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Gach MW, Lazarus G, Simadibrata DM, Sinto R, Saharman YR, Limato R, Nelwan EJ, van Doorn HR, Karuniawati A, Hamers RL. Antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial pathogens in Indonesia: a systematic review. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 26:100414. [PMID: 38778837 PMCID: PMC11109028 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background The WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) aims to describe antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and trends in common bacterial pathogens, but data remain limited in many low and middle-income countries including Indonesia. Methods We systematically searched Embase, PubMed and Global Health Database and three Indonesian databases for original peer-reviewed articles in English and Indonesian, published between January 1, 2000 and May 25, 2023, that reported antimicrobial susceptibility for the 12 GLASS target pathogens from human samples. Pooled AMR prevalence estimates were calculated for relevant pathogen-antimicrobial combinations accounting for the sampling weights of the studies (PROSPERO: CRD42019155379). Findings Of 2182 search hits, we included 102 papers, comprising 19,517 bacterial isolates from hospitals (13,647) and communities (5870). In hospital settings, 21.6% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 18.3% of Escherichia coli isolates, 35.8% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and 70.7% of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were carbapenem-resistant; 29.9% of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were penicillin-resistant; and 22.2% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. Hospital prevalence of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli, and penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae increased over time. In communities, 28.3% of K. pneumoniae isolates and 15.7% of E. coli isolates were carbapenem-resistant, 23.9% of S. pneumoniae isolates were penicillin-resistant, and 11.1% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. Data were limited for the other pathogens. Interpretation AMR prevalence estimates were high for critical gram-negative bacteria. However, data were insufficient to draw robust conclusions about the full contemporary AMR situation in Indonesia. Implementation of national AMR surveillance is a priority to address these gaps and inform context-specific interventions. Funding Wellcome Africa Asia Programme Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Gach
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gilbert Lazarus
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Daniel Martin Simadibrata
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert Sinto
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yulia Rosa Saharman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ralalicia Limato
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erni J. Nelwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anis Karuniawati
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Raph L. Hamers
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Dillen H, Wouters J, Snijders D, Wynants L, Verbakel JY. Factors associated with inappropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:498-511. [PMID: 38113395 PMCID: PMC10904728 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acutely ill children are at risk of unwarranted antibiotic prescribing. Data on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions provide insights into potential tailored interventions to promote antibiotic stewardship. OBJECTIVES To examine factors associated with the inappropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in high-income countries. METHODS On 8 September 2022, we systematically searched articles published since 2002 in MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and grey literature databases. We included studies with acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care settings in high-income countries reporting on the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled ORs were calculated using random-effects models. Meta-regression, sensitivity and subgroup analysis were also performed. RESULTS We included 40 articles reporting on 30 different factors and their association with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. 'Appropriateness' covered a wide range of definitions. The following factors were associated with increased inappropriate antibiotic prescribing: acute otitis media diagnosis [pooled OR (95% CI): 2.02 (0.54-7.48)], GP [pooled OR (95% CI) 1.38 (1.00-1.89)] and rural setting [pooled OR (95% CI) 1.47 (1.08-2.02)]. Older patient age and a respiratory tract infection diagnosis have a tendency to be positively associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, but pooling of studies was not possible. CONCLUSIONS Prioritizing acute otitis media, GPs, rural areas, older children and respiratory tract infections within antimicrobial stewardship programmes plays a vital role in promoting responsible antibiotic prescribing. The implementation of a standardized definition of appropriateness is essential to evaluate such programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Dillen
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Academic Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Wouters
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Daniëlle Snijders
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Laure Wynants
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, 1 Peter Debyeplein, Maastricht, 6229 HA, The Netherlands
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 49 Herestraat, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Academic Centre for General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- NIHR Community Healthcare MedTech and IVD cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Kwa ALH, Aninda Sidharta BR, Son DN, Zirpe K, Periyasamy P, Plongla R, Swaminathan S, Loho T, Van Giap V, Apisarnthanarak A. Clinical utility of procalcitonin in implementation of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic stewardship in the South-East Asia and India: evidence and consensus-based recommendations. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:45-58. [PMID: 38112181 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2296066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The South-East Asian (SEA) region and India are highly susceptible to antibiotic resistance, which is caused due to lack of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) knowledge, uncontrolled use of antibiotics, and poor infection control. Nonadherence to national/local guidelines, developed to combat antimicrobial resistance, is a major concern. A virtual advisory board was conducted to understand the current AMS standards and challenges in its implementation in these regions. AREAS COVERED Procalcitonin (PCT)-guided antibiotic use was discussed in various clinical conditions across initiation, management, and discontinuation stages. Most experts strongly recommended using PCT-driven antibiotic therapy among patients with lower respiratory tract infections, sepsis, and COVID-19. However, additional research is required to understand the optimal use of PCT in patients with organ transplantation and cancer patients with febrile neutropenia. Implementation of the solutions discussed in this review can help improve PCT utilization in guiding AMS in these regions and reducing challenges. EXPERT OPINION Experts strongly support the inclusion of PCT in AMS. They believe that PCT in combination with other clinical data to guide antibiotic therapy may result in more personalized and precise targeted antibiotic treatment. The future of PCT in antibiotic treatment is promising and may result in effective utilization of this biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lay-Hoon Kwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital; Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Do Ngoc Son
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital; Hanoi Medical University; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kapil Zirpe
- Department of Neurocritical Care, Ruby Hall Clinic, Grant Medical Foundation, Pune, India
| | - Petrick Periyasamy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Medical Department, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz UKM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rongpong Plongla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship; Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tonny Loho
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medistra Hospital; Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vu Van Giap
- Training and Direction of Healthcare Activities Center; Internal Medicine Department, Hanoi Medical University; Vietnam Respiratory Society; Vietnam Society of Sleep Medicine; Respiratory Center, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Adnyana IMDM, Utomo B, Eljatin DS, Sudaryati NLG. One Health approach and zoonotic diseases in Indonesia: Urgency of implementation and challenges. NARRA J 2023; 3:e257. [PMID: 38455621 PMCID: PMC10919696 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The urgency of implementing the One Health approach to overcome zoonotic diseases cannot be overstated. By recognizing the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment, we can effectively prevent and respond to emerging infectious disease threats. This review article provides information on the importance of generating research on zoonotic diseases, especially in Indonesia, where research is still relatively scarce. The Indonesian government has taken steps to implement the One Health by establishing the One Health Coordinating Unit and the National Zoonosis Committee; however, implementation has not been optimal. The urgency and challenges are focused on critical implementation aspects in the community. The urgency of implementing One Health includes that Indonesia has experienced several outbreaks of zoonotic diseases; high environmental degradation; and the antimicrobial resistance issue in Indonesia has increased. The challenges faced in implementing One Health are overcoming fragmentation due to incohesive communication between important sectors, securing funding and resource investment, aligning policies to eliminate regulation barriers, capacity building to increase awareness and professionals, and addressing critical socioeconomic factors. By prioritizing implementing the One Health approach and addressing existing challenges, Indonesia can build a more resilient and integrated system to protect the well-being of all species, protect ecosystems, and prevent the devastating effects of zoonotic diseases on global health. In this review, we present the urgency of One Health implementation and its challenges comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I MDM. Adnyana
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Information, Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Budi Utomo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dwinka S. Eljatin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni LG. Sudaryati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Information, Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia
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Sinuraya RK, Wulandari C, Amalia R, Puspitasari IM. Understanding Public Knowledge and Behavior Regarding Antibiotic Use in Indonesia. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6833-6842. [PMID: 37908781 PMCID: PMC10614649 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s427337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate use of antibiotics is a prominent factor contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance, which subsequently increases healthcare costs and heightens mortality rates. Objective This study sought to evaluate the level of knowledge and behavior pertaining to antibiotic usage within the Indonesian population. Methods This observational study was conducted in Indonesia between December 2019 and June 2020 and employed a validated questionnaire to survey 582 respondents. A comparative analysis was performed to investigate the differences in mean scores across various respondent characteristics, specifically related to their knowledge and practice regarding antibiotic usage. Regression analysis was used to identify the factors influencing the adoption of appropriate behavior in antibiotic utilization. Results Study participants comprised 68.2% males and 31.8% females. Participants achieved an average score of 4.86 ± 2.40 out of eight points for knowledge and behavior with an average score of 5.29 ± 1.85 out of seven points. Approximately 57.7% and 56.0% of the respondents have knowledge and behavior scores above the average score of the total population, respectively. The findings indicated notable variations in average knowledge scores associated with educational attainment and employment status regarding antibiotic use. Similarly, differences were observed in gender and employment status concerning behavior. Regression analysis highlighted that employment status, trust in physicians, and possessing sound knowledge of antibiotic usage were significant predictors of good behavior in utilizing antibiotics. Some misconceptions were identified, such as using antibiotics to kill viruses and believing antibiotics are effective for any kind of disease. Conclusion Less than 60% of the respondents have knowledge and behavior scores above the average score of the total population; however, there are some misconceptions regarding antibiotic utilization. This underscores the importance of implementing targeted strategies, such as health education and public health campaigns, to improve the population's understanding of the correct antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rano K Sinuraya
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Chalisma Wulandari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Riezki Amalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Irma M Puspitasari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
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Astuti MP, Notodarmojo S, Priadi CR, Padhye LP. Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21512-21532. [PMID: 36272003 PMCID: PMC9938049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first set of quantitative data on the occurrence and fate of a wide range of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in Indonesia's largest wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP employs waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) as the secondary treatment before discharging the effluent to the Citarum River. Fourteen out of twenty-two monitored CECs were detected in the wastewater influent, and seven were present in the effluent, with a total concentration of 29.8 ± 0.4 µg/L and 0.5 ± 0.0 µg/L, respectively. The occurrence of the CECs in this study was found to be well correlated with their possible use and known detection in surface waters in Indonesia. Caffeine (CAF) at 12.2 ± 0.1 µg/L, acetaminophen (ACT) at 9.1 ± 0.1 µg/L, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) at 5.0 ± 0.1 µg/L, ibuprofen (IBU) at 2.3 ± 0.0 µg/L, and triclosan (TCS) at 470 ± 64 ng/L were discovered as the five most prevalent CECs, followed by bisphenol A (BPA), trimethoprim (TMP), Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), sulfamethazine (SMZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), fluoxetine (FLX), benzotriazole (BTA), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and metformin (METF). Biodegradable CECs (SMX, SMZ, ACT, IBU, TCS, BPA, CAF, DEET, and TMP) were efficiently removed (83-100%) by the WSP. In contrast, recalcitrant CECs achieved poor removal efficiencies (e.g., FLX at 24%), and for others, treatment processes even resulted in elevated concentrations in the effluent (CBZ by 85%, TCEP by 149%, and BTA by 92%). The CECs' influent concentrations were determined to pose a moderate aquatic cumulative risk, while no such risk was associated with their effluent concentrations. The study demonstrates the importance of conventional WWTPs in reducing the concentrations of CECs to minimize their aquatic contamination risk. The findings are relevant for countries, such as Indonesia, with limited resources for advanced centralized wastewater treatments, and which are exploring the efficacy of centralized WSP against the existing decentralized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryani Paramita Astuti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, President University, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Suprihanto Notodarmojo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cindy Rianti Priadi
- Environmental Engineering Study Program, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Indonesia (UI), Depok, Indonesia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Legiawati L, Halim PA, Fitriani M, Hikmahrachim HG, Lim HW. Microbiomes in Acne Vulgaris and Their Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010145. [PMID: 36671346 PMCID: PMC9854683 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hot and humid countries such as Indonesia have a higher prevalence of acne vulgaris (AV). The activity of skin microbes, not only Cutibacterium acnes, contribute to the formation of AV. Topical and oral antibiotics are routinely prescribed to treat AV. As antimicrobial resistance rates increase globally, there are concerns about decreased efficacy. This study intends to systematically evaluate the microbiomes isolated from AV lesions and their antibiotics susceptibility in Indonesia. The data were retrieved through PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect searches for articles published until July 2022 using three multiword searches. Sixteen studies published between 2001 and 2022 were identified from which the data were pooled using a random effects model. The pooled prevalence estimates demonstrated that C. acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus were the three common microbes associated with AV in Indonesia. Tetracyclines had lower resistance rates compared to those of macrolides and clindamycin, with C. acnes showing a resistance rate that is as high as 60.1% against macrolides. C. acnes resistance against minocycline showed an increasing trend, whereas the resistances to doxycycline, clindamycin, and macrolides stagnated. The high resistance prevalence and trends signify a public health concern. The results of this study call for the development of antibiotic stewardship programs in Indonesia, which may lead to improved acne outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Legiawati
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulus Anthony Halim
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Magna Fitriani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | | | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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