METHODS Counts of female and male residents and surgical society leaders were collected from 2008 to 2018. Surgical fields included plastic, vascular, urologic, neurologic, orthopedic, cardiothoracic, and general surgery. Leadership positions were defined as board seats on executive committees of major surgical societies or board associations. Data were acquired from publicly available sources or provided directly from the organizations. Resident data were obtained from the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education residents' reports. Individuals holding more than 1 leadership position within a year were counted only once. RESULTS In our aggregated analysis, the proportion of women in surgical leadership lags behind women in surgical residency training across all specialties (13.2% vs 27.3%, P < 0.01). General surgery had the highest proportion of female residents and leaders (35% and 18.8%, P < 0.01), followed by plastic (32.2% and 17.3%, P < 0.01), vascular (28.2% and 11.3%, P < 0.01), urologic (24.3% and 5.1%), and cardiothoracic surgery (20.5% and 7.8%, P < 0.01). Women in surgical leadership, however, increased at a faster rate than women in surgical training (11% vs 7%, P < 0.05). Plastic surgery showed the greatest rate of increase in both residents and leaders (17% and 19%, P < 0.05) followed by cardiothoracic surgery (16% and 9%, P < 0.05) and general surgery (8% and 14%, P < 0.05). For neurologic and orthopedic surgery, neither the difference in proportions between residents and leaders nor the yearly growth of these groups were significant. CONCLUSIONS Between 2008 and 2018, women in plastic surgery training and leadership positions have shown the most significant growth compared with other surgical subspecialties, demonstrating a strong concerted effort toward gender equality among surgical professions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Yin
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jacobs JW, Martin AA, Larson AR, Gehrie EA, Silver JK, Booth GS. Analysis of Industry-Related Payments Among Physician Editors of Pathology Journals. Am J Clin Pathol 2023; 159:172-180. [PMID: 36594828 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender inequities in editorial board representation and physician compensation are well documented, but few studies have focused on how editors of journals are compensated. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we examined industry-related compensation (from 2014 to 2020) among physician editors of 35 pathology journals using publicly available data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments Database. RESULTS Of the physician editors included, 135 (69.9%) were men and 58 (30.1%) were women. Similar percentages of men and women physicians who were eligible received payments (112/135 [83.0%] men and 51/58 [87.9%] women; P = .38, χ2 test). Of the total transfer of value ($211,192,532), 112 men received $192,727,555 (91.3%), and 51 women received $18,464,978 (8.7%). Mean total payment per person was $1,720,782 for men and $362,058 for women (P = .05). The payment range for men was $18-$47,568,400 and the range of payments for women was $31-$2,375,637. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight significant gender inequities in industry-related payments to physician editors of pathology journals. The financial relationships of journal editors and industry deserve further study, particularly as they relate to advancing science and closing both workforce and patient care inequities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amarilis A Martin
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Allison R Larson
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Georgetown Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric A Gehrie
- American Red Cross, National Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USAand
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weaver ML, Sorber RA, Holscher CM, Cox ML, Henry BV, Brooke BS, Cooper MA. The measurable impact of a diversity, equity, and inclusion editor on diversifying content, authorship, and peer review participation in the Journal of Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2023; 77:330-337. [PMID: 36368645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women and minorities remain under-represented in academic vascular surgery. This under-representation persists in the editorial peer review process which may contribute to publication bias. In 2020, the Journal of Vascular Surgery (JVS) addressed this by diversifying the editorial board and creating a new Editor of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI). The impact of a DEI editor on modifying the output of JVS has not yet been examined. We sought to determine the measurable impact of a DEI editor on diversifying perspectives represented in the journal, and on contributing to changes in the presence of DEI subject matter across published journal content. METHODS The authorship and content of published primary research articles, editorials, and special articles in JVS were examined from November 2019 through July 2022. Publications were examined for the year prior to initiation of the DEI Editor (pre), the year following (post), and from September 2021 to July 2022, accounting for the average 47-week time period from submission to publication in JVS (lag). Presence of DEI topics and women authorship were compared using χ2 tests. RESULTS During the period examined, the number of editorials, guidelines, and other special articles dedicated to DEI topics in the vascular surgery workforce or patient population increased from 0 in the year prior to 4 (16.7%) in the 11-month lag period. The number of editorials, guidelines, and other special articles with women as first or senior authors nearly doubled (24% pre, 44.4% lag; P = .31). Invited commentaries and discussions were increasingly written by women as the study period progressed (18.7% pre, 25.9% post, 42.6% lag; P = .007). The number of primary research articles dedicated to DEI topics increased (5.6% pre, 3.3% post, 8.1% lag; P = .007). Primary research articles written on DEI topics were more likely to have women first or senior authors than non-DEI specific primary research articles (68.0% of all DEI vs 37.5% of a random sampling of non-DEI primary research articles; P < .001). The proportion of distinguished peer reviewers increased (from 2.8% in 2020 to 21.9% in 2021; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The addition of a DEI editor to JVS significantly impacted the diversification of topics, authorship of editorials, special articles, and invited commentaries, as well as peer review participation. Ongoing efforts are needed to diversify subject matter and perspective in the vascular surgery literature and decrease publication bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Libby Weaver
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
| | - Rebecca A Sorber
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Courtenay M Holscher
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Morgan L Cox
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Brandon V Henry
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Benjamin S Brooke
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Michol A Cooper
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alnahhal KI, Lingutla R, Penukonda S, Irshad A, Kumar S, Aulivola B, Salehi P. Comparison of academic productivity and funding support between United States and international medical graduate vascular surgeons. J Vasc Surg 2023; 77:1513-1521.e1. [PMID: 36603667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The demand for vascular surgeons in the United States stands to far exceed the current supply. International medical graduates (IMGs) are not only vital to meeting the country's growing health care needs, but also help to advance clinical research and medical education in the field of vascular surgery. Nearly 17% of practicing vascular surgeons in the United States are IMGs, yet little is known about their relative contributions to academic vascular surgery. Our study aims to compare the academic profiles and funding support for IMG vascular surgeons to that of their US medical graduate (USMG) counterparts. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on all IMG and USMG academic vascular surgeons practicing in US-based hospitals with vascular surgery residency and/or fellowship programs. In addition to the baseline surgeon characteristics, academic profiles and research output were also collected. Furthermore, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) research reporting tool and open payments database were queried for any funding/payments to surgeons in both groups. Matching for year of vascular surgery training program graduation was performed where appropriate. RESULTS A total of 908 academic vascular surgeons were included; 759 (83.6%) were USMGs and 149 (16.4%) were IMGs. The median year of graduation was comparable between the two groups, but USMGs had a significantly higher proportion of female surgeons (23.6% vs 10.7%; P = .0003). There were no significant differences in the academic profiles and leadership positions between the two groups. Although research productivity is similar between the two groups, IMG surgeons were more likely to have first or senior-authorship papers (47.1% vs 37.5%; P < .001). Additionally, faculty departments chaired/cheifed by a USMG were less likely to be staffed with IMG vascular surgeons (1.6 surgeons vs 3.1 surgeons; P < .0001). Following grant analysis, USMG surgeons received more NIH R01 grants (5.7% vs 1.3%; P = .026). R01-funded surgeons had significantly greater research output by number of publications (121.0 vs 47.5), citations (3872 vs 938), H-index (32.0 vs 17.5), and average journal impact factor (>10: 86.7% vs 33.3%) (all P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The efforts to further diversify vascular surgery are vital to better serving an increasingly diverse US population, amid growing disparities in health care. Although IMGs account for a minority of academic vascular surgeons, and contribute significantly to their published research, they had less NIH R01 funding, warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled I Alnahhal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Ali Irshad
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Shivani Kumar
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Bernadette Aulivola
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | - Payam Salehi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li B, de Mestral C, Mamdani M, Al-Omran M. Perceptions of Canadian vascular surgeons toward artificial intelligence and machine learning. J Vasc Surg Cases Innov Tech 2022; 8:466-472. [PMID: 36016703 PMCID: PMC9396444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly advancing fields with increasing utility in health care. We conducted a survey to determine the perceptions of Canadian vascular surgeons toward AI/ML. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed to 162 members of the Canadian Society for Vascular Surgery. Self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions with respect to potential applications, limitations, and facilitators of AI/ML were assessed. Results Overall, 50 of the 162 Canadian vascular surgeons (31%) responded to the survey. Most respondents were aged 30 to 59 years (72%), male (80%), and White (67%) and practiced in academic settings (72%). One half of the participants reported that their knowledge of AI/ML was poor or very poor. Most were excited or very excited about AI/ML (66%) and were interested or very interested in learning more about the field (83.7%). The respondents believed that AI/ML would be useful or very useful for diagnosis (62%), prognosis (72%), patient selection (56%), image analysis (64%), intraoperative guidance (52%), research (88%), and education (80%). The limitations that the participants were most concerned about were errors leading to patient harm (42%), bias based on patient demographics (42%), and lack of clinician knowledge and skills in AI/ML (40%). Most were not concerned or were mildly concerned about job replacement (86%). The factors that were most important to encouraging clinicians to use AI/ML models were improvements in efficiency (88%), accurate predictions (84%), and ease of use (84%). The comments from respondents focused on the pressing need for the implementation of AI/ML in vascular surgery owing to the potential to improve care delivery. Conclusions Canadian vascular surgeons have positive views on AI/ML and believe this technology can be applied to multiple aspects of the specialty to improve patient care, research, and education. Current self-reported knowledge is poor, although interest was expressed in learning more about the field. The facilitators and barriers to the effective use of AI/ML identified in the present study can guide future development of these tools in vascular surgery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mesfin A, Huber A, Denasty A, Maqsoodi N. What are the academic and demographic characteristics of orthopaedic spine surgery division chiefs? NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL (NASSJ) 2022; 11:100147. [PMID: 36034469 PMCID: PMC9405082 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2022.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background To our knowledge no analysis of academic orthopedics division chiefs (DC) exists in the current orthopedic literature. Serving as a Division Chief may be a career milestone or an opportunity to lead and transition to additional leadership roles. Our objective is to answer the following questions (1) Are there academic characteristics common to Spine divisions chiefs? (2) Are there demographic characteristics common to Spine division chiefs? (3) Do most Spine division chiefs train at certain fellowships? Methods Allopathic residency program websites were used to locate DC and Division Co-Chiefs (DCC). Academic characteristics evaluated included: H-index, academic rank, number of degrees, additional leadership titles, the availability of fellowship training and service as past/current society president and participation in travelling fellowships. Demographic characteristics including gender and race were collected. Years since completions of fellowship and which fellowship program the DC/DCC trained at were collected. Results 102 DC/DCC were identified and had an average H-index of 22.1. The majority (48%) had an academic rank of Professor, 29% Associate Professor, 16% Assistant Professor and 8% rank could not be identified. 45% had additional leadership positions within their department and 18% had additional graduate degrees. Two institutions had designations of co-chiefs. The majority (57%) offered spine fellowships at their institution. The majority of DC were males (99%) and White (72.5%). On average the DC/DCC were 19.5 years past their fellowship completion. 19% participated in at least one travelling fellowship and 14% served as a president of a Spine or Orthopaedic Society. Conclusions Spine surgery division chiefs are 99% male, with a rank of Professor and trained at select fellowship programs. Nearly half of spine surgery division chiefs held concurrent administrative roles in the department and 14% have served as President of a spine or Orthopaedic society. There is room to Improve on the gender and ethnic/racial diveristy of spine surgery division chief leadership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Mesfin
- Corresponding author at: Division Chief of Spine Surgery, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery & Neurosurgery, Professor of Biomedical Engineering & Public Health Sciences, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Goswami AK, Kokabi N, Khaja MS, Saad WE, Khaja A, Vashi AP, Bhatia A, Peng L, Yellamraju S, Sarasani R, Sripadrao H, Findeiss LK, Newsome JM, Meltzer CC, Majdalany BS. Academic Radiology in the United States: Defining Gender Disparities in Faculty Leadership and Academic Rank. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:714-725. [PMID: 34176728 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Female physicians in academic medicine have faced barriers that potentially affect representation in different fields and delay promotion. Little is known about gender representation differences in United States academic radiology departments, particularly within the most pursued subspecialties. PURPOSE To determine whether gender differences exist in United States academic radiology departments across seven subspecialties with respect to academic ranks, departmental leadership positions, experience, and scholarly metrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study from November 2018 to June 2020, a database of United States academic radiologists at 129 academic departments in seven subspecialties was created. Each radiologist's academic rank, departmental leadership position (executive-level - Chair, Director, Chief, and Department or Division Head vs vice-level - vice, assistant, or associate positions of executive level), self-identified gender, years in practice, and measures of scholarly productivity (number of publications, citations, and h-index) were compiled from institutional websites, Doximity, LinkedIn, Scopus, and official NPI profiles. The primary outcome, gender composition differences in these cohorts, was analyzed using Chi2 while continuous data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. The adjusted gender difference for all factors was determined using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Overall, 5086 academic radiologists (34.7% women) with a median 14 years of practice (YOP) were identified and indexed. There were 919 full professors (26.1% women, p < 0.01) and 1055 executive-level leadership faculty (30.6% women, p < 0.01). Within all subspecialties except breast imaging, women were in the minority (35.4% abdominal, 79.1% breast, 12.1% interventional, 27.5% musculoskeletal, 22.8% neuroradiology, 45.1% pediatric, and 19.5% nuclear; p < 0.01). Relative to subspecialty gender composition, women full professors were underrepresented in abdominal, pediatric, and nuclear radiology (p < 0.05) and women in any executive-level leadership were underrepresented in abdominal and nuclear radiology (p < 0.05). However, after adjusting for h-index and YOP, gender did not influence rates of professorship or executive leadership. The strongest single predictors for professorship or executive leadership were h-index and YOP. CONCLUSION Women academic radiologists in the United States are underrepresented among senior faculty members despite having similar levels of experience as men. Gender disparities regarding the expected number of women senior faculty members relative to individual subspecialty gender composition were more pronounced in abdominal and nuclear radiology, and less pronounced in breast and neuroradiology. Overall, h-index and YOP were the strongest predictors for full-professorship and executive leadership among faculty. KEY RESULTS ● Though women comprise 34.7% of all academic radiologists, women are underrepresented among senior faculty members (26.1% of full professors and 30.6% of executive leadership) ● Women in junior faculty positions had higher median years of practice than their male counterparts (10 vs 8 for assistant professors, 21 vs 13 for vice leadership) ● Years of practice and h-index were the strongest predictors for full professorship and executive leadership.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Goswami
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciencies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nima Kokabi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Minhaj S Khaja
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wael E Saad
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Akram Khaja
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciencies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aksal P Vashi
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Amrit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lingyi Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Laura K Findeiss
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Janice M Newsome
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Carolyn C Meltzer
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bill S Majdalany
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma X, Vervoort D, Babar MS, Luc JG, Drudi LM. Vascular Surgery Research in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Sex-Based Bibliometric Analysis. Am Surg 2022:31348221091965. [PMID: 35452327 PMCID: PMC9038935 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221091965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted vascular surgery services globally and its impact on researchers has illustrated disproportionate barriers for female researchers. We assessed the pandemic's consequences on bibliometric trends in vascular surgery and vascular medicine throughout the pandemic. METHODS A scoping review was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases from January to December 2020 to identify articles related to COVID-19 and vascular surgery or vascular medicine. Articles only describing cardiac or neurovascular care were excluded. The scoping review was performed according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Bibliometric data were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS Four hundred and fourteen articles were identified, including 125 (30.2%) original articles, 42 (10.1%) review papers, 105 (25.4%) case reports, 27 (6.5%) editorials and commentaries, 94 (22.7%) letters and correspondences, and 21 (5.1%) conference abstracts. The 5 most common countries of study or discussion were all high-income countries. English was the predominant (n = 393, 94.9%) language. Funding was reported for 5.1% (n = 21) of articles. In the first 6 months, 17.6% (n = 30) of first authors and 10.6% (n = 18) of last authors were female, while the last 6 months saw an increase in representation to 30.6% (n = 74) and 15.6% (n = 38) for first and last author, respectively. CONCLUSION The pandemic caused a rapid surge in vascular publications related to COVID-19. Female authors remain underrepresented in vascular research and the share in female authorship has dropped early in the pandemic, but rose after the end of the first wave. High-income countries remain overrepresented in research productivity, alluding to important disparities in COVID-19-related literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Ma
- Faculty of Medicine, 5622Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Vervoort
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Salma Babar
- Dubai Medical College, 105953Dubai Medical College for Girls, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jessica Gy Luc
- Department of Surgery, 8166University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura M Drudi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 5622Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Carrefour de l'Innovation, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 5622Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang R, Lewis M, Zheng-Pywell R, Julson J, Smithson M, Chen H. Using the H-index as a factor in the promotion of surgical faculty. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09319. [PMID: 35520605 PMCID: PMC9061622 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Academic productivity is an important determinant for promotion. However, the measurement of academic productivity is ill-defined. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the academic productivity at the time of promotions at our institution. Methods We reviewed the data of 33 faculty from Department of Surgery at our institution who were promoted from 2006 to 2021. Gender, academic productivity at hiring, and each promotion were obtained. Academic productivity was assessed by bibliometric indices including total number of publications and citations, and H-index, which were obtained from Web of Science. T-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test and linear regression analysis were used to assess the association of H-index with length of promotion and gender. P < 0.050 were considered statistically significant. Results The medians (interquartile ranges) of indexes at hiring, at promotions from assistant professors to associate professors, and from associate professors to full professors were 6.0 (1.5–9.5), 11.0 (9.0–18.0) and 17.0 (9.0–23.0) respectively. A simple linear regression showed significant correlation between the length of promotion to associate professors and their H-indexes at hiring. (F (1, 27) = 10.55, p = 0.003, R2 of 0.281.) There was no statistical significance in the difference of H-indexes at promotions between male and female faculty. Conclusion At our institution, the median H-indexes at the time of promotions from assistant professor to associate professor and from associate professor to full professor are 11.0 and 17.0. Using the H-index as an objective measure can be a useful tool to junior surgical faculty as reference for applying promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhi Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Marshall Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rui Zheng-Pywell
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Janet Julson
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Mary Smithson
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lala BM, Salvador TM, Wang F, Shah J, Ricci JA. Gender Disparities Among Craniofacial Surgeons. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022:10556656221089828. [PMID: 35348355 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221089828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To delineate career differences between genders of practicing plastic surgeons who have completed craniofacial fellowship given the known disparities in surgeons' professional and personal lives and an already lengthy residency training, there is concern that less women may commit to further fellowship training. Craniofacial fellowship programs were contacted to identify graduates and an internet search was attempted where information was not available. Surgeon profiles and literature databases were used to obtain practice demographics and publications. Accredited fellowships were identified through the American Society of Craniofacial Surgeons directory. Program responses along with internet searches identified 201 graduates from 26 programs, of which 132 (66%) were men and 69 (34%) were women. On average, male graduates had 7.1 years in practice versus 6.6 years for females graduates (P = .176). There were significant differences between average number of publications (24.7 publications for males vs 14.1 for females, P = .009) and academic practice (46% males vs 64% females, P = .018). A similar percentage of males and females held leadership positions (13% males vs 16%, P = .552). Despite similar years in practice, men had significantly higher publications while women were significantly more likely to practice in an academic setting. Females are increasing their representation in academia and leadership within the craniofacial community. However, efforts must still be directed at increasing exposure to craniofacial surgery and supporting research and leadership pursuits earlier on during their careers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Lala
- Division of Plastic Surgery, 2013Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Trina M Salvador
- Division of Plastic Surgery, 2013Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, 2013Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jinesh Shah
- Division of Plastic Surgery, 2013Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Ricci
- Division of Plastic Surgery, 2013Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Green RL, Kling SM, Dunham P, Erkmen CP, Kuo LE. Gender Diversity in Surgery: A Review. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias towards women in surgery has been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and prevents equality. OBJECTIVE The aim of our scoping review is to summarize the different forms of discrimination towards women in surgery. METHODS The database search consisted of original studies regarding discrimination towards female surgeons. RESULTS Of 3,615 studies meeting research criteria, 63 were included. Of these articles, 11 (18%) were focused on gender-based discrimination, 14 (22%) on discrimination in authorship, research productivity and research funding, 21 (33%) on discrimination in academic surgery, 7 (11%) on discrimination in surgical leadership positions and 10 (16%) on discrimination during conferences and in surgical societies. The majority (n = 53, 84%) of the included studies were conducted in the U.S.A. According to our analysis, female surgeons experience discrimination from male colleagues, healthcare workers, but also from patients and trainees. Possible solutions may include acknowledgement of the problem, increased education of diversity and integration for the younger generations, mentorship, coaching and more active engagement by male and female partners to support women in the surgical field. CONCLUSIONS Gender-based discrimination toward women in the field of surgery has evolved over the past twenty years, from an explicit to a more subtle attitude. A work-environment where diversity and flexibility are valued would allow female surgeons to better realize their full potential.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jackson TN, Wheeler TP, Truitt MS, Nelson P, Kempe K. Recruitment & Retainment of Vascular Surgeons: Prophylactic measures to improve the current workforce crisis. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 85:219-227. [PMID: 35271962 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular surgery workforce is in jeopardy with current and increasing shortages. This study explores target populations for recruitment and aims to identify potential modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with reduced job satisfaction among practicing vascular surgeons to improve retention and prevent early retirement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional national survey of surgeons (n=1043) was conducted from September 2016 to May 2017. Data included demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as psychological, work-life balance, work-environment, and job-satisfaction variables. Surgeons were grouped into general surgery (n=507), obstetrics and gynecology (n=272), surgical subspecialties (n=212), and vascular surgery (n=52). Vascular surgeons were recategorized as more satisfied and less satisfied, and potential risk factors for job dissatisfaction were identified. RESULTS As compared with general surgeons, obstetrics and gynecology, as well as other surgical subspecialties, vascular surgery tended to be male-dominated with higher rates of non-white, minority groups (p<0.05). Less vascular surgery respondents were found in the Midwest (p<0.001). Vascular surgeons worked more hours on average than other surgical fields and were less satisfied with work (p<0.05). Potential job dissatisfaction risk factors among vascular surgeons include: unhealthy work-life balance, poor camaraderie/coworker dissatisfaction, insufficient hospital support, hostile hospital culture, discontent with supervision, minimal patient diversity, dissatisfaction with work in general, and unhappiness with career choice (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Recruiting new vascular surgery trainees while simultaneously preventing early retirement and attrition is critical to combatting the current workforce crisis. Potential interventions include (1) re-branding of the field with prioritization of work-life balance, (2) increasing hospital administration's support, (3) creating a collaborative work environment, and (4) facilitating personal accomplishment in work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Jackson
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of General Surgery, 1802 E. 19(th) St, Kravis Building, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States.
| | - Tiffany P Wheeler
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of General Surgery, 1802 E. 19th St, Kravis Building, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michael S Truitt
- Methodist Dallas Medical Center, Department of Trauma Surgery, 1414 N. Beckley Ave, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Peter Nelson
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of Vascular Surgery, 1919 S. Wheeling Ave #600, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Kelly Kempe
- University of Oklahoma Tulsa, Department of Vascular Surgery, 1919 S. Wheeling Ave #600, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiler JL, Wendel SK, Rounds K, McGowan B, Baird J. Salary disparities based on gender in academic emergency medicine leadership. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:286-293. [PMID: 34689369 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are significantly fewer women than men in leadership roles in health care. Previous studies have shown that, overall, male physicians earn nearly $20,000 more annually than their female physician colleagues after adjusting for confounding factors. However, there has not been a description of physician leadership compensation in relation to gender. METHODS This was a successive cross-sectional observation study design of 154 emergency departments in the United States from 5 years (2013, 2015-2018) using Association of Academic Chairs in Emergency Medicine and Academy of Administrators in Academic EM survey data. The primary variable of interest, leadership role, was attained by recoding the survey responses to assign primary job duty into four main categories: no leadership role, operations leadership, education leadership, and executive leadership. RESULTS Overall, 8820 responses were included. Across all survey years, the mean (±SD) percentage of women in any leadership role was significantly less than men (44.5% [95% CI: 42.8, 46.2%] vs. 55.3% [95% CI: 54.1, 56.5%]). Women in leadership roles worked more clinical hours than men in the same position (female median = 1008, male median = 960). Women also had significantly lower salaries than men at each of the 5-year time points that data are reported, with unadjusted mean salary differences of -$54,409 per year for executives, -$27,803 for operational leaders, and -$17,803 for education leaders. CONCLUSIONS Female physicians hold fewer leadership roles in academic emergency medicine (EM), and when they do, they work more clinical hours and are paid less than male physicians. As a specialty, EM should continue to investigate and report on gender achievement disparities as work is done to rectify the system inequalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Wiler
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine and UCHealth Denver Colorado USA
| | - Sarah K. Wendel
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | | | - Becky McGowan
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Janette Baird
- Department of Emergency Medicine Alpert Medical School of Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Siddiqui RS, Chaudhary SG, Shahzad M, Anwar I, Hussain A, Ahmed N, Abhyankar SH, Shune L, Hematti P, Male H, Khosa F, Lin T, McGuirk JP, Callander NS, Mushtaq MU. Gender disparities in the National Institutes of Health funding for hematologic malignancies and cellular therapies. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:1708-1713. [PMID: 35142581 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2038378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated gender inequality in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding for hematologic malignancies and cellular therapies (HMCT). The data were retrieved from the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT). In 2018-2019, 1834 grants totaling $799 million were awarded (men 71% vs. women 29%) to 975 principal investigators (PIs), including 680 (70%) male PIs and 295 (30%) female PIs. There was no significant gender difference in the mean grant amount per PI. Male PIs as compared to female PIs had a higher h-index (44 vs 31, p < 0.001), a higher number of publications (159.5 vs 94, p < 0.001), and higher years of active research (26 vs 21, p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, a higher h-index independently predicted a higher mean grant amount per PI (p = 0.010), and female PIs were independently less likely to have a higher h-index (p < 0.001). Our study shows significant gender disparity in the NIH funding for HMCT research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Sufian Siddiqui
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/New York City Health and Hospitals/Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Sibgha Gull Chaudhary
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Moazzam Shahzad
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Medicine, St Mary's Medical Center, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Iqra Anwar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ali Hussain
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nausheen Ahmed
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sunil Hari Abhyankar
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Leyla Shune
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heather Male
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tara Lin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Joseph Patrick McGuirk
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Natalie Scott Callander
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Muhammad Umair Mushtaq
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Constansia RD, Hentzen JE, Buis CI, Klaase JM, de Meijer VE, Meerdink M. Is surgical subspecialization associated with hand grip strength and manual dexterity? A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 73:103159. [PMID: 34976387 PMCID: PMC8689053 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare hand grip strength (HGS) and manual dexterity of academic, subspecialized surgeons. METHODS A single-center cross-sectional study was performed among 61 surgeons. HGS was analysed with a hand dynamometer and manual dexterity was extensively analysed with a Purdue Pegboard Test. Correlations between HGS and manual dexterity and specific characteristics of the surgeons were analysed using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS HGS and manual dexterity were comparable between surgeons from different specialities. HGS was positively correlated with male gender (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) and hand glove size (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), whereas manual dexterity was negatively correlated with male gender (r = -0.35, p = 0.006), age (r = -0.39, = 0.002), and hand glove size (r = -0.46, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Surgical subspecialization was not correlated with HGS or manual dexterity. Male surgeons have greater HGS, whereas female surgeons have better manual dexterity. Manual dexterity is also correlated with age, showing better scores for younger surgeons.
Collapse
|
33
|
Academic, Leadership, and Demographic Characteristics of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Division Chiefs in the United States. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2022; 6:01979360-202201000-00009. [PMID: 35007236 PMCID: PMC8751768 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Division chiefs (DCs) play an integral role within the department, making critical decisions and helping shape the future of both the division and the department. This study aimed to investigate the demographic characteristics and scholarly work of DCs in academic orthopaedic sports medicine division in the United States. Methods: Orthopaedic residency programs at academic centers were identified using the Association of American Medical Colleges' Electronic Residency Application Service. DCs were identified using the program's respective websites where data points such as sex, race/ethnicity, fellowship training institution, time since graduating fellowship, academic rank, number of degrees, and additional leadership titles were collected. Scopus database was used to determine h-indices. Results: From the 191 programs identified, 100 had a DC for the sports medicine subspecialty division, and 66 programs offered a sports medicine fellowship. Most DCs (96%) were men. The racial/ethnic demographics of the DCs were mostly White (86%), followed by Asian (11%), African American (1%), Hispanic/Latino (1%), and mixed ethnicity (1%). On average, the DCs were 19.6 years past their fellowship completion. The average h-index was 21.2. Many (48%) had an academic rank of professor, 28% associate professor, and 12% assistant professor. Four held additional graduate degrees. The fellowship programs that trained the most DCs were Hospital for Special Surgery (11), Kerlan Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (8), University of Pittsburgh (7), American Sports Medicine Institution (5), Cleveland Clinic (5), Cincinnati Sports Medicine (4), Massachusetts General Hospital (4), and Steadman Hawkins Clinic (4). Discussion: DCs in academic orthopaedic surgery plays a crucial role in the department and is a topic that is understudied. A lack of diversity exists among DCs in academic Sports Medicine in orthopaedics. The position is held predominately by White men with a rank of either full or associate professor and extensive leadership experience. More efforts are needed to increase the diversity of sports medicine leadership within academic orthopaedic programs in the United States.
Collapse
|
34
|
Weaver ML, Sorber R, Cooper M. Fifteen-year trends in participation of women in presentation and leadership positions in the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery, 2006 to 2020. J Vasc Surg 2021; 75:774-782. [PMID: 34601047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The implementation of integrated vascular surgery training programs was recently shown to be associated with an increase in women entering the field. However, whether this has precipitated a subsequent increase in the active participation of women in academic vascular societies remains unclear. We sought to examine the trends of academic inclusion of women vascular surgeons and surgical trainees over the past 15 years at the Southern Association for Vascular Surgery (SAVS). METHODS Scientific programs for annual meetings of the SAVS, and program matriculation statistics from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, were reviewed for the period of 2006 to 2020. Yearly rates and 3-year averages of conference and society participation and vascular surgery training program matriculation rates were calculated and compared with proportion testing. Spearman correlation testing was used to compare trends, with ρ ≥0.600 defined as a strong correlation. RESULTS Examining 3-year means, the average number of women authors per SAVS abstract increased from 0.78 to 1.42 over the course of the study period (P < .001), and the overall rate of women authors steadily increased from 12.8% to 21.5% (P < .001). Although this remains less than the proportion of women matriculating into vascular surgery programs in 2019 (29.3%; P = .007), the upward trend of women entering vascular surgery overall, and particularly vascular surgery fellowship, strongly correlates with the average number of women authors on abstracts at SAVS (ρ = 0.709 and ρ = 0.737, respectively). The percentage of women presenting authors increased from 9.7% to 28.4% (P = .004), but there was no increase in the percentage of women senior authors (10.1% to 9.6%; P = .92). In the 15-year period, only one abstract of 347 (0.3%) had full authorship by women vs 35.1% with full authorship by men (P < .001). Although the increase of women matriculating into vascular surgery programs over the study period did not correlate with the increase of women in senior leadership positions (ρ < 0.600), there was an increase in the number of women in committee chair positions (0.0% to 25.9%; P = .005), which correlated strongly with increasing society membership (ρ = 0.716). Additionally, there was an increase in women holding executive council positions from 0% to 10.0% (P = .08), although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Participation of women authoring and presenting papers at the SAVS has increased over the past 15 years at a rate that strongly correlates with the increasing rate of women entering vascular surgery training programs. It is important that society leadership opportunities continue to parallel this trend as we seek to further improve diversity in vascular surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Libby Weaver
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
| | - Rebecca Sorber
- Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md
| | - Michol Cooper
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smallwood N, Ko FWS. Prologue to leading women in respiratory medicine series. Respirology 2021; 26:900-901. [PMID: 34459066 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Smallwood
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology & Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fanny Wai San Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wolbrom DH, Brunt LM, Lidor A, Jeyarajah DR, Mattar SG, Pryor A. Gender disparities in gastrointestinal surgery fellowship programs. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:3805-3810. [PMID: 34459975 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender disparities in surgical leadership have come under increased scrutiny, and in order to better understand why these disparities exist, it is important to study the disparities across surgical fellowship programs. METHODS Data derived from the Fellowship Council (FC) database for fellows completing training from academic years 2015-2019 were analyzed. Available information included institution, fellowship type, program director (PD), associate program director (APD), faculty, and fellow names for all FC Fellowships. Faculty and fellow gender were determined from personal knowledge or publicly available online biographical information. RESULTS A total of 1023 fellows and 221 programs were analyzed. The advanced gastrointestinal (GI)/minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship programs included 321 fellows, with a small increase in the percentage of female fellows from 28 to 31% over 5 years. Advanced GI/MIS/bariatric fellowship programs had a total of 262 fellows, also with a small increase in the percent of female fellows, from 29 to 38% in the study period. The gender of program directors, assistant program directors, and faculty for the fellowship programs studied were analyzed as well. Of the 221 programs in the Fellowship Council data, 13.6% of program directors, 18.3% of associate program directors, and 19.9% of faculty were female. Advanced GI/MIS fellowship programs had the lowest percentage of female PDs, with only 9.3% of the program directors being female. Colorectal surgery fellowships had the highest percentage of female PDs, with 33% being female. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, women are underrepresented in gastrointestinal surgery fellowships among both trainees and educators. It is likely that a significant contributing factor to this underrepresentation of female fellows is the underrepresentation of female program directors and faculty; although neither our study nor any previously published study has proven that statistically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Wolbrom
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - L Michael Brunt
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne Lidor
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Samer G Mattar
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aurora Pryor
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hunter J, Crofts H, Keehn A, Schlagintweit S, Luc JGY, Lefaivre KA. Gender imbalance amongst promotion and leadership in academic surgical programs in Canada: A cross-sectional Investigation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256742. [PMID: 34437636 PMCID: PMC8389450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are underrepresented at higher levels of promotion or leadership despite the increasing number of women physicians. In surgery, this has been compounded by historical underrepresentation. With a nation-wide focus on the importance of diversity, our aim was to provide a current snapshot of gender representation in Canadian universities. METHODS This cross-sectional online website review assessed the current faculty listings for 17 university-affiliated academic surgical training departments across Canada in the 2019/2020 academic year. Gender diversity of academic surgical faculty was assessed across surgical disciplines. Additionally, gender diversity in career advancement, as described by published leadership roles, promotion and faculty appointment, was analyzed. RESULTS Women surgeons are underrepresented across Canadian surgical specialties (totals: 2,689 men versus 531 women). There are significant differences in the gender representation of surgeons between specialties and between universities, regardless of specialty. Women surgeons had a much lower likelihood of being at the highest levels of promotion (OR: 0.269, 95% CI: 0.179-0.405). Men surgeons were statistically more likely to hold academic leadership positions than women (p = 0.0002). Women surgeons had a much lower likelihood of being at the highest levels of leadership (OR: 0.372, 95% CI: 0.216-0.641). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that women surgeons are significantly underrepresented at the highest levels of academic promotion and leadership in Canada. Our findings allow for a direct comparison between Canadian surgical subspecialties and universities. Individual institutions can use these data to critically appraise diversity policies already in place, assess their workforce and apply a metric from which change can be measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Crofts
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alysha Keehn
- Division of General Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sofie Schlagintweit
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica G. Y. Luc
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly A. Lefaivre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Buda AM, Pendleton AA, El-Gabri D, Miranda E, Bowder AN, Dua A. The sticky surgical floor: An analysis of female authorship trends in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 2021; 75:20-28. [PMID: 34450243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.07.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior research in vascular surgery has identified significant gender disparities in leadership positions, but few data exist regarding gender disparities in vascular publications. This study aims to evaluate authorship trends by gender in the three highest impact factor vascular surgery journals. METHODS In this bibliometric analysis, PubMed was searched for articles published in the European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, the Journal of Vascular Surgery, and Annals of Vascular Surgery from 2015 to 2019. The web-based application Genderize used predictive algorithms to classify names of first and last authors as male or female. Statistical analyses regarding trends in authorship were performed using Stata16. RESULTS A total of 6457 articles were analyzed, with first author gender predicted with >90% confidence in 83% (4889/5796) and last author gender in 88% (5078/5796). Overall, 25% (1223/4889) of articles had women first authors, and 10% (501/5078) had women last authors. From 2015 to 2019, there was a slight increase in the proportion of articles written by women first authors (P = .001), but no increase in the proportion of articles written by women last authors (P = .204). The proportion of articles written by women last authors was lower than the proportion of active women vascular surgeons in 2015 (8% of articles vs 11% of surgeons; P = .015), 2017 (9% of articles vs 13% of surgeons; P < .001), and 2019 (11% of articles vs 15% of practicing surgeons; P < .001). The average number of last-author publications was higher for men (2.35 ± 3.76) than for women (1.62 ± 1.88, P = .001). The proportion of unique authors who were women was less than the proportion of active women vascular surgeons in 2017 (10% unique authors vs 13% surgeons; P = .047), but not in 2015 (9% unique authors vs 11% surgeons; P = .192) or 2019 (13% unique authors vs 15% surgeons; P = .345). Notably, a woman last author was associated with 1.45 higher odds of having a woman first author (95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.79; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Over the past 5 years, there has been no significant increase in women last authors among top-tier journals in vascular surgery. Women remain under-represented as last authors in terms of proportion of published articles, but not in terms of proportion of unique authors. Nevertheless, women last authors are more likely to publish with women first authors, indicating the importance of women-led mentorship in achieving publication gender equity. Support for women surgeons through grants and promotions is essential not only for advancing last authorship gender equity, but for advancing junior faculty and trainee academic careers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Buda
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Anna Alaska Pendleton
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass.
| | - Deena El-Gabri
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisc
| | - Elizabeth Miranda
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Anahita Dua
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin JC, Bowser KE, Drudi LM, DiLosa KL, Yi J. Equal pay for equal work: Disparities in compensation in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:21S-28S. [PMID: 34303455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physician compensation varies by specialty, gender, race, years in practice, type of practice, location, and individual productivity. We reviewed the disparities in compensation regarding the variation between medical and surgical specialties, between academic and private practice, between gender, race, and rank, and by practice location. The physician personal debt perspective was also considered to quantify the effect of disparities in compensation. Strategies toward eliminating the pay gap include salary transparency, pay equity audit, paid parental leave, mentoring, sponsorship, leadership, and promotion pathways. Pay parity is important because paying women less than men contributes to the gender pay gap, lowers pension contributions, and results in higher relative poverty in retirement. Pay parity will also affect motivation and relationships at work, ultimately contributing to a diverse workforce and business success. Rewarding all employees fairly is the right thing to do. As surgeons and leaders in medicine, establishing pay equity is a matter of ethical principle and integrity to further elevate our profession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Lin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Mich.
| | - Kathryn E Bowser
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Del
| | - Laura M Drudi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathryn L DiLosa
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, Calif
| | - Jeniann Yi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colo
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ha GL, Lehrer EJ, Wang M, Holliday E, Jagsi R, Zaorsky NG. Sex Differences in Academic Productivity Across Academic Ranks and Specialties in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112404. [PMID: 34185071 PMCID: PMC8243235 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite equal numbers of men and women entering medical school, women are underrepresented in the upper echelons of academic medicine and receive less compensation and research funding. Citation-related publication productivity metrics, such as the h-index, are increasingly used for hiring, salary, grants, retention, promotion, and tenure decisions. Exploring sex differences in these metrics across academic medicine provides deeper insight into why differences are observed in career outcomes. OBJECTIVE To systematically examine the available literature on sex differences in h-index of academic faculty physicians across all medical specialties and all levels of academic rank. DATA SOURCES Medical literature with the term h-index found in PubMed and published between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2018, was used. STUDY SELECTION A PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes), PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses), and MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) selection protocol was used to find observational studies that published h-indexes for faculty physicians that were stratified by sex. Studies were excluded if they were review articles, retracted, or unavailable online. Ultimately, 14 of 786 studies (1.78%) met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data from 9 studies across 16 specialties were examined using weighted random-effects meta-analyses. Five studies were excluded because of overlapping specialties with another study or because they were missing appropriate statistics for the meta-analysis. Four of these studies were included in qualitative synthesis to bring the total to 13 studies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary study outcome was the h-index. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 10 665 North American unique academic physicians across 9 different studies from the years 2009 to 2018. Of the 10 665 physicians, 2655 (24.89%) were women. Summary effect sizes for mean h-indexes of men and women and mean h-index difference between men and women were determined for all faculty physicians and at each academic rank. Overall, female faculty had lower h-indexes than male faculty (mean difference, -4.09; 95% CI, -5.44 to -2.73; P < .001). When adjusting for academic rank, female faculty still had lower h-indexes than male faculty at the ranks of assistant professor (mean difference, -1.3; 95% CI, -1.90 to -0.72; P < .001), associate professor (mean difference, -2.09; 95% CI, -3.40 to -0.78; P = .002), and professor (mean difference, -3.41; 95% CI, -6.24 to -0.58; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, women had lower h-indexes than men across most specialties and at all academic ranks, but it is unclear why these differences exist. These findings suggest that future investigation should be conducted regarding the causes of lower h-indexes in women and that interventions should be developed to provide a more equitable environment for all physicians regardless of sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giang L. Ha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric J. Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Nicholas G. Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang K, Bhandarkar AR, Bauman MMJ, Riviere-Cazaux C, Rotter J, Scheitler KM, Renfrow JJ, Clarke MJ. International trends in grant and fellowship funding awarded to women in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E5. [PMID: 33789231 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metric tracking of grant funding over time for academic neurosurgeons sorted by gender informs the current climate of career development internationally for women in neurosurgery. METHODS Multivariate linear trend analysis of grant funding awarded to neurosurgeons in the NIH and World Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results (RePORTER) was performed. Traveling fellowships for international neurosurgery residents sponsored by the AANS and Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) were also analyzed. RESULTS Within the US, funding awarded to female neurosurgeons has remained static from 2009 to 2019 after adjusting for inflation and overall trends in NIH funding (β = -$0.3 million per year, p = 0.16). Internationally, female neurosurgeons represented 21.7% (n = 5) of project leads for World RePORTER grants. Traveling fellowships are also an important building block for young international female neurosurgeons, of which 7.4% (n = 2) of AANS international traveling fellowships and 19.4% (n = 7) of AANS/CNS pediatrics international traveling fellowships are women. CONCLUSIONS Over the past decade, funding has increased in neurosurgery without a concordant increase in funding awarded to women. Recognition of this trend is essential to focus efforts on research and career development opportunities for women in neurosurgery. Worldwide, female neurosurgeons head one-fifth of the funded project leads and constitute a minority of international traveling fellowships awarded by organized neurosurgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Wang
- 1Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, and.,2Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Archis R Bhandarkar
- 1Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, and.,2Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Megan M J Bauman
- 1Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, and.,2Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cecile Riviere-Cazaux
- 1Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, and.,2Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The 100 most cited articles in the diagnosis and management of peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2021; 74:135-152.e4. [PMID: 33592290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent disease that places major lifestyle limitations and mortality risk on affected individuals. As the understanding of the disease has grown in the medical community, it is unknown which literature has made the greatest impact on the knowledge of PAD. We performed a bibliometric analysis using the number of citations as an indication of impact to analyze the top 100 most influential articles on PAD management. METHODS A retrospective search of the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY) database for English-only publications was conducted in November 2020. We identified initial references from the database using the search terms "Peripheral Arterial Disease," "Peripheral Vascular Disease," "Claudication," "Critical Limb Ischemia," "Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia," "Rest Pain," "Ischemic Ulcer," "Toe Gangrene," "Ankle Brachial Index," and "Leg Ischemia" in Web of Science Core Collections. Articles were ranked based on the number of citations and then analyzed based on citation count and average number of citations per year. Additional metrics included the overall average number of publications per year, the journals, journal discipline, author (including degree and gender), institution, country, topic area, and the level of evidence. RESULTS The most popular articles were published between 1959 and 2017, with 46,716 citations in total (average 27.26 citations/y). The most popular article had 2225 citations in total and was Rutherford's "Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: Revised version." Peak years of citations were 2016, 2014, and 2018 (2753, 2674, and 2639 citations, respectively). Top journals for the most cited publications were Circulation, Journal of Vascular Surgery, and the Lancet with 21, 13, and 7 articles, respectively. A majority of articles originated from the United States (58 articles), followed by the United Kingdom (15 articles) and Germany (13 articles). Major topic areas of interest and trends in the progressive understanding of PAD were noted. Top areas of focus included surgical interventions (29%), therapeutic angiogenesis (15%), epidemiological studies in PAD (14%), and diagnosis and evaluation (13%). In the top cited literature, 48% (14/29) of surgical articles investigated endovascular interventions for PAD. CONCLUSIONS Overall, PAD research has evolved from basic epidemiological studies to advanced management with continued investigation toward future, improved treatments for PAD.
Collapse
|
43
|
Sridhar J, Kuriyan AE, Yonekawa Y, Berrocal A, Khan MA, Chan RP, Haller JA. Representation of Women in Vitreoretinal Meeting Faculty Roles from 2015 through 2019. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 221:131-136. [PMID: 32918901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the proportion of female faculty presenting or moderating at vitreoretinal meetings from 2015 through 2019. DESIGN Retrospective trend study. SUBJECTS 6 highly attended annual national vitreoretinal meetings from 2015 to 2019 (30 total meetings) METHODS: Conference programs were acquired either through online search or directly from meeting organizers and were reviewed and analyzed. Genders of program committee members, first author main podium presenters of papers and nonpaper presenters, main podium panelists, and main podium moderators were recorded. A χ2 analysis was performed to compare the proportion of women with podium roles in 2015 and those in each subsequent year until 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS change in proportion of women filling faculty roles in 2015 versus those in 2019. RESULTS A total of 4,521 faculty roles were included for analysis. Women filled 22.1% of those roles and were more likely to be included as invited moderators or panelists (25.0%) than as paper (21.4%) or non-paper (19.8%) presenters. Meetings with at least one female program committee member were significantly more likely to include female non-paper presenters (P = .02), moderators or panelists (P = .02), and total women faculty (P < .001). Although there were no significant changes in the proportion of women when comparing consecutive years, the overall trend was for an increased proportion of women faculty, with a significant increase from 19.6% in 2015 to 25.5% in 2019 (P = .002). When the types of faculty roles filled by women were examined, there was a statistically significant increase from 2015 to 2019 in the proportion of abstract presentations (19.7% vs. 25.2%, respectively; P = .045) but a nonstatistically significant increase in invited presentations and moderator or panelist roles. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Women filled less than one-fourth of the main podium faculty roles at vitreoretinal meetings included for analysis over a 5-year period, although there was a significant increase in female representation when 2015 and 2019 participation were compared. Meetings with at least 1 female program committee member filled non-paper podium faculty roles with a significantly greater proportion of women.
Collapse
|
44
|
Xepoleas MD, Munabi NCO, Auslander A, Magee WP, Yao CA. The experiences of female surgeons around the world: a scoping review. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2020; 18:80. [PMID: 33115509 PMCID: PMC7594298 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-020-00526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Lancet Commission for Global Surgery identified an adequate surgical workforce as one indicator of surgical care accessibility. Many countries where women in surgery are underrepresented struggle to meet the recommended 20 surgeons per 100,000 population. We evaluated female surgeons' experiences globally to identify strategies to increase surgical capacity through women. METHODS Three database searches identified original studies examining female surgeon experiences. Countries were grouped using the World Bank income level and Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). RESULTS Of 12,914 studies meeting search criteria, 139 studies were included and examined populations from 26 countries. Of the accepted studies, 132 (95%) included populations from high-income countries (HICs) and 125 (90%) exclusively examined populations from the upper 50% of GGGI ranked countries. Country income and GGGI ranking did not independently predict gender equity in surgery. Female surgeons in low GGGI HIC (Japan) were limited by familial support, while those in low income, but high GGGI countries (Rwanda) were constrained by cultural attitudes about female education. Across all populations, lack of mentorship was seen as a career barrier. HIC studies demonstrate that establishing a critical mass of women in surgery encourages female students to enter surgery. In HICs, trainee abilities are reported as equal between genders. Yet, HIC women experience discrimination from male co-workers, strain from pregnancy and childcare commitments, and may suffer more negative health consequences. Female surgeon abilities were seen as inferior in lower income countries, but more child rearing support led to fewer women delaying childbearing during training compared to North Americans and Europeans. CONCLUSION The relationship between country income and GGGI is complex and neither independently predict gender equity. Cultural norms between geographic regions influence the variability of female surgeons' experiences. More research is needed in lower income and low GGGI ranked countries to understand female surgeons' experiences and promote gender equity in increasing the number of surgical providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Xepoleas
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
| | - Naikhoba C. O. Munabi
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Allyn Auslander
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - William P. Magee
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Caroline A. Yao
- Operation Smile Inc, Virginia Beach, Virginia Beach, VA USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo St, Suite 415, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zeller AN, Thiem DGE, Bartella AK, Seifert LB, Beiglboeck FM, Hoffmann J, Ehrenfeld M, Pabst A. Training in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany - Residents' satisfaction and future challenges. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 49:415-421. [PMID: 33648814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the current situation of trainees in OMFS in a nationwide survey at German universities and teaching hospitals. A questionnaire about their training in OMFS and discrimination, gender (in-)equality, and reconcilability of work and family life was sent to many OMFS residents in Germany. Seventy-five questionnaires were included. The average age of the participants was 32.15 years (± 0.75 years); 47 participants were male, 22 female, and 3 "diverse". The participants' overall satisfaction rate was good. Training concepts existed in most of the teaching hospitals (54.67%). 8.11% of the participants stated discrimination existed against men while, 24.32% agreed that discrimination existed against women. Stating that discrimination against women exists, it was associated with female gender (p < 0.001), being married (p = 0.042), and not aiming for further academic degrees (p = 0.009). Overall, the training situation in Germany seems structured in most teaching hospitals. Apart from the residents' general satisfaction with the training concepts, there seems to be a matter of concern regarding discrimination especially against women and the reconcilability of work and family life in OMFS training. Furthering the establishment of structured training concepts might be useful to overcome these issues in the course of training in OMFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-N Zeller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Daniel G E Thiem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Bartella
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas B Seifert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian M Beiglboeck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstr. 21, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Ehrenfeld
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Lindwurmstr. 2a, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Rübenacherstr. 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|