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Man S, Bi J, Liu F, Xie W, Ma L. Vitamin C Inhibited Pulmonary Metastasis through Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300706. [PMID: 38419398 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
As an important nutritional component, vitamin C (Vc) shows good antitumor activity in a variety of cancer, but there are few studies in pulmonary metastasis. In order to verify its anticancer and antimetastatic effect, the study sets up H22 pulmonary metastasis mouse model. The results show that intraperitoneal injection of Vc inhibits pulmonary metastasis through up-regulating the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, cleaved caspases 3 and 9, and causing DNA damage and apoptosis which is similar to the pro-oxidant effect of Vc in p53 null cells (H1299 cells). Meanwhile, oral administration of Vc up-regulates the expression of p53, directly activates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, increases expression of cleaved caspases 3 and 9, and ultimately inhibits pulmonary metastasis, which is the same as the antioxidant result of Vc in p53 wild-type cells. In addition, Vc inhibits the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner and has little cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Notably, the experiment further illustrates that besides intravenous Vc, oral Vc significantly inhibits the pulmonary metastasis in mice. All in all, these findings provide new clues for Vc-treated pulmonary metastasis in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jingxian Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Furui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wenwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Targeting Glioblastoma via Selective Alteration of Mitochondrial Redox State. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030485. [PMID: 35158753 PMCID: PMC8833725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is characterized by a pronounced redox imbalance due to elevated glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. New therapeutic strategies have been developed to modulate glioblastoma redox signaling to effectively suppress growth and prolong survival. However, drug selectivity and therapeutic relapse prove to be the major challenges. We describe a pharmacological strategy for the selective targeting and treatment of glioblastoma using the redox active combination drug menadione/ascorbate, which is characterized by tolerance to normal cells and tissues. Menadione/ascorbate treatment of glioblastoma mice suppressed tumor growth and significantly increased survival without adverse side effects. This is accompanied by increased oxidative stress, decreased reducing capacity and decreased cellular density in the tumor alone, as well as increased brain perfusion and decreased regulation of several oncoproteins and oncometabolites, which implies modulation of the immune response and reduced drug resistance. We believe that this therapeutic strategy is feasible and promising and deserves the attention of clinicians. Abstract Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive brain tumors, characterized by a pronounced redox imbalance, expressed in a high oxidative capacity of cancer cells due to their elevated glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. The assessment and modulation of the redox state of glioblastoma are crucial factors that can provide highly specific targeting and treatment. Our study describes a pharmacological strategy for targeting glioblastoma using a redox-active combination drug. The experiments were conducted in vivo on glioblastoma mice (intracranial model) and in vitro on cell lines (cancer and normal) treated with the redox cycling pair menadione/ascorbate (M/A). The following parameters were analyzed in vivo using MRI or ex vivo on tissue and blood specimens: tumor growth, survival, cerebral perfusion, cellular density, tissue redox state, expression of tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Dose-dependent effects of M/A on cell viability, mitochondrial functionality, and redox homeostasis were evaluated in vitro. M/A treatment suppressed tumor growth and significantly increased survival without adverse side effects. This was accompanied by increased oxidative stress, decreased reducing capacity, and decreased cellular density in the tumor only, as well as increased cerebral perfusion and down-regulation of tNOX and TGF-β1. M/A induced selective cytotoxicity and overproduction of mitochondrial superoxide in isolated glioblastoma cells, but not in normal microglial cells. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the over-reduced state of cancer cells and impairment of their “pro-oncogenic” functionality, assessed by dose-dependent decreases in: NADH, NAD+, succinate, glutathione, cellular reducing capacity, mitochondrial potential, steady-state ATP, and tNOX expression. The safety of M/A on normal cells was compromised by treatment with cerivastatin, a non-specific prenyltransferase inhibitor. In conclusion, M/A differentiates glioblastoma cells and tissues from normal cells and tissues by redox targeting, causing severe oxidative stress only in the tumor. The mechanism is complex and most likely involves prenylation of menadione in normal cells, but not in cancer cells, modulation of the immune response, a decrease in drug resistance, and a potential role in sensitizing glioblastoma to conventional chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Significance: Vitamin C (ascorbate), in regard to its effectiveness against malignancies, has had a controversial history in cancer treatment. It has been shown that in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of ascorbate relies on its pro-oxidant effect mainly from an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A growing understanding of its anticancer activities and pharmacokinetic properties has prompted scientists to re-evaluate the significance of ascorbate in cancer treatment. Recent Advances: A recent resurge in ascorbate research emerged after discovering that, at high doses, ascorbate preferentially kills Kirsten-Ras (K-ras)- and B-raf oncogene (BRAF)-mutant cancer cells. In addition, some of the main hallmarks of cancer cells, such as redox homeostasis and oxygen-sensing regulation (through inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha [HIF-1α] activity), are affected by vitamin C. Critical Issues: Currently, there is no clear consensus from the literature in regard to the beneficial effects of antioxidants. Results from both human and animal studies provide no clear evidence about the benefit of antioxidant treatment in preventing or suppressing cancer development. Since pro-oxidants may affect both normal and tumor cells, the extremely low toxicity of ascorbate represents a main advantage. This guarantees the safe inclusion of ascorbate in clinical protocols to treat cancer patients. Future Directions: Current research could focus on elucidating the wide array of reactions between ascorbate and reactive species, namely ROS, reactive nitrogen species as well as reactive sulfide species, and their intracellular molecular targets. Unraveling these mechanisms could allow researchers to assess what could be the optimal combination of ascorbate with standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Glorieux
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pedro Buc Calderon
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Research Group in Metabolism and Nutrition, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Böttger F, Vallés-Martí A, Cahn L, Jimenez CR. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:343. [PMID: 34717701 PMCID: PMC8557029 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin C has the potential to be a potent anti-cancer agent when administered intravenously and in high doses (high-dose IVC). Early phase clinical trials have confirmed safety and indicated efficacy of IVC in eradicating tumour cells of various cancer types. In recent years, the multi-targeting effects of vitamin C were unravelled, demonstrating a role as cancer-specific, pro-oxidative cytotoxic agent, anti-cancer epigenetic regulator and immune modulator, reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibiting hypoxia and oncogenic kinase signalling and boosting immune response. Moreover, high-dose IVC is powerful as an adjuvant treatment for cancer, acting synergistically with many standard (chemo-) therapies, as well as a method for mitigating the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy. Despite the rationale and ample evidence, strong clinical data and phase III studies are lacking. Therefore, there is a need for more extensive awareness of the use of this highly promising, non-toxic cancer treatment in the clinical setting. In this review, we provide an elaborate overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies using high-dose IVC as anti-cancer agent, as well as a detailed evaluation of the main known molecular mechanisms involved. A special focus is put on global molecular profiling studies in this respect. In addition, an outlook on future implications of high-dose vitamin C in cancer treatment is presented and recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Böttger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vallés-Martí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loraine Cahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Selective Targeting of Cancerous Mitochondria and Suppression of Tumor Growth Using Redox-Active Treatment Adjuvant. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6212935. [PMID: 33204397 PMCID: PMC7652615 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6212935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active substances and their combinations, such as of quinone/ascorbate and in particular menadione/ascorbate (M/A; also named Apatone®), attract attention with their unusual ability to kill cancer cells without affecting the viability of normal cells as well as with the synergistic anticancer effect of both molecules. So far, the primary mechanism of M/A-mediated anticancer effects has not been linked to the mitochondria. The aim of our study was to clarify whether this “combination drug” affects mitochondrial functionality specifically in cancer cells. Studies were conducted on cancer cells (Jurkat, Colon26, and MCF7) and normal cells (normal lymphocytes, FHC, and MCF10A), treated with different concentrations of menadione, ascorbate, and/or their combination (2/200, 3/300, 5/500, 10/1000, and 20/2000 μM/μM of M/A). M/A exhibited highly specific and synergistic suppression on cancer cell growth but without adversely affecting the viability of normal cells at pharmacologically attainable concentrations. In M/A-treated cancer cells, the cytostatic/cytotoxic effect is accompanied by (i) extremely high production of mitochondrial superoxide (up to 15-fold over the control level), (ii) a significant decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, (iii) a decrease of the steady-state levels of ATP, succinate, NADH, and NAD+, and (iv) a decreased expression of programed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)—one of the major immune checkpoints. These effects were dose dependent. The inhibition of NQO1 by dicoumarol increased mitochondrial superoxide and sensitized cancer cells to M/A. In normal cells, M/A induced relatively low and dose-independent increase of mitochondrial superoxide and mild oxidative stress, which seems to be well tolerated. These data suggest that all anticancer effects of M/A result from a specific mechanism, tightly connected to the mitochondria of cancer cells. At low/tolerable doses of M/A (1/100-3/300 μM/μM) attainable in cancer by oral and parenteral administration, M/A sensitized cancer cells to conventional anticancer drugs, exhibiting synergistic or additive cytotoxicity accompanied by impressive induction of apoptosis. Combinations of M/A with 13 anticancer drugs were investigated (ABT-737, barasertib, bleomycin, BEZ-235, bortezomib, cisplatin, everolimus, lomustine, lonafarnib, MG-132, MLN-2238, palbociclib, and PI-103). Low/tolerable doses of M/A did not induce irreversible cytotoxicity in cancer cells but did cause irreversible metabolic changes, including: (i) a decrease of succinate and NADH, (ii) depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and (iii) overproduction of superoxide in the mitochondria of cancer cells only. In addition, M/A suppressed tumor growth in vivo after oral administration in mice with melanoma and the drug downregulated PD-L1 in melanoma cells. Experimental data suggest a great potential for beneficial anticancer effects of M/A through increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to conventional anticancer therapy, as well as to the immune system, while sparing normal cells. We hypothesize that M/A-mediated anticancer effects are triggered by redox cycling of both substances, specifically within dysfunctional mitochondria. M/A may also have a beneficial effect on the immune system, making cancer cells “visible” and more vulnerable to the native immune response.
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Li S, Li H, Xu X, Saw PE, Zhang L. Nanocarrier-mediated antioxidant delivery for liver diseases. Theranostics 2020; 10:1262-1280. [PMID: 31938064 PMCID: PMC6956819 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver is the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. To maintain the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver, antioxidants would scavenge FR by preventing tissue damage through FR formation, scavenging, or by enhancing their decomposition. The disruption of this balance therefore leads to oxidative stress and in turn leads to the onset of various diseases. Supplying the liver with exogeneous antioxidants is an effective way to recreate the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver homeostasis. Nevertheless, due to the short half-life and instability of antioxidants in circulation, the methodology for delivering antioxidants to the liver needs to be improved. Nanocarrier mediated delivery of antioxidants proved to be an ingenious way to safely and efficiently deliver a high payload of antioxidants into the liver for circumventing liver diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (oxidant) and ROS scavengers (antioxidant) in liver diseases. Subsequently, current nanocarrier mediated antioxidant delivery methods for liver diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiru Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that a high intake of anti-oxidant-rich foods is inversely related to cancer risk. While animal and cell cultures confirm the anticancer effects of antioxidants, intervention trials to determine their ability to reduce cancer risk have been inconclusive, although selenium and vitamin E reduced the risk of some forms of cancer, including prostate and colon cancer, and carotenoids have been shown to help reduce breast cancer risk. Cancer treatment by radiation and anticancer drugs reduces inherent antioxidants and induces oxidative stress, which increases with disease progression. Vitamins E and C have been shown to ameliorate adverse side effects associated with free radical damage to normal cells in cancer therapy, such as mucositis and fibrosis, and to reduce the recurrence of breast cancer. While clinical studies on the effect of anti-oxidants in modulating cancer treatment are limited in number and size, experimental studies show that antioxidant vitamins and some phytochemicals selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells and prevent angiogenesis and metastatic spread, suggesting a potential role for antioxidants as adjuvants in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmia Borek
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, Nutrition Infectious Disease Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Gilloteaux J, Lau HL, Gourari I, Neal D, Jamison JM, Summers J. Apatone ® induces endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (MDAH 2774) cells to undergo karyolysis and cell death by autoschizis: A potent and safe anticancer treatment. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Campbell EJ, Dachs GU. Current limitations of murine models in oncology for ascorbate research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:282. [PMID: 25353008 PMCID: PMC4196513 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin C (ascorbate) in cancer prevention, tumor growth, and treatment is of intense public interest. Clinical trial data have been sparse, contradictory, and highly controversial, and robust pre-clinical data are required for progress. This paper reviews pre-clinical models and their limitations with respect to ascorbate research. Most studies have utilized animals able to synthesize ascorbate and thus are not ideal models of the human condition. More recently, genetically modified mouse models have become available; yet, all studies compared healthy and scorbutic mice. The majority of investigations to date concluded that increased ascorbate led to decreased tumor growth, but data on mechanisms and doses are inconclusive. Clinically relevant animal studies are still required to convince a generally sceptical medical audience of the potential worth of ascorbate as an adjunct to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Campbell
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Harakeh S, Abou-Khouzam R, Damanhouri GA, Al-Hejin A, Kumosani T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M, Barbour E, Diab-Assaf M, Azar R. Effects of nutrients on matrix metalloproteinases in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 positive and negative malignant T-lymphocytes. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2159-66. [PMID: 25189759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies have revealed the effectiveness of a specific nutrient synergy (SNS) mixture composed of ascorbic acid (AA), lysine, proline, arginine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and other micronutrients in targeting crucial physiological mechanisms involved in cancer progression and metastasis. HTLV-1 causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The spread and metastases of ATL as well as other tumors has been associated with matrix metalloproteinases, especially the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9. The objective of this study was to investigate whether SNS, AA and EGCG affects the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and its transcriptional and translational levels in HTLV-1-positive and -negative malignant T-cells. The results indicated that SNS and EGCG caused a dose-dependent decline in the activity, transcription and translation of MMP-2 after treatment with SNS and EGCG, while AA was only able to inhibit the activity at maximum doses tested and to some extent, the protein expression levels of MMP-2, without affecting their transcriptional levels. The highest activity was noted in the case of SNS which is likely to be due to a synergistic effect of the different constituents in the formulation. These results point towards the potential integration of SNS in the anti-invasive treatment of ATL and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raefa Abou-Khouzam
- Molecular Tumor-genesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Ghazi A Damanhouri
- Department of Hematology, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Hejin
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mathias Rath
- Dr. Rath Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Elie Barbour
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Molecular Tumor-genesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Rania Azar
- Molecular Tumor-genesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Summers JL. Pro-oxidant treatment of human prostate carcinoma (DU145) induces autoschizis cell death: autophagosomes build up out of injured endomembranes and mitochondria. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:315-28. [PMID: 24955925 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2014.927404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One hour after pro-oxidative treatment by either ascorbate (VC), menadione (VK3), or VC: VK3 combination followed by 24-h incubation in culture medium, DU145 human prostate carcinoma cells developed ultrastructural-dependent organelle damage with the sequence Sham > VC > VK3 > VC: VK3. Along the nuclear alterations and the cytoplasm self-excisions reducing cell size, other induced injuries concerned mitochondria and endomembranes that associated with lysosomes. Damaged organelles surrounded by specialized endoplasmic membranes formed autophagosomes out of phagophores that also captured pieces of glycogen-rich cytoplasm. Most autophagosomes amassed in the diminished-size perikarya and corroborated the enhanced cytotoxicity of the VC: VK3 treatment. These accumulations did not initiate cell death, instead were merely signs of excessive "recycling" of damaged organelles. These features may reflect that high lysosomal activities provided foodstuffs in an ultimate strategy of survival of the tumor cells already devastated by reactive oxidative species (ROS) energetic sites. As such they became transient markers preceding cell death induced to occur by autoschizis and not by apoptosis or other cell deaths. This report could provide more support for the usage of this vitamin combination named APATONE as inexpensive potent adjuvant or treatment in prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Programme , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom and
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12
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal D, Summers JL. Synergistic antitumor cytotoxic actions of ascorbate and menadione on human prostate (DU145) cancer cells in vitro: nucleus and other injuries preceding cell death by autoschizis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2014; 38:116-40. [PMID: 24460713 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.852645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the cytotoxic effects of ascorbate (VC), menadione (VK3), or a VC:VK3 combination on a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU145) following a 1-h vitamin treatment and a subsequent 24-h incubation in culture medium. Cell alterations examined by light and electron microscopy were treatment-dependent with VC + VK3 >VK3 > VC > Sham. Oxidative stress-induced damage was found in most organelles. This report describes injuries in the tumor cell nucleus (chromatin and nucleolus), mitochondria, endomembranes, lysosomal bodies (autophagocytoses) and inclusions. Morphologic alterations suggest that cytoskeleton damage is likely responsible for the superficial cytoplasmic changes, including major changes in cell shape and size and the self-excising phenomena. Unlike apoptotic bodies, the excised pieces contain ribonucleoproteins, but not organelles. These deleterious events cause a progressive, significant reduction in the tumor cell size. During nuclear alterations, the nuclei maintain their envelope during chromatolysis and karyolysis until cell death, while nucleoli undergo a characteristic segregation of their components. In addition, changes in fat and glycogen storage are consistent the cytotoxic and metabolic alterations caused by the respective treatments. All cellular ultrastructural changes are consistent with cell death by autoschizis and not apoptosis or other kinds of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St Georges' University International School of Medicine, K B Taylor Scholar's Programme , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK and
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Durak Y, Kokcu A, Kefeli M, Bildircin D, Çelik H, Alper T. Effect of vitamin C on the growth of experimentally induced endometriotic cysts. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39:1253-8. [PMID: 23718930 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin C on the growth of experimental endometriotic cysts. MATERIAL AND METHODS The endometrium of the uterine horn wall (diameter, 4 mm) was implanted onto the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall of 40 Wistar albino adult female rats, by laparotomy. The day after the implantation, the rats were randomly assigned into four groups (control group and experimental groups [V1, V2, and V3]) comprising 10 rats each. For 6 weeks, the control group (Group C) received 1 mL distilled water, whereas the experimental groups (Groups V1, V2, and V3) received 0.5 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.5 mg of vitamin C in 1 mL of distilled water, respectively. The doses were given via oral gavage once per day. At the end of the administration, a second laparotomy was performed and endometriotic cyst volumes and weights of rats among the groups were compared. In addition, the stromal and glandular tissue and the natural killer cell contents of the cysts were compared among the groups. RESULTS The cyst volume in Group V3 and the cyst weights in Groups V2 and V3 were significantly lower than those in Group C. The natural killer cell content in Groups V1, V2, and V3 was significantly lower than that in Group C. Stromal and glandular tissue contents of the groups were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS The dose-dependent vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced the volumes and weights of the endometriotic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildirim Durak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey
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Aydın E, Türkez H, Keleş MS. The effect of carvacrol on healthy neurons and N2a cancer cells: some biochemical, anticancerogenicity and genotoxicity studies. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:149-57. [PMID: 23553016 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol (CVC) is a phenolic monoterpene present in many essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants and has attracted attention because of its beneficial biological activities. To date, although various biological activities of CVC have been demonstrated, its neurotoxicity on cultured primary rat neurons and N2a neuroblastoma cells has never been explored. Therefore, in this present study, we aimed to describe in vitro antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic properties (by 3-(4,5 dimetylthiazol -2-yl)-2,5 diphenlytetrazolium bromide (MTT) test), genotoxic damage potentials (by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or Comet assay) and antioxidant activities (by total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) analysis) of CVC in vitro. Dose (0-400 mg/L) dependent effects of CVC were tested on both cultured primary rat neurons and N2a neuroblastoma cells. Statistical analysis of MTT assay results indicated significant (p < 0.05) decreases of cell proliferation rates in both cell types treated with CVC at 200 and 400 mg/L. On the other hand, the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (for comet assay) was not found significantly different from the control values for both cells (p > 0.05). In addition, our results indicated that 10, 25 and 50 mg/L of CVC treatment caused increases of TAC levels in cultured primary rat neurons but not in the N2a cell line. However, CVC treatments led to increases of TOS levels in cultured primary rat neurons at only 400 mg/L while they led to increases of TOS levels in N2a neuroblastoma cells at 200 and 400 mg/L. The present findings demonstrated that CVC could be a source of antioxidant and chemopreventive activities to be studied on cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
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Aydın E, Türkez H, Keleş MS. Potential anticancer activity of carvone in N2a neuroblastoma cell line. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:764-72. [PMID: 23552268 DOI: 10.1177/0748233713484660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carvone (CVN) is a monocyclic monoterpene found in the essential oils of Mentha spicata var. crispa (Lamiaceae) and Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) plants and has been reported to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, and antitumor activities. The beneficial health properties of CVN have encouraged us to look into its anticancer activity. To the best of our knowledge, reports are not available on the anticancer activity of CVN in cultured primary rat neuron and N2a neuroblastoma (NB) cells. Therefore, the present study is an attempt toward exploring the potential anticancer activity of CVN, if any, in cultured primary rat neuron and N2a NB cells. Our results indicated that CVN (only at 25 mg/L) treatment led to an increase in the total antioxidant capacity levels in cultured primary rat neuron cells compared with control cells. Also, CVN (at concentrations higher than 100 mg/L) treatment led to an increase in the total oxidative stress levels in both cell types. The mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (for comet assay) were not found to be significantly different from the control values in both cells (p > 0.05). On the other hand, after 24 h treatment with CVN, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that CVN application significantly reduced the cell viability rates in both cell types at concentrations higher than 100 mg/L. Summarizing, our data suggest that CVN represents little potential for promising anticancer agent to improve brain tumors therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elanur Aydın
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mevlüt Sait Keleş
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Karunan T, Mathew N, Srinivasan L, Muthuswamy K. Synthesis and Macrofilaricidal Activity of Substituted 2-Hydroxy/5-Hydroxy/2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinones. Drug Dev Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Karunan
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Nisha Mathew
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Lakshmy Srinivasan
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Kalyanasundaram Muthuswamy
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
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Ruirui K, Ray P, Yang M, Wen P, Zhu L, Liu J, Fushimi K, Kar A, Liu Y, He R, Kuo D, Wu JY. Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2013; 158:181-212. [PMID: 24222359 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is one of the most powerful mechanisms for generating functionally distinct products from a single genetic loci and for fine-tuning gene activities at the post-transcriptional level. Alternative splicing plays important roles in regulating genes critical for cell death. These cell death genes encode death ligands, cell surface death receptors, intracellular death regulators, signal transduction molecules, and death executor enzymes such as caspases and nucleases. Alternative splicing of these genes often leads to the formation of functionally different products, some of which have antagonistic effects that are either cell death-promoting or cell death-preventing. Differential alternative splicing can affect expression, subcellular distribution, and functional activities of the gene products. Molecular defects in splicing regulation of cell death genes have been associated with cancer development and resistance to treatment. Studies using molecular, biochemical, and systems-based approaches have begun to reveal mechanisms underlying the regulation of alternative splicing of cell death genes. Systematic studies have begun to uncover the multi-level interconnected networks that regulate alternative splicing. A global picture of the complex mechanisms that regulate cell death genes at the pre-mRNA splicing level has thus begun to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Ruirui
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
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Graciani FS, Ximenes VF. 2-Bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone: a potentially improved substitute of menadione in Apatone™ therapy. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:701-10. [PMID: 22584645 PMCID: PMC3854242 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apatone™, a combination of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, VK3) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C, VC) is a new strategy for cancer treatment. Part of its effect on tumor cells is related to the cellular pro-oxidative imbalance provoked by the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through naphthoquinone redox cycling. In this study, we attempted to find new naphthoquinone derivatives that would increase the efficiency of H2O2 production, thereby potentially increasing its efficacy for cancer treatment. The presence of an electron-withdrawing group in the naphthoquinone moiety had a direct effect on the efficiency of H2O2 production. The compound 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (BrQ), in which the bromine atom substituted the methyl group in VK3, was approximately 10- and 19-fold more efficient than VK3 in terms of oxygen consumption and H2O2 production, respectively. The ratio [H2O2]produced / [naphthoquinone]consumed was 68 ± 11 and 5.8 ± 0.2 (µM/µM) for BrQ and VK3, respectively, indicating a higher efficacy of BrQ as a catalyst for the autoxidation of ascorbic acid. Both VK3 and BrQ reacted with glutathione (GSH), but BrQ was the more effective substrate. Part of GSH was incorporated into the naphthoquinone, producing a nucleophilic substitution product (Q-SG). The depletion of BrQ by GSH did not prevent its redox capacity since Q-SG was also able to catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species. VK3/VC has already been submitted to clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer and has demonstrated promising results. However, replacement of VK3 with BrQ will open new lines of investigation regarding this approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Graciani
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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Masyuk TV, Radtke BN, Stroope AJ, Banales JM, Masyuk AI, Gradilone SA, Gajdos GB, Chandok N, Bakeberg JL, Ward CJ, Ritman EL, Kiyokawa H, LaRusso NF. Inhibition of Cdc25A suppresses hepato-renal cystogenesis in rodent models of polycystic kidney and liver disease. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:622-633.e4. [PMID: 22155366 PMCID: PMC3506023 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In polycystic kidney disease and polycystic liver disease (PLD), the normally nonproliferative hepato-renal epithelia acquire a proliferative, cystic phenotype that is linked to overexpression of cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25)A phosphatase and cell-cycle deregulation. We investigated the effects of Cdc25A inhibition in mice and rats via genetic and pharmacologic approaches. METHODS Cdc25A(+/-) mice (which have reduced levels of Cdc25A) were cross-bred with polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (Pkhd1(del2/del2)) mice (which have increased levels of Cdc25A and develop hepatic cysts). Cdc25A expression was analyzed in livers of control and polycystic kidney (PCK) rats, control and polycystic kidney 2 (Pkd2(ws25/-)) mice, healthy individuals, and patients with PLD. We examined effects of pharmacologic inhibition of Cdc25A with vitamin K3 (VK3) on the cell cycle, proliferation, and cyst expansion in vitro; hepato-renal cystogenesis in PCK rats and Pkd2(ws25/-)mice; and expression of Cdc25A and the cell-cycle proteins regulated by Cdc25A. We also examined the effects of the Cdc25A inhibitor PM-20 on hepato-renal cystogenesis in Pkd2(ws25/-) mice. RESULTS Liver weights and hepatic and fibrotic areas were decreased by 32%-52% in Cdc25A(+/-):Pkhd1(del2/del2) mice, compared with Pkhd1(del2/del2) mice. VK3 altered the cell cycle and reduced proliferation of cultured cholangiocytes by 32%-83% and decreased growth of cultured cysts by 23%-67%. In PCK rats and Pkd2(ws25/-) mice, VK3 reduced liver and kidney weights and hepato-renal cystic and fibrotic areas by 18%-34%. PM-20 decreased hepato-renal cystogenesis in Pkd2(ws25/-) mice by 15%. CONCLUSIONS Cdc25A inhibitors block cell-cycle progression and proliferation, reduce liver and kidney weights and cyst growth in animal models of polycystic kidney disease and PLD, and might be developed as therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Brynn N Radtke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Angela J Stroope
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Jesús M Banales
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Clínica Universitaria and CIMA, Ciberehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Sergio A Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Natasha Chandok
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Jason L Bakeberg
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | | | - Erik L Ritman
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Molecular Pharmacology & Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
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20
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Martha KRM, Rosangkima G, Amenla L, Rongpi T, Prasad SB. Cisplatin- and dietary ascorbic acid-mediated changes in the mitochondria of Dalton's lymphoma-bearing mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27:329-38. [PMID: 22211279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin treatment caused a significant increase in the life span of ascites Dalton's lymphoma (DL) Tumor-bearing (TB) mice. However, as compared to cisplatin (CP) alone, combination treatment with ascorbic acid plus CP resulted in better therapeutic efficacy against murine DL. Cisplatin treatment of TB mice resulted in the appearance of thickened and irregular arrangement of mitochondrial cristae in the liver, kidney and DL tumor cells. Combination treatment of the hosts with ascorbic acid and CP lessened deformities in the mitochondria of liver and kidney, while in tumor cells, this increased the formation of vacuoles and disruption in mitochondrial cristae. Cisplatin treatment decreased the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the mitochondria of kidney and DL cells and combination treatment caused further decrease in SDH activity in kidney and DL cells during 24-48 h of treatment. After CP treatment, the protein content in the mitochondria of these tissues decreased, and during combination treatment, it showed significant improvement. Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased in these tissues after CP treatment. However, combination treatment significantly decreased mitochondrial LPO in liver and kidney but increased in DL cells. This increase in mitochondrial LPO in DL cells and decrease in liver and kidney could play an important role in the antitumor activity of combination treatment and at the same time reduce CP-induced toxicity in the host. However, further study may be desirable to explore some aspects of the mechanism(s) involved in these changes in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kham R M Martha
- Cell & Tumor Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-973022, India
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22
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Proteomic analysis of tumor tissue in CT-26 implanted BALB/C mouse after treatment with ascorbic acid. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 17:62-76. [PMID: 22139585 PMCID: PMC6275792 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor establishment and penetration consists of a series of complex processes involving multiple changes in gene expression and protein modification. Proteome changes of tumor tissue were investigated after intraperitoneal administration of a high concentration of ascorbic acid in BALB/C mice implanted with CT-26 cancer cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Eighteen protein spots were identified whose expression was different between control and ascorbic acid treatment groups. In particular, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 1, nucleophosmin, latexin, actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5, M2-type pyruvate kinase, vimentin, tumor protein translationally-controlled 1, RAS oncogene family Ran, plastin 3 precursor, ATPase, Rho GDT dissociation inhibitor β, and proteasome activator subunit 2 expression were quantitatively up-regulated. The increase in the level of these proteins was accompanied by an increase in mRNA level. The cytoskeleton protein actin, vimentin, and tumor protein translationally-controlled 1 showed quantitative expression profile differences. A change in actin cytoskeleton distribution, functionally relevant to the proteome result, was observed after treatment with ascorbic acid. These results suggest a previously undefined role of ascorbic acid in the regulation of cytoskeleton remodeling in tumor tissues.
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Chen MF, Yang CM, Su CM, Liao JW, Hu ML. Inhibitory effect of vitamin C in combination with vitamin K3 on tumor growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma xenografted in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1036-43. [PMID: 21888506 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.597537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C in combination with vitamin K3 (vit CK3) has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood. Herein, C57BL/6 mice were implanted (s.c.) with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) for 9 days before injection (i.p.) with low-dose (100 mg vit C/kg + 1 mg vit K3/kg), high-dose (1,000 mg vit C/kg + 10 mg vit K3/kg) vit CK3 twice a week for an additional 28 days. As expected, vit CK3 or cisplatin (6 mg/kg, as a positive control) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis in LLC-bearing mice. Vit CK3 restored the body weight of tumor-bearing mice to the level of tumor-free mice. Vit CK3 significantly decreased activities of plasma metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In lung tissues, vit CK3 1) increased protein expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, nonmetastatic protein 23 homolog 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; 2) reduced protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9; and 3) inhibited the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These results demonstrate that vit CK3 inhibits primary tumor growth and exhibits antimetastastic potential in vivo through attenuated tumor invasion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Chen
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Poiroux-Gonord F, Bidel LPR, Fanciullino AL, Gautier H, Lauri-Lopez F, Urban L. Health benefits of vitamins and secondary metabolites of fruits and vegetables and prospects to increase their concentrations by agronomic approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12065-82. [PMID: 21067179 DOI: 10.1021/jf1037745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (FAVs) are an important part of the human diet and a major source of biologically active substances such as vitamins and secondary metabolites. The consumption of FAVs remains globally insufficient, so it should be encouraged, and it may be useful to propose to consumers FAVs with enhanced concentrations in vitamins and secondary metabolites. There are basically two ways to reach this target: the genetic approach or the environmental approach. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the results that have been obtained so far through purely agronomic approaches and brings them into perspective by comparing them with the achievements of genetic approaches. Although agronomic approaches offer very good perspectives, the existence of variability of responses suggests that the current understanding of the way regulatory and metabolic pathways are controlled needs to be increased. For this purpose, more in-depth study of the interactions existing between factors (light and temperature, for instance, genetic factors × environmental factors), between processes (primary metabolism and ontogeny, for example), and between organs (as there is some evidence that photooxidative stress in leaves affects antioxidant metabolism in fruits) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Poiroux-Gonord
- INRA - Centre de Corse, Unité "Génétique et Ecophysiologie de la Qualité des Agrumes", F-20230 San Giuliano, France
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Loukas M, Doberzstyn T, Summers JL. Cell damage and death by autoschizis in human bladder (RT4) carcinoma cells resulting from treatment with ascorbate and menadione. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:140-60. [PMID: 20455663 DOI: 10.3109/01913121003662304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A human bladder carcinoma cell line RT4 was sham-treated with buffer or treated with ascorbate (VC) alone, menadione alone (VK(3)), or a combination of ascorbate:menadione (VC+VK(3)) for 1, 2, and 4 h. Cytotoxic damage was found to be treatment-dependent in this sequence: VC+VK(3)>VC>VK(3)>sham. The combined treatment induced the greatest oxidative stress, with early tumor cell injury affecting the cytoskeletal architecture and contributing to the self-excisions of pieces of cytoplasm freed from organelles. Additional damage, including a reduction in cell size, organelle alterations, nuclear damage, and nucleic acid degradation as well as compromised lysosome integrity, is caused by reactivation of DNases and the redox cycling of VC or VC+VK(3). In addition, cell death caused by VC+VK(3) treatment as well as by prolonged VC treatment is consistent with cell demise by autoschizis, not apoptosis. This report confirms and complements previous observations about this new mode of tumor cell death. It supports the contention that a combination of VC+VK(3), also named Apatone, could be co-administered as a nontoxic adjuvant with radiation and/or chemotherapies to kill bladder tumor cells and other cancer cells without any supplementary risk or side effects for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. Georges' University School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Oxidative stress therapy for solid tumors – A proposal. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:1052-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Beck R, Verrax J, Dejeans N, Taper H, Calderon PB. Menadione reduction by pharmacological doses of ascorbate induces an oxidative stress that kills breast cancer cells. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:33-42. [PMID: 19482829 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809333139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress generated by ascorbate-driven menadione redox cycling kills MCF7 cells by a concerted mechanism including glycolysis inhibition, loss of calcium homeostasis, DNA damage and changes in mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) activities. Cell death is mediated by necrosis rather than apoptosis or macroautophagy. Neither 3-methyladenine nor Z-VAD affects cytotoxicity by ascorbate/menadione (Asc/Men). BAPTA-AM, by restoring cellular capacity to reduce MTT, underlines the role of calcium in the necrotic process. Oxidative stress-mediated cell death is shown by the opposite effects of N-acetylcysteine and 3-aminotriazole. Moreover, oxidative stress induces DNA damage (protein poly-ADP-ribosylation and gamma-H2AX phosphorylation) and inhibits glycolysis. Asc/Men deactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) while activating p38, suggesting an additional mechanism to kill MCF7 cells. Since ascorbate is taken up by cancer cells and, due to their antioxidant enzyme deficiency, oxidative stress should affect cancer cells to a greater extent than normal cells. This differential sensitivity may have clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Beck
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group, PMNT Unit, Belgium
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Summers JL. Cell Death by Autoschizis in TRAMP Prostate Carcinoma Cells as a Result of Treatment by Ascorbate: Menadione Combination. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 29:221-35. [PMID: 16036878 DOI: 10.1080/01913120590951239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A prostate carcinoma cell line derived from the transgenic murine prostate cancer model (TRAMP) was treated with ascorbate (VC) alone, menadione (VK(3)) alone, or a combination of ascorbate:menadione (VC + VK(3)) for 1, 2, and 4 h. Cytotoxic cell alterations examined by light and electron microscopy were treatment-dependent with VC + VK(3) > VC > VK(3). Induced by oxidative stress, these alterations included cytokeletal changes conducive to cytoplasmic blebbing, self-excisions, and progressive nuclear alterations. While the excised parts contained ribosomes, they were devoid of nuclear fragments or other organelles. The organelle-free self-excisions caused an extreme reduction in cell size as well as chromatolysis and karyolysis that were consistent with cell death by autoschizis, but not with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Campus St. Maarten, M.E.I.O., Inc, Coral Gables, Florida 33134, USA.
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Park S, Ahn ES, Lee S, Jung M, Park JH, Yi SY, Yeom CH. Proteomic analysis reveals upregulation of RKIP in S-180 implanted BALB/C mouse after treatment with ascorbic acid. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:1136-45. [PMID: 19224539 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have an invasive and metastatic phenotype that is the main cause of death for cancer patients. Tumor establishment and penetration consists of a series of complex processes involving multiple changes in gene expression. In this study, intraperitoneal administration of a high concentration of ascorbic acid inhibited tumor establishment and increased survival of BALB/C mice implanted with S-180 sarcoma cancer cells. To identify proteins involved in the ascorbic acid-mediated inhibition of tumor progression, changes in the liver proteome associated with ascorbic acid treatment of BALB/C mice implanted with S-180 were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Eleven protein spots were identified whose expression was different between control and ascorbic acid treatment groups. In particular, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) and annexin A5 expression were quantitatively up-regulated. The increase in RKIP protein level was detected in the tumor tissue and accompanied by an increase in mRNA level. Our results suggest a possibility that these proteins are related to the ascorbic acid-mediated suppression of tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
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Hoffer LJ, Levine M, Assouline S, Melnychuk D, Padayatty SJ, Rosadiuk K, Rousseau C, Robitaille L, Miller WH. Phase I clinical trial of i.v. ascorbic acid in advanced malignancy. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1969-74. [PMID: 18544557 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascorbic acid is a widely used and controversial alternative cancer treatment. In millimolar concentrations, it is selectively cytotoxic to many cancer cell lines and has in vivo anticancer activity when administered alone or together with other agents. We carried out a dose-finding phase I and pharmacokinetic study of i.v. ascorbic acid in patients with advanced malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced cancer or hematologic malignancy were assigned to sequential cohorts infused with 0.4, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.5 g ascorbic acid/kg body weight three times weekly. RESULTS Adverse events and toxicity were minimal at all dose levels. No patient had an objective anticancer response. CONCLUSIONS High-dose i.v. ascorbic acid was well tolerated but failed to demonstrate anticancer activity when administered to patients with previously treated advanced malignancies. The promise of this approach may lie in combination with cytotoxic or other redox-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Hoffer
- Montreal Centre for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University and the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hounsome N, Hounsome B, Tomos D, Edwards-Jones G. Plant Metabolites and Nutritional Quality of Vegetables. J Food Sci 2008; 73:R48-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Apoptosis and Cell Death: Relevance to Lung. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7147438 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72430-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell death plays an important role in development, morphogenesis, control of cell numbers, and removal of infected, mutated, or damaged cells. The term apoptosis was first coined in 1972 by Kerr et al.1 to describe the morphologic features of a type of cell death that is distinct from necrosis and is today considered to represent programmed cell death. In fact, the evidence that a genetic program existed for physiologic cell death came from the developmental studies of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.2 As time has progressed, however, apoptotic cell death has been shown to occur in many cell types under a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Cells dying by apoptosis exhibit several characteristic morphologic features that include cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, nuclear and cellular fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, and eventual phagocytosis of the fragmented cell (Figure 4.1).
Morphologic features of cell death. Necrosis: Cells die by necrosis, and their organelles are characteristically swollen. There is early membrane damage with eventual loss of plasma membrane integrity and leakage of cytosol into extra-cellular space. Despite early clumping, the nuclear chromatin undergoes lysis (karyolysis). Apoptosis: Cells die by type I programmed cell death (also called apoptosis); they are shrunken and develop blebs containing dense cytoplasm. Membrane integrity is not lost until after cell death. Nuclear chromatin undergoes striking condensation and fragmentation. The cytoplasm becomes divided to form apoptotic bodies containing organelles and/or nuclear debris. Terminally, apoptotic cells and fragments are engulfed by phagocytes or surrounding cells. Autophagy: Cells die by type II programmed cell death, which is characterized by the accumulation of autophagic vesicles (autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes). One feature that distinguishes apoptosis from autophagic cell death is the source of the lysosomal enzymes used for most of the dying-cell degradation. Apoptotic cells use phagocytic cell lysosomes for this process, whereas cells with autophagic morphology use the endogenous lysosomal machinery of dying cells. Paraptosis: Cells die by type III programmed cell death, which is characterized by extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization and swelling and clumping of mitochondria, along with absence of nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, or apoptotic body formation. Autoschizis: In this form of cell death, the cell membrane forms cuts or schisms that allow the cytoplasm to leak out. The cell shrinks to about one-third of its original size, and the nucleus and organelles remain surrounded by a tiny ribbon of cytoplasm. After further excisions of cytoplasm, the nuclei exhibit nucleolar segregation and chromatin decondensation followed by nuclear karyorrhexis and karyolysis. ![]()
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Wybieralska E, Koza M, Sroka J, Czyż J, Madeja Z. Ascorbic acid inhibits the migration of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2007; 13:103-11. [PMID: 17965972 PMCID: PMC6275902 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-007-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of several experimental studies have shown that ascorbic acid inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that acts as a scavenger for a wide range of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both tumour metastasis and cell migration have been correlated with the intracellular ROS level, so it was postulated that the inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid derivatives on cell motility may be caused by scavenging of ROS. Time-lapse analyses of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cell migration showed that both the speed of movement and the cell displacement were inhibited by ascorbic acid applied in concentrations ranging from 10 to 250 microM. This effect correlated with a reduction in the intracellular ROS level in WC 256 cells, suggesting that ROS scavenging may be a mechanism responsible for the inhibition of WC 256 cell migration. However, another potent antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, also efficiently decreased the intracellular ROS level in WC 256 cells, but did not affect the migration of the investigated cells. These results demonstrate that intact, unmodified ascorbic acid applied in physiologically relevant and non-toxic concentrations exerts an inhibitory effect on the migration of WC 256 carcinosarcoma cells, and that this may be one of the factors responsible for the anti-metastatic activity of vitamin C. However, our data does not support the hypothesis that the scavenging of intracellular ROS is the main mechanism in the inhibition of cancer cell migration by ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wybieralska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-378 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Koza
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-378 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Sroka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-378 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-378 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-378 Kraków, Poland
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Carr BI, Kar S, Wang M, Wang Z. Growth inhibitory actions of prothrombin on normal hepatocytes: influence of matrix. Cell Biol Int 2007; 31:929-38. [PMID: 17490900 PMCID: PMC1952657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most hepatomas have a defect in prothrombin carboxylation, and can secrete under-carboxylated prothrombin or des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP), the function of which is unknown. We considered that the prothrombin-DCP axis might also be involved in growth control. Hepatocytes and hepatoma cells were treated with prothrombin and DNA synthesis and cytoskeletal changes were studied. Prothrombin inhibited DNA synthesis in hepatocytes on fibronectin, but not collagen matrix. Hepatoma cell lines were not inhibited. We found that hepatoma cell matrix conferred resistance to hepatocytes. Prothrombin decreased fibronectin but not collagen amounts, but only in the presence of hepatocytes and not hepatoma cells, indicating that it has a differential action on matrix proteins. It also caused changes in cell shape and actin depolymerization. In vivo, there was a decrease in plasma prothrombin activity after a partial hepatectomy (PH), concomitant with the peak of DNA synthesis in the hepatocytes at 24h after PH. Injection of warfarin at the time of PH, further inhibited PT activity and enhanced this 24h peak of DNA synthesis. Furthermore, repeated injection of prothrombin lowered the peak DNA synthesis after PH. The data support the hypothesis that prothrombin can act as a hepatocyte growth inhibitor, likely at the level of fibronectin loss and result in cytoskeletal changes. Hepatomas resist this action, possibly due to their different matrix proteins. This represents a novel mechanism for growth regulation and provides a possible biological significance for the tumor marker DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Liver Cancer Center, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, E1552 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Ogasawara M, Matsunaga T, Suzuki H. Differential effects of antioxidants on the in vitro invasion, growth and lung metastasis of murine colon cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:200-4. [PMID: 17202688 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a comparative study of 20 antioxidants including antioxidative vitamins and polyphenols to examine their inhibitory activities against the in vitro invasion, growth and experimental lung metastasis of murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells. Among the compounds tested, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), gallocatechin gallate and genistein exhibited significant reductions at 77%, 46% and 44% in tumor metastasis by an intraperitoneal administration for 5 d beginning at 3 d before tumor inoculation, respectively. Quercetin also showed a slight but not statistically significant inhibition. Alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid and 2 EGCG-related compounds of epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin had no effect. EGCG also inhibited tumor metastasis dose-dependently with 98% suppression at 2 micromol; and an almost equivalent inhibition was also produced by only pre-administration of EGCG at the same dose before tumor inoculation. EGCG significantly inhibited tumor cell invasion and proliferation, but its inhibition of these activities was much less effective than that of other compounds which did not show any antimetastatic effect. No statistically significant relationship was observed between the radical scavenging activities of the test compounds and their rates of inhibition of tumor metastasis. The antimetastatic mechanism of EGCG thus seems to be independent of its inhibition of tumor invasion and growth, as well as its radical scavenging activity. Our results suggest that EGCG is potentially beneficial for tumor metastasis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ogasawara
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Imizu, Japan.
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Munday R, Smith BL, Munday CM. Structure-activity relationships in the haemolytic activity and nephrotoxicity of derivatives of 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:262-9. [PMID: 17265417 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Naphthoquinone derivatives are under investigation as potential therapeutic agents. Some such compounds are known, however, to be toxic to both animals and humans. Many naphthoquinone derivatives are haemolytic agents, while others cause necrosis of tubular epithelial cells. In the present study, the short-term toxicity of 16 derivatives of 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone has been examined in rats in order to give information on structure-activity relationships. All the naphthoquinones except one caused haemolytic anaemia, but only hydroxy and amino derivatives were nephrotoxic. Among derivatives of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, substitution in the 3-position decreased haemolytic activity and abolished nephrotoxicity. Methylation of the hydroxyl group of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone had a similar effect. In contrast, methylation of the amino group of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone increased the severity of both haemolysis and renal damage. Among the 1,2-naphthoquinones tested, the 4-methoxy and 4-amino derivatives were more toxic than the corresponding 1,4-isomers, although 4-methyl-1,2-naphthoquinone was less toxic than 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. At present, the toxicity of naphthoquinone derivatives cannot accurately be predicted on the basis of their chemical structure. In developing naphthoquinone derivatives for use in humans, toxicological studies in animals should be conducted at an early stage, bearing in mind that clinical studies have shown that humans appear to be particularly vulnerable to the nephrotoxic action of these compounds, and that certain individuals are unusually susceptible to their haemolytic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Munday
- AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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Lim D, Morgan RJ, Akman S, Margolin K, Carr BI, Leong L, Odujinrin O, Doroshow JH. Phase I trial of menadiol diphosphate (vitamin K3) in advanced malignancy. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:235-9. [PMID: 15868379 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-6731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the activity of menadione (M) in the human tumor stem cell assay, we conducted a phase I trial of M in patients with advanced cancer. Forty patients (19 men, 21 women) were treated with 90 courses of M; 82 treatment courses are evaluable for toxicity. The median patient age, Karnofsky performance status, and number of prior chemotherapy regimens were 61 years (range 32-74 years), 80% (range 50-100%), and two, respectively. M was given by a short (1-5 h) intravenous infusion every 3 weeks, starting at 40 mg/m2 and escalating by modified Fibonacci scheme to 1360 mg/m2. Toxicity was graded according to the Southwest Oncology Group toxicity scale with defined hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) scales. No grade > or =2 hematologic toxicity was observed. Non-hematologic toxicity consisted of a HSR syndrome of paresthesiae of the extremities, facial flushing, burning of the eyes and mucous membranes, chest pain and dyspnea. HSR was defined as Grade I toxicity by the presence of facial numbness, flushing, and/or a tingling sensation or burning of the eyes and mucous membranes. Grade II toxicity was defined as the presence of the same above symptoms plus chest tightness, paresthesiae of extremities and/or dyspnea and chest pain. These toxicities were grade 1 in 3 of 4 patients at a dose of 840 mg/m2. At 1360 mg/m2, 2 of 13 patients suffered grade 1 HSR and 7 of 13 grade 2 HSR. No objective partial or complete responses were observed. Plasma menadione concentrations peaked at 1.9-7.4 microM during the infusion in 3 patients receiving 1360 mg/m2. Further phase 1 and 2 combination trials using longer infusion durations have resulted from this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Losso JN, Bawadi HA. Hypoxia inducible factor pathways as targets for functional foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3751-68. [PMID: 15884793 DOI: 10.1021/jf0479719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of most chronic angiogenic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes complications, and cancer includes the presence of pockets of hypoxic cells growing behind aerobic cells and away from blood vessels. Hypoxic cells are the result of uncontrolled growth and insufficient vascularization and have undergone a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Cells respond to hypoxia by stimulating the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), which is critical for survival under hypoxic conditions and in embryogenesis. HIF is a heterodimer consisting of the O2-regulated subunit, HIF-1alpha, and the constitutively expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, HIF-1beta. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha is stable, accumulates, and migrates to the nucleus where it binds to HIF-1beta to form the complex (HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta). Transcription is initiated by the binding of the complex (HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta) to hypoxia responsive elements (HREs). The complex [(HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta) + HREs] stimulates the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, vascular permeability, and inflammation. Experimental and clinical evidence show that these hypoxic cells are the most aggressive and difficult angiogenic disease cells to treat and are a major reason for antiangiogenic and conventional treatment failure. Hypoxia occurs in early stages of disease development (before metastasis), activates angiogenesis, and stimulates vascular remodeling. HIF-1alpha has also been identified under aerobic conditions in certain types of cancer. This review summarizes the role of hypoxia in some chronic degenerative angiogenic diseases and discusses potential functional foods to target the HIF-1alpha pathways under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. It is reported that dietary quinones, semiquinones, phenolics, vitamins, amino acids, isoprenoids, and vasoactive compounds can down-regulate the HIF-1 pathways and therefore the expression of several proangiogenic factors. Considering the lack of efficiency or the side effects of synthetic antiangiogenic drugs at clinical trials, down-regulation of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by use of naturally occurring functional foods may provide an effective means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- Food Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Food Science Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Arnold D, Neal DR, Summers JL. Morphology and DNA degeneration during autoschizic cell death in bladder carcinoma T24 cells induced by ascorbate and menadione treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 288:58-83. [PMID: 16345077 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Feulgen and actin-phalloidin staining as well as gel electrophoresis have been employed in conjunction with cell ultrastructure to describe the effects of 1-, 2-, and 4-hr ascorbate (VC), menadione (VK(3)), and ascorbate:menadione (VC:VK(3)) treatments on the T24 human bladder carcinoma cell line. T24 cells exposed to VC alone display blebs and other superficial membrane defects related to membrane alterations and to superficial cytoskeleton changes. VK(3) treatment damages the cell nucleus and organelles, leads to the redistribution of the organelles in the perikaryon as a consequence of cytoskeletal damage, and results in cytoplasmic self-excisions. After VC:VK(3) treatment, the cells show exaggerated alterations characteristic of each vitamin treatment alone, including damaged mitochondria, self-excision of organelle-free pieces of cytoplasm, and extrusion of the perikaryon containing a nucleus surrounded by the damaged organelles. The nuclear envelope appears intact and contains chromatin that decondenses and dissipates. During the cellular demise that concludes with apparent karyolysis, the cells significantly decrease their size and alter their shape. However, the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum are undamaged, but may become dilated. Since the cellular phenomena leading to cell death differ morphologically from apoptosis and necrosis, but entail self-cutting without nuclear bodies, this new form of cell death was called autoschizis. In addition, gel electrophoresis and Feulgen staining demonstrate that autoschizis is accompanied by random DNA degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomy, American University of the Caribbean, School of Medicine, Coral Gables, Florida 33134, USA.
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