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Li K, Song H, Wei F, Liu D, Zhao Y, Yin H, Cui Y, Zhang H, Liu Z. High salt intake damages myocardial viability and induces cardiac remodeling via chronic inflammation in the elderly. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:952691. [PMID: 36277781 PMCID: PMC9582749 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.952691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heart is an important target organ for the harmful effects of high dietary salt intake. However, the effects and associations of high salt intake on myocardial viability, cardiac function changes, and myocardial remodeling are unclear. Methods A total of 3,810 participants aged 60 years and older were eligible and enrolled from April 2008 to November 2010 and from August 2019 to November 2019 in the Shandong area of China. Salt intake was estimated using 24-h urine collection consecutively for 7 days. Myocardial strain rates, cardiac function and structure, and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were assessed. Participants were classified into low (n = 643), mild (n = 989), moderate (n = 1,245), and high (n = 933) groups, corresponding to < 6, 6–9, 9–12, and >12 g/day of salt intake, respectively, depending on the salt intake estimation. Results The global early diastolic strain rate (SRe) and late diastolic strain rate (SRa) in the high group were 1.58 ± 0.26, 1.38 ± 0.24. respectively, and significantly lower compared with the low, mild, and moderate groups (all P < 0.05). The global systolic strain rate (SRs) in the high group was −1.24 ± 0.24, and it was higher than those in the low, mild, and moderate groups (all P < 0.05). Salt intake was independently and positively correlated with global SRs, Tei index, and the parameters of left ventricular structure separately; negatively correlated with global SRe and SRa, left ventricular short axis shortening rate, left ventricular ejection fraction after adjusting for confounders (all Padjusted < 0.001). Hayes process analyses demonstrated that the mediating effects of hsCRP on global SRe, SRa, and SRs; Tei index; and left ventricular remodeling index were −0.013 (95% CI: −0.015 to −0.010), −0.010 (−0.012 to −0.008), 0.008 (0.006–0.010), 0.005 (0.003–0.006), and 0.010 (0.009–0.012), respectively (all Padjusted < 0.001). Conclusion Our data indicate that excess salt intake is independently associated with the impairment in myocardial viability and cardiac function, as well as myocardial remodeling. Chronic inflammation might play a mediating role in the association between high salt intake and cardiac function damage and myocardial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huajing Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haipeng Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Hua Zhang
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China,School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China,Zhendong Liu
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Amara S, Alotaibi D, Tiriveedhi V. NFAT5/STAT3 interaction mediates synergism of high salt with IL-17 towards induction of VEGF-A expression in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:933-943. [PMID: 27446373 PMCID: PMC4950837 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been considered an important player in cancer proliferation and progression. High salt (sodium chloride) levels have been considered a potent inducer of chronic inflammation. In the present study, the synergistic role of high salt with interleukin (IL)-17 towards induction of the inflammatory and angiogenic stress factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A was investigated. Stimulation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with high salt (0.2 M NaCl) and sub-minimal IL-17 (1 ng/ml) enhanced the expression of VEGF-A (2.9 and 2.6-fold, respectively, P<0.05) compared with untreated cells. Furthermore, co-treatment with both high salt and sub-minimal IL-17 led to a 5.9-fold increase in VEGF-A expression (P<0.01), thus suggesting a synergistic role of these factors. VEGF-A promoter analysis and specific small interfering RNA knock-down of transcription factors revealed that high salt induced VEGF-A expression through nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)5, while IL-17 induced VEGF-A expression via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling mechanisms. Treatment of normal human aortic endothelial cells with the supernatant of activated MCF-7 cells enhanced cell migration and induced expression of migration-specific factors, including vascular cell adhesion protein, β1 integrin and cluster of differentiation 31. These data suggest that high salt levels synergize with pro-inflammatory IL-17 to potentially induce cancer progression and metastasis through VEGF-A expression. Therefore, low-salt diet, anti-NFAT5 and anti-STAT3 therapies may provide novel avenues for enhanced efficiency of the current cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneetha Amara
- Department of Medicine, Mercy Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Dalal Alotaibi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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Amara S, Ivy MT, Myles EL, Tiriveedhi V. Sodium channel γENaC mediates IL-17 synergized high salt induced inflammatory stress in breast cancer cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 302:1-10. [PMID: 26723502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to play a critical role in the development of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that high salt in the tissue microenvironment induces chronic inflammatory milieu. In this report, using three breast cancer-related cell lines, we determined the molecular basis of the potential synergistic inflammatory effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) with interleukin-17 (IL-17). Combined treatment of high NaCl (0.15M) with sub-effective IL-17 (0.1 nM) induced enhanced growth in breast cancer cells along with activation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen (RNS/ROS) species known to promote cancer. Similar effect was not observed with equi-molar mannitol. This enhanced of ROS/RNS activity correlates with upregulation of γENaC an inflammatory sodium channel. The similar culture conditions have also induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNFα etc. Taken together, these data suggest that high NaCl in the cellular microenvironment induces a γENaC mediated chronic inflammatory response with a potential pro-carcinogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneetha Amara
- Department of Medicine, Mercy Hospital, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T Ivy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elbert L Myles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA
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van den Brom CE, Bulte CS, Loer SA, Bouwman RA, Boer C. Diabetes, perioperative ischaemia and volatile anaesthetics: consequences of derangements in myocardial substrate metabolism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:42. [PMID: 23452502 PMCID: PMC3599199 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile anaesthetics exert protective effects on the heart against perioperative ischaemic injury. However, there is growing evidence that these cardioprotective properties are reduced in case of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A strong predictor of postoperative cardiac function is myocardial substrate metabolism. In the type 2 diabetic heart, substrate metabolism is shifted from glucose utilisation to fatty acid oxidation, resulting in metabolic inflexibility and cardiac dysfunction. The ischaemic heart also loses its metabolic flexibility and can switch to glucose or fatty acid oxidation as its preferential state, which may deteriorate cardiac function even further in case of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Recent experimental studies suggest that the cardioprotective properties of volatile anaesthetics partly rely on changing myocardial substrate metabolism. Interventions that target at restoration of metabolic derangements, like lifestyle and pharmacological interventions, may therefore be an interesting candidate to reduce perioperative complications. This review will focus on the current knowledge regarding myocardial substrate metabolism during volatile anaesthesia in the obese and type 2 diabetic heart during perioperative ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa E van den Brom
- Department of Anesthesiology, Experimental Laboratory for VItal Signs, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Costa APR, de Paula RC, Carvalho GF, Araújo JP, Andrade JM, de Almeida OL, de Faria EC, Freitas WM, Coelho OR, Ramires JA, Quinaglia e Silva JC, Sposito AC. High sodium intake adversely affects oxidative-inflammatory response, cardiac remodelling and mortality after myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:284-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mozaffari MS, Schaffer SW. Myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2253-8. [PMID: 18719642 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hearts of NaCl-induced hypertensive-glucose intolerant (HGI) rats develop reduced infarcts after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) than their hypertensive (H) counterparts. Because high intake of saturated fat is a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, we tested the hypothesis that chronic (18 weeks) consumption of a high saturated fat diet increases susceptibility to IRI, an effect more marked in the HGI rats than in the H rats. The fat-fed H (HFAT) rat displayed significantly higher body weight and plasma leptin content compared to the H, HGI, or fat-fed HGI (HGIFAT) rats which all showed similar values. In contrast, plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly higher in the HGIFAT rat than in the other three groups. Plasma insulin concentration was similar in the two H groups but higher than that of the two HGI groups. Compared to the H rat, the HGI rat was markedly glucose intolerant, with fat feeding causing comparable worsening of glucose intolerance in each group. The HGIFAT rats displayed a reduction in baseline myocardial contractility and relaxation and a higher end-diastolic pressure compared to the other three groups. Infarct size was significantly lower in the HGI rats than in the H rats. Although fat feeding did not affect infarct size of the H rat, it worsened that of the HGIFAT rat thereby abrogating the differential that existed between the H and HGI rats. In conclusion, excess fat feeding impairs myocardial function of HGI rats and increases their susceptibility to IRI. These findings are of relevance to the metabolic syndrome that manifests as a cluster of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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Zungu M, Young ME, Stanley WC, Essop MF. Expression of mitochondrial regulatory genes parallels respiratory capacity and contractile function in a rat model of hypoxia-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 318:175-81. [PMID: 18604475 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypobaric hypoxia (CHH) increases load on the right ventricle (RV) resulting in RV hypertrophy. We hypothesized that CHH elicits distinct responses, i.e., the hypertrophied RV, unlike the left ventricle (LV), displaying enhanced mitochondrial respiratory and contractile function. Wistar rats were exposed to 4 weeks CHH (11% O(2)) versus normoxic controls. RV/body weight ratio increased (P < 0.001 vs. control) while RV systolic and developed pressures were higher. However, LV systolic and developed pressures were significantly reduced. Mitochondrial O(2) consumption was sustained in the hypertrophied RV, ADP/O increased (P < 0.01 vs. control) and proton leak significantly decreased. Conversely, LV mitochondrial O(2) consumption was attenuated (P < 0.05 vs. control) and proton leak significantly increased. In parallel, expression of mitochondrial regulators was upregulated in the hypertrophied RV but not the LV. Our data show that the hypertrophied RV induces expression of mitochondrial regulatory genes linking respiratory capacity and enhanced efficiency to sustained contractile function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhosazane Zungu
- Hatter Heart Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
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