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Imamura K, Bota A, Shirafuji T, Takumi T. The blues and rhythm. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00199-2. [PMID: 38000448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms, including humans, show daily rhythms in many aspects of physiology and behavior, and abnormalities in the rhythms are potential risk factors for various diseases. Mood disorders such as depression are no exception. Accumulating evidence suggests strong associations between circadian disturbances and the development of depression. Numerous studies have shown that interventions to circadian rhythms trigger depression-like phenotypes in human cases and animal models. Conversely, mood changes can affect circadian rhythms as symptoms of depression. Our preliminary data suggest that the phosphorylation signal pathway of the clock protein may act as a common pathway for mood and clock regulation. We hypothesize that mood regulation and circadian rhythms may influence each other and may share a common regulatory mechanism. This review provides an overview of circadian disturbances in animal models and human patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyomichi Imamura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ayaka Bota
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shirafuji
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Chuo, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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2
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Collins HM, Pinacho R, Tam SKE, Sharp T, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Continuous home cage monitoring of activity and sleep in mice during repeated paroxetine treatment and discontinuation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2403-2418. [PMID: 37584734 PMCID: PMC10593620 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-invasive home cage monitoring is emerging as a valuable tool to assess the effects of experimental interventions on mouse behaviour. A field in which these techniques may prove useful is the study of repeated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment and discontinuation. SSRI discontinuation syndrome is an under-researched condition that includes the emergence of sleep disturbances following treatment cessation. OBJECTIVES We used passive infrared (PIR) monitoring to investigate changes in activity, sleep, and circadian rhythms during repeated treatment with the SSRI paroxetine and its discontinuation in mice. METHODS Male mice received paroxetine (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 12 days, then were swapped to saline injections for a 13 day discontinuation period and compared to mice that received saline injections throughout. Mice were continuously tracked using the Continuous Open Mouse Phenotyping of Activity and Sleep Status (COMPASS) system. RESULTS Repeated paroxetine treatment reduced activity and increased behaviourally-defined sleep in the dark phase. These effects recovered to saline-control levels within 24 h of paroxetine cessation, yet there was also evidence of a lengthening of sleep bouts in the dark phase for up to a week following discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first example of how continuous non-invasive home cage monitoring can be used to detect objective behavioural changes in activity and sleep during and after drug treatment in mice. These data suggest that effects of paroxetine administration reversed soon after its discontinuation but identified an emergent change in sleep bout duration, which could be used as a biomarker in future preclinical studies to prevent or minimise SSRI discontinuation symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Collins
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
- University Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK
| | - Raquel Pinacho
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
- University Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, UK
| | - S K Eric Tam
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Trevor Sharp
- University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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3
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Bhatnagar A, Murray G, Ray S. Circadian biology to advance therapeutics for mood disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:689-704. [PMID: 37648611 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders account for a significant global disease burden, and pharmacological innovation is needed as existing medications are suboptimal. A wide range of evidence implicates circadian and sleep dysfunction in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, and there is growing interest in these chronobiological pathways as a focus for treatment innovation. We review contemporary evidence in three promising areas in circadian-clock-based therapeutics in mood disorders: targeting the circadian system informed by mechanistic molecular advances; time-tailoring of medications; and personalizing treatment using circadian parameters. We also consider the limitations and challenges in accelerating the development of new circadian-informed pharmacotherapies for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Bhatnagar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India; Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Murray
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502284, Telangana, India.
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Claudio A, Andrea F. Circadian neuromarkers of mood disorders. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Chen X, Li J, Gao Z, Yang Y, Kuang W, Dong Y, Chua GH, Huang X, Jiang B, Tian H, Wang Y, Huang X, Li Y, Lam SM, Shui G. Endogenous ceramide phosphoethanolamine modulates circadian rhythm via neural-glial coupling in Drosophila. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac148. [PMID: 36713590 PMCID: PMC9875363 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While endogenous lipids are known to exhibit rhythmic oscillations, less is known about how specific lipids modulate circadian behavior. Through a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments on ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase of Drosophila, we demonstrated that pan-glial-specific deficiency in membrane CPE, the structural analog of mammalian sphingomyelin (SM), leads to arrhythmic locomotor behavior and shortens lifespan, while the reverse is true for increasing CPE. Comparative proteomics uncovered dysregulated synaptic glutamate utilization and transport in CPE-deficient flies. An extensive genetic screen was conducted to verify the role of differentially expressed proteins in circadian regulation. Arrhythmic locomotion under cpes1 mutant background was rescued only by restoring endogenous CPE or SM through expressing their respective synthases. Our results underscore the essential role of CPE in maintaining synaptic glutamate homeostasis and modulating circadian behavior in Drosophila. The findings suggest that region-specific elevations of functional membrane lipids can benefit circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhongbao Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Binhua Jiang
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Silva S, Bicker J, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Antidepressants and Circadian Rhythm: Exploring Their Bidirectional Interaction for the Treatment of Depression. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1975. [PMID: 34834391 PMCID: PMC8624696 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence that circadian rhythms affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics has highlighted the importance of drug dosing-time. Circadian oscillations alter drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) as well as intracellular signaling systems, target molecules (e.g., receptors, transporters, and enzymes), and gene transcription. Although several antidepressant drugs are clinically available, less than 50% of depressed patients respond to first-line pharmacological treatments. Chronotherapeutic approaches to enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants are not completely known. Even so, experimental results found until this day suggest a positive influence of drug dosing-time on the efficacy of depression therapy. On the other hand, antidepressants have also demonstrated to modulate circadian rhythmicity and sleep-wake cycles. This review aims to evidence the potential of chronotherapy to improve the efficacy and/or safety of antidepressants. It includes pre-clinical and clinical studies that demonstrate the relevance of determining the most appropriate time of administration for antidepressant drugs. In parallel, their positive influence on the resynchronization of disrupted circadian rhythms is also herein discussed. It is expected that this review will promote the investigation of chronotherapy for the treatment of depression, contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between antidepressants and circadian rhythms, and consequently promote the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.S.); (A.F.); (A.F.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Circadian Rhythms in Mood Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:153-168. [PMID: 34773231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered behavioral rhythms are a fundamental diagnostic feature of mood disorders. Patients report worse subjective sleep and objective measures confirm this, implicating a role for circadian rhythm disruptions in mood disorder pathophysiology. Molecular clock gene mutations are associated with increased risk of mood disorder diagnosis and/or severity of symptoms, and mouse models of clock gene mutations have abnormal mood-related behaviors. The mechanism by which circadian rhythms contribute to mood disorders remains unknown, however, circadian rhythms regulate and are regulated by various biological systems that are abnormal in mood disorders and this interaction is theorized to be a key component of mood disorder pathophysiology. A growing body of evidence has begun defining how the interaction of circadian and neurotransmitter systems influences mood and behavior, including the role of current antidepressants and mood stabilizers. Additionally, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis interacts with both circadian and monoaminergic systems and may facilitate the contribution of environmental stressors to mood disorder pathophysiology. The central role of circadian rhythms in mood disorders has led to the development of chronotherapeutics, which are treatments designed specifically to target circadian rhythm regulators, such as sleep, light, and melatonin, to produce an antidepressant response.
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Abstract
Until now, depression research has taken a surprisingly narrow approach to modelling the disease, mainly focusing on some form of psychomotor retardation within a mechanistic framework of depression etiology. However, depression has many symptoms and each is associated with a vast number of substrates. Thus, to deepen our insights, this SI ("Depression Symptoms") reviewed the behavioral and neurobiological sequelae of individual symptoms, specifically, psychomotor retardation, sadness, low motivation, fatigue, sleep/circadian disruption, weight/appetite changes, and cognitive affective biases. This manuscript aims to integrate the most central information provided by the individual reviews. As a result, a dynamic model of depression development is proposed, which views depression as a cumulative process, where different symptoms develop at different stages, referred to as early, intermediate, and advanced, that require treatment with different pharmaceutical agents, that is, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors early on and dopamine-based antidepressants at the advanced stage. Furthermore, the model views hypothalamic disruption as the source of early symptoms and site of early intervention. Longitudinal animal models that are capable of modelling the different stages of depression, including transitions between the stages, may be helpful to uncover novel biomarkers and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schulz
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Kandilli Campus, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Houwing DJ, de Waard J, Ramsteijn AS, Woelders T, de Boer SF, Wams EJ, Olivier JDA. Perinatal fluoxetine exposure disrupts the circadian response to a phase-shifting challenge in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2555-2568. [PMID: 32533210 PMCID: PMC7351858 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are increasingly prescribed during pregnancy. Changes in serotonergic signaling during human fetal development have been associated with changes in brain development and with changes in affective behavior in adulthood. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is known to be modulated by serotonin and it is therefore assumed that SSRIs may affect circadian rhythms. However, effects of perinatal SSRI treatment on circadian system functioning in the offspring are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the effects of perinatal exposure to the SSRI fluoxetine (FLX) on circadian behavior, affective behavior, and 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity in female rats. In addition, we studied the expression of clock genes and the 5-HT1A receptor in the SCN, as they are potentially involved in underlying mechanisms contributing to changes in circadian rhythms. RESULTS Perinatal FLX exposure shortened the free-running tau in response to the 5-HT1A/7 agonist 8-OH-DPAT. However, FLX exposure did not alter anxiety, stress coping, and 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity. No differences were found in 5-HT1A receptor and clock genes Per1, Per2, Cry1, and Cry2 SCN gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal FLX exposure altered the response to a phase-shifting challenge in female rats, whether this may pose health risks remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Houwing
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jolien de Waard
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anouschka S Ramsteijn
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Woelders
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Chronobiology, GELIFES, Univ. Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sietse F de Boer
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma J Wams
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jocelien D A Olivier
- Department of Neurobiology, unit Behavioral Neuroscience, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Circadian regulation of depression: A role for serotonin. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100746. [PMID: 31002895 PMCID: PMC9826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synchronizing circadian (24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior with the environmental light-dark cycle is critical for maintaining optimal health. Dysregulation of the circadian system increases susceptibility to numerous pathological conditions including major depressive disorder. Stress is a common etiological factor in the development of depression and the circadian system is highly interconnected to stress-sensitive neurotransmitter systems such as the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. Thus, here we propose that stress-induced perturbation of the 5-HT system disrupts circadian processes and increases susceptibility to depression. In this review, we first provide an overview of the basic components of the circadian system. Next, we discuss evidence that circadian dysfunction is associated with changes in mood in humans and rodent models. Finally, we provide evidence that 5-HT is a critical factor linking dysregulation of the circadian system and mood. Determining how these two systems interact may provide novel therapeutic targets for depression.
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11
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Mogavero F, Jager A, Glennon JC. Clock genes, ADHD and aggression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:51-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gonzalez R, Suppes T, Zeitzer J, McClung C, Tamminga C, Tohen M, Forero A, Dwivedi A, Alvarado A. The association between mood state and chronobiological characteristics in bipolar I disorder: a naturalistic, variable cluster analysis-based study. Int J Bipolar Disord 2018; 6:5. [PMID: 29457195 PMCID: PMC6161964 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-017-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple types of chronobiological disturbances have been reported in bipolar disorder, including characteristics associated with general activity levels, sleep, and rhythmicity. Previous studies have focused on examining the individual relationships between affective state and chronobiological characteristics. The aim of this study was to conduct a variable cluster analysis in order to ascertain how mood states are associated with chronobiological traits in bipolar I disorder (BDI). We hypothesized that manic symptomatology would be associated with disturbances of rhythm. RESULTS Variable cluster analysis identified five chronobiological clusters in 105 BDI subjects. Cluster 1, comprising subjective sleep quality was associated with both mania and depression. Cluster 2, which comprised variables describing the degree of rhythmicity, was associated with mania. Significant associations between mood state and cluster analysis-identified chronobiological variables were noted. Disturbances of mood were associated with subjectively assessed sleep disturbances as opposed to objectively determined, actigraphy-based sleep variables. No associations with general activity variables were noted. Relationships between gender and medication classes in use and cluster analysis-identified chronobiological characteristics were noted. Exploratory analyses noted that medication class had a larger impact on these relationships than the number of psychiatric medications in use. CONCLUSIONS In a BDI sample, variable cluster analysis was able to group related chronobiological variables. The results support our primary hypothesis that mood state, particularly mania, is associated with chronobiological disturbances. Further research is required in order to define these relationships and to determine the directionality of the associations between mood state and chronobiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Jamie Zeitzer
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Colleen McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Carol Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mauricio Tohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico Medical School, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Angelica Forero
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX USA
| | - Andres Alvarado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX USA
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Bauer M, Glenn T, Monteith S, Gottlieb JF, Ritter PS, Geddes J, Whybrow PC. The potential influence of LED lighting on mental illness. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:59-73. [PMID: 29251065 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1417639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two recent scientific breakthroughs may alter the treatment of mental illness, as discussed in this narrative review. The first was the invention of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which enabled an ongoing, rapid transition to energy-efficient LEDs for lighting, and the use of LEDs to backlight digital devices. The second was the discovery of melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which detect environmental irradiance and mediate non-image forming (NIF) functions including circadian entrainment, melatonin secretion, alertness, sleep regulation and the pupillary light reflex. These two breakthroughs are interrelated because unlike conventional lighting, white LEDs have a dominant spectral wavelength in the blue light range, near the peak sensitivity for the melanopsin system. METHODS Pertinent articles were identified. RESULTS Blue light exposure may suppress melatonin, increase alertness, and interfere with sleep in young, healthy volunteers and in animals. Areas of concern in mental illness include the influence of blue light on sleep, other circadian-mediated symptoms, prescribed treatments that target the circadian system, measurement using digital apps and devices, and adolescent sensitivity to blue light. CONCLUSIONS While knowledge in both fields is expanding rapidly, future developments must address the potential impact of blue light on NIF functions for healthy individuals and those with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bauer
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Tasha Glenn
- b ChronoRecord Association, Inc , Fullerton , CA , USA
| | - Scott Monteith
- c Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus , Traverse City , MI , USA
| | - John F Gottlieb
- d Department of Psychiatry , Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Philipp S Ritter
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - John Geddes
- e Department of Psychiatry , University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital , Oxford , UK
| | - Peter C Whybrow
- f Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Mood Disorders: Insights into the Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:1504507. [PMID: 29230328 PMCID: PMC5694588 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1504507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus, orchestrates physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms. The SCN consists of self-sustaining oscillators and receives photic and nonphotic cues, which entrain the SCN to the external environment. In turn, through synaptic and hormonal mechanisms, the SCN can drive and synchronize circadian rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues. Thus, genetic or environmental perturbations of SCN rhythms could disrupt brain regions more closely related to mood regulation and cause mood disturbances. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that provide evidence both for and against a causal role for the SCN in mood disorders.
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Lazzerini Ospri L, Prusky G, Hattar S. Mood, the Circadian System, and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:539-556. [PMID: 28525301 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a third type of photoreceptors in the mammalian retina, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), has had a revolutionary impact on chronobiology. We can now properly account for numerous non-vision-related functions of light, including its effect on the circadian system. Here, we give an overview of ipRGCs and their function as it relates specifically to mood and biological rhythms. Although circadian disruptions have been traditionally hypothesized to be the mediators of light's effects on mood, here we present an alternative model that dispenses with assumptions of causality between the two phenomena and explains mood regulation by light via another ipRGC-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lazzerini Ospri
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Glen Prusky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 10065
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; .,Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Du J, Zhu M, Bao H, Li B, Dong Y, Xiao C, Zhang GY, Henter I, Rudorfer M, Vitiello B. The Role of Nutrients in Protecting Mitochondrial Function and Neurotransmitter Signaling: Implications for the Treatment of Depression, PTSD, and Suicidal Behaviors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2560-2578. [PMID: 25365455 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.876960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have linked severe stress to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that in rodents, chronic stress and the stress hormone cortisol cause oxidative damage to mitochondrial function and membrane lipids in the brain. Mitochondria play a key role in synaptic neurotransmitter signaling by providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mediating lipid and protein synthesis, buffering intracellular calcium, and regulating apoptotic and resilience pathways. Membrane lipids are similarly essential to central nervous system (CNS) function because cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and sphingolipids form a lipid raft region, a special lipid region on the membrane that mediates neurotransmitter signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Low serum cholesterol levels, low antioxidant capacity, and abnormal early morning cortisol levels are biomarkers consistently associated with both depression and suicidal behaviors. In this review, we summarize the manner in which nutrients can protect against oxidative damage to mitochondria and lipids in the neuronal circuits associated with cognitive and affective behaviors. These nutrients include ω3 fatty acids, antioxidants (vitamin C and zinc), members of the vitamin B family (Vitamin B12 and folic acid), and magnesium. Accumulating data have shown that these nutrients can enhance neurocognitive function, and may have therapeutic benefits for depression and suicidal behaviors. A growing body of studies suggests the intriguing possibility that regular consumption of these nutrients may help prevent the onset of mood disorders and suicidal behaviors in vulnerable individuals, or significantly augment the therapeutic effect of available antidepressants. These findings have important implications for the health of both military and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China.,c Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Ming Zhu
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Hongkun Bao
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Bai Li
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Yilong Dong
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Chunjie Xiao
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Grace Y Zhang
- c Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Ioline Henter
- d Molecular Imaging Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Matthew Rudorfer
- b Division of Service and Intervention Research, NIMH, NIH , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- b Division of Service and Intervention Research, NIMH, NIH , Rockville , Maryland , USA
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17
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Chronobiological hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis status and antidepressant outcome in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 59:71-80. [PMID: 26036452 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the difference between 2300h and 0800h TSH response to protirelin (TRH) tests on the same day (ΔΔTSH test) is an improved measure in detecting hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis dysregulation in depression. This chronobiological index (1) is reduced in about three quarters of major depressed inpatients, and (2) is normalized after successful antidepressant treatment. In the present study, we examined whether early changes in HPT axis activity during the first 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment could be associated with subsequent outcome. METHODS The ΔΔTSH test was performed in 50 drug-free DSM-IV euthyroid major depressed inpatients and 50 hospitalized controls. After 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment the ΔΔTSH test was repeated in all inpatients. Antidepressant response was evaluated after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS At baseline, ΔΔTSH values were significantly lower in patients compared to controls and 38 patients (76%) showed reduced ΔΔTSH values (i.e., <2.5mU/L). After 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment, 20 patients showed ΔΔTSH normalization (among them 18 were subsequent remitters), while 18 patients did not normalize their ΔΔTSH (among them 15 were non-remitters) (p<0.00001). Among the 12 patients who had normal ΔΔTSH values at baseline, 8 out 9 who had still normal values after 2 weeks of treatment were remitters, while the 3 with worsening HPT axis function (i.e., reduced ΔΔTSH value after 2 weeks of treatment) were non-remitters (p<0.02). A logistic regression analysis revealed that ΔΔTSH levels after 2 weeks of treatment could predict the probability of remission (odds ratio [OR]=2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.31-3.41). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that after 2 weeks of antidepressant treatment: (1) chronobiological restoration of the HPT axis activity precedes clinical remission, and (2) alteration of the HPT axis is associated with treatment resistance.
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18
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Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that psychopathological symptoms of bipolar disorder arise in part from a malfunction of the circadian system, linking the disease with an abnormal internal timing. Alterations in circadian rhythms and sleep are core elements in the disorders, characterizing both mania and depression and having recently been shown during euthymia. Several human genetic studies have implicated specific genes that make up the genesis of circadian rhythms in the manifestation of mood disorders with polymorphisms in molecular clock genes not only showing an association with the disorder but having also been linked to its phenotypic particularities. Many medications used to treat the disorder, such as antidepressant and mood stabilizers, affect the circadian clock. Finally, circadian rhythms and sleep researches have been the starting point of the developing of chronobiological therapies. These interventions are safe, rapid and effective and they should be considered first-line strategies for bipolar depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dallaspezia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Scientific Institute and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy,
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19
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McCall WV. A rest-activity biomarker to predict response to SSRIs in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:19-22. [PMID: 25782717 PMCID: PMC4407819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) will not experience a remission with the first antidepressant trial. No practical biomarkers presently exist to predict responsiveness to antidepressants. Herein we report pilot data for a rest-activity biomarker of antidepressant response. Fifty-eight medication-free adults with MDD underwent a week-long collection of actigraphic data before beginning a 9 week open label trial of fluoxetine, coupled with blinded randomized assignment to eszopiclone/placebo. Depression severity was repeatedly measured with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). Baseline actigraphic data was analyzed with functional data analysis to create smoothed 24-h curves of activity. The time of the lowest point of activity (the bathyphase) was calculated for each patient, as well the mean difference between bedtime and the bathyphase (BBD). At the end of treatment, patients were characterized as treatment responders (50% reduction in HRSD) or non-responders, and receiver operating curves were calculated to find the optimal cut point of the BBD for prediction of treatment response. The best cut point for BBD was at 260.2 min, resulting in an effect size of 1.45, and with a positive predictive value of 0.75 and a negative predictive value of 0.88. We conclude that actigraphically-determined measures of rest-activity patterns show promise as potential biomarker predictors of antidepressant response. However, this conclusion is based upon a small number of patients who received only one choice of antidepressant, for a single trial. Replication with a larger sample is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vaughn McCall
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, 997 St Sebastian Way, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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20
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Gaspar L, van de Werken M, Johansson AS, Moriggi E, Owe-Larsson B, Kocks JWH, Lundkvist GB, Gordijn MCM, Brown SA. Human cellular differences in cAMP--CREB signaling correlate with light-dependent melatonin suppression and bipolar disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2206-15. [PMID: 24898566 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various lines of evidence suggest a mechanistic role for altered cAMP-CREB (cAMP response element - binding protein) signaling in depressive and affective disorders. However, the establishment and validation of human inter-individual differences in this and other major signaling pathways has proven difficult. Here, we describe a novel lentiviral methodology to investigate signaling variation over long periods of time directly in human primary fibroblasts. On a cellular level, this method showed surprisingly large inter-individual differences in three major signaling pathways in human subjects that nevertheless correlated with cellular measures of genome-wide transcription and drug toxicity. We next validated this method by establishing a likely role for cAMP-mediated signaling in a human neuroendocrine response to light - the light-dependent suppression of the circadian hormone melatonin - that shows wide inter-individual differences of unknown origin in vivo. Finally, we show an overall greater magnitude of cellular CREB signaling in individuals with bipolar disorder, suggesting a possible role for this signaling pathway in susceptibility to mental disease. Overall, our results suggest that genetic differences in major signaling pathways can be reliably detected with sensitive viral-based reporter profiling, and that these differences can be conserved across tissues and be predictive of physiology and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Gaspar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 190 Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Frank E, Sidor MM, Gamble KL, Cirelli C, Sharkey KM, Hoyle N, Tikotzky L, Talbot LS, McCarthy MJ, Hasler BP. Circadian clocks, brain function, and development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1306:43-67. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle M. Sidor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Karen L. Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Katherine M. Sharkey
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Psychiatry and Human Behavior Brown University Providence Rhode Island
| | - Nathaniel Hoyle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge University Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Liat Tikotzky
- Department of Psychology Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Lisa S. Talbot
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco San Francisco California
| | - Michael J. McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego San Diego California
| | - Brant P. Hasler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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22
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Westrich L, Sprouse J, Sánchez C. The effects of combining serotonin reuptake inhibition and 5-HT7 receptor blockade on circadian rhythm regulation in rodents. Physiol Behav 2012; 110-111:42-50. [PMID: 23276605 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian rhythms may lead to mood disorders. The present study investigated the potential therapeutic utility of combining a 5-HT7 antagonist with a selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), the standard of care in depression, on circadian rhythm regulation. In tissue explants of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) from PER2::LUC mice genetically modified to report changes in the expression of a key clock protein, the period length of PER2 bioluminescence was shortened in the presence of AS19, a 5-HT7 partial agonist. This reduction was blocked by SB269970, a selective 5-HT7 antagonist. The SSRI, escitalopram, had no effect alone on period length, but a combination with SB269970, yielded significant increases. Dosed in vivo, escitalopram had little impact on the occurrence of activity onsets in rats given access to running wheels, whether the drug was given acutely or sub-chronically. However, preceding the escitalopram treatment with a single acute dose of SB269970 produced robust phase delays, in keeping with the in vitro explant data. Taken together, these findings suggest that the combination of an SSRI and a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist has a greater impact on circadian rhythms than that observed with either agent alone, and that such a multimodal approach may be of therapeutic value in treating patients with poor clock function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Westrich
- Lundbeck Research USA, 215 College Avenue, Paramus, NJ 07652, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are heritable neuropsychiatric disorders associated with disrupted circadian rhythms. The hypothesis that circadian clock dysfunction plays a causal role in these disorders has endured for decades but has been difficult to test and remains controversial. In the meantime, the discovery of clock genes and cellular clocks has revolutionized our understanding of circadian timing. Cellular circadian clocks are located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain’s primary circadian pacemaker, but also throughout the brain and peripheral tissues. In BD and MDD patients, defects have been found in SCN-dependent rhythms of body temperature and melatonin release. However, these are imperfect and indirect indicators of SCN function. Moreover, the SCN may not be particularly relevant to mood regulation, whereas the lateral habenula, ventral tegmentum, and hippocampus, which also contain cellular clocks, have established roles in this regard. Dysfunction in these non-SCN clocks could contribute directly to the pathophysiology of BD/MDD. We hypothesize that circadian clock dysfunction in non-SCN clocks is a trait marker of mood disorders, encoded by pathological genetic variants. Because network features of the SCN render it uniquely resistant to perturbation, previous studies of SCN outputs in mood disorders patients may have failed to detect genetic defects affecting non-SCN clocks, which include not only mood-regulating neurons in the brain but also peripheral cells accessible in human subjects. Therefore, reporters of rhythmic clock gene expression in cells from patients or mouse models could provide a direct assay of the molecular gears of the clock, in cellular clocks that are likely to be more representative than the SCN of mood-regulating neurons in patients. This approach, informed by the new insights and tools of modern chronobiology, will allow a more definitive test of the role of cellular circadian clocks in mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - David K. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA
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Lee SK, Achieng E, Maddox C, Chen SC, Iuvone M, Fukuhara C. Extracellular low pH affects circadian rhythm expression in human primary fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:337-42. [PMID: 22115778 PMCID: PMC3243307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is a fundamental biological system involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. However, little is known about a nature or function of circadian clock in human primary cells. In the present study, we have applied in vitro real time circadian rhythm monitoring to study human clock properties using primary skin fibroblasts. Among factors that affect human physiology, slightly lower extracellular pH was chosen to test its effects on circadian rhythm expression. We established human primary fibroblast cultures obtained from three healthy subjects, stably delivered a circadian reporter gene Bmal1-luciferase, and recorded circadian rhythms in the culture medium at pH 7.2 and 6.7. At pH 7.2, robust and sustained circadian rhythms were observed with average period length 24.47 ± 0.03 h. Such rhythms were also found at pH 6.7; however, period length was significantly shortened to 22.60 ± 0.20, amplitude was increased, and damping rate was decreased. The effect of exposure to low pH on the period length was reversible. The shortened period was unlikely caused by factors affecting cell viability because cell morphology and MTT assay showed no significant difference between the two conditions. In summary, our results showed that the circadian rhythm expression is affected at pH 6.7 in human primary fibroblasts without affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kil Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA
| | - Elsie Achieng
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA
| | - Connie Maddox
- Clinical Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA
| | - Suephy C. Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology & Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Chiaki Fukuhara
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA
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25
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Einat H. Circadian rhythms and depression: human psychopathology and animal models. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:101-14. [PMID: 21871466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms (including humans) developed daily rhythms in almost every aspect of their body. It is not surprising that rhythms are also related to affect in health and disease. In the present review we present data that demonstrate the evidence for significant interactions between circadian rhythms and affect from both human studies and animal models research. A number of lines of evidence obtained from human and from animal models research clearly demonstrate relationships between depression and circadian rhythms including (1) daily patterns of depression; (2) seasonal affective disorder; (3) connections between circadian clock genes and depression; (4) relationship between sleep disorders and depression; (5) the antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation; (6) the antidepressant effect of bright light exposure; and (7) the effects of antidepressant drugs on sleep and circadian rhythms. The integration of data suggests that the relationships between the circadian system and depression are well established but the underlying biology of the interactions is far from being understood. We suggest that an important factor hindering research into the underlying mechanisms is the lack of good animal models and we propose that additional efforts in that area should be made. One step in that direction could be the attempt to develop models utilizing diurnal animals which might have a better homology to humans with regard to their circadian rhythms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Morphology and distribution of neurons expressing serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the rat hypothalamus and the surrounding diencephalic and telencephalic areas. J Chem Neuroanat 2010; 39:235-41. [PMID: 20080175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of serotonergic neurotransmission are involved in disturbances of numerous hypothalamic functions including circadian rhythm, mood, neuroendocrine functions, sleep and feeding. Among the serotonin receptors currently recognized, 5-HT(1A) receptors have received considerable attention due to their importance in the etiology of mood disorders. While previous studies have shown the presence of 5-HT(1A) receptors in several regions of the rat brain, there is no detailed map of the cellular distribution of 5-HT(1A) receptors in the rat diencephalon. In order to characterize the distribution and morphology of the neurons containing 5-HT(1A) receptors in the diencephalon and the adjacent telencephalic areas, single label immunohistochemistry was utilized. Large, multipolar, 5-HT(1A)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were mainly detected in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and in the nucleus of diagonal band of Broca, while the supraoptic nucleus contained mainly fusiform neurons. Medium-sized 5-HT(1A)-IR neurons with triangular or round-shaped somata were widely distributed in the diencephalon, populating the zona incerta, lateral hypothalamic area, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, substantia innominata, dorsomedial and premamillary nuclei, paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. The present study provides schematic mapping of 5-HT(1A)-IR neurons in the rat diencephalon. In addition, the morphology of the detected 5-HT(1A)-IR neural elements is also described. Since rat is a widely used laboratory animal in pharmacological models of altered serotoninergic neurotransmission, detailed mapping of 5-HT(1A)-IR structures is pivotal for the neurochemical characterization of the neurons containing 5-HT(1A) receptors.
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27
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Moy SS, Nadler JJ, Young NB, Nonneman RJ, Grossman AW, Murphy DL, D'Ercole AJ, Crawley JN, Magnuson TR, Lauder JM. Social approach in genetically engineered mouse lines relevant to autism. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:129-42. [PMID: 19016890 PMCID: PMC2659808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Profound impairment in social interaction is a core symptom of autism, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Deficits can include a lack of interest in social contact and low levels of approach and proximity to other children. In this study, a three-chambered choice task was used to evaluate sociability and social novelty preference in five lines of mice with mutations in genes implicated in autism spectrum disorders. Fmr1(tm1Cgr/Y)(Fmr1(-/y)) mice represent a model for fragile X, a mental retardation syndrome that is partially comorbid with autism. We tested Fmr1(-/y)mice on two genetic backgrounds, C57BL/6J and FVB/N-129/OlaHsd (FVB/129). Targeted disruption of Fmr1 resulted in low sociability on one measure, but only when the mutation was expressed on FVB/129. Autism has been associated with altered serotonin levels and polymorphisms in SLC6A4 (SERT), the serotonin transporter gene. Male mice with targeted disruption of Slc6a4 displayed significantly less sociability than wild-type controls. Mice with conditional overexpression of Igf-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) offered a model for brain overgrowth associated with autism. Igf-1 transgenic mice engaged in levels of social approach similar to wild-type controls. Targeted disruption in other genes of interest, En2 (engrailed-2) and Dhcr7, was carried on genetic backgrounds that showed low levels of exploration in the choice task, precluding meaningful interpretations of social behavior scores. Overall, results show that loss of Fmr1 or Slc6a4 gene function can lead to deficits in sociability. Findings from the fragile X model suggest that the FVB/129 background confers enhanced susceptibility to consequences of Fmr1 mutation on social approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Moy
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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