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Mundt AP, Delhey S, Martínez P, Irarrázaval M, Grasso L, Rivera-Arroyo G, Capistrano A, Trujillo N, Golcher F, Benavides Salcedo A, Dedik C, Cordero M, Torales J, Malpartida C, Almánzar Á. Types of Psychiatric Beds and Mental Health Services in 16 Latin American Countries, 1990-2020. Psychiatr Serv 2024; 75:48-54. [PMID: 37644830 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Latin America has undergone major changes in psychiatric services over the past three decades. The authors aimed to assess the availability of service data and changes in psychiatric services in this region during the 1990-2020 period. METHODS The authors formed a research network to collect data on psychiatric service indicators gathered between 1990 and 2020 from national registries in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. Indicators included psychiatric beds in psychiatric and general hospitals overall, for children and adolescents, and for forensic populations; residential beds for substance use treatment; treatment slots in residential facilities and day hospitals; and outpatient facilities. RESULTS Data availability varied among countries, service indicators, and time points. The median prevalence of psychiatric beds decreased in psychiatric hospitals from 5.1 to 3.0 per 100,000 people (-42%) and in general hospitals from 1.0 to 0.8 (-24%). The median prevalence estimates of specialized psychiatric beds for children and adolescents (0.18) and for forensic populations (0.04) remained unchanged. Increases in prevalence were observed for residential beds for substance use treatment (from 0.40 to 0.57, 43% increase), available treatment slots in residential facilities (0.67 to 0.79, 17%), treatment slots in day hospitals (0.41 to 0.54, 32%), and outpatient facilities (0.39 to 0.93, 138%). CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that treatment capacity shifted from inpatient to outpatient and community care. Most countries had a bed shortage for acute psychiatric care, especially for children and adolescents and forensic patients. More comprehensive and standardized mental health service registries are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Mundt
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Sabine Delhey
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Pablo Martínez
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Matías Irarrázaval
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Luciano Grasso
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Guillermo Rivera-Arroyo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Adelia Capistrano
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Natalia Trujillo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Francisco Golcher
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Andrés Benavides Salcedo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Corinne Dedik
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Martha Cordero
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Julio Torales
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - César Malpartida
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
| | - Ángel Almánzar
- School of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile (Mundt, Delhey); Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile (Mundt); School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Charles-Le Moyne Research Center on Health Innovations, Longueuil, Québec, Canada (Martínez); Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C. (Irarrázaval); Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Ministry of Public Health, Buenos Aires (Grasso); Department of Psychology, Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (Rivera-Arroyo); General Coordination of Mental Health, Alcohol, and Other Drugs, Ministry of Health, São Paulo, Brazil (Capistrano); Mental Health Group, National Faculty of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia (Trujillo); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, San José, Costa Rica (Golcher); Ministry of Public Health, Quito, Ecuador (Benavides Salcedo); National Economic Research Center, Guatemala City (Dedik); Center for Global Mental Health Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muńiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City (Cordero); Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay (Torales); Regional Institute for Health Research, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay (Torales); Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru (Malpartida); Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Almánzar)
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