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Vargas EP, Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Marin-Morales J, Molina CA, Raya MA. Feasibility of virtual reality and machine learning to assess personality traits in an organizational environment. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1342018. [PMID: 39114589 PMCID: PMC11305179 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Personality plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's interactions with the world. The Big Five personality traits are widely used frameworks that help describe people's psychological behaviours. These traits predict how individuals behave within an organizational setting. Methods In this article, we introduce a virtual reality (VR) strategy for relatively scoring an individual's personality to evaluate the feasibility of predicting personality traits from implicit measures captured from users interacting in VR simulations of different organizational situations. Specifically, eye-tracking and decision-making patterns were used to classify individuals according to their level in each of the Big Five dimensions using statistical machine learning (ML) methods. The virtual environment was designed using an evidence-centered design approach. Results The dimensions were assessed using NEO-FFI inventory. A random forest ML model provided 83% accuracy in predicting agreeableness. A k-nearest neighbour ML model provided 75%, 75%, and 77% accuracy in predicting openness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, respectively. A support vector machine model provided 85% accuracy for predicting extraversion. These analyses indicated that the dimensions could be differentiated by eye-gaze patterns and behaviours during immersive VR. Discussion Eye-tracking measures contributed more significantly to this differentiation than the behavioural metrics. Currently, we have obtained promising results with our group of participants, but to ensure the robustness and generalizability of our findings, it is imperative to replicate the study with a considerably larger sample. This study demonstrates the potential of VR and ML to recognize personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Parra Vargas
- Laboratory of Immersive Neurotechnologies (LabLENI) – Institute Human-Tech, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Javier Marin-Morales
- Laboratory of Immersive Neurotechnologies (LabLENI) – Institute Human-Tech, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Ayuso Molina
- Laboratory of Immersive Neurotechnologies (LabLENI) – Institute Human-Tech, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariano Alcañiz Raya
- Laboratory of Immersive Neurotechnologies (LabLENI) – Institute Human-Tech, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Stewart PA, Svetieva E, Mullins JK. The influence of President Trump's micro-expressions during his COVID-19 national address on viewers' emotional response. Politics Life Sci 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38832534 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2024.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This preregistered study replicates and extends studies concerning emotional response to wartime rally speeches and applies it to U.S. President Donald Trump's first national address regarding the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020. We experimentally test the effect of a micro-expression (ME) by Trump associated with appraised threat on change in participant self-reported distress, sadness, anger, affinity, and reassurance while controlling for followership. We find that polarization is perpetuated in emotional response to the address which focused on portraying the COVID-19 threat as being of Chinese provenance. We also find a significant, albeit slight, effect by Trump's ME on self-reported sadness, suggesting that this facial behavior served did not diminish his speech, instead serving as a form of nonverbal punctuation. Further exploration of participant response using the Linguistic Inventory and Word Count software reinforces and extends these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Stewart
- Department of Political Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Elena Svetieva
- Department of Communication, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Mullins
- Department of Information Systems, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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3
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Mayrand F, Capozzi F, Ristic J. A dual mobile eye tracking study on natural eye contact during live interactions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11385. [PMID: 37452135 PMCID: PMC10349108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human eyes convey a wealth of social information, with mutual looks representing one of the hallmark gaze communication behaviors. However, it remains relatively unknown if such reciprocal communication requires eye-to-eye contact or if general face-to-face looking is sufficient. To address this question, while recording looking behavior in live interacting dyads using dual mobile eye trackers, we analyzed how often participants engaged in mutual looks as a function of looking towards the top (i.e., the Eye region) and bottom half of the face (i.e., the Mouth region). We further examined how these different types of mutual looks during an interaction connected with later gaze-following behavior elicited in an individual experimental task. The results indicated that dyads engaged in mutual looks in various looking combinations (Eye-to-eye, Eye-to-mouth, and Mouth-to-Mouth) but proportionately spent little time in direct eye-to-eye gaze contact. However, the time spent in eye-to-eye contact significantly predicted the magnitude of later gaze following response elicited by the partner's gaze direction. Thus, humans engage in looking patterns toward different face parts during interactions, with direct eye-to-eye looks occurring relatively infrequently; however, social messages relayed during eye-to-eye contact appear to carry key information that propagates to affect subsequent individual social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mayrand
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Francesca Capozzi
- Department of Psychology , Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Jelena Ristic
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Hesmert L, Vogel R. Espoused implicit leadership and followership theories and emergent workplace relations: a factorial survey. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1123303. [PMID: 37235094 PMCID: PMC10206136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research on implicit leadership and followership theories (ILTs/IFTs) and interpersonal congruence thereof has primarily focused on preexisting, vertical leader-follower dyads. This study explores interpersonal congruence of ILTs/IFTs at earliest stages of emergent workplace relations in which formal leader and follower roles are not preassigned. We suggest that ILTs/IFTs, when espoused to others, have sorting effects in the social marketplace of organizations toward adaptive workplace relations. We introduce the notion of espoused ILTs/IFTs (i.e., assumptions about leaders and followers that someone claims to have and articulates to others) and examine how congruence of self- and other-espoused ILTs/IFTs facilitates the initiation and emergence of lateral workplace relations in a 'New Work' design (i.e., job sharing). Results of an experimental study show that interpersonal congruence in espoused ILTs/IFTs drives attraction to a job sharing partner consistently across different types (ILTs vs. IFTs) and valences (prototypes vs. antiprototypes). While ILTs and IFTs have a similarly strong attraction effect when shared by self and other, the effect of prototype congruence is significantly larger than the effect of antiprototype congruence. The findings encourage leadership scholars to study ILTs/IFTs in a broader range of expression than hitherto and make practitioners aware of similarity biases in the formation of flexible work arrangements.
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He Y, Wang X, Lu K, Hao N. Letting leaders spontaneously emerge yields better creative outcomes and higher leader-follower interbrain synchrony during creative group communication. Cereb Cortex 2023:7008113. [PMID: 36708018 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how the ways leaders arise (appointed vs. emergent) affect the leader-follower interaction during creative group communication. Hyperscanning technique was adopted to reveal the underlying interpersonal neural correlates using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Participants were assigned into 3-person groups to complete a creative problem-solving task. These groups were randomly split into conditions of appointed (condition A) and emergent (condition E) leaders. Creative group outcomes were better in condition E, accompanied by more frequent perspective-taking behaviors between leaders and followers. The interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) increment for leader-follower pairs was significantly higher at the right angular gyrus (rAG), between the rAG and the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG), and between the right middle temporal gyrus and the right motor cortex in condition E and positively correlated with perspective-taking behaviors between leaders and followers. The graph-based analysis showed higher nodal betweenness of the rAG and the rSMG in condition E. These results indicated the neural coupling of brain regions involved in mentalizing, semantic processing and motor imagery may underlie the dynamic information transmission between leaders and followers during creative group communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyao He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kelong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ning Hao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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Tabassum M, Raziq MM, Sarwar N. Toward an overarching multi-level conceptualization of emergent leadership: Perspectives from social identity, and implicit leadership theories. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Eye gaze and visual attention as a window into leadership and followership: A review of empirical insights and future directions. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cheng JT, Dhaliwal NA, Too MA. When Toughness Begets Respect: Dominant Individuals Gain Prestige and Leadership By Facilitating Intragroup Conflict Resolution. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parra E, García Delgado A, Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Chicchi Giglioli IA, Marín-Morales J, Giglio C, Alcañiz Raya M. Combining Virtual Reality and Machine Learning for Leadership Styles Recognition. Front Psychol 2022; 13:864266. [PMID: 35712148 PMCID: PMC9197484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of a new selection procedure based on machine learning (ML) and virtual reality (VR). Specifically, decision-making behaviours and eye-gaze patterns were used to classify individuals based on their leadership styles while immersed in virtual environments that represented social workplace situations. The virtual environments were designed using an evidence-centred design approach. Interaction and gaze patterns were recorded in 83 subjects, who were classified as having either high or low leadership style, which was assessed using the Multifactor leadership questionnaire. A ML model that combined behaviour outputs and eye-gaze patterns was developed to predict subjects' leadership styles (high vs low). The results indicated that the different styles could be differentiated by eye-gaze patterns and behaviours carried out during immersive VR. Eye-tracking measures contributed more significantly to this differentiation than behavioural metrics. Although the results should be taken with caution as the small sample does not allow generalization of the data, this study illustrates the potential for a future research roadmap that combines VR, implicit measures, and ML for personnel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Parra
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aitana García Delgado
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucía Amalia Carrasco-Ribelles
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Javier Marín-Morales
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Giglio
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariano Alcañiz Raya
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Bioengineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Roth P. How social context impacts the emergence of leadership structures. LEADERSHIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17427150221090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In leadership research, it has proven useful to understand leadership as a relational phenomenon and to conceptualize leadership structures as networks of leader-member ties. Currently, research further highlights the dynamic nature of these structures and examines their emergence in more detail to uncover the underlying mechanisms. In this literature, emergence is conceptualized as social exchange in teams and investigated experimentally. This paper argues that by doing so, the influence of social context has been neglected. I draw on findings from broader tie-formation research to substantiate the influence of social context and to tackle the conceptual shortcoming. Drawing on this rich literature, I identify eight mechanisms that explain in detail how four dimensions of social context ( Culture, Social Networks, Population Characteristics, and Opportunity Patterns) shape the formation of leader-member ties. Finally, I derive 13 propositions based on these mechanisms. These propositions, on the one hand, provide solid starting points for further empirical research. On the other hand, they indicate that the underexposure of social context has led to an overly positive picture of emergent leadership in the current literature. They suggest that much more often than assumed so far, the wrong people become and remain leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Roth
- Department of Sociology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Wolfram Cox J, Madison K, Eva N. Revisiting emergence in emergent leadership: An integrative, multi-perspective review. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Thorson KR, Dumitru OD, West TV. Physiological linkage among successful high-status women in international teams. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:167-176. [PMID: 32785583 PMCID: PMC7812631 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contemporary society, decisions are often made by teams whose members represent different nationalities and genders. In the current work, participants from 55 countries formed groups of 3 to 4 people to select one of the 5 firms in a mock firm search. In all groups, one woman was randomly assigned to have higher status than her groupmates; she was also surreptitiously instructed to persuade her group to select one (randomly assigned) firm. We measured cardiac interbeat intervals for participants throughout the decision-making process to assess physiological linkage—the degree to which a ‘sender’s’ physiological response predicts a ‘receiver’s’ physiological response at a subsequent time interval. On average, high-status women were successful at persuasion. The physiological responses of successful high-status women were also predicted by the responses of their female groupmates: stronger linkage to female group members during the task was associated with success at persuading the group. Successful high-status women were also perceived as more persuasive than others in the group. This work shows that the link between status and successful persuasion generalizes to women among heterogeneous international teams. It also suggests that attention to others—often associated with physiological linkage—may be useful in persuading others during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Thorson
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Oana D Dumitru
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tessa V West
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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13
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Combining Virtual Reality and Organizational Neuroscience for Leadership Assessment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we introduce three-dimensional Serious Games (3DSGs) under an evidence-centered design (ECD) framework and use an organizational neuroscience-based eye-tracking measure to capture implicit behavioral signals associated with leadership skills. While ECD is a well-established framework used in the design and development of assessments, it has rarely been utilized in organizational research. The study proposes a novel 3DSG combined with organizational neuroscience methods as a promising tool to assess and recognize leadership-related behavioral patterns that manifest during complex and realistic social situations. We offer a research protocol for assessing task- and relationship-oriented leadership skills that uses ECD, eye-tracking measures, and machine learning. Seamlessly embedding biological measures into 3DSGs enables objective assessment methods that are based on machine learning techniques to achieve high ecological validity. We conclude by describing a future research agenda for the combined use of 3DSGs and organizational neuroscience methods for leadership and human resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Ristic
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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15
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Schlamp S, Gerpott FH, Voelpel SC. Same talk, different reaction? Communication, emergent leadership and gender. JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jmp-01-2019-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PurposeWe investigate the role of gender in linking communicative acts that occur in the interactions of self-managed teams to emergent leadership. Specifically, this study presents a framework that differentiates between agentic and communal task- and relations-oriented communication as predictors of emergent leadership, and it hypothesizes that men and women do not differ in what they say but do differ in how they are rewarded (i.e. ascribed informal leadership responsibilities) for their statements.Design/methodology/approachInteraction coding was used to capture the meeting communication of 116 members of 41 self-managed teams.FindingsMen and women exhibited the same amount of agentic and communal task- and relations-oriented communication and were equally likely to emerge as leaders. However, men experienced an emergent leadership advantage when engaging in agentic and communal task-oriented behaviors. Agentic and communal relations-oriented behaviors did not predict emergent leadership.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings imply that theories could be more precise in differentiating between objective behaviors (i.e. actor perspective) and perceptions thereof (i.e. observer perspective) to understand why women experience a disadvantage in assuming leadership roles.Practical implicationsAlthough women displayed the same verbal behaviors as men, they experienced different consequences. Organizations can provide unconscious bias training programs, which help increase employees' self-awareness of a potential positive assessment bias toward men's communication.Originality/valueThis research utilizes an innovative, fine-grained coding approach to gather data that add to previous studies showing that, unlike men, women experience a disadvantage in terms of emergent leadership ascriptions when they deviate from stereotypically expected behavior.
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Coorevits E, Maes PJ, Six J, Leman M. The influence of performing gesture type on interpersonal musical timing, and the role of visual contact and tempo. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 210:103166. [PMID: 32919094 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodily gestures play an important role in the communication of expressive intentions between humans. Music ensemble performance, as an outstanding example of nonverbal human communication, offers an exemplary context to study and understand the gestural control and communication of these expressive intentions. An important mechanism in music ensemble performance is the anticipation and control of interpersonal timing. When performing, musicians are involved in a complex system of mutual adaptation which is not completely understood so far. In this study, we investigated the role of performers' gestures in the mediation process of interpersonal timing in a dyad performance. Therefore, we designed an experiment in which we controlled for the use of hand and arm movements in a musical task, in which dyads were asked to synchronously tap out a melody. Next to their comfortable/natural way of tapping, we instructed participants to either perform pronounced expressive hand and arm gestures in between successive taps, or to restrict from any overt body movement. In addition, we looked at effects of visual contact (yes/no) and tempo (slow: 50 beats per minute; fast: 100 beats per minute). The results show that performers' gestures improve interpersonal musical timing, in terms of the consistency and accuracy of onset asynchronies, and of the variability of produced inter-onset intervals. Interestingly, we found that the use of expressive gestures, in regard to comfortable/natural movements, add to these positive timing effects, but only when there is visual contact and at the slow tempo. In addition, we found that the type of gestures employed by musicians may modulate leader-follower dynamics. Together, these findings are explained by human anticipation mechanisms facilitated by gesturing, shedding new light on the principles underlying human communication of expressive intentions, through music.
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MacLaren NG, Yammarino FJ, Dionne SD, Sayama H, Mumford MD, Connelly S, Martin RW, Mulhearn TJ, Todd EM, Kulkarni A, Cao Y, Ruark GA. Testing the babble hypothesis: Speaking time predicts leader emergence in small groups. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Truninger M, Ruderman MN, Clerkin C, Fernandez KC, Cancro D. Sounds like a leader: An ascription–actuality approach to examining leader emergence and effectiveness. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cook A(S, Zill A, Meyer B. Observing leadership as behavior in teams and herds – An ethological approach to shared leadership research. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Van Vugt M, von Rueden CR. From genes to minds to cultures: Evolutionary approaches to leadership. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Observing Pictures and Videos of Creative Products: An Eye Tracking Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10041480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper offers insights into people’s exploration of creative products shown on a computer screen within the overall task of capturing artifacts’ original features and functions. In particular, the study presented here analyzes the effects of different forms of representations, i.e., static pictures and videos. While the relevance of changing stimuli’s forms of representation is acknowledged in both engineering design and human-computer interaction, scarce attention has been paid to this issue hitherto when creative products are in play. Six creative products have been presented to twenty-eight subjects through either pictures or videos in an Eye-Tracking-supported experiment. The results show that major attention is paid by people to original product features and functional elements when products are displayed by means of videos. This aspect is of paramount importance, as original shapes, parts, or characteristics of creative products might be inconsistent with people’s habits and cast doubts about their rationale and utility. In this sense, videos seemingly emphasize said original elements and likely lead to their explanation/resolution. Overall, the outcomes of the study strengthen the need to match appropriate forms of representation with different design stages in light of the needs for designs’ evaluation and testing user experience.
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In the eye of a leader: Eye-directed gazing shapes perceptions of leaders' charisma. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Serpell BG, Larkham S, Cook CJ. Does stress affect nonverbal engagement in teams? A case study in professional team sport. TEAM PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/tpm-06-2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Team effectiveness is often predicated by a group’s ability to communicate. However, the effect of stress response on communication success, particularly nonverbal engagement, and how this might affect team performance, is not clear; a “phenomenon” this study sought to explore.
Design/methodology/approach
This was an observational study in a cohort of professional rugby players. Participants gave presentations to their peers on two separate occasions during a “live-in” camp designed to have psychologically stressful elements. Presentations were video recorded and audience engagement was measured. Testosterone and cortisol were used as biomarkers of stress response, with a high testosterone–cortisol ratio considered positive. A team training session followed the presentations and participants were rated for training quality.
Findings
A small decline in testosterone was observed each day after waking. Conversely, cortisol rose after waking, with the rise being the highest on the first day. A decline in testosterone–cortisol ratio was also seen each day after waking; the decline was greatest on the first day. Presentation duration and audience engagement was greatest for the second presentation; when the testosterone-cortisol ratio decline and the cortisol increase after waking was smaller. Training quality was also better that day. Pooled data revealed a moderate inverse relationship and weak positive relationships for audience engagement with post-meeting cortisol and post-meeting testosterone–cortisol ratio, respectively. Training quality was related to testosterone and testosterone–cortisol ratio, but inversely related to cortisol.
Originality/value
This study suggests that in stressful conditions, as suggested by an awakening hormone response, communication and team performance could become compromised with reduced ability to engage with others.
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Delice F, Rousseau M, Feitosa J. Advancing Teams Research: What, When, and How to Measure Team Dynamics Over Time. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1324. [PMID: 31275193 PMCID: PMC6593277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Teams are complex and dynamic entities that face constant changes to their team structures and must simultaneously work to meet and adapt to the varying situational demands of their environment (Kozlowski and Ilgen, 2006). Agencies, industries, and government institutions are currently placing greater attention to the influence on team dynamics and teamwork as they are important to key organizational outcomes. Due to increased emphasis being placed upon the understanding the maturation of team dynamics, the incorporation of efficient methodological tools to understand how teams are being measured over time becomes critical. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a review of relevant academic articles detailing the science behind methodological tools and general approaches to study team dynamics over time. We provide an overview of the methodological tools used to understand team dynamics with accordance to specific temporal elements. Drawing from Kozlowski et al. (1999) process model of team development, we highlight relevant emergent team constructs within each stage. As well, for each stage, we discuss the what and how to measure team dynamics. Our analyses bring to light relevant, novel and complex approaches being used by researchers to examine specific constructs within different team developmental phases (e.g., agent-based simulations, computational modeling) and the importance of transitioning from a single source methodology approach. Implications and future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Delice
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Moira Rousseau
- Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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Capozzi F, Beyan C, Pierro A, Koul A, Murino V, Livi S, Bayliss AP, Ristic J, Becchio C. Tracking the Leader: Gaze Behavior in Group Interactions. iScience 2019; 16:242-249. [PMID: 31200114 PMCID: PMC6562365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Can social gaze behavior reveal the leader during real-world group interactions? To answer this question, we developed a novel tripartite approach combining (1) computer vision methods for remote gaze estimation, (2) a detailed taxonomy to encode the implicit semantics of multi-party gaze features, and (3) machine learning methods to establish dependencies between leadership and visual behaviors. We found that social gaze behavior distinctively identified group leaders. Crucially, the relationship between leadership and gaze behavior generalized across democratic and autocratic leadership styles under conditions of low and high time-pressure, suggesting that gaze can serve as a general marker of leadership. These findings provide the first direct evidence that group visual patterns can reveal leadership across different social behaviors and validate a new promising method for monitoring natural group interactions. Leadership shapes gaze dynamics during real-world human group interactions Social gaze behavior distinctively identifies group leaders Identification generalizes across leadership styles and situational conditions Gaze can serve as a general marker of leadership
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capozzi
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Cigdem Beyan
- Pattern Analysis and Computer Vision, (PAVIS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16152, Italy
| | - Antonio Pierro
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Atesh Koul
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, (C'MoN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Human Technologies, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Vittorio Murino
- Pattern Analysis and Computer Vision, (PAVIS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16152, Italy; Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Stefano Livi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Andrew P Bayliss
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jelena Ristic
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Cristina Becchio
- Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, (C'MoN), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Human Technologies, Via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino 10123, Italy.
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Schock AK, Gruber FM, Scherndl T, Ortner TM. Tempering agency with communion increases women's leadership emergence in all-women groups: Evidence for role congruity theory in a field setting. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gruber FM, Veidt C, Ortner TM. Women Who Emerge as Leaders in Temporarily Assigned Work Groups: Attractive and Socially Competent but Not Babyfaced or Naïve? Front Psychol 2018; 9:2553. [PMID: 30618974 PMCID: PMC6305720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The underrepresentation of women in top positions has been in the spotlight of research for decades. Prejudice toward female leaders, which decreases women's chances of emerging as leaders, has been discussed as a potential reason. Aiming to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this prejudice, we focused on the question of how facial characteristics might influence women's leadership emergence. Because other research has related ascribed social competence and ascribed naïveté to attractiveness and babyfacedness, respectively, we hypothesized that ascribed social competence would mediate the impact of ascribed attractiveness on leadership emergence and that ascribed naïveté would mediate the impact of ascribed babyfacedness on leadership emergence. In a pilot study, we analyzed data from 101 participants of a women's leadership contest held in 2015 in Germany. We then confirmed these results in a methodologically improved main study on other women who participated in the contest in one of two other years: 2016 and 2017 (N = 195). Women applied to participate in the contest by recording their answers to several questions in a video interview. In the contest, they were assigned to teams of about ten women each and worked on several assessment-center-like tasks. After each task, each member of each team nominated the three women they believed showed the best leadership potential in their group. We operationalized women's leadership emergence as the number of nominations received. We measured participants' facial attractiveness, babyfacedness, social competence, and naïveté by having raters follow a specifically developed rating manual to rate the answers the women gave in the video interviews. In both studies, the results indicated that women with higher ascribed facial attractiveness had higher ascribed social competence, which significantly predicted leadership emergence in the contest. Likewise, women with higher ascribed babyfacedness had higher ascribed naïveté, which significantly, albeit only slightly, negatively predicted leadership emergence. We discuss the implications of the results for personnel selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tuulia M. Ortner
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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