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Bennett JP, Meek EC, Chambers JE. Reactivation by novel pyridinium oximes of rat serum and skeletal muscle acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23750. [PMID: 38952032 PMCID: PMC11221569 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of organophosphate (OP) anticholinesterases currently lacks an effective oxime reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our laboratories have synthesized novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes and tested them for their ability to promote survival of rats challenged with lethal doses of nerve agent surrogates. These previous studies demonstrated the ability of some of these oximes to promote 24-h survival to rats challenged with a lethal level of highly relevant surrogates for sarin and VX. The reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE in peripheral tissues was likely to be a major contributor to their efficacy in survival of lethal OP challenges. In the present study, twenty of these novel oximes were screened in vitro for reactivation ability for AChE in rat skeletal muscle and serum using two nerve agent surrogates: phthalimidyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (PIMP, a sarin surrogate) and 4-nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate (NEMP, a VX surrogate). The oximes demonstrated a range of 23%-102% reactivation of AChE in vitro across both tissue types. Some of the novel oximes tested in the present study demonstrated the ability to more effectively reactivate AChE in serum than the currently approved oxime, 2-PAM. Therefore, some of these novel oximes have the potential to reverse AChE inhibition in peripheral target tissues and contribute to survival efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Bennett
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Edward C Meek
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Janice E Chambers
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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2
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Lama S, Choi HS, Ramesh S, Lee YJ, Kim JH. Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-doped-MWCNT@cobalt oxide for nerve agent simulant detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11605. [PMID: 38773127 PMCID: PMC11109131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are toxic compounds that disrupt neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting the neurotransmitter enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, leading to rapid death. A hybrid composite was synthesized using a hydrothermal process for the early detection of dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP), a simulant of the G-series nerve agent, sarin. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors were used as detectors. Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs), cobalt oxide (Co3O4), and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 were compared to detect DMMP concentrations of 25-150 ppm. At 25 ppm, the differential frequencies (Δf) of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors were 5.8, 2.3, and 99.5 Hz, respectively. The selectivity results revealed a preference for the DMMP rather than potential interference. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors for detecting 25-150 ppm DMMP were 0.983, 0.986, and 0.999, respectively. The response times of the N-MWCNT, Co3O4, and N-MWCNT@Co3O4 sensors for detecting 100 ppm DMMP were 25, 27, and 34 s, respectively, while the corresponding recovery times were 85, 105, and 181 s. The repeatability results revealed the reversible adsorption and desorption phenomena for the fixed DMMP concentration of 100 ppm. These unique findings show that synthesized materials can be used to detect organophosphorus nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Lama
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Seon Choi
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Sivalingam Ramesh
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
- Department of Mechanical, Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Jun Lee
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
| | - Joo Hyung Kim
- Laboratory of Intelligent Devices and Thermal Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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Wei Z, Zhang D, Liu X, Nie H, Ouyang Q, Zhang X, Zheng Z. Screening of efficient salicylaldoxime reactivators for DFP and paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1225-1235. [PMID: 38665821 PMCID: PMC11042241 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported two salicylaldoxime conjugates (L7R3 and L7R5) showing equal or even higher reactivating efficiency for both organophosphorus nerve agent and pesticide inhibited acetylcholinesterase in comparison to obidoxime and HI-6. In this study, L7R3 and L7R5 were selected as lead compounds and refined by employing a fragment-based drug design strategy, and a total of 32 novel salicylaldoxime conjugates were constructed and screened for DFP and paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase. The findings demonstrate that the conjugate L73R3, which contains a 4-nitrophenyl group, exhibited a higher reactivation efficacy against paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase compared to obidoxime and HI-6. It was confirmed that the combination of a 4-pyridinyl or 4-nitrophenyl peripheral site ligand, a piperazine linker and a methyl or chloro-substituted salicylaldoxime could construct efficient nonquaternary oxime reactivators. The results hold promise for developing a new generation of highly effective antidotes for organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Huifang Nie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University Xi'an 300071 China
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Beijing 100850 China
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Mani Z, Plummer V, Kuhn L, Khorram-Manesh A, Tin D, Goniewicz K. Public Health Responses to CBRN Terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e87. [PMID: 38618924 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Escalating global challenges (such as disasters, conflict, and climate change) underline the importance of addressing Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) terrorism for sustainable public health strategies. This study aims to provide a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of CBRN incidents in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, emphasizing the necessity of sustainable responses to safeguard healthcare infrastructures. METHOD Utilizing a retrospective approach, this research analyzes data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) covering the period from 2003 to 2020. The study focuses on examining the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of CBRN incidents in the MENA region to identify patterns and trends that pose significant challenges to public health systems. RESULTS The analysis revealed a significant clustering of CBRN incidents in Iraq and Syria, with a predominant involvement of chemical agents. These findings indicate the extensive impact of CBRN terrorism on healthcare infrastructures, highlighting the challenges in providing immediate health responses and the necessity for long-term recovery strategies. CONCLUSIONS The study underscores the need for improved healthcare preparedness, robust emergency response systems, and the development of sustainable public health policies. Advocating for international collaboration, the research contributes to the strategic adaptation of healthcare systems to mitigate the impacts of CBRN terrorism, ensuring preparedness for future incidents in the MENA region and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Mani
- Nursing College, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lisa Kuhn
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amir Khorram-Manesh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sweden
- Disaster Medicine Center, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Derrick Tin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Aracava Y, Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR. (R,S)-trihexyphenidyl, acting via a muscarinic receptor-independent mechanism, inhibits hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmissions: Potential relevance for treatment of organophosphorus intoxication. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109684. [PMID: 37549771 PMCID: PMC10590273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have reported that, compared to the muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist atropine, (R,S)-trihexyphenidyl (THP) more effectively counters the cholinergic crisis, seizures, and neuropathology triggered by organophosphorus (OP)-induced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The greater effectiveness of THP was attributed to its ability to block mAChRs and N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamatergic receptors (NMDARs) in the brain. However, THP also inhibits α7 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). The present study examined whether THP-induced inhibition of mAChRs, α7 nAChRs, and NMDARs is required to suppress glutamatergic synaptic transmission, whose overstimulation sustains OP-induced seizures. In primary hippocampal cultures, THP (1-30 μM) suppressed the frequency of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs and IPSCs, respectively) recorded from neurons in nominally Mg2+-free solution. A single sigmoidal function adequately fit the overlapping concentration-response relationships for THP-induced suppression of IPSC and EPSC frequencies yielding an IC50 of 6.3 ± 1.3 μM. Atropine (1 μM), the NMDAR antagonist d,l-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D,L-AP5, 50 μM), and the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA, 10 nM) did not prevent THP-induced inhibition of synaptic transmission. THP (10 μM) did not affect the probability of transmitter release because it had no effect on the frequency of miniature IPSCs and EPSCs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin. Additionally, THP had no effect on the amplitudes and decay-time constants of miniature IPSCs and EPSCs; therefore, it did not affect the activity of postsynaptic GABAA and glutamate receptors. This study provides the first demonstration that THP can suppress action potential-dependent synaptic transmission via a mechanism independent of NMDAR, mAChR, and α7 nAChR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasco Aracava
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kapitanov IV, Špulák M, Pour M, Soukup O, Marek J, Jun D, Novak M, Diz de Almeida JSF, França TCC, Gathergood N, Kuča K, Karpichev Y. Sustainable ionic liquids-based molecular platforms for designing acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 385:110735. [PMID: 37802409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a green chemistry approach for preparation of oxime-functionalized ILs as AChE reactivators: amide/ester linked IL, l-alanine, and l-phenylalanine derived salts bearing pyridinium aldoxime moiety. The reactivation capacities of the novel oximes were evaluated towards AChE inhibited by typical toxic organophosphates, sarin (GB), VX, and paraoxon (PON). The studied compounds are mostly non-toxic up to the highest concentrations screened (2 mM) towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria cell lines and both filamentous fungi and yeasts in the in vitro screening experiments as well as towards the eukaryotic cell (CHO-K1 cell line). Introduction of the oxime moiety in initially biodegradable structure decreases its ability to biodegradation. The compound 3d was shown to reveal remarkable activity against the AChE inhibited by VX, exceeding conventional reactivators 2-PAM and obidoxime. The regularities on antidotal activity, cell viability, plasma stability, biodegradability as well as molecular docking study of the newly synthesized oximes will be used for further improvement of their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illia V Kapitanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marcel Špulák
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pour
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marek
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novak
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Joyce S F Diz de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Gathergood
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Yevgen Karpichev
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Prchalova E, Kohoutova Z, Knittelova K, Malinak D, Musilek K. Strategies for enhanced bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2839-2860. [PMID: 37642747 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase are commonly used to treat highly toxic organophosphate poisoning. They are effective nucleophiles that can restore the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase; however, their main limitation is the difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) because of their strongly hydrophilic nature. Various approaches to overcome this limitation and enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the CNS have been evaluated; these include structural modifications, conjugation with molecules that have transporters in the BBB, bypassing the BBB through intranasal delivery, and inhibition of BBB efflux transporters. A promising approach is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as the delivery systems. Studies using mesoporous silica nanomaterials, poly (L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) NPs, metallic organic frameworks, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs, human serum albumin NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, and cucurbiturils, have shown promising results. Some NPs are considered as nanoreactors for organophosphate detoxification; these combine bioscavengers with encapsulated oximes. This study provides an overview and critical discussion of the strategies used to enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Prchalova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Knittelova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Li Y, Huang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Xing H, Wang L, Sui X, Luo Y, Wang Y, Yang J. An in vitro nerve agent brain poisoning transwell model for convenient and accurate antidote evaluation. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105541. [PMID: 36572320 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agent (NA) can inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing seriously injury at extremely low doses. However, the cruel reality is that the lack of effective cerebral antidotes for treatment of NA poisoning. There is an urgent requirement for the large-scale evaluation and screening of antidotes. An effective NA antidote should include two characteristics: a) to permeate the blood-brain barrier (BBB); 2) to reactivate the inhibited AChE in brain. Existing methods for evaluating reactivators in vitro can only examine the reactivation effect, while the current Transwell model can only evaluate the drug penetration performance for crossing the barrier. In this work, brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs) were inoculated to establish a Transwell model. AChE, NAs and antidotes of reactivators were added into the different chambers to simulate central poisoning and peripheral drug administration. This method can evaluate the reactivation ability and brain penetration ability of compounds at same time, which is a rapidly and accurately way for drug preliminary screening. In addition to small-molecule drugs, a liposomal nanoantidote loaded with the reactivator Asoxime chloride (HI-6)was prepared. This nanoantidote show high reactivation rate against the NA (sarin), evaluated by both this modified model in vitro and animal test, gaining the consistence results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Quality-control department, Military Hospital of 78 Group of PLA, Mudanjiang 157000, China
| | - Lijuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huanchun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Shin H, Hertelendy AJ, Hart A, Tin D, Issa F, Hata R, Ciottone GR. Terrorism-Related Attacks in East Asia from 1970 through 2020. Prehosp Disaster Med 2023; 38:232-236. [PMID: 36710412 PMCID: PMC10027485 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x23000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to analyze and describe terrorism-related attacks in East Asia from 1970 through 2020. BACKGROUND East Asia consists of South Korea, North Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, Taiwan, and Macao. According to the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2022, the impact of terrorism in East Asia is very low. However, the assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on July 8, 2022 demonstrates that East Asia is not safe from terrorist attacks. This descriptive analysis of terrorist attacks in East Asia will help first responders, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), hospital-based medical providers, and policymakers establish a more refined hazard vulnerability assessment (HVA) framework and develop a Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery plan. METHODS This is a descriptive observational study drawing data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2020. Epidemiology outcomes included primary weapon type, primary target type, the country where the incident occurred, and the number of total deaths and injured collected. Data from 2021 were not yet available at the time of this study. Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA) for analysis. RESULTS There were 779 terrorism-related events in East Asia from 1970 through 2020. In total, the attacks resulted in 1,123 deaths and 9,061 persons injured. The greatest number of attacks (371; 47.63%) occurred in Japan and the second most occurred in China (268; 34.4%). Explosives were the most used primary weapon type (308; 39.54%) in the region, followed by incendiary devices (260; 33.38%). Terrorist attacks drastically diminished from their peak of 92 in 1990, but there were additional peaks of 88 in 1996, 18 in 2000, 20 in 2008, and 36 attacks in 2014. CONCLUSIONS A total of 779 terrorist attacks occurred from 1970 through 2020 in East Asia, resulting in 1,123 deaths and 9,061 injuries. Of those, 82.03% attacks occurred in Japan and China. Terrorist attacks drastically diminished since their peak in 1996, but there is an overall uptrend in attacks since 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejun Shin
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
| | - Attila J Hertelendy
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Department of Information Systems and Business Analytics, College of Business, Florida International University, Miami, Florida USA
| | - Alexander Hart
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Derrick Tin
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fadi Issa
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
| | - Ryan Hata
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
| | - Gregory R Ciottone
- BIDMC Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MassachusettsUSA
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10
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Li K, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li Q, Guo L, Xie J. The kinetic and molecular docking analysis of interactions between three V-type nerve agents and four human cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 372:110369. [PMID: 36708975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
G and V-type nerve agents represent the most toxic chemical warfare agents. Their primary toxicity was the consequence of the covalent inhibition of the pivotal acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which induces overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and overaccumulation of cholines, eventually leading to death by respiratory arrest. The inhibitory and reactivation kinetics of cholinesterase (ChE) are essential for the toxicology and countermeasures of nerve agents. Medical defensive research on V-type nerve agents (V agents) has been mainly reported on VX and VR. Here we demonstrated the first systematical kinetic analysis between the type of ChE [native or recombinant human AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)] and three V agents, including VX, VR, and Vs, another isomer of VX, and highlighted the effects of native and recombinant ChE differences. The spontaneous reactivation and aging kinetics data of Vs-inhibited BChEs were firstly reported here. The results showed that AChE was more easily inhibited by three V agent compared to BChE, regardless of whether it is native or recombinant. The increased inhibitory potency order on AChE was VX, Vs, then VR, and on BChE was VX, then Vs and VR. The difference between native and recombinant ChE could influence the inhibition, aging, and spontaneous reactivation kinetics of three V agents, whether AChE or BChE, which was systematically revealed for the first time. For inhibition kinetics, the ki of three V agents for recombinant AChE was significantly higher than native AChE, and the stronger the inhibitory potency of V agents, the more pronounced difference in ki. In terms of aging and spontaneous reactivation kinetics, recombinant ChE was found to be more prone to spontaneous reactivation, but more resistant to aging compared to native ChE, particularly for AChE. The performed covalent molecular docking results partially explained the effects of differences between native and recombinant ChE on enzyme kinetics from the perspective of binding energy and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, 100850, Beijing, China
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11
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Cowen T, Bedwell TS, Piletska EV, Rice H, Piletsky SA. Nanoparticle-induced enhancement of cholinesterase activity in the presence of malathion: a potential nerve agent therapeutic. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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N-substituted arylhydroxamic acids as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Lee JH, Jang WE, Park JH, Mohammad HB, Lee J, Jeong W, Kim M. Identification of organophosphate modifications by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wooyoung Eric Jang
- Department of Chemistry Kyung Hee University Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin‐Young Lee
- Chem‐Bio Technology Center Agency for Defense Development Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Woo‐Hyeon Jeong
- Chem‐Bio Technology Center Agency for Defense Development Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Min‐Sik Kim
- New Biology DGIST Daegu Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Kyung Hee University Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
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14
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Dhuguru J, Zviagin E, Skouta R. FDA-Approved Oximes and Their Significance in Medicinal Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:66. [PMID: 35056123 PMCID: PMC8779982 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the scientific advancements, organophosphate (OP) poisoning continues to be a major threat to humans, accounting for nearly one million poisoning cases every year leading to at least 20,000 deaths worldwide. Oximes represent the most important class in medicinal chemistry, renowned for their widespread applications as OP antidotes, drugs and intermediates for the synthesis of several pharmacological derivatives. Common oxime based reactivators or nerve antidotes include pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and methoxime, among which pralidoxime is the only FDA-approved drug. Cephalosporins are β-lactam based antibiotics and serve as widely acclaimed tools in fighting bacterial infections. Oxime based cephalosporins have emerged as an important class of drugs with improved efficacy and a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Among the several oxime based derivatives, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, cefpodoxime and cefmenoxime are the FDA approved oxime-based antibiotics. Given the pharmacological significance of oximes, in the present paper, we put together all the FDA-approved oximes and discuss their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 SpringHill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Eugene Zviagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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15
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Araújo JC, Fangueiro R, Ferreira DP. Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2654. [PMID: 34451193 PMCID: PMC8402111 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an unprecedented increase in the development of products and technologies to protect the human being has been observed. Now, more than ever, the world population is exposed to several threats, harmful to their well-being and health. Chemical and biological hazardous agents stand out as one of the biggest threats, not only for the military forces, but also for the civilians. Consequently, it's essential to develop personal protective systems that are able to protect their user, not only passively, but actively, being able to detect, adsorb, degrade and decontaminate pesticides, pollutants, microorganisms and most importantly: chemical/biological warfare agents. One recent strategy for the development of active fibrous structures with improved functions and new properties is their functionalization with nanoparticles (NPs), especially metal oxides. Although their known effectiveness in the decomposition of harmful agents, the NPs could also include other functionalities in the same structure using low quantities of material, without adding extra weight, which is of huge importance for a soldier in the battlefield. The use of natural fibers as the substrate is also very interesting, since this material is a much sustainable alternative when compared to synthetic ones, also providing excellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Araújo
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana P Ferreira
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4710-057 Guimarães, Portugal
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16
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Shi M, Deng S, Cui Y, Chen X, Shi T, Song L, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Xu J, Shi J, Wang C, Li L. Repeated low-dose exposures to sarin disrupted the homeostasis of phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism in guinea pig hippocampus. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:32-39. [PMID: 33253782 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Repeated low-level exposure to sarin results to hippocampus dysfunction. Metabonomics involves a holistic analysis of a set of metabolites in an organism in the search for a relationship between these metabolites and physiological or pathological changes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of repeated exposure to low-level sarin on the metabonomics in hippocampus of a guinea pig model. Guinea pigs were divided randomly into control and sarin treated groups (n = 14). Guinea pigs in the control group received saline; while the sarin-treated group received 0.4×LD50 (16.8 μg/kg) sarin. Daily injections (a total of 14 days) were administered sc between the shoulder blades in a volume of 1.0 ml/kg body weight. At the end of the final injection, 6 animals in each group were chosen for Morris water maze test. The rest guinea pigs (n = 8 for each group) were sacrificed by decapitation, and hippocampus were dissected for analysis. Compared with the control-group, the escape latency in sarin-group was significantly (p < 0.05) longer while the crossing times were significantly decreased in the Morris water task (p < 0.05). Sarin inhibited activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in hippocampus. The AChE activity of hippocampus from sarin-treated groups is equivalent to 59.9 ± 6.4 %, and the NTE activity of hippocampus from sarin-groups is equivalent to 78.1 ± 8.3 % of that from control-group. Metabolites were identified and validated. A total of 14 variables were selected as potential biomarkers. Phospholipids [phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), Lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE or LPE)] and sphingolipids (SPs) [sphinganine (SA), phytosphingosine (PSO) and sphinganine-1-phosphate (SA1P)] were clearly modified. In conclusion, repeated low-dose exposures to sarin disrupted the homeostasis of phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism in guinea pig hippocampus and may lead to a neuronal-specific function disorders. Identified metabolites such as SA1P need to be studied more deeply on their biological function that against sarin lesions. In future research, we should pay more attention to characterize the physiological roles of lipid metabolism enzymes as well as their involvement in pathologies induced by repeated low-level sarin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shikun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Yalan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Liangcai Song
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Jianfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
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