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Khurm M, Wang X, Zhang H, Hussain SN, Qaisar MN, Hayat K, Saqib F, Zhang X, Zhan G, Guo Z. The genus Cassia L.: Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical overview. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2336-2385. [PMID: 33617115 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nature gifts medicinal plants with the untapped and boundless treasure of active chemical constituents with significant therapeutic potential that makes these plants a beneficial source in the development of phytomedicines. Genus Cassia, with approximately 500 species, is a large group of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. Cassia species are widely distributed throughout different regions mainly tropical Asia, North America, and East Africa. In the folk medicinal history, these plants are used as laxative and purgative agents. In the Ayurveda system of medicine, they are used to cure headache and fever. Cassia plants exhibit pharmacological activities at large scales such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hyperglycemic, antimutagenic, and antivirals. The phytochemical investigations of genus Cassia demonstrate the presence of more than 200 chemical compounds, including piperidine alkaloids, anthracene derivatives (anthraquinones), flavonoids, pentacyclic triterpenoids, sterols, phenylpropanoids, and γ-naphthopyrones. The literature illustrated anthraquinones and flavonoids as major secondary metabolites from this genus. However, some Cassia plants, with rich contents of anthraquinones, still show toxicology properties. As Cassia plants are used extensively in the herbal system of medicine, but only senna dosage forms have achieved the status of the pharmaceutical market as standard laxative agents. In conclusion, further investigations on isolating newer biologically active constituents, unknown underlying mechanisms, toxicology profiles, and clinical studies of Cassia species are needed to be explored. This review article specifies the systematic breach existing between the current scientific knowledge and the fundamentals for the marketization of genus Cassia products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khurm
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | - Khezar Hayat
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanqun Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zengjun Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lee MJ, Nho JH, Yang BD, Park H, Lee HJ, Lee KH, Jang JH, Jung HK, Kim SR, Cho HW, Park HS, Lim JO, Kim JC. Subchronic toxicity evaluation of ethanol extract of Cassia tora L. seeds in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104487. [PMID: 31585136 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cassia tora Linn. is an annual or perennial plant of the Fabaceae/Leguminosae family. It is used in traditional medicine for various biological activities including anti-constipation, anti-inflammatory, visual acuity, and hepato-protective activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of C. tora L. seed ethanol extract (CTSEE) following a 13-week repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. CTSEE was administered orally to male and female rats for 13 weeks at 0 (control), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (n = 10, for male and female rats for each dose). Additional recovery groups from the control group and high dose group were observed for a 4-week recovery period. At the end of the treatment and recovery periods, animals were sacrificed, and their organs were weighed and blood samples collected. There were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, estrous cycle, sperm parameters, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathology at any doses tested. Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the CTSEE was >2000 mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jin Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Nho
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Beo-Deul Yang
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Park
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Lee
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Jung
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ra Kim
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Cho
- Division of Tradition Korean Medicine Research, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Jangheung, Jeonnam, 59338, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Sung Park
- Health Care Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute, Hwasun, Jeonnam, 58141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Oh Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Kim DH, Kim KJ. Grape Pruning Stem Extract (GPSE) Suppresses Allergy and Skin Proliferation Inhibition against UVB Induced Skin Damage. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.4.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daekyeung University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Research Support Team, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Keuk-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daekyeung University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Lovinskaya AV, Kolumbayeva SZ, Shalakhmetova TM, Marsova MV, Abilev SK. Antigenotoxic activity of biologically active substances from Inula britannica and Limonium gmelini. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417120080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guo R, Wu H, Yu X, Xu M, Zhang X, Tang L, Wang Z. Simultaneous Determination of Seven Anthraquinone Aglycones of Crude and Processed Semen Cassiae Extracts in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111803. [PMID: 29143757 PMCID: PMC6150312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen cassiae is the ripe seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L. of the family Leguminosae. In traditional Chinese medicine, the two forms of Semen cassiae are raw Semen cassiae (R-SC) and parched Semen cassiae (P-SC). To clarify the processing mechanism of Semen cassiae, the pharmacokinetics of R-SC and P-SC extracts were examined. A simple, rapid, sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven anthraquinone aglycones of Semen cassiae (aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, questin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether, rhein, emodin, 1,2,7-trimethoxyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone) to compare the pharmacokinetics of raw and parched Semen cassiae in rat plasma. Compared with the R-SC group, Cmax and AUC0-12 tended to be higher in the P-SC group. In particular, Cmax values for aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, questin, 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether and rhein were significantly higher in the P-SC group (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Tmax and MRT0-12 tended to be lower in the P-SC group. Specifically, Tmax for aurantio-obtusin and 2-hydroxyemodin-1-methyl-ether and MRT0-12 for obtusifolin and rhein were significantly higher in the P-SC group (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xiankuo Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Mengying Xu
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshuidong Ave., Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing 100700, China.
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Zhao M, Wang P, Li D, Shang J, Hu X, Chen F. Protection against neo-formed contaminants (NFCs)-induced toxicity by phytochemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:392-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Dong X, Fu J, Yin X, Yang C, Zhang X, Wang W, Du X, Wang Q, Ni J. Cassiae semen: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2331-2346. [PMID: 28677746 PMCID: PMC5547955 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassiae semen (Leguminosae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for a number of centuries in areas of Southeast Asia, including Korea, Japan and China. The present review aims to provide updated and comprehensive information, on the botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cassiae semen. The available information on Cassiae semen was collected using several different resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and a number of scientific databases, including the China Academic Journals full-text database, PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science and Science Direct. To date >70 chemical compounds have been isolated from Cassiae semen, and the major components have been determined to be anthraquinones, naphthopyrones and volatile oil. The crude extracts and pure compounds of Cassiae semen have been used as effective agents in preclinical and clinical practice due to their beneficial activities, including antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antioxidant and hypotensive activities. With the body of reported data, it has been suggested that Cassiae semen has convincing medicinal potential. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of the main bioactive compounds and the association between structure and activity require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Chunjing Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Du
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ni
- Department of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceuticals, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
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Suleiman MHA. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by communities of Northern Kordofan region, Sudan. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:232-42. [PMID: 26519203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The present study provides significant ethnopharmacological information on plant species used in North Kordofan region, western Sudan. The study was undertaken with an aim to document the medicinal uses of the species known to some Northern Kordofan communities. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted between 2012 and 2013. The plants were identified and voucher specimens prepared. Information was collected by means of semi-structured interviews with 258 informants (195 men and 63 women). In addition, the use value (UV) of the species was determined and the informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated for the medicinal plants researched in the study. Further analysis was carried out to compare results with previous studies from the study area and other regions of Sudan. RESULTS A total of 44 plant species representing 24 families were found to be commonly used in the treatment of 73 different human health problems. The families most represented were Leguminosae (18%), Caesalpiniaceae (9%), Malvaceae (9%), Asclepiadaceae (6.8%) and Combretaceae (6.8%). The highest number of plant species are used against digestive system disorders (23 species) followed by microbial infections (21 species) and dermatology (19 species). Among all the plant parts leaves (20%), roots (19%), fruits and bark (14% each) were the most preferred plant parts used by the informants. There was strong agreement among the informants as to the usages of the plants (informant consensus factor 0.63-0.93). The most important plants on the basis of use-value were Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia senna, Guiera senegalensis and Tamarindus indica. CONCLUSION This study has helped to document information that may otherwise be lost to future generations. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of the ICF and UV methods in the study area. Plants with high ICF and UV values should be subjected for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation for scientific validation.
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Wang N, Su M, Liang S, Sun H. Investigation of six bioactive anthraquinones in slimming tea by accelerated solvent extraction and high performance capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detection. Food Chem 2015; 199:1-7. [PMID: 26775937 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and effective method for effective separation and rapid simultaneous determination of six bioactive anthraquinones by capillary zone electrophoresis was developed. An accelerated solvent extraction procedure was used for the extraction of anthraquinones from slimming tea. Under the optimized conditions, the effective separation of six anthraquinones was achieved within 8 min. Good linearity was achieved, with a correlation coefficient (r) of ⩾ 0.999. The limit of detection ranged from 0.33 to 1.40 μg mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of the six analytes was in the range of 2.3-3.9% and 3.2-4.9%, respectively. The average recovery of the six analytes from real tea samples was in the range of 86.15-98.30% with the RSD of 1.04-4.99%. The developed and validated method has speediness, high sensitivity, recovery and precision, and can be applied for the quality control of slimming tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ming Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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Saravanakumar A, Ganesh M, Jayaprakash J, Jang HT. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cassia tora leaf extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zeng H, Liu Q, Wang M, Jiang S, Zhang L, He X, Wang J, Chen X. Target-guided separation of antioxidants from Semen cassia via off-line two-dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with complexation and extrusion elution mode. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:58-65. [PMID: 26255697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shujing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-conserving & Environment-friendly Society and Ecological Civilization, Changsha 410083, China.
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Tang L, Wu H, Zhou X, Xu Y, Zhou G, Wang T, Kou Z, Wang Z. Discrimination of Semen cassiae from two related species based on the multivariate analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xidan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yilong Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Guohong Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhen Kou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhuju Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
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Wu X, Liang S, Ge X, Lv Y, Sun H. Synthesis and evaluation of dummy molecularly imprinted microspheres for the specific solid-phase extraction of six anthraquinones from slimming tea. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1263-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding China
| | - Xusheng Ge
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding China
- Department of Biochemistry; Baoding University; Baoding China
| | - Yunkai Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding China
| | - Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding China
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Traditional Chinese medicine herbal extracts of Cibotium barometz, Gentiana scabra, Dioscorea batatas, Cassia tora, and Taxillus chinensis inhibit SARS-CoV replication. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 1:41-50. [PMID: 24716104 PMCID: PMC3942999 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) agents is pivotal to prevent the reemergence of the life-threatening disease, SARS. In this study, more than 200 extracts from Chinese medicinal herbs were evaluated for anti-SARS-CoV activities using a cell-based assay that measured SARS-CoV-induced cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in vitro on Vero E6 cells. Six herbal extracts, one each from Gentianae Radix (龍膽 lóng dǎn; the dried rhizome of Gentiana scabra), Dioscoreae Rhizoma (山藥 shān yào; the tuber of Dioscorea batatas), Cassiae Semen (決明子 jué míng zǐ; the dried seed of Cassia tora) and Loranthi Ramus (桑寄生 sāng jì shēng; the dried stem, with leaf of Taxillus chinensis) (designated as GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH, respectively), and two from Rhizoma Cibotii (狗脊 gǒu jǐ; the dried rhizome of Cibotium barometz) (designated as CBE and CBM), were found to be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV at concentrations between 25 and 200 μg/ml. The concentrations of the six extracts needed to inhibit 50% of Vero E6 cell proliferation (CC50) and 50% of viral replication (EC50) were determined. The resulting selective index values (SI = CC50/EC50) of the most effective extracts CBE, GSH, DBM, CTH and TCH were > 59.4, > 57.5, > 62.1, > 59.4, and > 92.9, respectively. Among these extracts, CBM and DBM also showed significant inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease activity with IC50 values of 39 μg/ml and 44 μg/ml, respectively. Our findings suggest that these six herbal extracts may have potential as candidates for future development of anti-SARS therapeutics.
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Zhang N, Dong N, Pang L, Xu H, Ji H. Quantitative Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Aurantio-Obtusin in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:1059-64. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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XU SICONG, REN YI, WAN LI, LI WAIKEE, WONG NINGBEW, ZHANG JIAXIONG, LIAO QING, JI LANG. DFT INSIGHT INTO THE UV-VIS SPECTRA AND RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF AURANTIO-OBTUSIN. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633613500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aurantio-obtusin (2,6,8-trihydroxy-1,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl anthraquinone), an anthraquinone derivative isolated from the seeds of Cassia tora L., has been studied by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311+g(2df,p)//B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level in vacuum and in methanol polarized continuum model (PCM). Eight conformers have been located by conformational search and optimization. Our results indicate that the titled compound has planar structures, and five intramolecular hydrogen bonds are found in the lowest-energy structure, including three OH⋯O and two CH⋯O hydrogen bonds. The electronic spectra in methanol have been determined by the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach, showing that the first singlet exited state of the title compound arises from π → π* electron transition. The antioxidant activity of aurantio-obtusin is evaluated by means of calculating O−H bond dissociated enthalpy (BDE) and the adiabatic ionization energy (IE). The calculated BDE and IE values of aurantio-obtusin are 341.8 and 732.3 kJ mol-1, respectively, lower than the corresponding values of phenol (348.4 and 801.7 kJ mol-1) and purpurin (360.4 and 747.8 kJ mol-1), suggesting that aurantio-obtusin is a better antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- SI-CONG XU
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - YI REN
- College of Chemistry and Key State Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - LI WAN
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - WAI-KEE LI
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - NING-BEW WONG
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - JIA-XIONG ZHANG
- The Forty-Second Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jiajiang, 614100, China
| | - QING LIAO
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - LANG JI
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu 611137, China
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Reduction of lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues by Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed extract is associated with AMPK activation. Food Chem 2013; 136:1086-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Tzeng TF, Lu HJ, Liou SS, Chang CJ, Liu IM. Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed extract alleviates high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Yang J, Ye H, Lai H, Li S, He S, Zhong S, Chen L, Peng A. Separation of anthraquinone compounds from the seed of Cassia obtusifolia L. using recycling counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gill N, Sharma A, Arora R, M. Bali D. Evaluation of Cassia tora Seeds for their Antioxidant and Antiulcer Activity. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2011.96.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Sob SVT, Wabo HK, Tchinda AT, Tane P, Ngadjui BT, Ye Y. Anthraquinones, sterols, triterpenoids and xanthones from Cassia obtusifolia. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Kaur P, Chandel M, Kumar S, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaur S. Modulatory role of alizarin from Rubia cordifolia L. against genotoxicity of mutagens. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:320-5. [PMID: 19852997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rubia cordifolia L. (Rubiaceae) is an important medicinal plant used in the Ayurvedic medicinal system. Its use as a traditional therapeutic has been related to the treatment of skin disorders and cancer. Besides its medicinal value, anthraquinones from this plant are used as natural food colourants and as natural hair dyes. Dyes derived from natural sources have emerged as important alternatives to synthetic dyes. Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) was isolated and characterized from R. cordifolia L. and evaluated for its antigenotoxic potential against a battery of mutagens viz. 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in Ames assay using TA98 tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium; hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) in SOS chromotest using PQ37 strain of Escherichia coli and in Comet assay using human blood lymphocytes. Our results showed that alizarin possessed significant modulatory role against the genotoxicity of mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjit Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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23
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Biyik R, Tapramaz R. An EPR study on tea: identification of paramagnetic species, effect of heat and sweeteners. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 74:767-770. [PMID: 19733505 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia Sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world, and is known to be having therapeutic, antioxidant and nutritional effects. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectral studies made on the tea cultivated along the shore of Black Sea, Turkey, show Mn(2+) and Fe(3+) centers in green tea leaves and in black tea extract. Dry black tea flakes and dry extract show additional sharp line attributed to semiquinone radical. The origins of the paramagnetic species in black tea are defined and discussed. Effect of humidity and heat are investigated. It is observed that dry extract of black tea melts at 100 degrees C and the semiquinone radical lives up to 140 degrees C while Mn(2+) sextet disappears just above 100 degrees C in tea extract. Natural and synthetics sweeteners have different effects on the paramagnetic centers. White sugar (sucrose) quenches the Mn(2+) and semiquinone lines in black tea EPR spectrum, and glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose quench Fe(3+) line while synthetic sweeteners acesulfam potassium, aspartame and sodium saccharine do not have any effect on paramagnetic species in tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Biyik
- Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Physics, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
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Aviello G, Rowland I, Gill CI, Acquaviva AM, Capasso F, McCann M, Capasso R, Izzo AA, Borrelli F. Anti-proliferative effect of rhein, an anthraquinone isolated from Cassia species, on Caco-2 human adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:2006-14. [PMID: 19538468 PMCID: PMC3823282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of anthraquinone laxatives, in particular senna, has been associated with damage to the intestinal epithelial layer and an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of rhein, the active metabolite of senna, on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and its effect on cell proliferation. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red (NR) and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays whereas 3H-thymidine incorporation and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the effect of rhein on cell proliferation. Moreover, for genoprotection studies Comet assay and oxidative biomarkers measurement (malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species) were used. Rhein (0.1–10 μg/ml) had no significant cytotoxic effect on proliferating and differentiated Caco-2 cells. Rhein (0.1 and 1 μg/ml) significantly reduced cell proliferation as well as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation; by contrast, at high concentration (10 μg/ml) rhein significantly increased cell proliferation and extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Moreover, rhein (0.1–10 μg/ml): (i) did not adversely affect the integrity of tight junctions and hence epithelial barrier function; (ii) did not induce DNA damage, rather it was able to reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage and (iii) significantly inhibited the increase in malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels induced by H2O2/Fe2+. Rhein was devoid of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, at concentrations present in the colon after a human therapeutic dosage of senna, rhein inhibited cell proliferation via a mechanism that seems to involve directly the MAP kinase pathway. Finally, rhein prevents the DNA damage probably via an anti-oxidant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Aviello
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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25
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Preparative separation and purification of five anthraquinones from Cassia tora L. by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zhu LC, Zhao ZG, Yu SJ. 2-Hydr-oxy-1,6,7,8-tetra-meth-oxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o371. [PMID: 21201403 PMCID: PMC2960471 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536807067864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, C(19)H(18)O(7), also known as chrysoobtusin, was isolated from Cassia tora L. (Leguminosae). The anthraquinone ring system is almost planar, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings being 4.27 (4)°. The structure is stabilized by intra- and inter-molecular O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and by weak π-π stacking inter-actions along the b axis, with a centroid-centroid distance between related benzene rings of 3.800 (4) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cai Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Gang Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Juan Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
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27
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ZHANG YUNFENG, WEI DONG, GUO SIYUAN, ZHANG XUEWU, WANG MINGFU, CHEN FENG. CHEMICAL COMPONENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE VOLATILE OIL FROM CASSIA TORA L. SEED PREPARED BY SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Xie Y, Liang Y, Chen H, Zhang T, Ito Y. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Anthraquinones from Cassia Seed by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701277117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Xie
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Y. Liang
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - H.‐W. Chen
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - T.‐Y. Zhang
- b Beijing Institute of New Technology Application , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Ito
- c Center for Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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29
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Takahashi E, Arimoto S, Okamoto K, Negishi T. Enhancement of phase II enzyme activity by purpurin resulting in the suppression of MeIQx-DNA-adduct formation in mice. Mutat Res 2007; 626:128-34. [PMID: 17137831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 09/16/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated using a bacterial system that the antigenotoxic activity of the anthraquinone compounds purpurin and alizarin was due to the suppression of microsomal enzyme activity involved in the activation of mutagens. In the present study we determined the effect of purpurin and alizarin on (i) MeIQx-DNA-adduct formation in mouse tissues and (ii) the activity of phases I and II enzymes in liver fractions, the liver being the target tissue of MeIQx. The amount of MeIQx-DNA adduct formed was determined using 32P-postlabeling methods. Methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase (MROD) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) enzyme activities, which reflect CYP 1A activity, were measured as markers for phase I enzymes, and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were determined as markers for phase II enzymes. Mice fed with a diet containing 0.5% purpurin for 3 days prior to MeIQx administration had 70% fewer MeIQx-DNA adducts in the lung and kidney, and fewer DNA adducts (insignificant, statistically) in the liver compared with mice fed a diet lacking purpurin. MROD and EROD activities in the liver of these mice increased six- and eight-fold, respectively, and were higher than those determined for the control mice within 1 day following commencement of purpurin treatment. These elevated activities were maintained during treatment and declined immediately following removal of purpurin from the diet. GST and UGT activities gradually increased 2.5- and 3-fold, respectively, following purpurin treatment, and were maintained at significantly high levels even after purpurin administration ceased. Alizarin did not significantly affect DNA-adduct formation and enzyme activity, except in the case of UGT. Taken together, our results show that purpurin reduced MeIQx-DNA-adduct formation by maintaining elevated phase II enzyme activities, thereby facilitating accelerated excretion of MeIQx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Takahashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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