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Camy C, Maurel-Pantel A, Lallemand M, Fovet T, Brioche T, Genovesio C, Chopard A, Pithioux M, Roffino S. Achilles tendon enthesis behavior under cyclic compressive loading: Consequences of unloading and early remobilization. J Biomech 2024; 173:112231. [PMID: 39053291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon enthesis (ATE) anchors the Achilles tendon into the calcaneus through fibrocartilaginous tissue. The latter is enriched in type II collagen and proteoglycans (PGs), both of which give the enthesis its capacity to withstand compressive stress. Because unloading and reloading induce remodeling of the ATE fibrocartilage (Camy et al., 2022), chronic changes in the mechanical load could modify the mechanical response under compressive stress. Therefore, we investigated the ATE fatigue behavior in mice, under cyclic compressive loading, after 14 days of hindlimb suspension and 6 days of reloading. In addition, we performed a qualitative histological study of PGs in ATE fibrocartilage. The mechanical behavior of ATE was impaired in unloaded mice. A significant loss of 27 % in Δd (difference between the maximum and minimum displacements) was observed at the end of the test. In addition, the hysteresis area decreased by approximately 27 % and the stiffness increased by over 45 %. The increased stiffness and loss of viscosity were thrice and almost twice those of the control, respectively. In the reloaded entheses, where the loss of Δd was not significant, we found a significant 28 % decrease in the hysteresis area and a 26 % increase in stiffness, both of which were higher regarding the control condition. These load-dependent changes in the mechanical response seem partly related to changes in PGs in the uncalficied part of the ATE. These findings highlight the importance of managing compressive loading on ATE when performing prophylactic and rehabilitation exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Camy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Marylène Lallemand
- Ecole Centrale Marseille, 13013 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Théo Fovet
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Genovesio
- Aix Marseille Univ, Faculté de Pharmacie, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Mutsuzaki H, Nakajima H. Histological differences in cartilage layer growth at various tendon and ligament insertions in rabbits. J Rural Med 2024; 19:181-185. [PMID: 38975044 PMCID: PMC11222623 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2024-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Histological differences in cartilage layer growth in Achilles tendon (AT), quadriceps tendon (QT), patellar tendon (PT), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in cartilage layer growth in AT, QT, PT, and ACL insertions. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Japanese white rabbits were used. Six animals were euthanized at different stages (day 1 and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks). Safranin O-stained glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production area, chondrocyte count, and insertion width were investigated. Results: A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant difference in the main effects of time and insertion for all parameters. In addition, the time × insertion interaction was significant. Multiple comparisons showed a significant difference between the ACL insertion and all other variables; however, the GAG production area was not significantly different for the QT, PT, and AT insertions. AT insertions were significantly different from all other groups; however, the number of chondrocytes and insertion width were not significantly different for ACL, QT, and PT insertions. Conclusion: Cartilage layer growth differed between the AT, QT, PT, and ACL insertions. The differences between the insertions may also be due to the differences in their structures, locations, and mechanical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Center for Medical Science, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences Hospital, Japan
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Babaniamansour P, Jacho D, Teow A, Rabino A, Garcia-Mata R, Yildirim-Ayan E. Macrophage Mechano-Responsiveness Within Three-Dimensional Tissue Matrix upon Mechanotherapy-Associated Strains. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:314-329. [PMID: 37725574 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechano-rehabilitation, also known as mechanotherapy, represents the forefront of noninvasive treatment for musculoskeletal (MSK) tissue disorders, encompassing conditions affecting tendons, cartilage, ligaments, and muscles. Recent emphasis has underscored the significance of macrophage presence in the healing of MSK tissues. However, a considerable gap still exists in comprehending how mechanical strains associated with mechanotherapy impact both the naïve and pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes within the three-dimensional (3D) tissue matrix, as well as whether the shift in macrophage phenotype is contingent on the mechanical strains inherent to mechanotherapy. In this study, we delineated alterations in mechano-adaptation and polarization of both naive and M1 macrophages within 3D matrices, elucidating their response to varying degrees of mechanical strain exposure (3%, 6%, and 12%). To evaluate macrophage mechano-adaptation and mechano-sensitivity within 3D collagen matrices under mechanical loading, we employed structural techniques (scanning electron microscopy, histology), quantitative morphological measures for phenotypic assessment, and genotypic methods such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our data reveal that the response of macrophages to mechanical loading is not only contingent on their specific sub-phenotype but also varies with the amplitude of mechanical strain. Notably, although supra-mechanical loading (12% strain) was requisite to induce a phenotypic shift in naive (M0) macrophages, as little as 3% mechanical strain proved sufficient to prompt phenotypic alterations in pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages. These findings pave the way for leveraging the macrophage mechanome in customized and targeted applications of mechanical strain within the mechano-therapeutic framework. Considering the prevalence of MSK tissue injuries and their profound societal and economic implications, the development of well-informed and effective clinical mechanotherapy modalities for MSK tissue healing becomes an imperative endeavor. Impact statement Mechanotherapy is a primary noninvasive treatment for musculoskeletal (MSK) tissue injuries, but the effect of mechanical strain on macrophage phenotypes is not fully understood. A recent study found that macrophage response to mechanical loading is both sub-phenotype specific and amplitude-dependent, with even small strains enough to induce phenotypic changes in pro-inflammatory macrophages. These findings could pave the way for using macrophage mechanome in targeted mechanotherapy applications for better MSK tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Jacho
- Department of Bioengineering and University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Teow
- Department of Bioengineering and University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Agustin Rabino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Rafael Garcia-Mata
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering and University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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Camy C, Grünewald T, Lamy E, Roseren F, Caumes M, Fovet T, Brioche T, Genovesio C, Chopard A, Pithioux M, Roffino S. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the mouse Achilles tendon enthesis by microindentation. Effects of unloading and subsequent reloading. Bone Rep 2024; 20:101734. [PMID: 38292933 PMCID: PMC10825371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The fibrocartilaginous tendon enthesis, i.e. the site where a tendon is attached to bone through a fibrocartilaginous tissue, is considered as a functionally graded interface. However, at local scale, a very limited number of studies have characterized micromechanical properties of this transitional tissue. The first goal of this work was to characterize the micromechanical properties of the mineralized part of the healthy Achilles tendon enthesis (ATE) through microindentation testing and to assess the degree of mineralization and of carbonation of mineral crystals by Raman spectroscopy. Since little is known about enthesis biological plasticity, our second objective was to examine the effects of unloading and reloading, using a mouse hindlimb-unloading model, on both the micromechanical properties and the mineral phase of the ATE. Elastic modulus, hardness, degree of mineralization, and degree of carbonation were assessed after 14 days of hindlimb suspension and again after a subsequent 6 days of reloading. The elastic modulus gradually increased along the mineralized part of the ATE from the tidemark to the subchondral bone, with the same trend being found for hardness. Whereas the degree of carbonation did not differ according to zone of measurement, the degree of mineralization increased by >70 % from tidemark to subchondral bone. Thus, the gradient in micromechanical properties is in part explained by a mineralization gradient. A 14-day unloading period did not appear to affect the gradient of micromechanical properties of the ATE, nor the degree of mineralization or carbonation. However, contrary to a short period of unloading, early return to normal mechanical load reduced the micromechanical properties gradient, regardless of carbonate-to-phosphate ratios, likely due to the more homogeneous degree of mineralization. These findings provide valuable data not only for tissue bioengineering, but also for musculoskeletal clinical studies and microgravity studies focusing on long-term space travel by astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Camy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Tilman Grünewald
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Edouard Lamy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Flavy Roseren
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
| | | | - Théo Fovet
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 13009 Marseille, France
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Mutsuzaki H, Kuwahara K, Nakajima H. Influence of periostin on the development of fibrocartilage layers of anterior cruciate ligament insertion. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103215. [PMID: 35092850 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periostin (Postn) is thought to play a role in the formation of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion. However, the influence of Postn on the development of ACL insertion requires further understanding. This study aimed to clarify the influence of Postn on the development of fibrocartilage layers of ACL insertion. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that Postn would influence the development of fibrocartilage layers of ACL insertion. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6N wild-type (Postn+/+; n=54) and Postn knockout (Postn-/-; n=54) mice were used in this study. Six animals were euthanized at 1 d and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age in each group. The chondrocyte number, proliferation, apoptosis, safranin O-stained glycosaminoglycan (GAG) area, type II collagen staining area, tidemark length, and insertion width were evaluated. RESULTS Chondrocyte proliferation was high up to 2 weeks in Postn+/+, while low at age 1 d; it was, especially lower in Postn-/- than in Postn+/+ at age 1 d and 1 week. Chondrocyte apoptosis was high up to age 8 weeks in Postn+/+ and at 6 weeks in Postn-/-; it was especially higher in Postn-/- than in Postn+/+ at age 1 week. The GAG stained area was thickest for age 1 d to 4 weeks in Postn+/+ and for age 2 to 6 weeks in Postn-/-. The type II collagen staining area in Postn+/+ was thicker than that in Postn-/- at age 6 and 8 weeks. The tidemark length in Postn+/+ was longer than that in Postn-/- from age 8 to 12 weeks. The insertion width in Postn+/+ was longer than that in Postn-/- from age 1 to 3 weeks. DISCUSSION Postn decreased cell proliferation in the early postnatal phase and influenced the development of the fibrocartilage layer extracellular matrix of ACL insertion in mice. Postn may contribute to the development of methods for regeneration of the ACL insertion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V; controlled laboratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, 300-0394 Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Kuwahara
- Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, 300-0393 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakajima
- Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, 300-0393 Ibaraki, Japan
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Mechanoresponsive regulation of fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition in three-dimensional tissue analogues: mechanical strain amplitude dependency of fibrosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16832. [PMID: 36207437 PMCID: PMC9547073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal interaction and constant iterative feedback between fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, and environmental cues are central for investigating the fibroblast-induced musculoskeletal tissue regeneration and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT). In this study, we created a fibroblast-laden 3D tissue analogue to study (1) how mechanical loading exerted on three-dimensional (3D) tissues affected the residing fibroblast phenotype and (2) to identify the ideal mechanical strain amplitude for promoting tissue regeneration without initiating myofibroblast differentiation. We applied uniaxial tensile strain (0, 4, 8, and 12%) to the cell-laden 3D tissue analogues to understand the interrelation between the degree of applied mechanical loading amplitudes and FMT. Our data demonstrated that 4% mechanical strain created an anabolic effect toward tissue regeneration, but higher strain amplitudes over-stimulated the cells and initiated fibrotic tissue formation. Under increased mechanical strain amplitudes, fibroblasts were activated from a homeostatic state to a proto-myofibroblast state which resulted in increased cellularity accompanied by increased expressions of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, activation stressors (TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1), and profibrotic markers. This further transformed fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin expressing myofibroblasts. Understanding the interplay between the applied degree of mechanical loading exerted on 3D tissues and residing fibroblast phenotypic response is important to identify specific mechanomodulatory approaches for tissue regeneration and the informed mechanotherapy-guided tissue healing strategies.
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Camy C, Brioche T, Senni K, Bertaud A, Genovesio C, Lamy E, Fovet T, Chopard A, Pithioux M, Roffino S. Effects of hindlimb unloading and subsequent reloading on the structure and mechanical properties of Achilles tendon-to-bone attachment. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22548. [PMID: 36121701 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While muscle and bone adaptations to deconditioning have been widely described, few studies have focused on the tendon enthesis. Our study examined the effects of mechanical loading on the structure and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon enthesis. We assessed the fibrocartilage surface area, the organization of collagen, the expression of collagen II, the presence of osteoclasts, and the tensile properties of the mouse enthesis both after 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HU) and after a subsequent 6 days of reloading. Although soleus atrophy was severe after HU, calcified fibrocartilage (CFc) was a little affected. In contrast, we observed a decrease in non-calcified fibrocartilage (UFc) surface area, collagen fiber disorganization, modification of morphological characteristics of the fibrocartilage cells, and altered collagen II distribution. Compared to the control group, restoring normal loads increased both UFc surface area and expression of collagen II, and led to a crimp pattern in collagen. Reloading induced an increase in CFc surface area, probably due to the mineralization front advancing toward the tendon. Functionally, unloading resulted in decreased enthesis stiffness and a shift in site of failure from the osteochondral interface to the bone, whereas 6 days of reloading restored the original elastic properties and site of failure. In the context of spaceflight, our results suggest that care must be taken when performing countermeasure exercises both during missions and during the return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Camy
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Senni
- Laboratoire EBInnov, Ecole de Biologie Industrielle-EBI, Cergy, France
| | - Alexandrine Bertaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Cécile Genovesio
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Edouard Lamy
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Théo Fovet
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, UMR 866, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pithioux
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, ISM, Sainte-Marguerite Hospital, Institute for Locomotion, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Anatomy Laboratory, Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Roffino
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM, Mecabio Platform, Anatomy Laboratory, Timone, Marseille, France
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Mutsuzaki H, Nakajima H. Development of fibrocartilage layers in Achilles tendon enthesis in rabbits. J Rural Med 2021; 16:160-164. [PMID: 34239628 PMCID: PMC8249365 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2021-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The details regarding the development of fibrocartilage layers in
Achilles tendon (AT) enthesis are unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the development of
fibrocartilage layers in AT enthesis using a rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Japanese white rabbits were used in
this study. Six of them were euthanized at different stages (day 1, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12,
and 24 weeks of age). The proliferation, apoptosis, Sox9-positivity rates, and chondrocyte
number were evaluated. Additionally, safranin O-stained glycosaminoglycan (GAG) areas,
width of AT enthesis, and calcaneus length were assessed. All parameters were compared to
those at 24 weeks of age. Results: The level of chondrocyte apoptosis was high from 1 to 8 weeks of
age, and high expression level of Sox9 was maintained from day 1 to 6 weeks of age, which
decreased gradually. Safranin O-stained GAG areas increased up to 12 weeks, calcaneus
length increased up to 6 weeks, and the width of AT enthesis increased up to 1 week of
age. Conclusion: The changes in chondrocyte and extracellular matrix were
completed by 8 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The development of fibrocartilage layers
in AT enthesis was completed by 12 weeks of age. Our results contribute to the
administration of appropriate treatments based on age and aid in the development of novel
methods for regenerating AT enthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Japan
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Roffino S, Camy C, Foucault-Bertaud A, Lamy E, Pithioux M, Chopard A. Negative impact of disuse and unloading on tendon enthesis structure and function. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2021; 29:46-52. [PMID: 33888287 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic skeletal muscle disuse and unloading that astronauts experience results in muscle deconditioning and bone remodeling. Tendons involved in the transmission of force from muscles to skeleton are also affected. Understanding the changes that occur in muscle, tendon, and bone is an essential step toward limiting or preventing the deleterious effects of chronic reduction in mechanical load. Numerous reviews have reported the effects of this reduction on both muscle and bone, and to a lesser extent on the tendon. However, none focused on the tendon enthesis, the tendon-to-bone attachment site. While the enthesis structure appears to be determined by mechanical stress, little is known about enthesis plasticity. Our review first looks at the relationship between entheses and mechanical stress, exploring how tensile and compressive loads determine and influence enthesis structure and composition. The second part of this review addresses the deleterious effects of skeletal muscle disuse and unloading on enthesis structure, composition, and function. We discuss the possibility that spaceflight-induced enthesis remodeling could impact both the capacity of the enthesis to withstand compressive stress and its potential weakness. Finally, we point out how altered compressive strength at entheses could expose astronauts to the risk of developing enthesopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roffino
- ISM Inst Movement Sci, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - C Camy
- ISM Inst Movement Sci, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - A Foucault-Bertaud
- INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, C2VN, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - E Lamy
- ISM Inst Movement Sci, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - M Pithioux
- ISM Inst Movement Sci, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - A Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Mutsuzaki H, Nakajima H. Differences in the Development of Fibrocartilage Layers in the Quadriceps Tendon and Patellar Tendon Insertions in Rabbits: A Quantitative Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120966418. [PMID: 33344668 PMCID: PMC7731710 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120966418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in the development of fibrocartilage layers in quadriceps tendon (QT) and patellar tendon (PT) insertion sites are unclear. Because the mechanical environments for the QT and PT are different, the development of the QT and PT insertions may differ. Purpose To investigate differences in the development of fibrocartilage layers in the QT and PT insertion sites in rabbits through use of quantitative morphometric evaluations. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods This study included 54 male Japanese White rabbits. Animals were euthanized at ages 1 day and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks (n = 6 for each age). Chondrocyte number, proliferation, apoptosis, sex-determining region Y box 9 (Sox9)-positive rates, safranin O-stained glycosaminoglycan (GAG) areas, tidemark length, insertion width, and patellar length were evaluated and compared with the same parameters at age 24 weeks and between QT and PT insertion sites. Results Chondrocyte proliferation was low up to age 2 weeks for QT insertion and low up to 1 week for PT insertion. Chondrocyte apoptosis was high at 1 day and Sox9 expression was low up to 1 week for PT insertion. Sox9 expression was higher in QT than in PT insertion at age 12 weeks. The high chondrocyte count continued to age 1 day in PT insertion and up to 6 weeks in QT insertion. The chondrocyte number was higher in QT than in PT insertion at age 2 weeks. The period of thicker GAG lasted from 2 to 8 weeks in PT insertion and from 1 to 12 weeks in QT insertion. GAG thickness in QT insertion was higher than in PT insertion at age 4 and 12 weeks. Conclusion Development of fibrocartilage layers in QT and PT insertion sites was completed at age 24 weeks in rabbits. However, the period of high chondrocyte count and period of thicker GAG were longer in QT than in PT insertion up to 12 weeks. Clinical Relevance Development of fibrocartilage layers in QT and PT insertions differed in rabbits. Our results may contribute to the development of appropriate treatments based on age and the development of methods for regeneration of the insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakajima
- Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
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Mutsuzaki H, Kinugasa T, Sakane M. Biological fixation between calcium phosphate-hybridized tendon graft and tibial bone tunnel in anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction - A case report. J Orthop 2019; 16:419-421. [PMID: 31193044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to histologically observe a specimen of a calcium phosphate (CaP)-hybridized tendon graft-bone interface at the posterior side of tibial bone tunnel obtained during the revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. We present the case of a 15-year-old female who was returning to sports 7 months and 12 days after primary anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction with no instability. Re-rupture was diagnosed 9 months and 12 days after the surgery. At the joint aperture site, a firm biological fixation via direct bonding area, cartilaginous tissue, and dense collagen fiber were observed without the presence of a nonbonding gap area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669- 2 Ami Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0394, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kinugasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ichihara Hospital, 3681 Oozone, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-3295, Japan
| | - Masataka Sakane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tsukuba Gakuen Hospital, 2573-1 Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
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Mutsuzaki H, Nakajima H, Someji M, Sakane M. Development of fibrocartilage layers in the anterior cruciate ligament insertion in rabbits. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:233. [PMID: 31103035 PMCID: PMC6525973 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A detailed evaluation focusing on the fibrocartilage layers in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion is necessary to consider regeneration of the insertion. This study examined the development of the fibrocartilage layers in the ACL tibial insertion in rabbits by quantitative morphometric evaluations based on histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Methods Male Japanese white rabbits were used because of their history of use for histomorphometric analyses of the ACL insertion and to eliminate the influence of female hormones on the ACL. Six animals were euthanized at each age (1 day and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks); in total, 48 animals were used. Proliferation rate, apoptosis rate, Sox9-positive rate, and chondrocyte number were evaluated. Safranin O-stained glycosaminoglycan (GAG) areas, tidemark length, ACL insertion width, and ACL length were also evaluated. All parameters were compared with those at age 24 weeks of age. Results High levels of chondrocyte proliferation and Sox9 expression continued until 4 and 8 weeks of age, respectively, and then gradually decreased. Chondrocyte apoptosis increased up to 8 weeks. The chondrocyte number, ACL insertion width, ACL length, safranin O-stained GAG areas, and tidemark length gradually increased up to 12 weeks. Conclusion Chondrocytes that displayed chondrocyte proliferation and Sox9 expression increased until 12 weeks of age, in accordance with development of the ACL length and its insertion width. The GAG production and tidemark length also increased until 12 weeks of age. The development of fibrocartilage layers in the ACL insertion was complete at 12 weeks of age. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-019-2614-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 4669-2 Ami, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-0394, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Nakajima
- Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Maika Someji
- Department of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Masataka Sakane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tsukuba Gakuen Hospital, 2573-1 Kamiyokoba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0854, Japan
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Mutsuzaki H, Nakajima H, Sakane M. Extension of knee immobilization delays recovery of histological damages in the anterior cruciate ligament insertion and articular cartilage in rabbits. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:140-144. [PMID: 29410585 PMCID: PMC5788794 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To investigate the influence of knee immobilization period on recovery of
histological damages in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion and articular
cartilage in rabbits. This knowledge is important for determining the appropriate
rehabilitation approach for patients with ligament injuries, fracture, disuse atrophy, and
degenerative joint disease. [Materials and Methods] Forty-eight male Japanese white
rabbits were divided equally into the remobilization and control groups. The
remobilization group had the right knee surgically immobilized, and was divided equally
into four subgroups according to the duration of immobilization (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks).
After the immobilization was removed, the rabbits moved freely for 8 weeks. The control
group underwent sham operation and followed the same time course as the remobilization
group. The chondrocyte apoptosis rate and chondrocyte proliferation rate in the ACL
insertion and articular cartilage were analyzed after remobilization. [Results] In the ACL
insertion, the remobilization group had a higher chondrocyte apoptosis rate than the
control group after 8 weeks of immobilization, and a lower chondrocyte proliferation rate
than the control group after 4 and 8 weeks of immobilization. In the articular cartilage,
the remobilization group had a lower chondrocyte proliferation rate than the control group
after 8 weeks of immobilization. After 8 weeks of remobilization, the ACL insertion and
articular cartilage are not completely recovered after 4 and 8 weeks of immobilization,
respectively. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that 8 weeks of remobilization will result
in recovery of the ACL insertion after 2 weeks of knee immobilization, and recovery of the
articular cartilage after 4 weeks of knee immobilization. If 8 weeks of immobilization
occurs, a remobilization duration of more than 8 weeks may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences: 4669-2 Ami, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0394, Japan
| | | | - Masataka Sakane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tsukuba Gakuen Hospital, Japan
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Influence of Knee Immobilization on Chondrocyte Apoptosis and Histological Features of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insertion and Articular Cartilage in Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020253. [PMID: 28134763 PMCID: PMC5343789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the influence of immobilization on chondrocyte apoptosis and histological features of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion and knee articular cartilage in rabbits. Forty-eight male Japanese white rabbits were assigned to an immobilization (n = 24) or sham (n = 24) group. Rabbits in the immobilization group underwent complete unilateral surgical knee immobilization and rabbits in the sham group underwent a sham surgery. The average thickness of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) stained red area by safranin O staining, the chondrocyte apoptosis rate and the chondrocyte proliferation rate in the cartilage layer in the ACL insertion and the articular cartilage of the medial tibial condyle were measured at one, two, four and eight weeks in six animals from each group. In the ACL insertion, the chondrocyte apoptosis rate was higher in the immobilization group than in the sham group at two and eight weeks after surgery (p < 0.05). The chondrocyte proliferation rate gradually decreased from two weeks to eight weeks in the immobilization group. The GAG layer was thinner in the immobilization group than in the sham group at two, four and eight weeks after surgery (p < 0.05). In the articular cartilage, the chondrocyte apoptosis rate in the immobilization group was higher than in the sham group at four and eight weeks after surgery (p < 0.05). The GAG layer was significantly thinner in the immobilization group than that in the sham group at four and eight weeks after surgery (p < 0.05). Knee immobilization significantly increased chondrocyte apoptosis at two and eight weeks after surgery in the ACL insertion and at four and eight weeks after surgery in the articular cartilage of the medial tibial condyle, and decreased GAG layer thickness from two to eight weeks after surgery in the ACL insertion and from four to eight weeks after surgery in the articular cartilage.
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Study on the effects of gradient mechanical pressures on the proliferation, apoptosis, chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of mandibular condylar chondrocytes in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 73:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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