1
|
Pharmacological Aspects of Over-the-Counter Opioid Drugs Misuse. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173905. [PMID: 32867117 PMCID: PMC7504308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are known to be misused. Among them are opioids such as codeine, dihydrocodeine, and loperamide. This work elucidates their pharmacology, interactions, safety profiles, and how pharmacology is being manipulated to misuse these common medications, with the aim to expand on the subject outlined by the authors focusing on abuse prevention and prevalence rates. The reviewed literature was identified in several online databases through searches conducted with phrases created by combining the international non-proprietary names of the drugs with terms related to drug misuse. The results show that OTC opioids are misused as an alternative for illicit narcotics, or prescription-only opioids. The potency of codeine and loperamide is strongly dependent on the individual enzymatic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, as well as P-glycoprotein function. Codeine can also be utilized as a substrate for clandestine syntheses of more potent drugs of abuse, namely desomorphine (“Krokodil”), and morphine. The dangerous methods used to prepare these substances can result in poisoning from toxic chemicals and impurities originating from the synthesis procedure. OTC opioids are generally safe when consumed in accordance with medical guidelines. However, the intake of supratherapeutic amounts of these substances may reveal surprising traits of common medications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Venlafaxine prevents morphine antinociceptive tolerance: The role of neuroinflammation and the l -arginine-nitric oxide pathway. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
3
|
Antinociceptive effect and mechanism of action of isatin, N-methyl isatin and oxopropyl isatin in mice. Life Sci 2016; 151:189-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
López-Bellido R, Barreto-Valer K, Sánchez-Simón FM, Rodríguez RE. Cocaine modulates the expression of opioid receptors and miR-let-7d in zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50885. [PMID: 23226419 PMCID: PMC3511421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to cocaine, in mammals, has been shown to interfere with the expression of opioid receptors, which can have repercussions in its activity. Likewise, microRNAs, such as let-7, have been shown to regulate the expression of opioid receptors and hence their functions in mammals and in vitro experiments. In light of this, using the zebrafish embryos as a model our aim here was to evaluate the actions of cocaine in the expression of opioid receptors and let-7d miRNA during embryogenesis. In order to determine the effects produced by cocaine on the opioid receptors (zfmor, zfdor1 and zfdor2) and let-7d miRNA (dre-let-7d) and its precursors (dre-let-7d-1 and dre-let-7d-2), embryos were exposed to 1.5 µM cocaine hydrochloride (HCl). Our results revealed that cocaine upregulated dre-let-7d and its precursors, and also increased the expression of zfmor, zfdor1 and zfdor2 during early developmental stages and decreased them in late embryonic stages. The changes observed in the expression of opioid receptors might occur through dre-let-7d, since DNA sequences and the morpholinos of opioid receptors microinjections altered the expression of dre-let-7d and its precursors. Likewise, opioid receptors and dre-let-7d showed similar distributions in the central nervous system (CNS) and at the periphery, pointing to a possible interrelationship between them.In conclusion, the silencing and overexpression of opioid receptors altered the expression of dre-let-7d, which points to the notion that cocaine via dre-let-7 can modulate the expression of opioid receptors. Our study provides new insights into the actions of cocaine during zebrafish embryogenesis, indicating a role of miRNAs, let-7d, in development and its relationship with gene expression of opioid receptors, related to pain and addiction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger López-Bellido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Katherine Barreto-Valer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fátima Macho Sánchez-Simón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel E. Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Polanco MJ, Alguacil LF, González-Martín C. Pro-apoptotic properties of morphine in neuroblastoma × glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells: modulation by yohimbine. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 34:19-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María José Polanco
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Universidad San Pablo CEU. Campus Montepríncipe; 28668 Boadilla Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Fernando Alguacil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Universidad San Pablo CEU. Campus Montepríncipe; 28668 Boadilla Madrid Spain
- Translational Research Unit; Hospital General Universitario Ciudad Real; 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Carmen González-Martín
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Universidad San Pablo CEU. Campus Montepríncipe; 28668 Boadilla Madrid Spain
- Translational Research Unit; Hospital General Universitario Ciudad Real; 13005 Ciudad Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao J, Xin X, Xie GX, Palmer PP, Huang YG. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the age-dependency of opioid analgesia and tolerance. Mol Pain 2012; 8:38. [PMID: 22612909 PMCID: PMC3517334 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The age-dependency of opioid analgesia and tolerance has been noticed in both clinical observation and laboratory studies. Evidence shows that many molecular and cellular events that play essential roles in opioid analgesia and tolerance are actually age-dependent. For example, the expression and functions of endogenous opioid peptides, multiple types of opioid receptors, G protein subunits that couple to opioid receptors, and regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) change with development and age. Other signaling systems that are critical to opioid tolerance development, such as N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, also undergo age-related changes. It is plausible that the age-dependent expression and functions of molecules within and related to the opioid signaling pathways, as well as age-dependent cellular activity such as agonist-induced opioid receptor internalization and desensitization, eventually lead to significant age-dependent changes in opioid analgesia and tolerance development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou Q, Carlsson A, Hallberg M, Nyberg F. Substance P N-terminal fragment SP(1-7) attenuates chronic morphine tolerance and affects dynorphin B and nociceptin in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1661-5. [PMID: 21763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal substance P fragment SP(1-7) is known to modulate hyperalgesia and opioid withdrawal in animal models. This study examined the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of SP(1-7) on chronic morphine tolerance and on the levels of dynorphin B (DYN B) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) in various brain areas of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Morphine tolerance was induced by subcutaneous injections of the opioid (10mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days. SP(1-7) injected i.p. (185 nmol/kg) 30 min prior to morphine reduced the development of morphine tolerance. Immunoreactive (ir) DYN B and N/OFQ peptide levels were measured in several areas of the central nervous system. Levels of ir DYN B in rats treated with SP(1-7) and morphine were decreased in the nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and increased in the frontal cortex. The ir N/OFQ levels were increased in the periaqueductal gray and decreased in the nucleus accumbens. Since the concentration profiles of the two peptides were altered by SP(1-7) in the areas that are implicated in the modulation of opioid tolerance and analgesia, it is suggested that DYN B and N/OFQ systems may be involved in the effects of SP(1-7) on opioid tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Uppsala University, P.O. 591, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vasileiou I, Giaginis C, Klonaris C, Theocharis S. Insight into pain-inducing and -related gene expression: a challenge for development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 25:48-62. [PMID: 20070377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The multidimensional issue of pain in relation to the need for efficient treatment has been the focus of extensive research. Gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms of pain and identifying specific genes and proteins as possible drug targets is strongly required considering that not all patients can be adequately treated with the currently available drugs. This up-to-date review aimed to summarize the findings of recent proteomic and genomic approaches in different types of pain to comment on their potential role in pain signaling pathways and to evaluate their possible contribution to the development of novel and possibly more targeted pain therapeutic strategies. Although pain treatment strategies have been greatly improved during the past century, no ideal targeted pain treatment has been developed. The development of modern and accurate platforms of technology for the study of genetics and physiology of pain has led to the identification of an increased number of altered genes and proteins that are involved in pain-related pathways. Through genomics and proteomics, pain-related genes and proteins, respectively, may be identified as diagnostic markers or drug targets improving therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, such molecular mediators of pain may reveal novel strategies for individualized pain management. The utilization of unique experimental approaches (through specific animal models) as well as powered genetic association studies conducted on appropriate populations is more than essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vasileiou
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anti-morphine antibody contributes to the development of morphine tolerance in rats. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:196-200. [PMID: 20561567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine develops after a prolonged exposure, but its mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined whether anti-morphine antibody produced by chronic morphine exposure would contribute to the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance in rats. Our results showed that anti-morphine antibody was present in rats rendered tolerance to antinociception after intrathecal morphine exposure for seven consecutive days. Superfusion of anti-morphine antibody onto spinal cord slice dose-dependently produced an inward excitatory current in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, which surpassed morphine-induced outward inhibiting current. Co-administration of morphine with a monoclonal antibody (2.4G(2)) against Fc receptors for seven days significantly attenuated the production of anti-morphine antibody as well as the behavioral manifestation of morphine tolerance in same rats. These results indicate that anti-morphine antibody produced by morphine exposure may contribute to the development of morphine tolerance possibly through counteracting the inhibitory morphine effect on spinal cord dorsal horn neurons.
Collapse
|
10
|
Vissers K, Besse K, Hans G, Devulder J, Morlion B. Opioid Rotation in the Management of Chronic Pain: Where Is the Evidence? Pain Pract 2010; 10:85-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2009.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
11
|
Mannelli P, Patkar A, Rozen S, Matson W, Krishnan R, Kaddurah- Daouk R. Opioid use affects antioxidant activity and purine metabolism: preliminary results. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:666-75. [PMID: 19760630 PMCID: PMC3183957 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More must be learned about metabolic and biochemical alterations that contribute to the development and expression of drug dependence. Experimental opioid administration influences mechanisms and indices of oxidative stress, such as antioxidant compounds and purine metabolism. We examined perturbations of neurotransmitter-related pathways in opioid dependence (OD). METHODS In this preliminary study, we used a targeted metabolomics platform to explore whether biochemical changes were associated with OD by comparing OD individuals (n = 14) and non-drug users (n = 10). RESULTS OD patients undergoing short-term methadone detoxification showed altered oxidation-reduction activity, as confirmed by higher plasma levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and increased GSH/GSSG ratio. OD individuals had also altered purine metabolism, showing increased concentration of guanine and xanthosine, with decreased guanosine, hypoxanthine and hypoxanthine/xanthine and xanthine/xanthosine ratios. Other drug use in addition to opioids was associated with partly different biochemical changes. CONCLUSIONS This is a preliminary investigation using metabolomics and showing multiple peripheral alterations of metabolic pathways in OD. Further studies should explore the metabolic profile of conditions of opioid abuse, withdrawal and long-term abstinence in relation to agonist and antagonist treatment and investigate biochemical signatures of opioid substances and medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mannelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2218 Elder Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Ashwin Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve Rozen
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wayne Matson
- Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ranga Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rima Kaddurah- Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence to: R. K. Daouk, Center for Pharmacometabolomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Tel: 919-684-2611. Fax: (919) 681-7668.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jafarzadeh Z, Fathollahi Y, Semnanian S, Omrani A, Salmanzadeh F, Salmani ME. Morphine dependence increases the response to a brief pentylenetetrazol administration in rat hippocampal CA1 in vitro. Epilepsia 2009; 50:789-800. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Xiao H, Zhai DX, Yan BB, Wang JH, Xu WS, Wang GY, Bai SS, Kong QF, Sun B, Wang DD, Jin DJ, Li HL. A role for the parafascicular thalamic nucleus in the development of morphine dependence and withdrawal. Brain Res 2009; 1271:74-82. [PMID: 19332040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The parafascicular thalamic nucleus (nPf) is a critical relay in the ascending system that mediates motor control in the central nervous system (CNS). Yet, little is known about whether or not the nPf is involved in the development of morphine dependence and withdrawal. In the present study, kainic acid was used to chemically destroy the nPf in Wistar rats, and morphine dependence and withdrawal models were established. Morphine withdrawal symptoms score was evaluated in each group. An electrophysiological method was used to measure the changes in spontaneous discharge of nPf neurons. mu-Opioid receptor (MOR) mRNA level in nPf was detected using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The ultrastructural alterations were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that the bilateral lesion of nPf had a marked influence on the development of morphine dependence and withdrawal. In order to address the mechanisms underlying, we found: (1) the average frequency and sum of nPf neurons that exhibited spontaneous discharge were increased in the morphine withdrawal group in comparison with the sham model group (P<0.05); (2) MOR mRNA level in the nPf of the morphine dependence group was decreased in comparison with that of the sham model group (1.45+/-0.38 vs. 5.37+/-0.94, P<0.01). In the morphine withdrawal group, which underwent 40 h withdrawal, the MOR mRNA level was higher than that in the morphine dependence group (2.97+/-0.73 vs. 1.45+/-0.38, P<0.05) but still lower than that in the sham model group (P<0.05); (3) the ultrastructural injuries of nPf neurons, which were in the nucleus, organelles and neuropil, were marked in the morphine dependent and withdrawal groups. Our study indicated that nPf played an important role in the development of morphine dependence and withdrawal. The results suggest that nPf may become a therapeutic target for treating morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Clinic College of Harbin Medical University, 150081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsushita Y, Ueda H. Curcumin blocks chronic morphine analgesic tolerance and brain-derived neurotrophic factor upregulation. Neuroreport 2009; 20:63-8. [PMID: 19033880 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328314decb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out based on the assumption that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may counterbalance the action of morphine in the brain. Morphine analgesic tolerance after daily administrations for six days was blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of anti-BDNF IgG on day 5, but not by administrations on days 1-4. Chronic morphine treatment significantly increased the expression of exon I and IV BDNF transcripts, indicating differential regulation of BDNF gene expression. Daily administration of the CREB-binding protein inhibitor curcumin abolished the upregulation of BDNF transcription and morphine analgesic tolerance. These results suggest that curcumin might be a promising adjuvant to reduce morphine analgesic tolerance, and that epigenetic control could be a new strategy useful for the control of this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsushita
- aDivision of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chronic morphine application is protective against cell death in primary human neurons. Neuroreport 2008; 19:1745-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283186fd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
16
|
Yan Zhang, Qiuyue Chen, Yu LC. Morphine: A Protective or Destructive Role in Neurons? Neuroscientist 2008; 14:561-570. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858408314434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Morphine has received intensive research interest for a long time. However, until recently, the protective versus destructive roles of morphine in the neuronal system have not been studied. There is evidence suggesting that morphine induces apoptotic cell death in neuronal and glial cells, whereas controversial studies support a neuroprotective role for morphine. The exact mechanisms for both protective and destructive pathways are not clear and are still under investigation. Improved understanding of morphine neuroprotection and neurotoxicity will be helpful to control morphine side effects in medical applications and to identify new targets for potential therapies and prevention strategies to opioid addiction. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(6):561-570, 2008. DOI:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China,
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Chuan Yu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ross GR, Gabra BH, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Morphine tolerance in the mouse ileum and colon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:561-72. [PMID: 18682567 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated administration of morphine is associated with tolerance to its antinociceptive properties. However, constipation remains the major side effect of chronic exposure to morphine. In contrast, previous studies suggest that tolerance to opioids develops in the ileum of several species. In this study, we provide evidence that constipation may arise due to a lack of tolerance development to morphine in the colon. Mice received implants with either placebo or 75 mg of morphine pellets, and they were examined for morphine tolerance to antinociception, defecation, and intestinal and colonic transit after 72 h. Tissues were obtained from the ileum and distal colon, and contractile responses were measured from longitudinal and circular muscle preparations. In morphine-pelleted mice, a 5.5-fold tolerance developed to antinociception after 72 h, and a 53.2-fold tolerance developed in mice that received an additional daily morphine injection. In both models, intestinal transit but not defecation or colonic transit developed tolerance. In isolated longitudinal muscles, electrical field stimulation-induced cholinergic contractions were dose-dependently inhibited by morphine in both the ileum and colon of placebo pelleted with a pD(2) of 7.1 +/- 0.4 and 7.8 +/- 0.4, respectively. However, the dose response to morphine inhibition was shifted to the right for the ileum from morphine-pelleted mice (pD(2) = 5.1 +/- 0.4) but not the colon (pD(2) = 6.9 +/- 0.4). In circular muscle preparations, morphine induced atropine-insensitive contractions in both tissue segments. Tolerance to morphine developed in the ileum but not the colon upon repeated administration of morphine. These findings indicate that a lack of tolerance development in the colon is the basis for opioid bowel dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gracious R Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prolonged morphine application modulates Bax and Hsp70 levels in primary rat neurons. Neurosci Lett 2008; 441:311-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Kobeissy FH, Sadasivan S, Liu J, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Psychiatric research: psychoproteomics, degradomics and systems biology. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:293-314. [PMID: 18466058 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While proteomics has excelled in several disciplines in biology (cancer, injury and aging), neuroscience and psychiatryproteomic studies are still in their infancy. Several proteomic studies have been conducted in different areas of psychiatric disorders, including drug abuse (morphine, alcohol and methamphetamine) and other psychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia and psychosis). However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these conditions have not been fully investigated. Thus, one of the primary objectives of this review is to discuss psychoproteomic application in the area of psychiatric disorders, with special focus on substance- and drug-abuse research. In addition, we illustrate the potential role of degradomic utility in the area of psychiatric research and its application in establishing and identifying biomarkers relevant to neurotoxicity as a consequence of drug abuse. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of systems biology and its current use in the field of neuroscience and its integral role in establishing a comprehensive understanding of specific brain disorders and brain function in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firas H Kobeissy
- McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Darnell CM, Thompson J, Stromberg D, Roy L, Sheeran P. Effect of low-dose naloxone infusion on fentanyl requirements in critically ill children. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1363-71. [PMID: 18411237 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sedating critically ill patients often involves prolonged opioid infusions causing opioid tolerance. Naloxone has been hypothesized to limit opioid tolerance by decreasing adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation. The study purpose was to investigate the effect of low-dose naloxone on the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose in critically ill children. METHODS We conducted a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-control trial from December 2002 through July 2004 in a university PICU. We enrolled 82 children age 1 day to 18 years requiring mechanical ventilation and fentanyl infusions anticipated to last for >4 days were eligible for enrollment. Those receiving additional oral analgesia or sedation, having a history of drug dependence or withdrawal, or having significant neurologic, renal, or hepatic disease were excluded. In addition to fentanyl infusions, patients received low-dose naloxone or placebo infusions. Medications were adjusted using the Modified Motor Activity Assessment Scale. Withdrawal was monitored using the Modified Narcotic Withdrawal Scale. Intervention was a low-dose naloxone infusion (0.25 microg/kg per hour) and the main outcome variable was the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose (micrograms per kilogram per day). RESULTS There was no difference in the maximum cumulative daily fentanyl dose between patients treated with naloxone (N = 37) or those receiving placebo (N = 35). Adjustment for the starting fentanyl dose also failed to reveal group differences. Total fentanyl dose received throughout the study in the naloxone group (360 microg/kg) versus placebo (223 microg/kg) was not statistically different. Placebo patients trended toward fewer rescue midazolam boluses (10.7 vs 17.8), lower total midazolam dose (11.6 mg/kg vs 23.9 mg/kg), and fewer rescue fentanyl boluses (18.5 vs 23.9). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that administration of low-dose naloxone (0.25 microg/kg per hour) does not decrease fentanyl requirements in critically ill, mechanically ventilated children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Maria Darnell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shui HA, Ho ST, Wang JJ, Wu CC, Lin CH, Tao YX, Liaw WJ. Proteomic analysis of spinal protein expression in rats exposed to repeated intrathecal morphine injection. Proteomics 2007; 7:796-803. [PMID: 17295356 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Repeated administration of morphine for treating severe chronic pain may lead to neuroadaptive changes in the spinal cord that are thought to underlie molecular mechanisms of the development of morphine tolerance and physical dependence. Here, we employed a 2-D gel-based proteomic technique to detect the global changes of the spinal cord protein expression in rats that had developed morphine tolerance. Morphine tolerance at the spinal cord level was induced by repeated intrathecal injections of morphine (20 microg/10 microL) twice daily for 5 days and evaluated by measurements of paw withdrawal latencies and maximal possible analgesic effect at day 5. After behavioral tests, the lumbar enlargement segments of spinal cord were harvested and proteins resolved by 2-DE. We found that eight proteins were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in spinal cord after morphine tolerance development, including proteins involved in targeting and trafficking of the glutamate receptors and opioid receptors, proteins involved in oxidative stress, and cytoskeletal proteins, some of which were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Morphine-induced expressional changes of these proteins in the spinal cord might be involved in the central mechanisms that underlie the development of morphine tolerance. It is very likely that these identified proteins may serve as potential molecular targets for prevention of the development of morphine tolerance and physical dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marinho BG, Miranda LSM, Gomes NM, Matheus ME, Leitão SG, Vasconcellos MLAA, Fernandes PD. Antinociceptive action of (±)-cis-(6-ethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-formic acid in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 550:47-53. [PMID: 17030031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate spinal and supraspinal antinociceptive effects of a new synthetic compound, (+/-)-cis-(6-ethyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-formic acid (tetrahydropyran derivative). Its activity was compared with those from morphine. In peripheral models of inflammation and hyperalgesia, tetrahydropyran derivative significantly reduced nociceptive effect induced by acetic acid or formalin in mice. Tetrahydropyran derivative developed antinociceptive effect on the tail-flick and hot-plate tests with a long-acting curve maintaining the effect for 4 h longer than morphine. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone totally reverted tetrahydropyran derivative effects on both models. Morphine as well as tetrahydropyran derivative induced tolerance and sedation in mice. However, tetrahydropyran derivative-induced tolerance had its onset retarded and the sedative activity was lower when compared to that induced by morphine. These results indicate that this new substance develops an antinociceptive activity and may be used in the future as a substitute for traditional opioids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Marinho
- Departamento de Farmacologia Básica e Clínica/ICB, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 68016, 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yoo JH, Yang EM, Cho JH, Lee JH, Jeong SM, Nah SY, Kim HC, Kim KW, Kim SH, Lee SY, Jang CG. Inhibitory effects of berberine against morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance in mice. Neuroscience 2006; 142:953-61. [PMID: 16934942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2005] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a methanolic extract of Coptis japonica, which is a well-known traditional oriental medicine, inhibits morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. Berberine is a major component of Coptis japonica extract, and it has been established that the adverse effects of morphine on the brain involve dopamine (DA) receptors. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the inhibitory effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance in mice. Here, we investigated the effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and on the development of analgesic tolerance. Furthermore, we examined the effects of berberine treatment on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Berberine was found to completely block both morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance, and reduce D(1) and NMDA receptor bindings in the cortex. Moreover, berberine markedly inhibited NMDA current in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing NMDA receptor subunits. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effects of berberine on morphine-induced locomotor sensitization and analgesic tolerance are closely related to the modulation of D1 and NMDA receptors, and that berberine should be viewed as a potential novel means of attenuating morphine-induced sensitization and analgesic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-H Yoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li HY, Li DX, Yan X, Peng SY, Cui L, Cao JM. Effects of orphanin FQ on colonic motility of rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1377-1381. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i14.1377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of ORL1 (opioid receptor-like 1) receptor in the colon movement.
METHODS: The test for tension of colonic muscle strips in vitro and the colonic myoelectrical activity in vivo as well as the charcoal suspension pushing test were performed to evaluate the effect of orphanin FQ (OFQ) on the motility of colon.
RESULTS: NOFQ (1-1000 nmol/L) caused an immediate tonic contraction in the isolated colon in a concentration-dependent manner. In anesthetized rats, intravenous administration of OFQ (1 mg/kg) caused phasic contractions in the proximal colon (t = 2.41, P = 0.02), and this contraction was not inhibited by classical opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. Subcutaneous administration of OFQ (3 nmol/kg) accelerated the colonic transit of charcoal suspension in vivo (48.0 ± 1.24 vs 43.5 ± 2.63, t = -4.5, P = 0.008).
CONCLUSION: OFQ is a brain-gut peptide and plays a role in the modulation of gastrointestinal functions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Takayama N, Ueda H. Morphine-induced overexpression of prepro-nociceptin/orphanin FQ in cultured astrocytes. Peptides 2005; 26:2513-7. [PMID: 15990199 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 05/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of morphine on the gene expression of prepro-nociceptin/orphanin FQ (ppN/OFQ) in various primary cultured brain cells from embryonic day 17, rats were studied by use of real-time RT-PCR method. The basal level of ppN/OFQ mRNA in terms of ratio to the beta-actin in astrocytes was equivalent to that in neurons, but 10-times higher than that in microglia. The addition of 1 microM morphine significantly enhanced the ppN/OFQ mRNA levels in cultured astrocytes, but not neurons or microglia. The enhancement was observed as early as 1h after the addition of morphine, reached maximum at 6h. There was a concentration-dependency between 30 nM to 1 microM. The morphine-induced enhancement was abolished by naloxone, an antagonist of mu opioid peptide receptor (MOP), wortmannin, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, and PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, but not by 1,10-phenanthroline, a metalloprotease inhibitor and U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. These profiles contrast to the data with morphine-induced enhancement of brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) gene expression in microglia, where 1,10-phenanthroline abolished the expression. Furthermore, the ELISA analysis revealed that the immunoreactive ppN/OFQ or N/OFQ level was also increased by morphine. The present findings suggest that astrocytes could play roles in the neuronal plasticity during morphine chronic treatments by enhancing gene expression of anti-opioid peptide, N/OFQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takayama
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laurent P, Becker JAJ, Valverde O, Ledent C, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Schiffmann SN, Maldonado R, Vassart G, Parmentier M. The prolactin-releasing peptide antagonizes the opioid system through its receptor GPR10. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:1735-41. [PMID: 16299503 DOI: 10.1038/nn1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and its receptor G protein-coupled receptor 10 (GPR10) are expressed in brain areas involved in the processing of nociceptive signals. We investigated the role of this new neuropeptidergic system in GPR10-knockout mice. These mice had higher nociceptive thresholds and stronger stress-induced analgesia than wild-type mice, differences that were suppressed by naloxone treatment. In addition, potentiation of morphine-induced antinociception and reduction of morphine tolerance were observed in mutants. Intracerebroventricular administration of PrRP in wild-type mice promoted hyperalgesia and reversed morphine-induced antinociception. PrRP administration had no effect on GPR10-mutant mice, showing that its effects are mediated by GPR10. Anti-opioid effects of neuropeptide FF were found to require a functional PrRP-GPR10 system. Finally, GPR10 deficiency enhanced the acquisition of morphine-induced conditioned place preference and decreased the severity of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome. Altogether, our data identify the PrRP-GPR10 system as a new and potent negative modulator of the opioid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Laurent
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (I.R.I.B.H.M.), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Starowicz K, Obara I, Przewłocki R, Przewlocka B. Inhibition of morphine tolerance by spinal melanocortin receptor blockade. Pain 2005; 117:401-411. [PMID: 16153779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic use of morphine is accompanied by the development of morphine tolerance, which is one of the major problems associated with opiate treatment. Possible modulation of opioid effects by melanocortin receptor ligands has been recently demonstrated. Therefore, we investigated the influence of repeated intrathecal injection of a melanocortin receptor antagonist (SHU9119, JKC-363) on the development of morphine tolerance as measured by tail-flick test. It was also examined whether a single i.t. SHU9119 and JKC-363 administration could counteract the loss of analgesic potency of morphine in morphine tolerant rats. We examined also the influence of chronic morphine administration on mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4-R) mRNAs in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during morphine tolerance. Morphine treatment (10mg/kg, i.p. twice daily) over 8 days induced tolerance as reflected by a significant reduction of withdrawal latency from 181 to 25% above baseline in the tail-flick test. Repeated co-administration of morphine and SHU9119 or JKC-363, significantly prevented the development of morphine tolerance. A single administration of an MC4-R antagonist restored morphine analgesic potency in morphine tolerant rats. Using RT-PCR we demonstrated no changes in the spinal cord but there was a decrease in MOR and increase in MC4-R gene expression in the DRG of rats tolerant to morphine. These results suggest that MC4-R may be involved in the mechanisms of opioid tolerance and antagonists of this receptor may be a possible new target in the search for strategies preventing the development of opioid tolerance.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Area Under Curve
- Behavior, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Interactions
- Drug Tolerance/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Male
- Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/pharmacology
- Morphine/adverse effects
- Pain Measurement/drug effects
- Pain Measurement/instrumentation
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reaction Time/drug effects
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Melanocortin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Time Factors
- beta-MSH/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starowicz
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna str, 31-343 Cracow, Poland Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena str, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Takayama N, Ueda H. Morphine-induced chemotaxis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in microglia. J Neurosci 2005; 25:430-5. [PMID: 15647486 PMCID: PMC6725491 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3170-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of morphine at 1 mum induced morphological changes of cultured microglia such that they changed from having globular or bipolar rod-like shapes to being flat and lamellipodial, with membrane ruffling at the edge, which was stained with phalloidin. The membrane ruffling was clearly colocalized with Rac. Morphine also induced chemotaxis in Boyden chamber analysis at concentrations of 1 mum or more in microglia and the microglial cell line EOC 2. All of these changes were abolishable by naloxone, antisense oligodeoxynucleotide for mu-opioid receptor (MOR), pertussis toxin (PTx), and wortmannin, but not genistein or 1,10-phenanthroline. The addition of morphine to microglia stimulated the gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as early as the 1 hr point, and this lasted for >12 hr. Morphine induced BDNF gene expression and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) phosphorylation, and these were abolishable by naloxone, wortmannin, PD98059, genistein, and 1,10-phenanthroline. The addition of conditioned medium derived from the culture of morphine-treated microglia also increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. All of these findings suggest that morphine induces significant changes in both morphology and gene expression at relatively high concentrations, but the underlying signaling pathways downstream of MOR and G(i/o) appear to be different from each other. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma activation and Rac activation are involved in chemotaxis, whereas indirect pathways through ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by unknown growth factors generated through an MOR-mediated metalloprotease activation are linked to the enhanced BDNF gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takayama
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wei J, Shao X, Gong M, Zhu B, Cui Y, Gao Y, Wang R. Structure–activity relationships of novel endomorphin-2 analogues with N–O turns induced by α-aminoxy acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2986-9. [PMID: 15984054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2, EM-2) is a putative endogenous mu-opioid receptor ligand. To study the structure-activity relationship against its receptor, we introduced N-O turns into EM-2 and got the analogues with potent affinities for mu-opioid receptor. Our results indicated that N-O turn structures at the Pro2-aminoxy-Phe3 position of EM-2 analogues played important roles for their affinities. These novel analogues with N-O turns provided a new approach to develop potent analgesics related to EM-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In this article we review recent advances in our understanding of the crucial role of the Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins in opioid signaling mechanisms and opioid tolerance development. Opioids exert their physiologic effects via complex G protein-coupled receptor-signaling mechanisms, and RGS proteins are now known to tightly regulate the G protein signaling cycle. RGS proteins contain GTPase-accelerating protein activity within their characteristic RGS domain and various other receptor signaling-related properties of their other functional domains. There have been more than 20 RGS proteins reported in the literature, and multiple RGS proteins have been shown to negatively regulate G protein-mediated opioid signaling, facilitate opioid receptor desensitization and internalization, and affect the rate at which opioid tolerance develops. Using RGS proteins as targets for future drug therapy aimed at modulating opioid effectiveness in both acute and chronic pain settings may be an important advance in the treatment of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xi Xie
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
This paper is the 26th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2003 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology, Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cardillo G, Gentilucci L, Tolomelli A, Spinosa R, Calienni M, Qasem AR, Spampinato S. Synthesis and evaluation of the affinity toward mu-opioid receptors of atypical, lipophilic ligands based on the sequence c[-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-Gly-]. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5198-203. [PMID: 15456262 DOI: 10.1021/jm0498811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An ultimate and general model describing the interaction between opioid ligands and mu-opioid receptors is not available yet, so the mode of action of atypical peptide analogues or peptidomimetics is worthy of investigation. In this context, the peptide c[-Tyr-d-Pro-d-Trp-Phe-Gly-] was observed to act as an agonist toward mu-opioid receptors with appreciable potency, albeit deprived of a protonable nitrogen. This compound was synthesized as a member of a library of diastereo- or enantiomeric cyclic peptides based on the sequence of endomorphin-1, aiming to obtain lipophilic peptide ligands active at the mu-opioid receptors, having good performances in terms of resistance to enzymatic degradation and permeation of biological barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cardillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician and CSFM, via Selmi 2, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kloke M. Gaps and junctions between clinical experience and theoretical framework in the use of opioids. Support Care Cancer 2004; 12:749-51. [PMID: 15480811 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-004-0711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
34
|
N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2177-2180. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|