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Hashem O, Shahin AI, Al Hindawi MA, Fageeri MF, Al-Sbbagh SA, Tarazi H, El-Gamal MI. An overview of RAF kinases and their inhibitors (2019-2023). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116631. [PMID: 38954961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) including RAF, perform a principal role in regulating countless cellular events such as cell growth, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Overexpression and mutation of RAF kinases are significant contributors to the development and spread of cancer. Therefore, RAF kinase inhibitors show promising outcomes as anti-cancer small molecules by suppressing the expression of RAF protein, blocking RAS/RAF interaction, or inhibiting RAF enzymes. Currently, there are insufficient reports about approving drugs with minimal degree of toxicity. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop new RAF kinase inhibitors correlated with increased anticancer activity and lower cytotoxicity. This review outlines reported RAF kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment in patents and literature from 2019 to 2023. It highlights the available inhibitors by shedding light on their chemical structures, biochemical profiles, and current status. Additionally, we highlighted the hinge region-binding moiety of the reported compounds by showing the hydrogen bond patterns of representative inhibitors with the hinge region for each class. In recent years, RAF kinase inhibitors have gained considerable attention in cancer research and drug development due to their potential to be studied under clinical trials and their demonstration of various degrees of efficacy and safety profiles across different cancer types. However, addressing challenges related to drug resistance and safety represents a major avenue for the optimization and enhancement of RAF kinase inhibitors. Strategies to overcome such obstacles were discussed such as developing novel pan-RAF inhibitors, RAF dimer inhibitors, and combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hashem
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afnan I Shahin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manar A Al Hindawi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed F Fageeri
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif A Al-Sbbagh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamadeh Tarazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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2
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Silvaroli JA, Bisunke B, Kim JY, Stayton A, Jayne LA, Martinez SA, Nguyen C, Patel PS, Vanichapol T, Verma V, Akhter J, Bolisetty S, Madhavan SM, Kuscu C, Coss CC, Zepeda-Orozco D, Parikh SV, Satoskar AA, Davidson AJ, Eason JD, Szeto HH, Pabla NS, Bajwa A. Genome-Wide CRISPR Screen Identifies Phospholipid Scramblase 3 as the Biological Target of Mitoprotective Drug SS-31. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:681-695. [PMID: 38530359 PMCID: PMC11164119 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points Szeto–Schiller-31–mediated mitoprotection is phospholipid scramblase 3–dependent. Phospholipid scramblase 3 is required for recovery after AKI. Background The synthetic tetrapeptide Szeto–Schiller (SS)-31 shows promise in alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction associated with common diseases. However, the precise pharmacological basis of its mitoprotective effects remains unknown. Methods To uncover the biological targets of SS-31, we performed a genome-scale clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats screen in human kidney-2, a cell culture model where SS-31 mitigates cisplatin-associated cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction. The identified hit candidate gene was functionally validated using knockout cell lines, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation, and tubular epithelial–specific conditional knockout mice. Biochemical interaction studies were also performed to examine the interaction of SS-31 with the identified target protein. Results Our primary screen and validation studies in hexokinase 2 and primary murine tubular epithelial cells showed that phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), an understudied inner mitochondrial membrane protein, was essential for the protective effects of SS-31. For in vivo validation, we generated tubular epithelial–specific knockout mice and found that Plscr3 gene ablation did not influence kidney function under normal conditions or affect the severity of cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. However, Plscr3 gene deletion completely abrogated the protective effects of SS-31 during cisplatin and rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI. Biochemical studies showed that SS-31 directly binds to a previously uncharacterized N -terminal domain and stimulates PLSCR3 scramblase activity. Finally, PLSCR3 protein expression was found to be increased in the kidneys of patients with AKI. Conclusions PLSCR3 was identified as the essential biological target that facilitated the mitoprotective effects of SS-31 in vitro and in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie A. Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Stayton
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Laura A. Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shirely A. Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Prisha S. Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Thitinee Vanichapol
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juheb Akhter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Sethu M. Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Christopher C. Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James D. Eason
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hazel H. Szeto
- Social Profit Network Research Lab, Menlo Park, California
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Transplant Research Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry; College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Pushpan CK, Kresock DF, Ingersoll MA, Lutze RD, Keirns DL, Hunter WJ, Bashir K, Teitz T. Repurposing AZD5438 and Dabrafenib for Cisplatin-Induced AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 35:22-40. [PMID: 37962623 PMCID: PMC10786615 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To combat both untoward effects of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity in cisplatin-treated patients, two potential therapeutic oral anticancer drugs AZD5438 and dabrafenib, a phase-2 clinical trial protein kinase CDK2 inhibitor and an US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug BRAF inhibitor, respectively, were tested in an established mouse AKI model. Both drugs have previously been shown to protect significantly against cisplatin-induced hearing loss in mice. Each drug ameliorated cisplatin-induced increases in the serum biomarkers BUN, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Drugs also improved renal histopathology and inflammation, mitigated cell death by pyroptosis and necroptosis, and significantly enhanced overall survival of cisplatin-treated mice. BACKGROUND Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapy agent for a wide variety of solid tumors, but its use is dose-limited by serious side effects, including AKI and hearing loss. There are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to treat both side effects. Recently, two anticancer oral drugs, AZD5438 and dabrafenib, were identified as protective against cisplatin-induced hearing loss in mice. We hypothesize that similar cell stress and death pathways are activated in kidney and inner ear cells when exposed to cisplatin and tested whether these drugs alleviate cisplatin-induced AKI. METHODS The HK-2 cell line and adult FVB mice were used to measure the protection from cisplatin-induced cell death and AKI by these drugs. Serum markers of kidney injury, BUN, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as well as histology of kidneys were analyzed. The levels of markers of kidney cell death, including necroptosis and pyroptosis, pERK, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, were also examined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. In addition, CDK2 knockout (KO) mice were used to confirm AZD5438 protective effect is through CDK2 inhibition. RESULTS The drugs reduced cisplatin-induced cell death in the HK-2 cell line and attenuated cisplatin-induced AKI in mice. The drugs reduced serum kidney injury markers, inhibited cell death, and reduced the levels of pERK and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, all of which correlated with prolonged animal survival. CDK2 KO mice were resistant to cisplatin-induced AKI, and AZD5438 conferred no additional protection in the KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Cisplatin-induced damage to the inner ear and kidneys shares similar cellular beneficial responses to AZD5438 and dabrafenib, highlighting the potential therapeutic use of these agents to treat both cisplatin-mediated kidney damage and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra K. Pushpan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Daniel F. Kresock
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Matthew A. Ingersoll
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Richard D. Lutze
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Darby L. Keirns
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - William J. Hunter
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, CHI Nephrology and Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tal Teitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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Rauckhorst AJ, Vasquez Martinez G, Mayoral Andrade G, Wen H, Kim JY, Simoni A, Robles-Planells C, Mapuskar KA, Rastogi P, Steinbach EJ, McCormick ML, Allen BG, Pabla NS, Jackson AR, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Taylor EB, Zepeda-Orozco D. Tubular mitochondrial pyruvate carrier disruption elicits redox adaptations that protect from acute kidney injury. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101849. [PMID: 38056691 PMCID: PMC10733108 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Energy-intensive kidney reabsorption processes essential for normal whole-body function are maintained by tubular epithelial cell metabolism. Although tubular metabolism changes markedly following acute kidney injury (AKI), it remains unclear which metabolic alterations are beneficial or detrimental. By analyzing large-scale, publicly available datasets, we observed that AKI consistently leads to downregulation of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). This investigation aimed to understand the contribution of the tubular MPC to kidney function, metabolism, and acute injury severity. METHODS We generated tubular epithelial cell-specific Mpc1 knockout (MPC TubKO) mice and employed renal function tests, in vivo renal 13C-glucose tracing, mechanistic enzyme activity assays, and tests of injury and survival in an established rhabdomyolysis model of AKI. RESULTS MPC TubKO mice retained normal kidney function, displayed unchanged markers of kidney injury, but exhibited coordinately increased enzyme activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glutathione and thioredoxin oxidant defense systems. Following rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, compared to WT control mice, MPC TubKO mice showed increased glycolysis, decreased kidney injury and oxidative stress markers, and strikingly increased survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that decreased renal tubular mitochondrial pyruvate uptake hormetically upregulates oxidant defense systems before AKI and is a beneficial adaptive response after rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. This raises the possibility of therapeutically modulating the MPC to attenuate AKI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rauckhorst
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gabriela Vasquez Martinez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Gabriel Mayoral Andrade
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Hsiang Wen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Simoni
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Claudia Robles-Planells
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Kranti A Mapuskar
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily J Steinbach
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael L McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bryan G Allen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Navjot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley R Jackson
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell C Coleman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus OH, USA; Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Guerrero-Mauvecin J, Fontecha-Barriuso M, López-Diaz AM, Ortiz A, Sanz AB. RIPK3 and kidney disease. Nefrologia 2024; 44:10-22. [PMID: 37150671 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is an intracellular kinase at the crossroads of cell death and inflammation. RIPK3 contains a RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domain which allows interactions with other RHIM-containing proteins and a kinase domain that allows phosphorylation of target proteins. RIPK3 may be activated through interaction with RHIM-containing proteins such as RIPK1, TRIF and DAI (ZBP1, DLM-1) or through RHIM-independent mechanisms in an alkaline intracellular pH. RIPK3 mediates necroptosis and promotes inflammation, independently of necroptosis, through either activation of NFκB or the inflammasome. There is in vivo preclinical evidence of the contribution of RIPK3 to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to the AKI-to-CKD transition derived from RIPK3 deficient mice or the use of small molecule RIPK3 inhibitors. In these studies, RIPK3 targeting decreased inflammation but kidney injury improved only in some contexts. Clinical translation of these findings has been delayed by the potential of some small molecule inhibitors of RIPK3 kinase activity to trigger apoptotic cell death by inducing conformational changes of the protein. A better understanding of the conformational changes in RIPK3 that trigger apoptosis, dual RIPK3/RIPK1 inhibitors or repurposing of multiple kinase inhibitors such as dabrafenib may facilitate clinical development of the RIPK3 inhibition concept for diverse inflammatory diseases, including kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guerrero-Mauvecin
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana M López-Diaz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; RICORS2040, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; RICORS2040, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Stephenson EH, Higgins JMG. Pharmacological approaches to understanding protein kinase signaling networks. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1310135. [PMID: 38164473 PMCID: PMC10757940 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1310135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play vital roles in controlling cell behavior, and an array of kinase inhibitors are used successfully for treatment of disease. Typical drug development pipelines involve biological studies to validate a protein kinase target, followed by the identification of small molecules that effectively inhibit this target in cells, animal models, and patients. However, it is clear that protein kinases operate within complex signaling networks. These networks increase the resilience of signaling pathways, which can render cells relatively insensitive to inhibition of a single kinase, and provide the potential for pathway rewiring, which can result in resistance to therapy. It is therefore vital to understand the properties of kinase signaling networks in health and disease so that we can design effective multi-targeted drugs or combinations of drugs. Here, we outline how pharmacological and chemo-genetic approaches can contribute to such knowledge, despite the known low selectivity of many kinase inhibitors. We discuss how detailed profiling of target engagement by kinase inhibitors can underpin these studies; how chemical probes can be used to uncover kinase-substrate relationships, and how these tools can be used to gain insight into the configuration and function of kinase signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan M. G. Higgins
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle uponTyne, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Hao W, Zhang H, Hong P, Zhang X, Zhao X, Ma L, Qiu X, Ping H, Lu D, Yin Y. Critical role of VHL/BICD2/STAT1 axis in crystal-associated kidney disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:680. [PMID: 37833251 PMCID: PMC10575931 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is highly prevalent and associated with the increased risk of kidney cancer. The tumor suppressor von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is critical for renal cancer development, however, its role in kidney stone disease has not been fully elucidated until now. Here we reported VHL expression was upregulated in renal epithelial cells upon exposure to crystal. Utilizing Vhl+/mu mouse model, depletion of VHL exacerbated kidney inflammatory injury during nephrolithiasis. Conversely, overexpression of VHL limited crystal-induced lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in a BICD2-depdendent manner. Mechanistically, VHL interacted with the cargo adaptor BICD2 and promoted itsd K48-linked poly-ubiquitination, consequently resulting in the proteasomal degradation of BICD2. Through promoting STAT1 nuclear translocation, BICD2 facilitated IFNγ signaling transduction and enhanced IFNγ-mediated suppression of cystine/glutamate antiporter system Xc-, eventually increasing cell sensitivity to ferroptosis. Moreover, we found that the BRAF inhibitor impaired the association of VHL with BICD2 through triggering BICD2 phosphorylation, ultimately causing severe ferroptosis and nephrotoxicity. Collectively, our results uncover the important role of VHL/BICD2/STAT1 axis in crystal kidney injury and provide a potential therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of renal inflammation and drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Hao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Hongxian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Peng Hong
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Hao Ping
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University and Capital Medical University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
| | - Dan Lu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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9
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Laajala M, Zwaagstra M, Martikainen M, Nekoua MP, Benkahla M, Sane F, Gervais E, Campagnola G, Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Ojha R, Bailliot M, Balistreri G, Peersen O, Hober D, Van Kuppeveld F, Marjomäki V. Vemurafenib Inhibits Acute and Chronic Enterovirus Infection by Affecting Cellular Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type IIIβ. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055223. [PMID: 37436162 PMCID: PMC10433971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant viruses causing mild to serious acute infections in humans and also contributing to chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes. Presently, there are no approved antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. Here, we studied the potency of vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, as an antiviral against enteroviruses. We showed that vemurafenib prevented enterovirus translation and replication at low micromolar dosage in an RAF/MEK/ERK-independent manner. Vemurafenib was effective against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect was related to a cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevented infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicated infection in a chronic cell model, and lowered virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Altogether, instead of acting through the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, vemurafenib affects the cellular PI4KB and, hence, enterovirus replication, opening new possibilities to evaluate further the potential of vemurafenib as a repurposed drug in clinical care. IMPORTANCE Despite the prevalence and medical threat of enteroviruses, presently, there are no antivirals against them. Here, we show that vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, prevents enterovirus translation and replication. Vemurafenib shows efficacy against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect acts through cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevents infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicates infection in a chronic cell model, and lowers virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Our findings open new possibilities to develop drugs against enteroviruses and give hope for repurposing vemurafenib as an antiviral drug against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emily Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bailliot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Kim JY, Silvaroli JA, Martinez GV, Bisunke B, Luna Ramirez AV, Jayne LA, Feng MJHH, Girotra B, Acosta Martinez SM, Vermillion CR, Karel IZ, Ferrell N, Weisleder N, Chung S, Christman JW, Brooks CR, Madhavan SM, Hoyt KR, Cianciolo RE, Satoskar AA, Zepeda-Orozco D, Sullivan JC, Davidson AJ, Bajwa A, Pabla NS. Zinc finger protein 24-dependent transcription factor SOX9 up-regulation protects tubular epithelial cells during acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2023; 103:1093-1104. [PMID: 36921719 PMCID: PMC10200760 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling studies have identified several protective genes upregulated in tubular epithelial cells during acute kidney injury (AKI). Identifying upstream transcriptional regulators could lead to the development of therapeutic strategies augmenting the repair processes. SOX9 is a transcription factor controlling cell-fate during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in multiple organs including the kidneys. SOX9 expression is low in adult kidneys; however, stress conditions can trigger its transcriptional upregulation in tubular epithelial cells. SOX9 plays a protective role during the early phase of AKI and facilitates repair during the recovery phase. To identify the upstream transcriptional regulators that drive SOX9 upregulation in tubular epithelial cells, we used an unbiased transcription factor screening approach. Preliminary screening and validation studies show that zinc finger protein 24 (ZFP24) governs SOX9 upregulation in tubular epithelial cells. ZFP24, a Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger protein, is essential for oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination; however, its role in the kidneys or in SOX9 regulation remains unknown. Here, we found that tubular epithelial ZFP24 gene ablation exacerbated ischemia, rhabdomyolysis, and cisplatin-associated AKI. Importantly, ZFP24 gene deletion resulted in suppression of SOX9 upregulation in injured tubular epithelial cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter luciferase assays confirmed that ZFP24 bound to a specific site in both murine and human SOX9 promoters. Importantly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation in the ZFP24 binding site in the SOX9 promoter in vivo led to suppression of SOX9 upregulation during AKI. Thus, our findings identify ZFP24 as a critical stress-responsive transcription factor protecting tubular epithelial cells through SOX9 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriela Vasquez Martinez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bijay Bisunke
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alanys V Luna Ramirez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura A Jayne
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mei Ji He Ho Feng
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bhavya Girotra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shirely M Acosta Martinez
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Corynne R Vermillion
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Isaac Z Karel
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Ferrell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sethu M Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kari R Hoyt
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Anjali A Satoskar
- Division of Renal and Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Center, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Navjot Singh Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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11
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Bonilla M, Gudsoorkar P, Wanchoo R, Herrmann SM, Jhaveri KD. Onconephrology 2022: An Update. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:258-271. [PMID: 36821617 PMCID: PMC10103386 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001582022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Onconephrology is an upcoming and expanding subspecialty that deals with the intersections between hematology/oncology and nephrology. With the paradigm shift in the understanding of cancer immunobiology and mechanisms of oncotherapeutic drug toxicities, it is important for a nephrologist to have a sound understanding of this field. Over the last 5 years, there have been immense developments in our understanding of kidney-related adverse events from various targeted, immuno- and cellular-based therapies. Pathogenic mechanisms of electrolyte imbalance, hypertension (oncohypertension), and AKI from multiple forms of cancer therapies have been explored. Significant research has also been conducted in the field of transplant onconephrology. In this review, we have tried to assimilate the most recent updates in the last 2 years in this ever-growing and fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonilla
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Prakash Gudsoorkar
- Division of Nephrology & Kidney Clinical Advancement, Research & Education (C.A.R.E.) Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rimda Wanchoo
- Glomerular Center at Northwell Health, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
| | - Sandra M. Herrmann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kenar D. Jhaveri
- Glomerular Center at Northwell Health, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, New York
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12
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Rauckhorst AJ, Martinez GV, Andrade GM, Wen H, Kim JY, Simoni A, Mapuskar KA, Rastogi P, Steinbach EJ, McCormick ML, Allen BG, Pabla NS, Jackson AR, Coleman MC, Spitz DR, Taylor EB, Zepeda-Orozco D. Tubular Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Disruption Elicits Redox Adaptations that Protect from Acute Kidney Injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526492. [PMID: 36778297 PMCID: PMC9915694 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy-intensive kidney reabsorption processes essential for normal whole-body function are maintained by tubular epithelial cell metabolism. Tubular metabolism changes markedly following acute kidney injury (AKI), but which changes are adaptive versus maladaptive remain poorly understood. In publicly available data sets, we noticed a consistent downregulation of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) after AKI, which we experimentally confirmed. To test the functional consequences of MPC downregulation, we generated novel tubular epithelial cell-specific Mpc1 knockout (MPC TubKO) mice. 13C-glucose tracing, steady-state metabolomic profiling, and enzymatic activity assays revealed that MPC TubKO coordinately increased activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glutathione and thioredoxin oxidant defense systems. Following rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, MPC TubKO decreased markers of kidney injury and oxidative damage and strikingly increased survival. Our findings suggest that decreased mitochondrial pyruvate uptake is a central adaptive response following AKI and raise the possibility of therapeutically modulating the MPC to attenuate AKI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Rauckhorst
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gabriela Vasquez Martinez
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Gabriel Mayoral Andrade
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Hsiang Wen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Simoni
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
| | - Kranti A. Mapuskar
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Prerna Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily J Steinbach
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael L. McCormick
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bryan G. Allen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Navjot S. Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley R. Jackson
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell C. Coleman
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Research Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus OH, USA
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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13
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Abstract
Heme (protoheme IX) is an essential cofactor for a large variety of proteins whose functions vary from one electron reactions to binding gases. While not ubiquitous, heme is found in the great majority of known life forms. Unlike most cofactors that are acquired from dietary sources, the vast majority of organisms that utilize heme possess a complete pathway to synthesize the compound. Indeed, dietary heme is most frequently utilized as an iron source and not as a source of heme. In Nature there are now known to exist three pathways to synthesize heme. These are the siroheme dependent (SHD) pathway which is the most ancient, but least common of the three; the coproporphyrin dependent (CPD) pathway which with one known exception is found only in gram positive bacteria; and the protoporphyrin dependent (PPD) pathway which is found in gram negative bacteria and all eukaryotes. All three pathways share a core set of enzymes to convert the first committed intermediate, 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) into uroporphyrinogen III. In the current review all three pathways are reviewed as well as the two known pathways to synthesize ALA. In addition, interesting features of some heme biosynthesis enzymes are discussed as are the regulation and disorders of heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
| | - Amy E Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-1111, USA
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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14
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Frazier KS. Kidney Effects by Alternative Classes of Medicines in Patients and Relationship to Effects in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:408-414. [PMID: 35608030 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury has historically been associated with renal tubule injury related to small molecule pharmaceuticals such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antineoplastic agents, or antibiotics, but as a greater number of alternative classes of medicines such as biotherapeutics, molecular-targeted antineoplastic drugs, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, antibody-drug conjugates, oligonucleotide therapies, or other immunomodulatory drugs come to market, the presentation of drug-induced nephrotoxicity is changing. This review article describes the potential rare clinical events in drug-induced kidney injury that might be noted with these new therapies and their potential impact on patients. Potential pathogenic mechanisms related to immunogenicity, immune complex formation, and stimulation of downstream proinflammatory pathways with some of these alternative medicine classes have resulted in the potential for glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, renal vasculitis, and other immune-mediated renal disorders in humans. This contrasts with nonclinical toxicity studies, where biologic therapies more often result in vasculitis and glomerulonephritis associated with antidrug antibodies and immunomodulatory pharmacology, and which are not always predictive of clinical effects. While nonclinical antidrug antibody-related renal disease is generally not clinically relevant, other immune-mediated nephrotoxicities associated with immunomodulatory drugs may be predictive of clinical adverse events. Fortunately, these conditions are still rare and account for a small percentage of serious adverse events in kidneys of patients.
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15
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Obi CD, Bhuiyan T, Dailey HA, Medlock AE. Ferrochelatase: Mapping the Intersection of Iron and Porphyrin Metabolism in the Mitochondria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:894591. [PMID: 35646904 PMCID: PMC9133952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.894591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin and iron are ubiquitous and essential for sustaining life in virtually all living organisms. Unlike iron, which exists in many forms, porphyrin macrocycles are mostly functional as metal complexes. The iron-containing porphyrin, heme, serves as a prosthetic group in a wide array of metabolic pathways; including respiratory cytochromes, hemoglobin, cytochrome P450s, catalases, and other hemoproteins. Despite playing crucial roles in many biological processes, heme, iron, and porphyrin intermediates are potentially cytotoxic. Thus, the intersection of porphyrin and iron metabolism at heme synthesis, and intracellular trafficking of heme and its porphyrin precursors are tightly regulated processes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the physiological dynamics of eukaryotic ferrochelatase, a mitochondrially localized metalloenzyme. Ferrochelatase catalyzes the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to produce heme. In most eukaryotes, except plants, ferrochelatase is localized to the mitochondrial matrix, where substrates are delivered and heme is synthesized for trafficking to multiple cellular locales. Herein, we delve into the structural and functional features of ferrochelatase, as well as its metabolic regulation in the mitochondria. We discuss the regulation of ferrochelatase via post-translational modifications, transportation of substrates and product across the mitochondrial membrane, protein-protein interactions, inhibition by small-molecule inhibitors, and ferrochelatase in protozoal parasites. Overall, this review presents insight on mitochondrial heme homeostasis from the perspective of ferrochelatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike David Obi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tawhid Bhuiyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Harry A. Dailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Amy E. Medlock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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16
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Yamada R, Yanagita M. Unexpected cause of vemurafenib-induced nephrotoxicity: ferrochelatase. Kidney Int 2021; 100:1158-1160. [PMID: 34802553 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 inhibitors, vemurafenib causes a higher incidence of nephrotoxicity. Bai et al. reported that vemurafenib-induced nephrotoxicity is not directly caused by viral oncogene homolog B1 inhibition but is partly caused by ferrochelatase inhibition in renal tubular epithelial cells. Because several other protein kinase inhibitors are also known to cause ferrochelatase inhibition, further studies are needed to elucidate the role of ferrochelatase in renal function and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamada
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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