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The prevalence and clinical relevance of 2R/2R TYMS genotype in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy regimens. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:308-317. [PMID: 33608662 PMCID: PMC8159739 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The prevalence of 2R/2R TYMS genotype is variable but estimated to be around 20–30% in Caucasians. The clinical relevance of TYMS 2R/2R genotype in predicting severe fluoropyrimidine-related adverse events (FrAE) is controversial. Here, we explored the prevalence and clinical relevance of 2R/2R TYMS genotype. Methods Between 2011 and 2018, 126 patients were genotyped for TYMS. FrAEs were graded according to CTCAE version 5.0. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results The prevalence of TYMS 2R/2R genotype was 24.6%. Among patients with TYMS genotypes (N = 71) that predict decreased TS expression, 2R/2R TYMS genotype was the most common TYMS genotype seen in female (57%) and African American (60%) patients. Among patients with genotypes that predict increased TS expression (N = 55), 12 patients had grade 3–4 FrAEs (22%), while among patients with genotypes that predict decreased TS expression (N = 71), 30 patients had grade 3–4 FrAEs (42%) (p = 0.0219). Compared to patients with genotypes predicting increased TS expression, 17 out of 31 patients (55%) with TYMS 2R/2R genotype had grade 3–4 FrAEs (p = 0.0039) and 15 out 40 patients (38%) with TYMS 2R/3RC and TYMS 3RC/3RC genotype had grade 3–4 FrAEs (p = 0.1108). Conclusion The prevalence of TYMS 2R/2R genotype was 24.6%, and it had a unique sex and ethnic distribution. Polymorphism in the promoter region of TYMS gene that predicts decreased TS expression due to 2R/2R variant was associated with grade 3–4 FrAEs. These data suggest that genotyping patients who are not DPD deficient for TYMS might identify patients at risk of severe FrAEs.
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Veerman AJ, Supriyadi E, Sutaryo S. Developing leukemia protocols in cooperation between the Netherlands and Indonesia. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Frikha R. Assessment of the relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Evidence from an updated meta-analysis. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2020; 26:1598-1610. [PMID: 32070201 DOI: 10.1177/1078155219900914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T polymorphism is closely related to the acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Several case-control studies have investigated this association; however, no conclusions could be drawn. A comprehensive updated meta-analysis is established to explain these contradictions and clarify the overall impact of this variant on the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS Electronic searches were conducted to select published studies prior to June 2018. Pooled odds ratios and stratification analysis were performed under different genetic comparison models, age, and ethnicity. RESULTS Totally, 66 case-control studies including 9619 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases and 17,396 controls were selected. Our analyses showed that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism was protective mainly in Asian and European countries, under all genetic models and regardless of age, but leukemogenic in mixed population. CONCLUSION Thus, C677T polymorphism may be a promising acute lymphoblastic leukemia biomarker, but they should be interpreted with caution considering other factors such as folic acid intake, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Frikha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax-Tunisia.,Department of Medical Genetics, Hedi Chaker University Teaching Hospital, Sfax-Tunisia
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Yazıcıoğlu B, Kaya Z, Güntekin Ergun S, Perçin F, Koçak Ü, Yenicesu İ, Gürsel T. Influence of Folate-Related Gene Polymorphisms on High-Dose Methotrexate-Related Toxicity and Prognosis in Turkish Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Turk J Haematol 2017; 34:143-150. [PMID: 27094381 PMCID: PMC5440866 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) is widely used in the consolidation phase of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the roles that polymorphisms in folate-related genes (FRGs) play in HD-MTX toxicity and prognosis in children with ALL are not understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequencies of polymorphisms in the genes for thymidylate synthase (TS), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) in Turkish children with ALL and to assess associations between these polymorphisms and HD-MTX-related toxicity and leukemia prognosis in this patient group. MATERIALS AND METHODS FRG polymorphisms were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Survival status, MTX levels, and toxicity data were retrieved from 106 patients' charts. RESULTS The allele frequencies for the FRG polymorphisms were as follows: TS 2R 41.0%, 3R 57.0%, and 4R 2.0%; MTRR 66A 42.4% and 66G 57.6%; MTHFR 677C 59.3% and 677T 40.7%; and MTHFR 1298A 58.1% and 1298C 41.9%. At the 48th hour of HD-MTX infusion, serum MTX was significantly higher in patients who had TS 2R/3R/4R variants as compared to those with wild-type TS (p<0.05). No significant differences were detected with respect to event-free survival or toxicity between wild-type and other FRG variants. CONCLUSION The frequencies of FRG polymorphisms in Turkish children with ALL are similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations. This is the first published finding of the TS 3R/4R variant in the Turkish population. The results indicate that HD-MTX can be tolerated by leukemic children with some polymorphic variants of FRG; thus, it may prevent future risk of leukemic relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zühre Kaya
- Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Ankara, Turkey E-mail:
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Zhang B, Zhang W, Yan L, Wang D. The association between MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and ALL risk based on a meta-analysis involving 17,469 subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Qiao Z, Lou D, Ruan L. TSER polymorphism is not associated with risk of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6143. [PMID: 28207544 PMCID: PMC5319533 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating studies have explored the effect of thymidylate synthase enhancer region (TSER) variation on risk of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with controversial results. Therefore, this quantitative meta-analysis was performed to assess synthetically the association of TSER variation with susceptibility to develop pediatric ALL. METHODS The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Wanfang Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were systematically retrieved to obtain the published case-control studies about the relationship between TSER variation and pediatric ALL risk. The quality assessment of the included studies was preformed and relevant information was collected. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate the strength of association. RESULTS This meta-analysis finally included 2681 children with ALL and 3854 matched controls from 11 investigations. The quantitative synthesis results found no significant association between TSER variation and susceptibility to pediatric ALL in overall comparisons under 5 genetic models (2R/3R vs 3R/3R: OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.84-1.07, P = 0.41; 2R/2R vs 3R/3R: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.84-1.16, P = 0.90; 2R2R vs 3R/3R+2R/3R: OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.92-1.21, P = 0.45; 2R/3R+2R/2R vs 3R/3R: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.87-1.09, P = 0.63; 2R vs 3R: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.92-1.15, P = 0.61). Similarly, there was no significant association existed in the stratification analyses according to ethnicity, control source, and quality score. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis shows that TSER variation is not related to the development risk of pediatric ALL.
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Kamberi B, Kamberi F, Spiroski M. Vascular Genetic Variants and Ischemic Stroke Susceptibility in Albanians from the Republic of Macedonia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4:556-564. [PMID: 28028391 PMCID: PMC5175499 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute first-ever ischemic stroke (FIS) is a heterogeneous, polygenic disorder. The contribution of vascular genetic variants as inherited causes of ischemic stroke has remained controversial. AIM To examine the association of genetic variants in vascular factors with the occurrence of FIS. MATERIAL AND METHODS The current research was performed in a group of 39 patients with FIS (study group) and 102 healthy volunteers (control group). We analyzed the prevalence of vascular genetic variants in following genes: factor V, prothrombin, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), factor XIII, plasminogen activator 1, endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein E, β-fibrinogen, human platelet antigen 1, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and lymphotoxin alpha. RESULTS It was found that heterozygous LTA 804C>A and FXIII V34L Leu/Leu were significantly more frequent in patients with FIS than in control group (p = 0.036 and p = 0.017, respectively). The frequency of FXIII V34L Val/Val was significantly lower in patients with FIS than in control group (p = 0.020). Other frequencies of vascular gene variants in patients with FIS and in control group were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive study to present data indicating that polymorphism of vascular genes in the prevalence of acute FIS exists in the Albanian population from the Republic of Macedonia. Variations in these genes have been detected in patients with acute FIS, suggesting that their combination might act in a susceptible or protective manner in this Albanian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bajram Kamberi
- Neurological Department, Clinical Hospital, Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Farije Kamberi
- School Medical Centre, “Nikolla Shtejn” Tetovo, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirko Spiroski
- Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Hoang PTV, Ambroise J, Dekairelle AF, Durant JF, Butoescu V, Chi VLD, Huynh N, Nguyen TB, Robert A, Vermylen C, Gala JL. Comparative pharmacogenetic analysis of risk polymorphisms in Caucasian and Vietnamese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prediction of therapeutic outcome? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:429-40. [PMID: 25099492 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common of all paediatric cancers. Aside from predisposing to ALL, polymorphisms could also be associated with poor outcome. Indeed, genetic variations involved in drug metabolism could, at least partially, be responsible for heterogeneous responses to standardized leukemia treatments, hence requiring more personalized therapy. The aims of this study were to (a) to determine the prevalence of seven common genetic polymorphisms including those that affect the folate and/or thiopurine metabolic pathways, i.e. cyclin D1 (CCND1-G870A), γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH-C452T), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-C677T and MTHFR-A1298C), thymidylate synthase promoter (TYMS-TSER), thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C) and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA-C94A), in Caucasian (n = 94, age < 20) and Vietnamese (n = 141, age < 16 years) childhood ALL and (b) to assess the impact of a multilocus genetic risk score (MGRS) on relapse-free survival (RFS) using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. RESULTS The prevalence of MTHFR-677TT genotype was significantly higher in Caucasians (P = 0.008), in contrast to the prevalence of TYMS-TSER*3R/3R and ITPA-94AA/AC genotypes which were significantly higher in Vietnamese (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). Compared with children with a low MGRS (≤ 3), those with a high MGRS (≥ 4) were 2.06 (95% CI = 1.01, 4.22; P = 0.04) times more likely to relapse. Adding MGRS into a multivariate Cox regression model with race/ethnicity and four clinical variables improved the predictive accuracy of the model (AUC from 0.682 to 0.709 at 24 months). CONCLUSION Including MGRS into a clinical model improved the predictive accuracy of short and medium term prognosis, hence confirming the association between well determined pharmacogenotypes and outcome of paediatric ALL. Whether variants on other genes associated with folate metabolism can substantially improve the predictive value of current MGRS is not known but deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thu Vu Hoang
- Centre de Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Service d'hématologie et oncologie pédiatrique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medecin, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam; Blood Transfusion and Hematology Hospital, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
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Li SY, Ye JY, Liang EY, Zhou LX, Yang M. Association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis based on 51 case-control studies. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:740-8. [PMID: 25761797 PMCID: PMC4368066 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies and systematic reviews have reached inconsistent conclusions on the role of 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphism C677T in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk. Material/Methods The present meta-analysis comprising of 51 case-control studies, including 7892 cases and 14 280 controls was performed to reevaluate the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and ALL risk. Results Statistical differences were found in the dominant model (TT+CT vs. CC, odd ratio (OR)=0.89, 95% CI, 0.79–1.00, P=0.04) and the CT vs. CC (OR=0.89, 95% CI, 0.80–1.00, P=0.05), but not in the allele contrast model (T vs. C, OR=0.92, 95% CI, 0.84–1.01, P=0.08), additive model (TT vs. CC, OR=0.87, 95% CI, 0.73–1.05, P=0.15), or recessive model (TT vs. CT+CC, OR=0.94, 95% CI, 0.81–1.10, P=0.44) in overall populations. In the subgroup analyses stratified by age (children and adults) and ethnicity (Asian and Caucasian), no significant associations between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and ALL risk were observed. Conclusions The current study found no sufficient evidence of a protective role of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in ALL susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-yi Li
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jie-yu Ye
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - En-yu Liang
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Li-xia Zhou
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Mo Yang
- Laboratory of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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Kreile M, Rots D, Piekuse L, Cebura E, Grutupa M, Kovalova Z, Lace B. Lack of Association between Polymorphisms in Genes MTHFR and MDR1 with Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:9707-11. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Roy Moulik N, Parveen F, Kumar A, Awasthi S, Agrawal S. MTHFR gene polymorphism in acute lymphoblastic leukemia among North Indian children: a case-control study and meta-analysis updated from 2011. J Hum Genet 2014; 59:397-404. [PMID: 24919644 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have yielded conflicting results. The present study examines this association in north Indian children with ALL and includes an updated meta-analysis. MTHFR (677 and 1298) genotype of children with ALL and healthy adult controls were done by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and were compared using various models of inheritance. A total of 150 patients and 300 controls were included. The 677T allele was found protective (odds ratio (OR) 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-0.94), whereas 1298C allele led to an increase in risk (OR 4.44, 95% CI 2.19-8.99) of childhood ALL. Meta-analysis included 31 and 27 studies examining the association of 677 and 1298 genotypes, respectively. The 677 C -> T polymorphism was protective (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99). Protection was more pronounced in folate-sufficient populations as compared with those not covered by folate fortification guidelines. The 1298A->C polymorphism was associated with a marginal increase in risk (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.40).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalya Roy Moulik
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Farah Parveen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Archana Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Jiang Y, Hou J, Zhang Q, Jia ST, Wang BY, Zhang JH, Tang WR, Luo Y. The MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Risk of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: an Updated Meta-analysis Based on 37 Case-control Studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:6357-62. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Frings V, van der Veldt AAM, Boellaard R, Herder GJM, Giovannetti E, Honeywell R, Peters GJ, Thunnissen E, Hoekstra OS, Smit EF. Pemetrexed induced thymidylate synthase inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer patients: a pilot study with 3'-deoxy-3'-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63705. [PMID: 23717468 PMCID: PMC3663749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pemetrexed is a thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor and is effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). 3'-deoxy-3'-[¹⁸F]fluorothymidine (¹⁸F-FLT), a proliferation marker, could potentially identify tumor specific TS-inhibition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pemetrexed-induced TS-inhibition on ¹⁸F-FLT uptake 4 hours after pemetrexed administration in metastatic NSCLC patients. METHODS Fourteen NSCLC patients underwent dynamic ¹⁸F-FLT positron emission tomography (PET) scans at baseline and 4 hours after the first dose of pemetrexed. Volumes of interest were defined with a 41%, 50% and 70% threshold of the maximum pixel. Kinetic analysis and simplified measures were performed. At one, two, four and six hours after pemetrexed, plasma deoxyuridine was measured as systemic indicator of TS-inhibition. Tumor response measured with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were determined. RESULTS Eleven patients had evaluable ¹⁸F-FLT PET scans at baseline and 4 hours after pemetrexed. Two patients had increased ¹⁸F-FLT uptake of 35% and 31% after pemetrexed, whereas two other patients had decreased uptake of 31%. In the remaining seven patients ¹⁸F-FLT uptake did not change beyond test-retest borders. In all patients deoxyuridine levels raised after administration of pemetrexed, implicating pemetrexed-induced TS-inhibition. ¹⁸F-FLT uptake in bone marrow was significantly increased 4 hours after pemetrexed administration. Six weeks after the start of treatment 5 patients had partial response, 4 stable disease and 2 progressive disease. Median TTP was 4.2 months (range 3.0-7.4 months); median OS was 13.0 months (range 5.1-30.8 months). Changes in ¹⁸F-FLT uptake were not predictive for tumor response, TTP or OS. CONCLUSIONS Measuring TS-inhibition in a clinical setting 4 hours after pemetrexed revealed a non-systematic change in ¹⁸F-FLT uptake within the tumor. No significant association with tumor response, TTP or OS was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Frings
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Erratum: The association between two polymorphisms in the TS gene and risk of cancer: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Int J Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Izmirli M. A literature review of MTHFR (C677T and A1298C polymorphisms) and cancer risk. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:625-37. [PMID: 23076526 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
5,10-Methlenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is one of the most important enzymes for folate metabolism. This enzyme is mapped on chromosome 1, which is located at the end of the short arm (1p36.3). The C677T and A1298C are MTHFR polymorphisms that decrease in vitro MTHFR enzyme activity. Folate metabolism plays a key role in cell metabolism. These reactions are associated with purine-pyrimidine synthesis: DNA, RNA, and protein methylation. Polymorphism is also a factor in biodiversity, and be affected by ethnic heritage and geographic locale. In the case of unknown outcomes, not only should all geographical regions be investigated to ascertain biodiversity, but all populations as well to fully understand the variations in the effect. PUBMED was searched from January 2006 to December 2011 to develop an investigatory pursuit strategy. MTHFR, cancer, C677T, A1298C, and polymorphisms were key words used to focus the search. The literature review included all published relevant cancer types and MTHFR polymorphisms for that 5 years period. All selected polymorphisms data for cancer types was listed in tables for easy access and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzeyyen Izmirli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang H, Wang J, Zhao L, Liu X, Mi W. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia-evidence from an updated meta-analysis including 35 studies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:77. [PMID: 22943282 PMCID: PMC3459788 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variants, C677T and A1298C, have been reported to be associated with decreased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, results derived from individually underpowered studies are conflicting. We carried out an updated meta-analysis on the association between MTHFR polymorphisms and ALL risk. Methods Relevant publications were searched through PUBMED and EMBASE databases. The associations between MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and the risk of ALL were evaluated by odds ratios (ORs). The heterogeneity and publication bias were estimated. Meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the potential sources of heterogeneity. Results C677T polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of ALL (allele contrast: ORRE = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99). Subgroup analysis showed MTHFR C677T variant was associated with decreased susceptibility to ALL in children and Caucasians. Meta-regression showed the logOR for the association between T allele and ALL increased as sex ratio (M/F) in the case group increased (P = 0.01). Regarding A1298C polymorphism, no significant association was observed (allele contrast: ORRE = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.91-1.11). There was no publication bias for C677T or A1298C polymorphism. Conclusions The present meta-analysis suggests that the C677T polymorphism, not A1298C, in MTHFR gene is associated with a decreased risk of ALL, particularly among children and Caucasians subjects. Our findings suggest that the influence of the C677T polymorphism on ALL susceptibility is modified by sex ratio in cases (M/F). Since folate intake may be a possible confounding factor, including this factor in future prospective studies is warranted. Further meta-analysis studies should be at least stratified for folate levels and gender to give more powerful and informative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Wang
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
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Zhou JY, Shi R, Yu HL, Zeng Y, Zheng WL, Ma WL. Thymidylate synthase polymorphisms and hematological cancer risk: evidence needs further clarification. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1842-4. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.666544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nazki FH, Masood A, Banday MA, Bhat A, Ganai BA. Thymidylate synthase enhancer region polymorphism not related to susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Kashmir population. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:906-17. [PMID: 22576918 DOI: 10.4238/2012.april.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a crucial enzyme in folate metabolism and plays a vital role in DNA synthesis and repair. The most common polymorphism in TS is a unique double (2R) or triple (3R) 28-bp tandem repeat sequence in the enhancer region of the TS gene (TSER). This genetic variation in TSER has been widely investigated and has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of various cancers, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It has also been found to influence sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs, such as methotrexate. We evaluated this polymorphism in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients in the Kashmir population. In order to determine whether a double (2R2R) versus a triple (3R3R) 28-bp tandem repeat in the TSER modulates risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 72 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases and 144 age and gender matched, unrelated healthy individuals from the Kashmir region of India were evaluated for this polymorphism by PCR and direct sequencing. We found the frequency of the TS 2R allele to be 32.6 and 26.0%, in cases and controls, respectively. The TS 2R/2R genotype was found to be present in 15.27% of the cases and 9.72% of the controls, the 2R/3R variant in 34.72% of the cases and 32.63% of the controls, and the 3R/3R genotype in 50.0% of the cases and 57.63% of the controls. There was a significant association between the TS 2R/2R genotype and gender of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with males harboring the 2R/2R genotype exhibiting a higher risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia than females (P = 0.009) We concluded that the TSER polymorphism appears not to be a risk factor for susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Kashmir population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Nazki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Yan J, Yin M, Dreyer ZE, Scheurer ME, Kamdar K, Wei Q, Okcu MF. A meta-analysis of MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58:513-8. [PMID: 21495160 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C polymorphisms have been implicated in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk, but previously published studies were inconsistent and recent meta-analyses were not adequate. PROCEDURES In a meta-analysis of 21 publications with 4,706 cases and 7,414 controls, we used more stringent inclusion method and summarized data on associations between MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and childhood ALL risk. RESULTS We found an overall association between 677T variant genotypes and reduced childhood ALL risk. Specifically, in the dominant genetic model, an association was found in a fixed-effect (TT + CT vs. CC: OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.85-0.99) but not random-effect model, whereas such an association was observed in both homozygote genetic model (TT vs. CC: OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.70-0.93 by fixed effects and OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.65-0.93 by random effects) and recessive genetic model (TT vs. CC + CT: OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.72-0.95 by fixed effects and OR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.73-0.97 by random effects). These associations were also observed in subgroups by ethnicity: for Asians in all models except for the dominant genetic model by random effect and for Caucasians in all models except for the recessive genetic model. However, the A1298C polymorphism did not appear to have an effect on childhood ALL risk. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the MTHFR C677T, but not A1298C, polymorphism is a potential biomarker for childhood ALL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Weng Y, Zhang J, Tang X, Xie X, Chen G. Thymidylate synthase polymorphisms and hematological cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1345-51. [PMID: 22166040 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.649477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the association of Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) polymorphisms with risk of hematological malignancies have produced conflicting results. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to define the effect of TYMS 5'-untranslated enhanced region (TSER) and 3'-untranslated region (TS3'-UTR) polymorphisms on the risk of hematological malignancies. Seventeen articles were identified as eligible in the case of TSER (2R > 3R) polymorphism (4511 cases and 6113 controls) and seven articles in the case of TS3'-UTR (1494del6) polymorphism (2721 cases and 3761 controls). The overall results suggested that either TSER or TS3'-UTR polymorphism was not associated with the risk of hematological malignancies. In stratified analyses, significantly decreased acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) risk was found in adults (2R/3R vs. 2R/2R: odds ratio [OR] = 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43-0.97), but increased ALL risk was observed in children (3R/3R vs. 2R/2R: OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.03-2.06). Increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk was found in the Caucasian population (2R/3R vs. 2R/2R: OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.10-1.56). Protective effects of the TS3'-UTR polymorphism (-6 bp/-6 bp) on hematological malignancies were found in a homozygote model and recessive model when the source of controls was stratified as hospital based. In conclusion, the TYMS TSER polymorphism may contribute to a susceptibility to risk of ALL in children and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Caucasians, but protection from ALL risk in adults. The TS3'-UTR polymorphism (-6 bp/-6 bp) may have a protective effect in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Variants of the MTHFR gene and susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: a synthesis of genetic association studies. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 36:169-76. [PMID: 22094326 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex disease with genetic background. The genetic association studies (GAS) that investigated the association between ALL and the MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene variants have produced contradictory or inconclusive results. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to decrease the uncertainty of estimated genetic risk effects, a meticulous meta-analysis of published GAS related the variants in the MTFHR gene with susceptibility to ALL was conducted. The risk effects were estimated based on the odds ratio (OR) of the allele contrast and the generalized odds ratio (OR(G)). Cumulative and recursive cumulative meta-analyses were also performed. RESULTS The analysis showed marginal significant association for the C677T variant, overall [OR=0.91 (0.82-1.00) and OR(G)=0.89 (0.79-1.01)], and in Whites [OR=0.88 (0.77-0.99) and OR(G)=0.85 (0.73-0.99)]. The A1298C variant produced non-significant results. For both variants, the cumulative meta-analysis did not show a trend of association as evidence accumulates and the recursive cumulative meta-analysis indicated lack of sufficient evidence for denying or claiming an association. CONCLUSION The current evidence is not sufficient to draw definite conclusions regarding the association of MTHFR variants and development of ALL.
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Azhar MR, Rahimi Z, Vaisi-Raygani A, Akramipour R, Madani H, Rahimi Z, Parsian A. Lack of association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Kurdish population from Western Iran. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:198-202. [PMID: 22017305 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Polymorphism in genes involved in folate metabolism may influence the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the two most common polymorphisms of the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, MTHFR C677T and A1298C, and their interaction on the susceptibility to ALL. METHODS Seventy-two children with ALL and 109 age- and sex-matched healthy children from Western Iran were screened for MTHFR C677T and A1298C variants by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS The frequencies of MTHFR 677T and 1298C alleles in patients were 29.9% and 43.1%, respectively, that were higher than those in controls (24.8% and 38.1%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis was performed and its result in the odds ratios (ORs) for possession of either MTHFR 677T or 1298C allele was found to be 1.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-5.4, p = 0.18] and 1.48 (95% CI 0.59-3.69, p = 0.4), respectively. Also the concomitant presence of both MTHFR 677T and 1298C alleles was not associated with the risk of ALL [OR = 2.12 (95% CI 0.8-5.7, p = 0.13)]. CONCLUSION Our results in a homogenous population with Kurdish ethnic background indicated that neither the MTHFR 677T allele nor the MTHFR 1298C allele is associated with increased risk of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Azhar
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Tong N, Sheng X, Wang M, Fang Y, Shi D, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk: a meta-analysis based on 28 case–control studies. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1949-60. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.589545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Rahimi Z, Ahmadian Z, Akramipour R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Parsian A. Thymidylate synthase and methionine synthase polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Kurdish population from Western Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2195-200. [PMID: 21643952 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the influence of polymorphism in thymidylate synthase (TS 28-bp repeat) and methionine synthase (MS A2756G) genes on the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 73 children with ALL and 128 age and sex matched unrelated healthy individuals from the Kermanshah Province of Iran were screened. The genotyping of TS 28-bp repeat and MS A2756G polymorphisms were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-RFLP, respectively. The frequency of TS 2R allele in patients and controls were 41.5 and 38%, respectively (Odds ratios (OR) = 1.13, 95%CI 0.73-1.74, P = 0.56). The allelic frequency of G allele of MS was higher (25%) in patients compared with healthy subjects (23%) (OR = 1.09, 95%CI 0.67-1.75, P = 0.71). Considering MS AA and TS 3R3R genotypes as reference indicated that individuals with MS GG + TS 2R2R genotypes have 1.3-fold increase in the risk of ALL (OR = 1.3, 95%CI 0.6-2.7, P = 0.5). Our results showed that neither TS 28-bp repeat nor MS A2756G polymorphisms are risk factors for susceptibility to ALL in Western Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Wang J, Zhan P, Chen B, Zhou R, Yang Y, Ouyang J. MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1596-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Vijayakrishnan J, Houlston RS. Candidate gene association studies and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Haematologica 2010; 95:1405-14. [PMID: 20511665 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2010.022095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the contribution of candidate gene association studies to the understanding of genetic susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies (January 1996-July 2009). Studies had to meet the following criteria: be case-control design, be studied by two or more studies, not be focused on HLA antigen genetic markers and be published in English. We identified 47 studies of polymorphic variation in 16 genes and acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk. To clarify the impact of individual polymorphisms on risk, pooled analyses were performed. Of the 25 polymorphic variants studied, significant associations (P<0.05) were seen in pooled analyses for eight variants: GSTM1 (OR =1.16; 95%CI: 1.04-1.30), MTRR A66G (OR=0.73, 95%CI:0.59-0.91), SHMT1 C1420T (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.65-0.98), RFC1 G80A (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.69), CYP1A1*2A (OR=1.36, 95%CI:1.11-1.66), CYP2E1*5B (OR=1.99, 95%CI:1.32-3.00) NQO1 C609T (OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.02-1.50) and XRCC1 G28152A (OR=1.78, 95%CI:1.32-2.42). These findings should, however, be interpreted with caution as the estimated false-positive report probabilities (FPRP) for each association were not noteworthy (i.e. FPRP>0.2). While candidate gene analyses are complementary to genome-wide association studies, future analyses should be based on sample sizes commensurate with the detection of small effects and attention needs to be paid to study design.
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Lv L, Wu C, Sun H, Zhu S, Yang Y, Chen X, Fu H, Bao L. Combined 677CC/1298AC genotypes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR ) reduce susceptibility to precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia in a Chinese population. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:506-12. [PMID: 20374270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) encodes a major enzyme in folate metabolism. It has been suggested that two MTHFR polymorphisms, 677C>T and 1298A>C, influence risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Most studies on relation of MTHFR polymorphisms to ALL susceptibility have been in pediatric populations because ALL is relatively rare in adults. Here, we report a case-control study of 127 Chinese patients with adult precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) to examine correlation between the MTHFR polymorphisms and B-ALL susceptibility in adults. Our data show that although the prevalence of genotype 1298CC was significantly higher in the female patients than in the controls (P = 0.04), the differences in distributions of combined genotypes of 1298CC with either 677CC or 677CT between the cases and the controls were statistically insignificant. Haplotype analysis revealed no significant difference between the cases and the controls. The prevalence for joint MTHFR genotypes 677CC/1298AC was significantly lower in the female B-ALL cases than in the controls [odds ratio (OR) = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.00-0.53, P = 0.0033] and no differences among the men [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.20-2.53, P = 0.55], suggesting that protective effects of combined MTHFR 677CC/1298AC genotypes on susceptibility of adult B-ALL are gender bias toward women with 677CC/1298AC women being at a 17-fold reduced odds to develop B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lv
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Epidemiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Tong N, Fang Y, Li J, Wang M, Lu Q, Wang S, Tian Y, Rong L, Sun J, Xu J, Zhang Z. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms, serum methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase levels, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a Chinese population. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:782-6. [PMID: 20002681 PMCID: PMC11159816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), involved in DNA methylation and nucleotide synthesis, is thought to be associated with a decreased risk of adult and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Accumulating evidence has indicated that two common genetic variants, C677T and A1298C, are associated with cancer risk. We hypothesized that these two variants were associated with childhood ALL susceptibility and influence serum MTHFR levels. We genotyped these two polymorphisms and detected MTHFR levels in a case-control study of 361 cases and 508 controls. Compared with the 677CC and 677CC/CT genotypes, the 677TT genotype was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk of childhood ALL (odds ratio = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.32-0.88, and odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = 0.35-0.88, respectively). In addition, a pronounced reduced risk of ALL was observed among low-risk ALL and B-phenotype ALL. Moreover, the mean serum MTHFR level was 8.01 ng/mL (+/-4.38) in cases and 9.27 ng/mL (+/-4.80) in controls (P < 0.001). MTHFR levels in subjects with 677TT genotype was significantly higher than those with 677CC genotype (P = 0.010) or 677CT genotype (P = 0.043) in controls. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that the MTHFR polymorphisms might contribute to reduced childhood ALL risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tong
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Cancer Center of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Koppen IJN, Hermans FJR, Kaspers GJL. Folate related gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to develop childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:3-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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C677T and A1298C MTHFR polymorphisms, a challenge for antifolate and fluoropyrimidine-based therapy personalisation. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1333-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Hartford CM, Dolan ME. Identifying genetic variants that contribute to chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:1159-68. [PMID: 17924831 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.9.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients treated with anticancer chemotherapy exhibit variation, both in terms of tumor response and the incidence and severity of adverse effects. The etiology of this variation is multifactorial with genetic factors likely contributing to a significant extent. Pharmacogenetic and genomic studies can be used to identify the genetic variants that contribute to interindividual variation in susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. This review will describe candidate and whole-genome approaches, describe the advantages and disadvantages of each, and illustrate how they can be used to obtain clinically relevant information. Specific emphasis is given to recent advances emerging from the International HapMap Project and to the development of genetic signatures, as opposed to expression signatures, to explain drug sensitivity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Hartford
- University of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Box MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Magnifying endoscopic observation of the gastric mucosa, particularly in patients with atrophic gastritis. Endoscopy 1979. [PMID: 738222 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.559672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The gastric mucosal surface was observed using the magnifying fibergastroscope (FGS-ML), and the fine gastric mucosal patterns, which were even smaller than one unit of gastric area, were examined at a magnification of about 30. For simplicification, we classified these patterns by magnifying endoscopy in the following ways; FP, FIP, FSP, SP and MP, modifying Yoshii's classification under the dissecting microscope. The FIP, which was found to have round and long elliptical gastric pits, is a new addition to our endoscopic classification. The relationship between the FIP and the intermediate zone was evaluated by superficial and histological studies of surgical and biopsy specimens. The width of the band of FIP seems to be related to the severity of atrophic gastritis. Also, the transformation of FP to FIP was assessed by comparing specimens taken from the resected and residual parts of the stomach, respectively. Moreover, it appears that severe gastritis occurs in the gastric mucosa which shows a FIP. Therefore, we consider that the FIP indicates the position of the atrophic border.
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