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Ciaffaglione V, Rizzarelli E. Carnosine, Zinc and Copper: A Menage a Trois in Bone and Cartilage Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16209. [PMID: 38003398 PMCID: PMC10671046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated metal homeostasis is associated with many pathological conditions, including arthritic diseases. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the two most prevalent disorders that damage the joints and lead to cartilage and bone destruction. Recent studies show that the levels of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are generally altered in the serum of arthritis patients. Therefore, metal dyshomeostasis may reflect the contribution of these trace elements to the disease's pathogenesis and manifestations, suggesting their potential for prognosis and treatment. Carnosine (Car) also emerged as a biomarker in arthritis and exerts protective and osteogenic effects in arthritic joints. Notably, its zinc(II) complex, polaprezinc, has been recently proposed as a drug-repurposing candidate for bone fracture healing. On these bases, this review article aims to provide an overview of the beneficial roles of Cu and Zn in bone and cartilage health and their potential application in tissue engineering. The effects of Car and polaprezinc in promoting cartilage and bone regeneration are also discussed. We hypothesize that polaprezinc could exchange Zn for Cu, present in the culture media, due to its higher sequestering ability towards Cu. However, future studies should unveil the potential contribution of Cu in the beneficial effects of polaprezinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ciaffaglione
- Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research (CNR), P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Crystallography, National Council of Research (CNR), P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Nakayama Y, Tabe S, Yamaguchi A, Tsuruya Y, Kobayashi R, Oyama K, Kitano D, Kojima K, Kogawa R, Okumura Y, Ogihara J, Senpuku H, Ogata Y. Identification of Nutritional Factors to Evaluate Periodontal Clinical Parameters in Patients with Systemic Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020365. [PMID: 36678235 PMCID: PMC9866370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional factors reflect the periodontal parameters accompanying periodontal status. In this study, the associations between nutritional factors, blood biochemical items, and clinical parameters were examined in patients with systemic diseases. The study participants were 94 patients with heart disease, dyslipidemia, kidney disease, or diabetes mellitus. Weak negative correlation coefficients were found between nine clinical parameters and ten nutritional factors. Stage, grade, mean probing depth (PD), rate of PD 4−5 mm, rate of PD ≥ 6 mm, mean clinical attachment level (CAL), and the bleeding on probing (BOP) rate were weakly correlated with various nutritional factors. The clinical parameters with coefficients of determinations (R2) > 0.1 were grade, number of teeth, PD, rate of PD 4−5 mm, CAL, and BOP rate. PD was explained by yogurt and cabbage with statistically significant standardized partial regression coefficients (yogurt: −0.2143; cabbage and napa cabbage: −0.2724). The mean CAL was explained by pork, beef, mutton, and dark green vegetables with statistically significant standardized partial regression coefficients (−0.2237 for pork, beef, and mutton; −0.2667 for dark green vegetables). These results raise the possibility that the frequency of intake of various vegetables can be used to evaluate periodontal stabilization in patients with systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-47-360-9363; Fax: +81-47-360-9364
| | - Shinichi Tabe
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yuto Tsuruya
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Ryoki Kobayashi
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Katsunori Oyama
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kojima
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Rikitake Kogawa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yasuo Okumura
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Jun Ogihara
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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Kwun IS, Cho YE, Lomeda RAR, Shin HI, Choi JY, Kang YH, Beattie JH. Zinc deficiency suppresses matrix mineralization and retards osteogenesis transiently with catch-up possibly through Runx 2 modulation. Bone 2010; 46:732-41. [PMID: 19913120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic sign of zinc deficiency is retarded skeletal growth, but the role of zinc in osteoblasts is not well understood. Two major events for bone formation include osteoblast differentiation by bone marker gene expression, which is mainly regulated by bone-specific transcription factor Runx2 and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization by Ca deposits for bone nodule formation. We investigated whether zinc deficiency down-regulates bone marker gene transcription and whether this might occur through modulation of Runx2. We also investigated whether zinc deficiency decreases ECM mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. In the presence of 5 mumol/L TPEN as zinc chelator, zinc deficiency (ZnD: 1 micromol Zn/L) decreased bone marker gene (collagen type I, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, osteoclacin and parathyroid hormone receptor) expression, as compared to normal osteogenic medium (OSM) or zinc adequate medium (ZnA: 15 micromol/L) (P<0.05) both at 5 days (proliferation) and 15 days (matrix maturation). Decreased bone marker gene transcription by zinc deficiency could be caused by decreased nuclear Runx2 protein (P=0.05) and transcript (P<0.05) levels in ZnD. Furthermore, within the first 24 h of differentiation when Runx2 expression is induced, maximal Runx2 mRNA and nuclear protein levels were delayed in ZnD compared to OSM and ZnA. ECM Ca deposition was also lower in ZnD, which was also indirectly confirmed by detection of decreased cellular (synthesized) and medium (secreted) ALP activity as well as matrix ALP activity. Taken together, zinc deficiency attenuated osteogenic activity by decreasing bone marker gene transcription through reduced and delayed Runx2 expression and by decreasing ECM mineralization through inhibition of ALP activity in osteoblasts. Decreased and delayed bone marker gene, Runx2 expression and ECM mineralization in osteoblasts by zinc deficiency can be a potential explanation for the retarded skeletal growth which is the major zinc deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Andong National University, 388 Songchundong, Andong, Kyungpook 760-749, South Korea.
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Mitsui N, Suzuki N, Maeno M, Yanagisawa M, Koyama Y, Otsuka K, Shimizu N. Optimal compressive force induces bone formation via increasing bone morphogenetic proteins production and decreasing their antagonists production by Saos-2 cells. Life Sci 2006; 78:2697-706. [PMID: 16337660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement induced alveolar bone resorption and formation around the teeth applied mechanical force. Although mechanical force can promote bone formation, the molecular mechanism that underlies this phenomenon is not fully understood. The purposes of this study were to determine how mechanical stress affects the osteogenic response of human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2), and also to examine the optimal compressive force for osteogenesis in vitro. Saos-2 cells were cultured with or without continuously compressive force (0.5-3.0 g/cm2). The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), their antagonists, and transcription factors which involved in osteogenesis were measured using real-time PCR and/or Western blot analysis. Phosphorylation of Smad1 was determined by Western blot. Loading with 1.0 g/cm2 of compressive force significantly increased the expression of BMPs, Runx2 and osterix. In contrast, the expression of BMP antagonists and AJ18 was decreased with 1.0 g/cm2 of compressive force. Loading with 1.0 g/cm2 of compressive force also induced phosphorylation of Smad1. Noggin inhibited the compressive force-induced phosphorylation of Smad1 markedly, and also partially blocked compressive force-induced Runx2 mRNA expression. Moreover, the conditioned medium from 1.0 g/cm2 of compressive force applied cells apparently increased calcium content in mineralized nodules of Saos-2 culture. This study demonstrates that an optimal compressive force stimulates in vitro mineralization via increasing BMPs production and decreasing their antagonists production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihiro Mitsui
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Aida Y, Maeno M, Ito-Kato E, Suzuki N, Shiratsuchi H, Matsumura H. Effect of IL-1alpha on the expression of cartilage matrix proteins in human chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27. Life Sci 2005; 75:3173-84. [PMID: 15488896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of the inflammatory mediator interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, and the expressions of cartilage matrix proteins, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and BMP-2 receptors in human chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27 (chondrocytes). The cells were cultured with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum with 0, 1, 10, or 100 units/ml of IL-1alpha for up to 14 days. The expressions of cartilage matrix proteins, BMP-2, and BMP-2 receptors were estimated by determining mRNA levels using semiquantitative or real-time PCR and/or by determining protein levels using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell proliferation was decreased after 5 days in culture with IL-1alpha. The ALPase activity was decreased significantly in the presence of IL-1alpha until day 10 of culture. The expression of type II collagen was significantly decreased after 7 days in culture with IL-1alpha. The expressions of aggrecan and link protein were significantly decreased through day 14 of culture with IL-1alpha. The expression of BMP-2 was increased at days 3, 7, and 14 of culture with IL-1alpha, while the expression of type II receptor for BMP-2 was significantly decreased in the samples. These results suggest that IL-1alpha suppresses the expression of cartilage matrix proteins through a suppression of the autocrine action of BMP-2, brought about by the decrease in BMP-2 receptor expression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Aida
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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Takada T, Suzuki N, Ito-Kato E, Noguchi Y, Ito M, Maeno M, Otsuka K. Effect of β-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc on the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Life Sci 2004; 76:509-20. [PMID: 15556164 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc (AHZ) can promote osteoblast differentiation, the molecular mechanism responsible is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of AHZ on undifferentiating mesenchymal cells. C2C12, a typical pluripotential mesenchymal cell line, was used. The cells were cultured in 5% serum-containing medium to induce differentiation, either with or without the addition of AHZ. Cell lineage was determined by immunostaining of type II myosin heavy chains, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, mRNA expression of cellular phenotype-specific markers using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and core binding factor alpha1/runt-related transcription factor-2 (Cbfa1/Runx2) protein synthesis using Western blot analysis. C2C12 cells cultured in the presence of AHZ were strongly inhibited from developing into myoblasts, and showed high ALPase activity that was approximately double that in the vehicle. The expression of mRNA for Cbfa1/Runx2, ALPase, Sox9 and type X collagen was increased markedly by the AHZ-stimulated medium, whereas that of desmin and MyoD mRNA was drastically decreased. AHZ increased Cbfa1/Runx2 protein expression substantially. These results provide clear evidence that AHZ converts the differentiation pathway of C2C12 cells to the osteoblast and/or chondroblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takada
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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