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Shen Y, Liang WJ, Shi YN, Kennelly EJ, Zhao DK. Structural diversity, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of natural diterpenoid alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 37:763-796. [PMID: 32129397 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00002g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2018. Diterpenoid alkaloids, originating from the amination of natural tetracyclic diterpenes, are a diverse class of compounds having complex structural features with many stereocenters. The important pharmacological activities and structural complexity of the diterpenoid alkaloids have long interested scientists due to their medicinal uses, infamous toxicity, and unique biosynthesis. Since 2009, 373 diterpenoid alkaloids, assigned to 46 skeletons, have been isolated and identified from plants mostly in the Ranunculaceae family. The names, classes, molecular weight, molecular formula, NMR data, and plant sources of these diterpene alkaloids are collated here. This review will be a detailed update of the naturally occurring diterpene alkaloids reported from the plant kingdom from 2009-2018, providing an in-depth discussion of their diversity, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, application, evolution, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China and Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China. and Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China and School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China and Kunming Kangren Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650203, P. R. China and Research & Development Center for Functional Products, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Na Shi
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P. R. China and Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650000, P. R. China
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, 10468, USA. and Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Biology, and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China. and Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China and School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, P. R. China and Kunming Kangren Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650203, P. R. China
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Cho YS, Choi HW, Chun BJ, Moon JM, Na JY. Quantitative analysis of aconitine in body fluids in a case of aconitine poisoning. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 16:330-334. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rapid identification of Aconitum plants based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:408. [PMID: 31307543 PMCID: PMC6631447 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Aconitum plants (Ranunculaceae) exhibit toxicity, and accidental ingestion of the plants has been reported in Japan. Identifying the cause of poisoning is important for emergency medical treatment, and a rapid and simple detection technique is required for the identification of poisoning cause. In the present study, we developed a rapid and simple method for detecting Aconitum plant DNA using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Results Specific LAMP primers for Aconitum plants were designed based on the trnL–trnF intergenic spacer region. Using the LAMP primers, the LAMP assay included an initiation reaction of 10 min followed by amplification for 20 min at the isothermal reaction temperature of 65 °C. The LAMP reaction was demonstrated to be specific and highly sensitive to Aconitum plants, given that the assay can be used for 1 pg of purified DNA. Using raw extracted DNA as template, the entire detection procedure from DNA extraction to final detection required only 30 min. Moreover, the protocol identified samples containing approximately 5 mg of Aconitum plants cooked and digested with artificial gastric juice. The currently proposed protocol exhibits good potential as a screening method of Aconitum plant poisoning for emergency medical care. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4463-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Du N, Si W, Liu Y, Guo Z, Zhou W, Zhou H, Liang X, Wang C. Strong electrostatic repulsive interaction used for fast and effective alkaloid enrichment from plants. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1105:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gao X, Hu J, Zhang X, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhu S. Research progress of aconitine toxicity and forensic analysis of aconitine poisoning. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 5:25-31. [PMID: 32490307 PMCID: PMC7241456 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1452346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines have been extensively used in China and other countries for centuries. Aconitine, a diterpenoid alkaloid extracted from Aconitum plants, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, but can also induce severe arrhythmia and neurotoxicity. Aconitine poisoning accidents caused by misuse, suicide, or homicide have been reported in recent years. In China, fatal aconitine poisoning can occasionally happen on account of accidental ingestion of some wild plants or consumption of herbal decoction made from the roots of Aconitum plants. However, it is rather difficult for forensic experts to find the specific results in present forensic autopsy of aconitine-induced death. To further clarify its potential risk following the widespread application of aconitine, toxicological characteristics and pharmacokinetics of aconitine are reviewed. Moreover, gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms were observed frequently in aconitine poisoning cases. In addition, the review also aims at providing some convincing evidences for forensic experts to identify unexplained death with postmortem examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Laboratory of Biomedical Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
| | - Xincai Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyi Zuo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Forensic Sciences, Binhai People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Li S, Chen D. Rapid Determination of Aconitum Alkaloids from Human Urine by UHPLC–HRMS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:611-617. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Li
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, No. 16 Wuyi Street, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Building 2, Guangqu Road 37, Beijing 100021, China
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Zhang P, Kong D, Du Q, Zhao J, Li Q, Zhang J, Li T, Ren L. A conscious rat model involving bradycardia and hypotension after oral administration: a toxicokinetical study of aconitine. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:515-525. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1204484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dezhi Kong
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Du
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tonghui Li
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leiming Ren
- School of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Wang X, Li X, Li L, Li M, Liu Y, Wu Q, Li P, Jin Y. Sensitive determination of three aconitum alkaloids and their metabolites in human plasma by matrix solid-phase dispersion with vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and HPLC with diode array detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1971-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Lanjie Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Min Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
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Zhang H, Sun S, Zhang W, Xie X, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Zhang G. Biological activities and pharmacokinetics of aconitine, benzoylaconine, and aconine after oral administration in rats. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:839-46. [PMID: 26360128 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Second Military Medical University School of Pharmacy; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Sen Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xiangqun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Second Military Medical University School of Pharmacy; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Second Military Medical University School of Pharmacy; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
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Zhang M, Peng CS, Li XB. In vivo and in vitro metabolites from the main diester and monoester diterpenoid alkaloids in a traditional chinese herb, the aconitum species. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:252434. [PMID: 25705235 PMCID: PMC4332761 DOI: 10.1155/2015/252434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diester diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), such as aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA), and hypaconitine (HA), are both pharmacologically active compounds and toxic ingredients in a traditional Chinese herb, the Aconitum species. Many DDA metabolism studies have been performed to explore mechanisms for reducing toxicity in these compounds and in Aconitum species extracts for safe clinical administration. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the metabolism of toxic AC, MA, and HA and corresponding monoester diterpenoid alkaloids (MDAs) in the gastrointestinal tract and liver in different animal species and humans in vivo and/or in vitro, where these alkaloids are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, and intestinal bacteria, which produces phase I metabolites, ester hydrolysed products, and lipoalkaloids. Furthermore, we classify metabolites detected in the blood and urine, where the aforementioned metabolites are absorbed and excreted. Less toxic MDAs and nontoxic alcohol amines are the primary DDA metabolites detected in the blood. Most other DDAs metabolites produced in the intestine and liver detected in the urine have not been reported in the blood. We propose an explanation for this nonconformity. Finally, taking AC, for instance, we generalize a process of toxicity reduction in the body after oral AC administration for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chong-sheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao-bo Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Zhang H, Liu M, Zhang W, Chen J, Zhu Z, Cao H, Chai Y. Comparative pharmacokinetics of three monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids after oral administration ofAcontium carmichaeliextract and its compatibility with other herbal medicines in Sini Decoction to rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1076-83. [PMID: 25516169 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Min Liu
- Drug Control Institute of Nanjing Military Area Command; Nanjing 210002 China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Hong Cao
- Institute for Drug and Instrument Control of People's Liberation Army; Beijing 100071 China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai 200433 China
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Dai PM, Wang Y, Ye L, Zeng S, Zheng ZJ, Li Q, Lu LL, Liu ZQ. Pharmacokinetic comparisons of benzoylmesaconine in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after administration of pure benzoylmesaconine and Wutou decoction. Molecules 2014; 19:16757-69. [PMID: 25329869 PMCID: PMC6270907 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wutou decoction is widely used in China because of its therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Benzoylmesaconine (BMA), the most abundant component of Wutou decoction, was used as the marker compound for the pharmacokinetic study of Wutou decoction. The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of BMA in rats after oral administration of pure BMA and Wutou decoction. Pure BMA (5 mg/kg) and Wutou decoction (0.54 g/kg, equivalent to 5 mg/kg BMA) were orally administered to rats with blood samples collected over 10 h. Quantification of BMA in rat plasma was achieved using sensitive and validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Specifically, the half-life (T1/2) and mean residence time values of pure BMA were 228.3 ± 117.0 min and 155.0 ± 33.2 min, respectively, whereas those of BMA in Wutou decoction were decreased to 61.8 ± 35.1 min and 55.8 ± 16.4 min, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of BMA after administration of Wutou decoction was significantly decreased (five-fold) compared with that of pure BMA. The results indicate that the elimination of BMA in rats after the administration of Wutou decoction was significantly faster compared with that of pure BMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Min Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi-Jie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lin-Liu Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhong-Qiu Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang H, Wu Q, Li W, Sun S, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Zhang G, Chai Y. Absorption and metabolism of three monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaeli after oral administration to rats by HPLC-MS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:645-652. [PMID: 24793215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconitum carmichaelii (AC) is a well-known herbal medicine for its excellent pharmacological effects and toxicity. The monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids (MDAs), including benzoylmesaconine (BMC), benzoylaconine (BAC) and benzoylhyaconine (BHC), are the main active components in AC. It was found that the diester alkaloids could be transformed into monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids after being decocted. In Chinese pharmacopoeia, the MDAs are also used as phytochemical markers for the quality control of AC. Benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine and benzoylhyaconine are representatives of monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids. It was reported that the absolute bioavailability of MDAs was very low but there was toxicity often occurred in AC. Because most of DDAs are transformed into MDAs after decoction, we speculate that some other components may promote the bioavailability of MDAs but result in toxicity by enhancing their absorption. To demonstrate the dynamic changes of MDAs in vivo and reveal the causes of low bioavailability and toxicity, this study will explore the mechanisms of absorption and metabolism of 3 MDAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sensitive, accurate and specific LC-MS method was developed to determine the three MDAs in rat plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated after orally administered 3 MDAs to the Male Sprague-Dawley rats, and the metabolism stability was calculated after incubating with rat liver microsomes, finally, the absorption characteristics of the 3 MDAs were investigated using Caco-2 transwell model. RESULTS It was found that the pharmacokinetic parameters of 3 MDAs were similar, Cmax and Tmax were very small, and t1/2 was large, which indicated 3 MDAs can be absorbed rapidly and is difficult to be metabolized or excreted. However, the low Cmax indicated that the bioavailability of 3 MDAs will be very low and their absorption may be inhibited by some transport proteins. By incubating three MDAs in rat liver microsomes, it was proved that they almost can't be metabolized in vivo. The Caco-2 transwell experiments reveal that the P-gp inhibits the absorption of MDAs. CONCLUSIONS LC-MS combined with a direct precipitation method for the simultaneous quantification of 3 MDAs in rat plasma has been developed and validated and successfully used in pharmacokinetic study of 3 MDAs. It was proved that the three components almost can't be metabolized in vivo, and P-gp inhibits the absorption of MDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wuhong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sen Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Anzillotti L, Odoardi S, Strano-Rossi S. Cleaning up blood samples using a modified "QuEChERS" procedure for the determination of drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines by UPLC-MSMS(☆). Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:99-106. [PMID: 24907511 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The "QuEChERS" (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) dispersive SPE (dSPE) method is an emerging sample preparation technique that is becoming increasingly popular in the area of multi-residue pesticide analysis in food and agricultural products. A simplified QuEChERS extraction method followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of forensically relevant drugs of abuse (opiates including buprenorphine, methadone and fentanyl and analogues, cocaine and metabolites, amphetamines, LSD) and benzodiazepines and analogues (Z-drugs) in 1mL of human whole blood performing a sole extraction. The method was validated showing good repeatability, accuracy and linearity; LODs were 0.5ng/mL for all benzodiazepines tested while for drugs of abuse LODs varied from 0.05 to 2ng/mL. The method showed high throughput capabilities and was applied on various forensic cases for determination of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Anzillotti
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano-Rossi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L. go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy.
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Yang H, Liu L, Gao W, Liu K, Qi LW, Li P. Direct and comprehensive analysis of ginsenosides and diterpene alkaloids in Shenfu injection by combinatory liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 92:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Simultaneous detection of 22 toxic plant alkaloids (aconitum alkaloids, solanaceous tropane alkaloids, sophora alkaloids, strychnos alkaloids and colchicine) in human urine and herbal samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:63-9. [PMID: 24216273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of 22 toxic plant alkaloids, including aconitum alkaloids and their hydrolyzed products (aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine, yunaconitine, crassicauline A, benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylhypaconine, deacetylyunaconitine, deacetylcrassicauline A), solanaceous tropane alkaloids (atropine, anisodamine, scopolamine, anisodine), sophora alkaloids (matrine, sophoridine, oxymatrine, cytisine, N-methylcytisine), strychnos alkaloids (brucine, strychnine) and colchicine, in herbal and urine samples was developed and validated. Following sample preparation by liquid-liquid extraction, chromatographic separation was achieved on Eclipse XDB C8 column. Identification was based on two multiple reaction monitoring transitions and the relative ion intensity. Method selectivity was demonstrated. The limits of detection were 5ng/mL for all analytes, except 50ng/mL for cytisine. The herbal matrix effects ranged from 89% to 118%, whereas the urine matrix effects were between 91% and 109% for all analytes except cytisine (57%) and N-methylcytisine (67%). The urine extraction recovery ranged from 74% to 110% for all analytes, except cytisine (15%) and oxymatrine (30%). With the good extraction efficiency of the other major sophora alkaloids, the relatively low extraction recovery of the minor sophora alkaloids cytisine and oxymatrine did not affect identification of sophora alkaloids as a group. Carry-over was minimal at less than 0.1%. The method was successfully applied in analysis of 170 cases of suspected herbal poisoning, with aconitum alkaloids, sophora alkaloids, solanaceous tropane alkaloids, and strychnos alkaloids being detected in 53, 42, 18, and 6 cases, respectively.
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Peng WW, Li W, Li JS, Cui XB, Zhang YX, Yang GM, Wen HM, Cai BC. The effects of Rhizoma Zingiberis on pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids in herb couple of Radix Aconiti Lateralis-Rhizoma Zingiberis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:579-86. [PMID: 23707213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Aconiti Lateralis (Fuzi in Chinese, derived from the lateral roots of Aconitum Carmichaeli Debx.) is widely used for the treatment of heart failure, internal cold, arthralgia, diarrhea and edema for thousands of years. It was usually prescribed in combination with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Ganjiang in Chinese, derived from the dry rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc.) to decrease toxicity and increase efficacy. AIM OF THE STUDY In order to investigate the influence of Rhizoma Zingiberis on pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids, i.e. aconitine (AC), hypaconitine (HA), mesaconitine (MA), benzoylaconine (BAC), benzoylhypaconine (BHA) and benzoylmesaconine (BMA), in Fuzi-Ganjiang herb couple, the comparative pharmacokinetics of six Aconitum alkaloids after oral administration of Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang aqueous extract was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sensitive, specific and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine the six analytes in plasma. Then the rats were randomly divided into two groups and orally administered with Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang aqueous extract. At designated time points after oral administration, the concentrations of the six Aconitum alkaloids in rat plasma were determined, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated using 3P97 (Practical Pharmacokinetics Program Version 1.0). RESULTS Comparing with Fuzi group, both T1/2 and AUC0-t of AC and HA decreased (P<0.05), while T1/2, AUC0-t and Cmax of BAC, BHA increased (P<0.05) in Fuzi-Ganjiang group, which indicated that Ganjiang could promote the elimination of AC and HA and enhance the absorption of BAC, BHA and BMA. CONCLUSION The differences of pharmacokinetics of Aconitum alkaloids in rat plasma could support those of pharmacologics and toxicity in previous reports between Fuzi and Fuzi-Ganjiang herb couple. The results might be helpful in explaining the mechanism of combination of Fuzi-Ganjiang to decrease toxicity and increase efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Bicker W, Monticelli F, Bauer A, Roider G, Keller T. Quantification of aconitine in post-mortem specimens by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: three case reports on fatal 'monkshood' poisoning. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:753-62. [PMID: 23749589 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The diester-diterpene alkaloid aconitine was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in post-mortem specimens of three cases where suicidal ingestion of Aconitum napellus L. ('monkshood') was supposed. In an attempt at rationalization, sample preparation and chromatographic conditions of plasma/serum drug analysis routine were utilized. Linearity was established from 0.5 to 20 µg L⁻¹ using newborn calf serum (NCS) as a surrogate calibration matrix for all sample types and mesaconitine as an internal standard. Validation (selectivity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, recovery of the extraction procedure, matrix effect, processed sample stability) confirmed the applicability of the analytical method to various post-mortem matrices. Internal standard selection was based on multi-matrix process efficiency data. In human post-mortem peripheral blood a lower limit of quantification of 0.51 µg L⁻¹ and a limit of detection of 0.13 µg L⁻¹ were accomplished (0.1 ml sample aliquots). Aconitine was degraded to a large extent in different sample types when being stored at +20 °C for 30 days, while at -20 °C and for some matrices also at +4 °C no appreciable degradation occurred. Aconitine concentrations in real samples were 10.3-17.9 µg L⁻¹ (peripheral blood, n = 3), 14.9-87.9 µg L⁻¹ (heart blood, n = 3), 317-481 µg L⁻¹ (urine, n = 2), 609-4040 µg L⁻¹ (stomach content, n = 3), 139-240 µg L⁻¹ (bile, n = 2), 8.4 µg L⁻¹ (vitreous humor, n = 1), 54.7 µg L⁻¹ (pericardial fluid, n = 1), 492 µg kg⁻¹ (liver, n = 1), 15.2-19.7 mg L⁻¹ (unknown liquids secured onsite, n = 3). Together with concomitant circumstances the analytical data provided compelling evidence for acute Aconitum poisoning as being the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bicker
- FTC-Forensic-Toxicological Laboratory Ltd., Gaudenzdorfer Guertel 43-45, 1120, Vienna, Austria
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Gao F, Hu Y, Fang G, Yang G, Xu Z, Dou L, Chen Z, Fan G. Recent developments in the field of the determination of constituents of TCMs in body fluids of animals and human. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:241-60. [PMID: 23642848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) play important role in drug discovery and human health, the actual value of TCMs has not been fully recognized worldwide due to its complex components and uncontrollable quality. For the modernization and globalization of TCMs, it is important to establish selective, sensitive and feasible analytical methods for determination and quantification of bioactive components of TCMs in body fluids primarily due to the low concentration, the complex nature of the biological matrices, and multi-components and their metabolites present in biological fluids. The present review summarizes the current extraction techniques, chromatographic separation and spectroscopic (especially mass spectrometric) analysis methods and new trends on the analysis of bioactive components and metabolites of TCMs in biological fluids. In addition, the importance of establishment of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability profiles and simultaneous determination of multi-active components in TCMs is discussed to provide proper examples of analytical methods for pharmacological and clinical studies of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Distribution of Aconitum alkaloids in autopsy cases of aconite poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 227:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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