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Balance of Macrophage Activation by a Complex Coacervate-Based Adhesive Drug Carrier Facilitates Diabetic Wound Healing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122351. [PMID: 36552559 PMCID: PMC9774176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled and sustained inflammation disrupts the wound-healing process and produces excessive reactive oxygen species, resulting in chronic or impaired wound closure. Natural antioxidants such as plant-based extracts and natural polysaccharides have a long history in wound care. However, they are hard to apply to wound beds due to high levels of exudate or anatomical sites to which securing a dressing is difficult. Therefore, we developed a complex coacervate-based drug carrier with underwater adhesive properties that circumvents these challenges by enabling wet adhesion and controlling inflammatory responses. This resulted in significantly accelerated wound healing through balancing the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages. In brief, we designed a complex coacervate-based drug carrier (ADC) comprising oligochitosan and inositol hexaphosphate to entrap and release antioxidant proanthocyanins (PA) in a sustained way. The results from in vitro experiments demonstrated that ADC is able to reduce LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages. The ability of ADC to reduce LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages is even more promising when ADC is encapsulated with PA (ADC-PA). Our results indicate that ADC-PA is able to polarize macrophages into an M2 tissue-healing phenotype via up-regulation of anti-inflammatory and resolution of inflammatory responses. Treatment with ADC-PA around the wound beds fine-tunes the balance between the numbers of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive (iNOS+) and mannose receptor-negative (CD206-) M1 and iNOS-CD206+ M2 macrophages in the wound microenvironment compared to controls. Achieving such a balance between the numbers of iNOS+CD206- M1 and iNOS-CD206+ M2 macrophages in the wound microenvironment has led to significantly improved wound closure in mouse models of diabetes, which exhibit severe impairments in wound healing. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time the use of a complex coacervate-based drug delivery system to promote timely resolution of the inflammatory responses for diabetic wound healing by fine-tuning the functions of macrophages.
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2
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Potential Medical Applications of Chitooligosaccharides. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173558. [PMID: 36080631 PMCID: PMC9460531 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, also known as chitosan oligomers or chitooligomers, are made up of chitosan with a degree of polymerization (DP) that is less than 20 and an average molecular weight (MW) that is lower than 3.9 kDa. COS can be produced through enzymatic conversions using chitinases, physical and chemical applications, or a combination of these strategies. COS is of significant interest for pharmacological and medical applications due to its increased water solubility and non-toxicity, with a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. This review aims to outline the recent advances and potential applications of COS in various diseases and conditions based on the available literature, mainly from preclinical research. The prospects of further in vivo studies and translational research on COS in the medical field are highlighted.
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Guan Z, Feng Q. Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharide: The Promising Non-Plant-Derived Prebiotics with Multiple Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126761. [PMID: 35743209 PMCID: PMC9223384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable chitin is the second-most abundant natural polysaccharide, widely existing in the exoskeletons of crabs, shrimps, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Chitosan and chitooligosaccharide (COS, also named chitosan oligosaccharide) are the two most important deacetylated derivatives of chitin. Compared with chitin, chitosan and COS not only have more satisfactory physicochemical properties but also exhibit additional biological activities, which cause them to be widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, and agriculture. Additionally, due to their significant ability to improve gut microbiota, chitosan and COS are deemed prospective prebiotics. Here, we introduced the production, physicochemical properties, applications, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of chitosan and COS. Furthermore, we summarized the latest research on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Research progress on the prebiotic functions of chitosan and COS is particularly reviewed. We creatively analyzed and discussed the mechanisms and correlations underlying these activities of chitosan and COS and their physicochemical properties. Our work enriched people's understanding of these non-plant-derived prebiotics. Based on this review, the future directions of research on chitosan and COS are explored. Collectively, optimizing the production technology of chitin derivatives and enriching understanding of their biological functions will shed more light on their capability to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Microbiome, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- School of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Microbiome, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266347, China
- Correspondence:
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Chen L, Li J, Bi X, Ji J, Wang L, Cheng J. Chondroitin sulfate micro granules embedded with oligochitosan-calcium complexes for potential osteoporosis prevention. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Behera HT, Mojumdar A, Das SR, Ray L. Biodegradation of Chitin Extracted from Labeo catla Fish Scales and Production of Chitooligosaccharides by Novel Chitinolytic Bacteria Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.1988018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhik Mojumdar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Ranjan Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Lopamudra Ray
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
- School of Law, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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6
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A New Method for Calculating Calcium Content and Determining Appropriate Calcium Levels in Foods. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Mei QX, Hu JH, Huang ZH, Fan JJ, Huang CL, Lu YY, Wang XP, Zeng Y. Pretreatment with chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate experimental severe acute pancreatitis via inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating intestinal homeostasis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:942-953. [PMID: 33495520 PMCID: PMC8149410 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a severe acute abdominal disease. Recent evidence shows that intestinal homeostasis is essential for the management of acute pancreatitis. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) possess antioxidant activity that are effective in treating various inflammatory diseases. In this study we explored the potential therapeutic effects of COS on SAP and underlying mechanisms. Mice were treated with COS (200 mg·kg-1·d-1, po) for 4 weeks, then SAP was induced in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein. We found that COS administration significantly alleviated the severity of SAP: the serum amylase and lipase levels as well as pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity were significantly reduced. COS administration suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL2 and MCP1) in the pancreas and ileums. Moreover, COS administration decreased pancreatic inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress in SAP mice, accompanied by activated Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibited TLR4/NF-κB and MAPK pathways. We further demonstrated that COS administration restored SAP-associated ileal damage and barrier dysfunction. In addition, gut microbiome analyses revealed that the beneficial effect of COS administration was associated with its ability to improve the pancreatitis-associated gut microbiota dysbiosis; in particular, probiotics Akkermansia were markedly increased, while pathogenic bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were almost eliminated. The study demonstrates that COS administration remarkably attenuates SAP by reducing oxidative stress and restoring intestinal homeostasis, suggesting that COS might be a promising prebiotic agent for the treatment of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Jun-Hui Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Ze-Hua Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Jun-Jie Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Chun-Lan Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Ying-Ying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xing-Peng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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Zhai X, Li C, Ren D, Wang J, Ma C, Abd El-Aty AM. The impact of chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives on the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity: A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118132. [PMID: 34044948 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are the degraded products of chitin or chitosan. COS is water-soluble, non-cytotoxic to organisms, readily absorbed through the intestine, and eliminated primarily through the kidneys. COS possess a wide range of biological activities, including immunomodulation, cholesterol-lowering, and antitumor activity. Although work on COS goes back at least forty years, several aspects remain unclear. This review narrates the recent developments in COS antitumor activities, while paying considerable attention to the impacts of physicochemical properties (such as molecular weight and degrees of deacetylation) and chemical modifications both in vitro and in vivo. COS derivatives not only improve some physicochemical properties, but also expand the range of applications in drug and gene delivery. COS (itself or as a drug carrier) can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, which might be attributed to its ability to stimulate the immune response along with its anti-angiogenic activity. Further, an attempt has been made to report limitations and future research. The potential health benefits of COS and its derivatives against cancer may offer a new insight on their applications in food and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chaonan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083 Beijing, PR China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Chokradjaroen C, Niu J, Panomsuwan G, Saito N. Insight on Solution Plasma in Aqueous Solution and Their Application in Modification of Chitin and Chitosan. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4308. [PMID: 33919182 PMCID: PMC8122608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability and environmental concerns have persuaded researchers to explore renewable materials, such as nature-derived polysaccharides, and add value by changing chemical structures with the aim to possess specific properties, like biological properties. Meanwhile, finding methods and strategies that can lower hazardous chemicals, simplify production steps, reduce time consumption, and acquire high-purified products is an important task that requires attention. To break through these issues, electrical discharging in aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, referred to as the "solution plasma process", has been introduced as a novel process for modification of nature-derived polysaccharides like chitin and chitosan. This review reveals insight into the electrical discharge in aqueous solutions and scientific progress on their application in a modification of chitin and chitosan, including degradation and deacetylation. The influencing parameters in the plasma process are intensively explained in order to provide a guideline for the modification of not only chitin and chitosan but also other nature-derived polysaccharides, aiming to address economic aspects and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanaphat Chokradjaroen
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; (C.C.); (J.N.)
| | - Jiangqi Niu
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; (C.C.); (J.N.)
| | - Gasidit Panomsuwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Nagahiro Saito
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; (C.C.); (J.N.)
- Conjoint Research Laboratory in Nagoya University, Shinshu University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Open Innovation Platform with Enterprises, Research Institute and Academia (OPERA), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Strategic International Collaborative Research Program (SICORP), Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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10
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Benchamas G, Huang G, Huang S, Huang H. Preparation and biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Mei Q, Deng G, Huang Z, Yin Y, Li C, Hu J, Fu Y, Wang X, Zeng Y. Porous COS@SiO 2 Nanocomposites Ameliorate Severe Acute Pancreatitis and Associated Lung Injury by Regulating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Mice. Front Chem 2020; 8:720. [PMID: 33134248 PMCID: PMC7579426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are agents with antioxidant properties. We developed porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites to study the protective effects and mechanisms of COS nanomedicine for the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites released COSs slowly under pH control, enabling sustained release and maintaining the drug at a higher concentration. This study aimed to determine whether porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites ameliorate SAP and associated lung injury. The SAP model was established in male C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein. The expression levels of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inflammatory cytokines were detected, and a histological analysis of mouse pancreatic and lung tissues was performed. In the SAP groups, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress occurred, and pathological damage to the pancreas and lung was obvious. Combined with porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites before treatment, the systemic inflammatory response was obviously reduced, as were oxidative stress indicators in targeted tissues. It was found that Nrf2 was significantly activated in the COS@SiO2 treatment group, and the expressions of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome were notably decreased. In addition, this protective effect was significantly weakened when Nrf2 signaling was inhibited by ML385. This demonstrated that porous COS@SiO2 nanocomposites activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce the expression of NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of inflammatory factors, thus blocking the systemic inflammatory response and ultimately ameliorating SAP and associated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoying Deng
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehua Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Hu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingpeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Yi Z, Luo X, Zhao L. Research Advances in Chitosan Oligosaccharides: From Multiple Biological Activities to Clinical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5037-5055. [PMID: 31309881 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712180147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), hydrolysed products of chitosan, are low-molecular weight polymers with a positive charge and good biocompatibility. COS have recently been reported to possess various biological activities, including hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic, antioxidantantioxidant, immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, antibacterial, and tissue engineering activities, exhibiting extensive application prospects. Currently, the biological processes and mechanisms of COS are attractive topics of study, ranging from the genetic, molecular and protein levels. This article reviews the recent discoveries about COS, especially in metabolic regulation, immune function and tissue repair, providing important insights into their multiple biological activities, medical benefits, and therapeutic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Wang M, Wang J, Fu L, Al-Wraikat M, Lin S, Lu P, Shan L, Fan J, Zhang B. Degradation of polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L. leaves improves bioaccessibility and gastrointestinal transport of endogenous minerals. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 143:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Guan D, Sun H, Meng X, Wang J, Wan W, Han H, Wang Z, Li Y. Effects of different molar mass chitooligosaccharides on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:500-507. [PMID: 31377430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different molar mass chitooligosaccharides (1000 Da, 3000 Da and 8000 Da) on growth, antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A total of 600 fish were divided into four treatments with five replicates of thirty fish per tank. The results showed that the supplementation of 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS significantly improved the growth performance and feed utilization in GIFT tilapia. The trend of decreasing total cholesterol, triglyceride, ALT, and ACP activity was observed in fish fed diet supplemented COS. The supplementation of 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS significantly improved the serum TAC activity, and decreased the serum MDA and catalase activities (P < 0.05). The lysozyme activity of blood, liver, and gills in fish fed diets supplemented with 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS was significantly higher than that of fish fed control diet after 56 days of feeding (P < 0.05). The phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of fish fed diets supplemented with 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS were significantly higher than those of fish fed control diet. Post-challenge test showed that fish mortality in 1000 Da, 3000 Da, and 8000 Da COS groups were significantly lower than that of fish in control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study indicated that dietary 1000 Da and 3000 Da COS supplementation could enhance more performance and immune response of GIFT tilapia than 8000 Da COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Guan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Huiwen Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jiting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Wenju Wan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Taishan Medical University, 2 Yingsheng East Road, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
| | - Haojun Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Lab of Aquatic Animal Nutrition & Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
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15
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Xu W, Chen X, Wang Y, Fan B, Guo K, Yang C, Yu S, Pang Y, Zhang S. Chitooligosaccharide inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and ligation-induced periodontitis by suppressing MAPK/ c-fos/NFATC1 signaling. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3022-3032. [PMID: 31541460 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the high rate of osteoclast-related diseases worldwide, research targeting osteoclast formation/function is crucial. In vitro, we demonstrated that chitooligosaccharide (CS) dramatically inhibited osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast function dose-dependently. CS suppressed osteoclast-specific genes expression during osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, we found that CS attenuated receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway involving p38, erk1/2, and jnk, leading to the reduced expression of c-fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) during osteoclast differentiation. In vivo, we found CS protected rats from periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss by micro-computerized tomography and histological analysis. Overall, CS inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and ligature-induced rat periodontitis model, probably by suppressing the MAPK/c-fos/NFATc1 signaling pathway. Therefore, CS may be a safe and promising treatment for osteoclast-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yexin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoting Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiqi Yu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhi Zao Ju Rd, 200011, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichuan Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanyong Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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16
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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS): An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:827-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Chokradjaroen C, Theeramunkong S, Yui H, Saito N, Rujiravanit R. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells of chitosan oligosaccharides prepared from chitosan powder degraded by electrical discharge plasma. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:20-30. [PMID: 30241811 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides, which obtain from degradation of chitosan, possess some interesting molecular weight-dependent biological properties, especially anticancer activity. Therefore, the conversion of chitosan to chitosan oligosaccharides with specific molecular weight has been continuously investigated in order to find effective strategies that can achieve both economic feasibility and environmental concerns. In this study, a novel process was developed to heterogeneously degrade chitosan powder by highly active species generated by electrical discharge plasma in a dilute salt solution (0.02 M) without the addition of other chemicals. The degradation rate obtained from the proposed process was comparable to that obtained from some other methods with the addition of acids and oxidizing agents. Separation of the water-soluble degraded products containing chitosan oligosaccharides from the reaction solution was simply done by filtration. The obtained chitosan oligosaccharides were further evaluated for an influence of their molecular weights on cytotoxicity against cancer cells and the selectivity toward cancer and normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroharu Yui
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan; Water Frontier Science & Technology Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Saito
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ratana Rujiravanit
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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18
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Phil L, Naveed M, Mohammad IS, Bo L, Bin D. Chitooligosaccharide: An evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:438-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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19
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Kim SH, Eom SH, Yu D, Lee MS, Kim YM. Oligochitosan as a potential anti-acne vulgaris agent: combined antibacterial effects against Propionibacterium acnes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1029-1036. [PMID: 30263633 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop an antibacterial treatment for acne vulgaris using natural substance with few side effects, we investigated the antibacterial activities of oligochitosan against acne-related bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes. Oligochitosan showed potent antibacterial effect on P. acnes. Especially, 10 kDa oligochitosan presented the highest antimicrobial effect with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 32-64 μg/mL on P. acnes. In addition, oligochitosan clearly reversed the antibacterial effect of tetracycline and erythromycin on P. acnes in the combination mode. The combination of tetracycline- or erythromycine-10 kDa oligochitosan resulted in a median ΣFIC range of 0.02-0.56, suggesting that the antibiotics-oligochitosan combination resulted in an antibacterial synergy against P. acnes. Thus, the results obtained in this research strongly supported that erythromycin and tetracycline will restore the antibacterial activity against P. acnes in the combination mode with 10 kDa oligochitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hee Kim
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513 Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Eom
- 2Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, Gyeonggi 13539 Korea
| | - Daeung Yu
- 3Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Myung-Suk Lee
- 4Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513 Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513 Korea.,5Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513 Korea
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20
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Polysaccharide from Lycium barbarum L. leaves enhances absorption of endogenous calcium, and elevates cecal calcium transport protein levels and serum cytokine levels in rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Yang JW, Tian G, Chen DW, Yao Y, He J, Zheng P, Mao XB, Yu J, Huang ZQ, Yu B. Involvement of PKA signalling in anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan oligosaccharides in IPEC-J2 porcine epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:252-259. [PMID: 28299836 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is characterized by intestinal inflammation, which is a big challenge in pig industry. Control of intestinal inflammation is important for improvement of growth performance and health. Therefore, the study was focused on the anti-inflammatory activity of low-molecular-weight chitosan oligosaccharide (LCOS) in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The results showed that TNF-α, as inflammation inducer, significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL-8 and MCP-1. Afterwards, LCOS significantly attenuated mRNA expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 induced by TNF-α in the cells. Mannose (MAN), as ligand of mannose receptor, had no effect on the anti-inflammatory activity of LCOS, which suggested that mannose receptor may not involve in the anti-inflammatory activity of LCOS in IPEC-J2 cells. Interestingly, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide 2HCl hydrate (H89), as PKA (protein kinase A)-specific inhibitor, reversed the mRNA expression of IL-8 when co-cultured with LCOS. Furthermore, LCOS concentration dependent downregulated the mRNA expression of claudin-1 compared with TNF-α treatment. However, the trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) was not affected by LCOS when co-cultured with TNF-α in 3 hr. In conclusion, LCOS have a potent anti-inflammatory activity, and as a feed additives, may be useful for the inhibition of inflammatory process in weaning period of pigs with intestinal inflammation occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - G Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - D W Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Yao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - J He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - P Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - X B Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - J Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Z Q Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - B Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
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22
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Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:80-97. [PMID: 27773783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1➔4)-linked d-glucosamine. COS can be prepared from the deacetylation and hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects and the cell walls of fungi. COS is water soluble, non-cytotoxic, readily absorbed through the intestine and mainly excreted in the urine. Of particular importance, COS and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess several biological activities including anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, anti-Alzheimer's disease, tissue regeneration promotion, drug and DNA delivery enhancement, anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and calcium-absorption enhancement. The mechanisms of actions of COS have been found to involve the modulation of several important pathways including the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the preparation methods, pharmacokinetic profiles, biological activities, potential therapeutic applications and safety profiles of COS and its derivatives. In addition, future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Muanprasat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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23
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Asai H, Nakatani S, Kato T, Shimizu T, Mano H, Kobata K, Wada M. Glucosamines Attenuate Bone Loss Due to Menopause by Regulating Osteoclast Function in Ovariectomized Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1035-41. [PMID: 27251507 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) mice was studied. After 12 weeks of feeding with 0.2% GlcN and 0.2% GlcNAc, the femoral bone mineral density in OVX mice was significantly increased compared with that in OVX mice fed the control diet. Histomorphometric analysis of the tibia indicated that the rates of osteogenesis and bone resorption were reduced due to the GlcN diet. The erosion depth of osteoclasts on the tibia in GlcN- and GlcNAc-fed OVX mice was significantly lower than that in the control OVX mice. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts induced from bone marrow stem cells isolated from GlcN-fed OVX mice was significantly lower than that from control OVX mice. A loss of uterine weight and higher serum calcium concentration in the GlcN- and GlcNAc-fed OVX mice were observed. The results suggest that the intake of GlcN suppresses bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and activity in a nonestrogenic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Asai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
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24
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Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Yu P, Gu H. Bioactive substances from marine fishes, shrimps, and algae and their functions: present and future. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:1114-36. [PMID: 24915345 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.686933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine fishes, shrimps, and algae have many important bioactive substances, such as peptides, unsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, trace elements, and natural pigments. The introduction of these substances contributes to a significant improvement in developing them in final processed products. In fact, the knowledge of these bioactive substances has experienced a rapid increase in the past 20 years and prompted the relevant technological revolution with a decisive contribution to the final application. The purpose of this review was to introduce critically and comprehensively the present knowledge of these bioactive substances and pointed out their future developmental situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- a College of Food Science and Biotechnology , Zhejiang Gongshang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
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26
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Zhao X, Li J, Jin W, Geng X, Xu W, Ye T, Lei J, Li B, Wang L. Preparation and characterization of a novel pH-response dietary fiber: chitosan-coated konjac glucomannan. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 117:1-10. [PMID: 25498602 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to prepare a kind of novel pH-response dietary fiber from chitosan-coated konjac glucomannan (KGM) powders (KGM/Chitosan or K/C powders) by a physical grind method. The K/C powders were selectively soluble in aqueous solutions of different pH. Meanwhile, the coated chitosan could largely decrease the viscosity of KGM in neutral condition, which is the main limitation for KGM application in food industry. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), swelling ability and rheological measurements were utilized to characterize the performance of K/C powders. K/C powders exhibited much higher viscosity and swelling ability in acidic condition than in neutral condition. Therefore, this study will extend the application of KGM in food industry and in other pH-specific applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weiping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaopeng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jieqiong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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27
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He B, Wang J. Chitooligosaccharides prevent osteopenia by promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption in ovariectomised rats: possible involvement of COX-2. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:359-62. [PMID: 25075626 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.942301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) added in diet have been found as potent calcium fortifiers in conditions of Ca(2+) deficiency such as osteoporosis. In this study, we found that pharmaceutical intervention using CHOS prevented ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone mineral density loss and the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05 or 0.01). CHOS (125, 250 mg/kg) suppressed the serum levels of bone resorption biomarkers CTx and TRACP5b induced by OVX (p < 0.05), but increased the levels of osteogenic markers ALP and OC by 11.3-11.6% and 10.7-15.2% of OVX group (p < 0.05), suggesting the exact pharmacological action of CHOS in the control of osteoporosis which may be the result of both promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption. Bone turnover-modulating effects of CHOS appear related to their anti-inflammatory capacity to down-regulate mRNA and protein expression of COX-2 (17.2-32.2% and 16.4-21.9% of OVX group, p < 0.05 or 0.01), a key mediator linking between inflammation and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshu He
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Hubei Woman and Child Hospital , Wuhan 430070 , China
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28
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29
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He X, Hwang HM, Aker WG, Wang P, Lin Y, Jiang X, He X. Synergistic combination of marine oligosaccharides and azithromycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:759-67. [PMID: 24529598 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe how utilization of low molecular weight alginate-derived oligosaccharide (ADO) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS) in conjunction with antibiotics, could more effectively inhibit the growth of wild-type and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhibition is effected by modulating the bacteria's quorum sensing (QS) system, thus regulating biofilm formation and reducing resistance to antibiotic treatment. This can be demonstrated by using conventional MIC screening. COS showed synergistic effects with azithromycin, whereas ADO indicated additive effects against wild-type P. aeruginosa. Using electrospray-ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flightmass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the chemical structure of ADO and of COS was characterized. The wild-type and resistant strains were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. This report demonstrates the feasibility of attenuating the tolerance of P. aeruginosa to azithromycin by using specific marine oligosaccharides.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Azithromycin/pharmacology
- Biofilms/growth & development
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Oligosaccharides/chemistry
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/classification
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology
- Quorum Sensing/drug effects
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Stress, Physiological
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China; Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Huey-min Hwang
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Winfred G Aker
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Wei X, Chen W, Mao F, Wang Y. Effect of chitooligosaccharides on mice hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 54:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lee K, Jin G, Jang CH, Jung WK, Kim G. Preparation and characterization of multi-layered poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan scaffolds fabricated with a combination of melt-plotting/in situ plasma treatment and a coating method for hard tissue regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:5831-5841. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Shaltiel G, Bar-David E, Meiron OE, Waltman E, Shechter A, Aflalo ED, Stepensky D, Berman A, Martin BR, Weaver CM, Sagi A. Bone loss prevention in ovariectomized rats using stable amorphous calcium carbonate. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.57a2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Kim SK, Ravichandran YD, Kong CS. Applications of calcium and its supplement derived from marine organisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:469-74. [PMID: 22452728 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003753910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium, being an essential mineral with many important and diversified functions, plays an important role in the health and well being of the human. Marine organisms serve as an alternate source for calcium. Calcium has to be solubilized in the body in order to have the maximum benefits. The increased solubility of calcium from diet contributes to calcium absorption and bioavailability in the body. In this paper, we report various marine sources of calcium, solubilizing the calcium to improve the bioavailability and the applications of calcium as an important mineral in controlling different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Chitooligosaccharide induces mitochondrial biogenesis and increases exercise endurance through the activation of Sirt1 and AMPK in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40073. [PMID: 22808092 PMCID: PMC3394803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
By catabolizing glucose and lipids, mitochondria produce ATPs to meet energy demands. When the number and activity of mitochondria are not sufficient, the human body becomes easily fatigued due to the lack of ATP, thus the control of the quantity and function of mitochondria is important to optimize energy balance. By increasing mitochondrial capacity? it may be possible to enhance energy metabolism and improve exercise endurance. Here, through the screening of various functional food ingredients, we found that chitooligosaccharide (COS) is an effective inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis. In rodents, COS increased the mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and enhanced exercise endurance. In cultured myocytes, the expression of major regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and key components of mitochondrial electron transfer chain was increased upon COS treatment. COS-mediated induction of mitochondrial biogenesis was achieved in part by the activation of silent information regulator two ortholog 1 (Sirt1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Taken together, our data suggest that COS could act as an exercise mimetic by inducing mitochondrial biogenesis and enhancing exercise endurance through the activation of Sirt1 and AMPK.
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Lin S, Mao S, Guan Y, Lin X, Luo L. Dietary administration of chitooligosaccharides to enhance growth, innate immune response and disease resistance of Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:909-913. [PMID: 22366310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitooligosaccharides (COS) supplementation on the innate immune response and protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in Trachinotus ovatus. A basal diet was supplemented with 0.0 (control), 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 g COS kg(-1) to formulate four experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in floating sea cages (1.5 × 1.0 × 2.0 m), and each cage was stocked with 80 fish (initial average weight 10.8 ± 0.05 g). After 8 weeks of feeding trial, Both the final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing dietary COS levels up to 4.0 g kg(-1), whereas there were no significant differences for COS levels from 4.0 to 6.0 g kg(-1). A decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed with increasing dietary COS levels. The total leukocyte counts (WBC), differential leukocyte counts, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased with the increased levels of dietary COS (P < 0.05), and reached a maximum at level of 4.0 g kg(-1) COS. There were no significant differences in those immunological parameters between 4.0 and 6.0 g kg(-1) COS. Moreover, the dietary COS supplementation groups also exhibited a decrease in the cumulative symptom rates compared to the controls when challenged with V. harveyi. These results indicated that dietary intake containing COS could enhance the immune responses of fish and improve its resistance to infection by V. harveyi. Especially supplementation with 4.0 g kg(-1) COS to the fish for 56 days showed considerable improvement in the growth, survival and immune response of the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimei Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Recombinant expression of chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis HD145 in Pichia pastoris. Carbohydr Res 2012; 352:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim SK, Senevirathne M. Membrane bioreactor technology for the development of functional materials from sea-food processing wastes and their potential health benefits. MEMBRANES 2011; 1:327-44. [PMID: 24957872 PMCID: PMC4021872 DOI: 10.3390/membranes1040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sea-food processing wastes and underutilized species of fish are a potential source of functional and bioactive compounds. A large number of bioactive substances can be produced through enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. Suitable enzymes and the appropriate bioreactor system are needed to incubate the waste materials. Membrane separation is a useful technique to extract, concentrate, separate or fractionate the compounds. The use of membrane bioreactors to integrate a reaction vessel with a membrane separation unit is emerging as a beneficial method for producing bioactive materials such as peptides, chitooligosaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids from diverse seafood-related wastes. These bioactive compounds from membrane bioreactor technology show diverse biological activities such as antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antitumor, anticoagulant, antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. This review discusses the application of membrane bioreactor technology for the production of value-added functional materials from sea-food processing wastes and their biological activities in relation to health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, 599-1, Daeyon 3-dong, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Mahinda Senevirathne
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, 599-1, Daeyon 3-dong, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, Korea.
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Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1482-517. [PMID: 20559485 PMCID: PMC2885077 DOI: 10.3390/md8051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. CHOS can be produced using chitin or chitosan as a starting material, using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations thereof. Production of well-defined CHOS-mixtures, or even pure CHOS, is of great interest since these oligosaccharides are thought to have several interesting bioactivities. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities is of major importance. However, so far in-depth knowledge on the mode-of-action of CHOS is scarce, one major reason being that most published studies are done with badly characterized heterogeneous mixtures of CHOS. Production of CHOS that are well-defined in terms of length, degree of N-acetylation, and sequence is not straightforward. Here we provide an overview of techniques that may be used to produce and characterize reasonably well-defined CHOS fractions. We also present possible medical applications of CHOS, including tumor growth inhibition and inhibition of T(H)2-induced inflammation in asthma, as well as use as a bone-strengthener in osteoporosis, a vector for gene delivery, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-malaria agent, or a hemostatic agent in wound-dressings. By using well-defined CHOS-mixtures it will become possible to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities.
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Kong CS, Bahn YE, Kim BK, Lee KY, Park KY. Antiproliferative Effect of Chitosan-Added Kimchi in HT-29 Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. J Med Food 2010; 13:6-12. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Suk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan
| | - Young-Eun Bahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan
| | - Boh-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan
| | - Kang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan
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Kong CS, Kim JA, Ahn B, Byun HG, Kim SK. Carboxymethylations of chitosan and chitin inhibit MMP expression and ROS scavenging in human fibrosarcoma cells. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yuan WP, Liu B, Liu CH, Wang XJ, Zhang MS, Meng XM, Xia XK. Antioxidant activity of chito-oligosaccharides on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1339-45. [PMID: 19294763 PMCID: PMC2658843 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the antioxidant activity of chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) on pancreatic islet cells in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.
METHODS: The antioxidant effect of COSs on pancreatic islet cells was detected under optical microscopy and with colorimetric assay and gel electrophoresis. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and content of malondialdehyde in serum and tissue slices of pancreas were examined after 60 d to determine the effect of COSs in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.
RESULTS: COSs can prohibit the apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells. All concentrations of COSs can improve the capability of total antioxidant capacity and activity of superoxide dismutase and decrease the content of malondialdehyde drastically. Morphological investigation in the pancreas showed that COSs have resulted in the reduction of islets, loss of pancreatic cells, and nuclear pyknosis of pancreatic cells.
CONCLUSION: COSs possess various biological activities and can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Liu B, Qin ZK, Lin XM, Mei L, Liu WS, Han BQ. Antidiabetic effects of chitooligosaccharides with different molecular weights on pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:36-42. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To estimate effects of varying molecular chitooligosaccharides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis on the proliferation of pancreatic islet cells, and to investigate the release of insulin and 2 h plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
METHODS: Chitooligosaccharides were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis. The effects of varying molecular chitooligosaccharides on proliferation of pancreatic islet cells and the release of insulin in vitro were detected using optical microscopy, MTT colorimetric assay and radioimmunoassay methods respectively; the general clinical symptoms, 2 h plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance were examined to determine the effects of chitooligosaccharides on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.
RESULTS: The results indicated that chitooligosaccharides markedly accelerated the proliferation of the pancreastic β cells. Chitooligosaccharides had prominent effects on insulin release. Lower molecular chitooligosaccharides improved general clinical symptoms of DM rats, decreased the 2 h plasma glucose levels (22.13 ± 3.23, 21.78 ± 3.09, 21.32 ± 3.02, 19.73 ± 4.12, 17.88 ± 3.14, 16.14 ± 3.55 vs 39.38 ± 3.08, all P < 0.01) and improved glucose tolerance (101.19 ± 12.44, 99.61 ± 13.11, 96.79 ± 9.22, 94.79 ± 13.20, 89.41 ± 11.10, 84.08 ± 5.93 vs 122.40 ± 12.05, P < 0.05 or 0.01). 2-14 d culture of each group of islet cell biology activity was active with good response to glucose stimulation. In MⅥ group, significant difference was observed in insulin stimulation index compared with the control group (2.94 vs 2.01, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Chitooligosaccharides possess various biological activities and can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The lower molecular chitooligosaccharide has better effect.
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Characterization of a novel fungal chitosanase Csn2 from Gongronella sp. JG. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2583-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roy S, Fortin M, Gagnon J, Ghinet MG, Lehoux JG, Dupuis G, Brzezinski R. Quantitative fluorometric analysis of the protective effect of chitosan on thermal unfolding of catalytically active native and genetically-engineered chitosanases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:975-84. [PMID: 17644457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have taken advantage of the intrinsic fluorescence properties of chitosanases to rapidly and quantitatively evaluate the protective effect of chitosan against thermal denaturation of chitosanases. The studies were done using wild type chitosanases N174 produced by Streptomyces sp. N174 and SCO produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). In addition, two mutants of N174 genetically engineered by single amino acid substitutions (A104L and K164R) and one "consensus" (N174-CONS) chitosanase designed by multiple amino acid substitutions of N174 were analyzed. Chitosan used had a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 220 kDa and was 85% deacetylated. Results showed a pH and concentration-dependent protective effect of chitosan in all the cases. However, the extent of thermal protection varied depending on chitosanases, suggesting that key amino acid residues contributed to resistance to heat denaturation. The transition temperatures (T(m)) of N174 were 54 degrees C and 69.5 degrees C in the absence and presence (6 g/l) of chitosan, respectively. T(m) were increased by 11.6 degrees C (N174-CONS), 13.8 degrees C (CSN-A104L), 15.6 degrees C (N174-K164R) and 25.2 degrees C (SCO) in the presence of chitosan (6 g/l). The thermal protective effect was attributed to an enzyme-ligand thermostabilization mechanism since it was not mimicked by the presence of anionic (carboxymethyl cellulose, heparin) or cationic (polyethylene imine) polymers, polyhydroxylated (glycerol, sorbitol) compounds or inorganic salts. Furthermore, the data from fluorometry experiments were in agreement with those obtained by analysis of reaction time-courses performed at 61 degrees C in which case CSN-A104L was rapidly inactivated whereas N174, N174-CONS and N174-K164R remained active over a reaction time of 90 min. This study presents evidence that (1) the fluorometric determination of T(m) in the presence of chitosan is a reliable technique for a rapid assessment of the thermal behavior of chitosanases, (2) it is applicable to structure-function studies of mutant chitosanases and, (3) it can be useful to provide an insight into the mechanism by which mutations can influence chitosanase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roy
- Diversified Natural Products Research Laboratory, Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
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Kim HM, Hong SH, Yoo SJ, Baek KS, Jeon YJ, Choung SY. Differential effects of chitooligosaccharides on serum cytokine levels in aged subjects. J Med Food 2006; 9:427-30. [PMID: 17004911 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.9.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free amine chitooligosaccharides (FACOS, Kitto Life, Seoul, Republic of Korea) with an average molecular mass of 3.5 kDa were efficiently produced using an ultrafiltration membrane reactor system. To evaluate the effect of chitooligosaccharides on serum cytokine levels in elderly adults after oral intake, 5.1 g/day of FACOS was given to elderly (age range, 74-86 years; mean, 80 +/- 3 years) volunteers during an 8-week experimental period. Interleukin (IL)-12 and interferonã levels were significantly higher in the FACOS group than in the control group (P < .05). However, levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha decreased after FACOS intake during the experimental period. The results of this study suggest that the oral intake of chitooligosaccharides may have beneficial effects on specific cell-mediated immunity while also acting as an anti-inflammatory agent in aged subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul Republic of Korea
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Sun T, Zhou D, Xie J, Mao F. Preparation of chitosan oligomers and their antioxidant activity. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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