Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression by inducing liver X receptor alpha activation in THP-1 macrophages

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Fruit and Flower Extracts

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra, SN) or black elder is a traditional medicinal plant widely used worldwide for therapeutic and dietary purposes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of black elder fruit and flower extracts (SNFrE and SNFlE, respectively). The primary polyphenol constituents in the flower extract were flavonoids and phenolic acids, while anthocyanins were the main components in the fruit extract. SNFrE revealed pronounced and dose-dependent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessed by the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. Doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg BW of SNFrE reduced the weight of induced granuloma in rats by 20.3%, 20.5%, and 28.4%, respectively. At the highest dose (50 mg/kg BW), SNFrE had significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac, the reference compound used (10 mg/kg BW). In addition, the in vivo antinociceptive activity of the extracts in mice was estimated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test. Both extracts at doses of 50 mg/kg BW inhibited the abdominal contractions induced by the acetic acid significantly comparing to the control group (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that black elder extracts and particularly SNFrE possess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, providing experimental evidence for the use of S. nigra in traditional medicine.

The Hypotensive and Vasodilatory Effects Observed in Rats Exposed to Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat Flowers Can Be Attributed to Cyanidin 3-O-Glucoside

Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat is a tree native to southeastern Mexico and Guatemala. Its flower is used in Mexican folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including conditions of blood pressure. However, scientific information on its usefulness in this pathology is lacking. The present study evaluates the effect of a methanolic extract (ME) from the flower and its active constituents on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in anesthetized rats (MAPHR). The study also analyzed the effects on rat-isolated aortic rings (RIAR) and the rat mesenteric arterial bed (MABR). Active fractions were chromatographed, which led to the isolation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) identified through HPLC. The Chiranthodendron pentadactylon flowers produced hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects associated with C3G. The vasorelaxant effect is a mechanism underlying the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO). Neither cholinergic receptors nor prostaglandins are involved. ME and C3G cause cardiovascular depression in anesthetized rats via cholinergic and prostanoid mechanisms. Our research expands the scientific understanding of the flowers on the rat cardiovascular system. This amplifies the appreciation of the flower's ethnomedicine employed to control blood pressure. However, researchers need to conduct toxicity studies to determine the safety of this plant.

Potentials of genotypes, morpho-physio-biochemical traits, and growing media on shelf life and future prospects of gene editing in tomatoes

Background: To study the genetic basis of the impact of genotypes and morpho-physio-biochemical traits under different organic and inorganic fertilizer doses on the shelf life attribute of tomatoes, field experiments were conducted in randomized block designs during the rabi seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment comprised three diverse nutrient environments [T1-organic; T2-inorganic; T3-control (without any fertilizers)] and five tomato genotypes with variable growth habits, specifically Angoorlata (Indeterminate), Avinash-3 (semi-determinate), Swaraksha (semi-determinate), Pusa Sheetal (semi-determinate), and Pusa Rohini (determinate). Results: The different tomato genotypes behaved apparently differently from each other in terms of shelf life. All the genotypes had maximum shelf life when grown in organic environments. However, the Pusa Sheetal had a maximum shelf life of 8.35 days when grown in an organic environment and showed an increase of 12% over the control. The genotype Pusa Sheetal, organic environment and biochemical trait Anthocyanin provides a promise as potential contributor to improve the keeping quality of tomatoes. Conclusion: The genotype Pusa Sheetal a novel source for shelf life, organic environment, and anthocyanin have shown promises for extended shelf life in tomatoes. Thus, the identified trait and genotype can be utilized in tomato improvement programs. Furthermore, this identified trait can also be targeted for its quantitative enhancement in order to increase tomato shelf life through a genome editing approach. A generalized genome editing mechanism is consequently suggested.

Phenolic Compounds Known to Be Present in Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Enhance Macrophage Polarization towards the Anti-Inflammatory M2 Phenotype

Macrophages are pleiotropic immune cells whose phenotype can polarize towards the pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 direction as a response to environmental changes. In obesity, the number of macrophages in adipose tissue is enhanced, and they shift towards the M1 phenotype. Activated M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines involved in the development of systemic low-grade inflammation, complicating obesity. Polyphenols are widely found in the vegetable kingdom and have anti-inflammatory properties. We and others have recently found that lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) supplementation is able to prevent the development of low-grade inflammation and its metabolic consequences in experimentally induced obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of twelve phenolic compounds known to be present in lingonberry (resveratrol, piceid, quercetin, kaempferol, proanthocyanidins, delphinidin, cyanidin, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) on macrophage polarization, which is a meaningful mechanism determining the low-grade inflammation in obesity. Mouse J774 and human U937 macrophages and commercially available phenolic compounds were used in the studies. Three of the twelve compounds investigated showed an effect on macrophage polarization. Resveratrol, kaempferol, and proanthocyanidins enhanced anti-inflammatory M2-type activation, evidenced as increased expression of Arg-1 and MRC-1 in murine macrophages and CCL-17 and MRC-1 in human macrophages. Resveratrol and kaempferol also inhibited pro-inflammatory M1-type activation, shown as decreased expression of IL-6, NO, and MCP-1 in murine macrophages and TNF-α and IL-6 in human macrophages. In the further mechanistic studies, the effects of the three active compounds were investigated on two transcription factors important in M2 activation, namely on PPARγ and STAT6. Resveratrol and kaempferol were found to enhance PPARγ expression, while proanthocyanidins increased the phosphorylation of STAT6. The results suggest proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, and kaempferol as active constituents that may be responsible for the positive anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry supplementation in obesity models. These data also extend the previous knowledge on the anti-inflammatory effects of lingonberry and encourage further studies to support the use of lingonberry and lingonberry-based products as a part of a healthy diet.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts promote anti-inflammatory and cellular antioxidant activity

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Extracts of Sambucus nigra berries have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

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Elderberries prevented the oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide.

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Elderberries protect HepG2 and Caco-2 cells from t-BOOH-induced oxidative stress.

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Elderberry extracts prevented GSH depletion, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation.

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Elderberries can be considered a functional food or a sources of nutraceuticals.

Despite the high value of Portuguese elderberries, recognized for decades by European markets, only a few studies address their beneficial effects at cellular level. Aiming to explore the anti-inflammatory and the cellular antioxidant potential characterized extracts from the three main Portuguese elderberry cultivars (Sabugueiro, Sabugueira, Bastardeira) were used. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells pre-exposed to elderberry extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide release, evidencing anti-inflammatory activity. Concerning cellular antioxidant protection, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells pre-exposure to elderberry extracts (50 µg/mL) prevented up-to 90 % of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced toxicity. In Caco-2 cells, elderberry extracts prevented glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species production, abnormal morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, in response to t-BOOH oxidative insult. Results demonstrated that elderberries have high potential in reducing cellular oxidative stress as well as in preventing inflammatory processes. Thus, elderberries have high potential as health promoters, acting as functional foods or as sources of nutraceuticals.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cisplatin inhibit proliferation and downregulate the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cervical cancer cells

Natural compounds have been increasingly investigated as substances enhancing the effect of drugs and reducing drug-related adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to determine how a combination of cisplatin (DDP) with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) affected malignancy features of cervical cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the proliferation of HeLa cells treated with 5 µg/ml DDP, 400 µg/ml C3G, or a combination of both (5 µg/ml DDP and 400 µg/ml C3G) was inhibited by 17.43%, 34.98%, and 63.38%, respectively. The IC₅₀ values for DDP and the DDP/C3G combination treatments in HeLa cells were 18.53 and 6.435 µg/ml, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that treatment with DDP, C3G, or the combination induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells. Furthermore, after treatment, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 levels decreased; Bax, cleaved caspase-3, p53, and TIMP-1 were activated; and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was modulated. These anticancer effects were enhanced in cells treated with the combination of DDP and C3G compared to those treated with DDP or C3G alone. Our study indicates that C3G increases the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Natural biologically active food ingredients are suggested to have a potential to enhance the effect of chemotherapy in cancer. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because it revealed, for the first time, that C3G could increase the antitumor activity of DDP, suggesting a potential strategy to reduce adverse effects associated with chemotherapy in cervical cancer.

Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells by Inducing Let-7b-5p-Mediated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt Pathway

The bacterial keratitis causes viability loss and apoptosis in the corneal epithelial cells (CECs). The cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) benefits visual system and also possess anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potentials. In the current study, the effects of C3G on human CECs (HCECs) against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced disorders were assessed, and the mechanism driving the protective effect was explored by focusing on let-7b-5p-mediated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway. The HCECs were incubated LPS of P. aeruginosa to induce inflammation and apoptosis, and then treated with C3G. The changes in cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammation were detected. Moreover, the effects of LPS and C3G on let-7b-5p level and HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway activity were also assessed. Thereafter, the HCECs were further transfected with let-7b-5p inhibitor to confirm its role in the vision-protective effects of C3G. The interaction between let-7b-5p and HMGA2 was verified with dual luciferase assay. The LPS treatment suppressed viability and induced apoptosis and inflammation in HCECs, which was associated with the down-regulated let-7b-5p level and up-regulated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway activity. The impairments of LPS on HCECs were attenuated by C3G: the compound increased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis and inflammation. The C3G also induced let-7b-5p level and inactivated HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway. However, after the inhibition of let-7b-5p, the protective effects of C3G on HCECs against LPS were blocked. The results of dual luciferase assay showed the direct binding let-7b-5p to the promoter of HMGA2 gene. It was inferred that the C3G could ameliorate the LPS-induced disorders in HCECs. The effect depended on the induced level of let-7b-5p, which then inhibited HMGA2/PI3K/Akt pathway.

Antioxidant, functional properties and health-promoting potential of native South American berries: a review

Nowadays berries are globally recognized to be among the healthiest foods because they contain diverse and abundant bioactive compounds. Among these are phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which are known to have beneficial health effects. South America, particularly southern Chile, is covered by a diversity of insufficiently studied and underexploited native berry species. In this review we summarize all the available literature on the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, bioaccessibility, and biological activity of five native South American berries: calafate, maqui, murta, arrayán, and chequén. The potential of these native berries for promoting human health and as source of bioactive substances is remarkable. Bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins, and in less abundance flavonoids and phenolic acids, show strong antioxidant effects. Some of these constituents are bioaccessible and bioavailable, and exert anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory effects against enzymes involved in metabolic syndromes. Given the potential of native South American berries to promote health, more work is still needed to understand fully the potential beneficial effects of the consumption of these berries on human health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Potential Herb-Drug Interactions in the Management of Age-Related Cognitive Dysfunction

Late-life mild cognitive impairment and dementia represent a significant burden on healthcare systems and a unique challenge to medicine due to the currently limited treatment options. Plant phytochemicals have been considered in alternative, or complementary, prevention and treatment strategies. Herbals are consumed as such, or as food supplements, whose consumption has recently increased. However, these products are not exempt from adverse effects and pharmacological interactions, presenting a special risk in aged, polymedicated individuals. Understanding pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions is warranted to avoid undesirable adverse drug reactions, which may result in unwanted side-effects or therapeutic failure. The present study reviews the potential interactions between selected bioactive compounds (170) used by seniors for cognitive enhancement and representative drugs of 10 pharmacotherapeutic classes commonly prescribed to the middle-aged adults, often multimorbid and polymedicated, to anticipate and prevent risks arising from their co-administration. A literature review was conducted to identify mutual targets affected (inhibition/induction/substrate), the frequency of which was taken as a measure of potential interaction. Although a limited number of drugs were studied, from this work, interaction with other drugs affecting the same targets may be anticipated and prevented, constituting a valuable tool for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.

Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Improves Colonic Motility During Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Inhibiting the H2S-Regulated AMPK/mTOR Pathway

BACKGROUND

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is an important anthocyanin that can modulate digestive system functioning. Inflammation associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) induces H2S production, which impairs the gastrointestinal (GI) system. We investigated the effects of C3G in attenuating SAP-associated colonic motility loss by examining the H2S level and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.

METHODS

A rat model of SAP was induced using sodium taurocholate, and the effect of C3G on colonic mobility, H2S production, and the inflammatory response was investigated. AMPK/mTOR pathway changes were detected to assess the pathways by which H2S influences colonic mobility in SAP-model rats. The mechanism underlying H2S function was further examined by subjecting colonic muscle cells (CMCs) to C3G, SAP plasma and an AMPK activator.

RESULTS

Administering C3G improved colonic motility but suppressed the inflammatory response and H2S production in the SAP-model rats, which was associated with inhibiting the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway in CMCs promoted inflammation but suppressed Ca2+ levels, even after administering C3G.

CONCLUSION

Administering C3G may improve SAP-associated colonic mobility by inhibiting the H2S-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway.

Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.

Effect of Tart Cherry Concentrate on Endurance Exercise Performance: A Meta-analysis

Objective: Tart cherry concentrate has been shown to improve muscle function, and reduce muscle damage, oxidative stress/inflammation, and muscle soreness in athletes; however, evidence for acute endurance performance benefits is scarce. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effect of tart cherry juice on endurance exercise performance with a meta-analysis.Method: Data sources included Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials with endurance exercise performance tests. Participants were healthy individuals. Interventions included tart cherry supplementation and placebo ingested before, and/or on the day of exercise. Ten studies were included (totaling 127 males and 20 females). Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each study and pooled effects were assessed.Results: Tart cherry concentrate in juice or powdered form, ingested for 7 days to 1.5 hours before exercise performance testing significantly improved endurance exercise performance (SMD: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.64; p = 0.01; I² = 0%) upon pooling of the ten studies.Conclusions: Tart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance. Key teaching pointsTart cherry concentrate has a significant benefit for endurance exercise performance.Tart cherry concentrate may enhance endurance exercise performance via its low glycemic index, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative capacity, and blood flow enhancing effects.

Cyanidin ameliorates the progression of osteoarthritis via the Sirt6/NF-κB axis in vitro and in vivo

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of human arthritis which is characterized by the degradation of cartilage and inflammation. As a rare Sirt6 activator, cyanidin is the major component of anthocyanins commonly found in the Mediterranean diet, and increasing evidence has shown that cyanidin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in a variety of diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of cyanidin on OA have not been reported. In the present study, we identified that cyanidin treatment could strongly suppress the expression of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOs, COX-2, ADAMTS5 and MMP13, and reduce the degradation of aggrecan and collagen II in IL-1β-induced human OA chondrocytes, indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of cyanidin. Further investigation of the mechanism involved revealed that cyanidin could upregulate the Sirt6 level in a dose-dependent manner and Sirt6 silencing abolished the effect of cyanidin in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes, indicating a stimulatory effect of cyanidin on Sirt6 activation. Meanwhile, we found that cyanidin could inhibit the NF-κB pathway in IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes and its effect may to some extent depend on Sirt6 activation, suggesting that cyanidin may exert a protective effect through regulating the Sirt6/NF-κB signaling axis. Moreover, the in vivo study also proved that cyanidin ameliorated the development of OA in surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse OA models. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that cyanidin may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of OA.

Epimagnolin A inhibits IL-6 production by inhibiting p38/NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells

Epimagnolin A is a lignan obtained from the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii, which is traditionally used in Asian medicine for treating headache and nasal congestion. A herbal compound fargesin obtained from M. fargesii, has exerted anti-inflammatory effects in human monocytic THP-1 cells in the previous study. The anti-inflammatory effects of epimagnolin A, however, have been not elucidated yet. In this study, it was demonstrated that epimagnolin A reduced phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced IL-6 promoter activity and IL-6 production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Furthermore, it was investigated the modulating effects of epimagnolin A on mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activities. Phosphorylation of p38 and nuclear translocation of p50 and c-Jun were down-regulated by epimagnolin A in the PMA-stimulated THP-1 cell. The results revealed that epimagnolin A attenuated the binding affinity of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors to IL-6 promoter and IL-6 production through p38/NF-kB and AP-1 signaling pathways in the PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells. These results suggest that epimagnolin A can be a useful drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Polyphenolic Extract from Tarocco (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Clone "Lempso" Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects via NF-kB and Nrf-2 Activation in Murine Macrophages

Citrus fruits are often employed as ingredients for functional drinks. Among Citrus, the variety, “Lempso”, a typical hybrid of the Calabria region (Southern Italy), has been reported to possess superior antioxidant activity when compared to other common Citrus varieties. For these reasons, the aim of this study is to investigate in vitro the nutraceutical value of the Tarocco clone, “Lempso”, highlighting its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. A post-column 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay for the screening of antioxidant compounds in these complex matrices was developed. Subsequently, polyphenolic extract was tested on a murine macrophage cell line under inflammatory conditions. The extract resulted was able to significantly inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The inhibition of these pro-inflammatory factors was associated to Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) inhibition. Our results also indicate an anti-oxidant potential of the extract as evidenced by the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and by the activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) pathway in macrophages. The obtained results highlight the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Lempso extract and its potential use, as a new ingredient for the formulation of functional beverages with high nutraceutical value, providing health benefits to consumers.

Black rice anthocyanin-rich extract and rosmarinic acid, alone and in combination, protect against DSS-induced colitis in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of black rice anthocyanin-rich extract (BRAE) and rosmarinic acid (RA), alone and in combination, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Results showed that administration of BRAE and RA, alone and in combination, significantly decreased the disease activity index (DAI) and the histological score of colons in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, the administration of BRAE and RA, alone and in combination, not only reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, but also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Our results showed that BRAE decreased the histological score and TNF-α mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner, while BRAE + RA dose-dependently attenuated the histological score and mRNA expression of IL-6. However, the benefits of RA were not dose-dependent within the dose range of 25-100 mg kg-1. The combination of BRAE and RA showed better inhibitory effect on the NO content and iNOS mRNA expression than BRAE or RA given alone, and was the most effective in ameliorating DSS-induced colitis at 100 mg kg-1. Notably, the BRAE and RA combination exhibited additive interactions in reducing MPO and NO levels, as well as the expression of some pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS), especially at 100 mg kg-1. In conclusion, dietary BRAE and RA, alone and in combination, alleviate the symptoms and inflammation of DSS-induced colitis in mice, and may provide a promising dietary approach for the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Effects of Montmorency tart cherry (Prunus Cerasus L.) consumption on vascular function in men with early hypertension

BACKGROUND

Tart cherries contain numerous polyphenolic compounds that could potentially improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

OBJECTIVE

We sought to examine the acute effects of Montmorency tart cherry (MC) juice on vascular function in subjects with early hypertension.

DESIGN

A placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover, randomized Latin square design study with a washout period of ≥14 d was conducted. Fifteen men with early hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg, or both] received either a 60-mL dose of MC concentrate or placebo. Microvascular reactivity (laser Doppler imaging with iontophoresis), arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and analysis), blood pressure, and phenolic acid absorption were assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 h postconsumption.

RESULTS

MC consumption significantly lowered SBP (P < 0.05) over a period of 3 h, with peak reductions of mean ± SEM 7 ± 3 mm Hg 2 h after MC consumption relative to the placebo. Improvements in cardiovascular disease risk factors were closely linked to increases in circulating protocatechuic and vanillic acid at 1-2 h.

CONCLUSIONS

MC intake acutely reduces SBP in men with early hypertension. These benefits may be mechanistically linked to the actions of circulating phenolic acids. This study provides information on a new application of MCs in health maintenance, particularly in positively modulating SBP. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02234648.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of pentoxifylline associated with other antioxidants in medical treatment of Peyronie's disease: a case-control study

Peyronie's disease (PD) is a chronic disorder involving the tunica albuginea surrounding the corpora cavernosa of the penis. A conservative treatment is indicated in the first stage of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic impact and possible side effects of treatment with pentoxifylline (PTX) in combination with other antioxidants in 307 patients with early-stage PD. Patients were subdivided into three groups: A, B, and C. Both groups, A and B, comprising of 206 patients, underwent treatment, whereas Group C was the control group (n=101). Treatment lasted 6 months and included the following: Group A: PTX 400 mg twice a day + propolis 600 mg/d + blueberry 160 mg/d + vitamin E 600 mg/d + diclofenac 4% gel twice/a day + PTX 100 mg via perilesional penile injection/every other week (12 injections in all); Group B: the same treatment as Group A except for the penile PTX injections. After the 6-month treatment course, we obtained the following results: actual mean decrease in plaque volume -46.9% and -24.8% in Group A and B, respectively (P<0.0001); mean curvature reduction -10.1° and -4.8°, respectively (P,0.0001); resolution of pain in 67.6% and 67.2% of cases, respectively (P=0.961); recovery of normal penile rigidity in 56.09% and 23.5% of cases, respectively (P=0.005). After 6 months, progression of disease was observed in all patients belonging to Group C: plaque volume +123.3%; curvature +15.7°; no recovery of penile rigidity. The statistically significant results of our study show that multimodal treatment with PTX in association with other antioxidants and topical diclofenac is efficacious in treating early-stage PD. Furthermore, treatment proved to be more effective when PTX was administered both orally and by penile injection. No serious adverse effects occurred.

Bioactive Compound Content and Cytotoxic Effect on Human Cancer Cells of Fresh and Processed Yellow Tomatoes

Tomato, as a fresh or processed product, has a high nutritional value due to its content of bioactive components such as phenolic compounds. Few studies describe the effect of processing on antioxidant content and the cancer cell growth inhibition activity. In this study we determined the phenolic and ascorbic acid content of three yellow tomato varieties, before and after thermal processing. Moreover, we determined the antioxidative power and tested the effects of tomato extracts on three human cancer cell lines. We found that the amount of phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) decreased in all the samples after processing, whereas the flavonoid content increased after the heat treatment in two samples. A cytotoxic effect of tomato extracts was observed only after processing. This result well correlates with the flavonoid content after processing and clearly indicates that processed yellow tomatoes have a high content of bioactive compounds endowed with cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, thus opening the way to obtain tomato-based functional foods.

Cell Systems to Investigate the Impact of Polyphenols on Cardiovascular Health

Polyphenols are a diverse group of micronutrients from plant origin that may serve as antioxidants and that contribute to human health in general. More specifically, many research groups have investigated their protective effect against cardiovascular diseases in several animal studies and human trials. Yet, because of the excessive processing of the polyphenol structure by human cells and the residing intestinal microbial community, which results in a large variability between the test subjects, the exact mechanisms of their protective effects are still under investigation. To this end, simplified cell culture systems have been used to decrease the inter-individual variability in mechanistic studies. In this review, we will discuss the different cell culture models that have been used so far for polyphenol research in the context of cardiovascular diseases. We will also review the current trends in cell culture research, including co-culture methodologies. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these advanced models to screen for cardiovascular effects of the large pool of bioactive polyphenols present in foods and their metabolites.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of Taiwanese Purple-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) Extracts

Purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) has been known to possess high amount of anthocyanins which contribute to its antioxidant activity. However, a few reports are available concerning its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. In this study, PFSP “Tainung 73,” which is locally grown in Taiwan, was steamed and extracted using acidified ethanol pH 3.5 under 80°C. Two kinds of crude anthocyanins extracts were obtained, namely, SP (Steamed, Peeled) and SNP (Steamed, No Peeled). Then, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of these extracts were investigated. Cell viability assay (MTT) showed that SP and SNP extracts were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. They even exhibited anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, such as NF-κβ, TNF-α, and IL-6, in LPS-induced macrophage cells. Anticancer activities of these extracts were displayed through their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7 (breast cancer), SNU-1 (gastric cancer), and WiDr (colon adenocarcinoma), in concentration- and time-dependent manner. Further studies also revealed that SP extracts could induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and SNU-1 cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. In the future, PSFP extracts may have potential to be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

Dual Role of Cyanidin-3-glucoside on the Differentiation of Bone Cells

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major components of anthocyanin, a water-soluble phytochemical. Recent studies demonstrated the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of C3G in various conditions, including cancer, although the precise effects of C3G on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of C3G in the differentiation of bone-associated cells and its underlying mechanism. C3G inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–mediated osteoclast differentiation and formation in a dose-dependent manner and downregulated the expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes. Pretreatment with C3G considerably reduced the induction of extracellular signal–regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated kinases activation by RANKL in osteoclast precursor cells. Furthermore, C3G dramatically inhibited the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1, which are important transcription factors for osteoclast differentiation and activation. The formation of osteoclasts in coculture of bone marrow cells and calvaria-derived osteoblasts was also inhibited by C3G treatment, although the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL (master factors for osteoclast differentiation and formation) and osteoprotegerin (a decoy receptor for RANKL) on osteoblasts was unaffected. The inhibitory effect of C3G on osteoclastogenesis is therefore targeted specifically to osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. Moreover, analysis of the expression levels of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and alizarin red staining showed that osteoblast differentiation and matrix formation increased after C3G treatment. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that C3G has a dual role in bone metabolism, as an effective inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation but also as an activator of osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, C3G may be used as a potent preventive or therapeutic agent for bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis.

Anthocyanins inhibit high-glucose-induced cholesterol accumulation and inflammation by activating LXRα pathway in HK-2 cells

The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation plays a significant role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Anthocyanins are polyphenols widely distributed in food and exert various biological effects including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic effects. However, it remains unclear whether anthocyanins are associated with DN, and the mechanisms involved in the reciprocal regulation of inflammation and cholesterol efflux are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside chloride [C3G] or cyanidin chloride [Cy]) and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of action using high-glucose (HG)-stimulated HK-2 cells. We found that anthocyanins enhanced cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 expression markedly in HK-2 cells. In addition, they increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) expression and decreased the HG-induced expression of the proinflammatory cytokines intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1), as well as NFκB activation. Incubation with the PPARα-specific inhibitor GW6471 and LXRα shRNA attenuated the anthocyanin-mediated promotion of ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux, suggesting that anthocyanins activated PPARα-LXRα-ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the knockout of LXRα abrogated the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanins, whereas the PPARα antagonist GW6471 does not have this effect. Further investigations revealed that LXRα might interfere with anthocyanin-induced decreased ICAM1, MCP1, and TGFβ1 expression by reducing the nuclear translocation of NFκB. Collectively, these findings suggest that blocking cholesterol deposition and inhibiting the LXRα pathway-induced inflammatory response might be one of the main mechanisms by which anthocyanins exert their protective effects in DN.

Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components

AIMS

Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) is one of the oldest medicinal plants noted for its cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of the American elderberry (Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis) pomace as well as some of the anthocyanins (cyanidin chloride and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) and flavonols (quercetin and rutin) in bv-2 mouse microglial cells.

MAIN METHODS

The bv-2 cells were pretreated with elderberry pomace (extracted with ethanol or ethyl acetate) or its anthocyanins and flavonols and stimulated by either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon-γ (IFNγ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production (indicating oxidative stress and inflammatory response) were measured using the ROS detection reagent DCF-DA and the Griess reaction, respectively.

KEY FINDINGS

Analysis of total monomeric anthocyanin (as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalents) indicated five-fold higher amount in the freeze-dried ethanol extract as compared to that of the oven-dried extract; anthocyanin was not detected in the ethyl acetate extracts. Elderberry ethanol extracts (freeze-dried or oven-dried) showed higher anti-oxidant activities and better ability to inhibit LPS or IFNγ-induced NO production as compared with the ethyl acetate extracts. The phenolic compounds strongly inhibited LPS or IFNγ-induced ROS production, but except for quercetin, they were relatively poor in inhibiting NO production.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results demonstrated differences in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of elderberry extracts depending on solvents used. Results further identified quercetin as the most active component in suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses on microglial cells.

The update of anthocyanins on obesity and type 2 diabetes: experimental evidence and clinical perspectives

With the dramatically increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide, there is an urgent need for new strategies to combat the growing epidemic of these metabolic diseases. Diet is an essential factor affecting the development of and risk for obesity and T2DM and it can either help or hurt. In searching for preventative and therapeutic strategies, it is therefore advantageous to consider the potential of certain foods and their bioactive compounds to reverse or prevent the pathogenic processes associated with metabolic disease. Anthocyanins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds abundant in dark-colored fruits, vegetables and grains. Epidemiological studies suggest that increased consumption of anthocyanins lowers the risk of T2DM. Many in vitro and in vivo studies also reveal an array of mechanisms through which anthocyanins could prevent or reverse obesity- and T2DM-related pathologies including promotion of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, improvement of insulin resistance, and hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic actions. Here, we summarize the data on anthocyanin-mediated protection against obesity and T2DM and the underlying mechanisms. Further population-based and long-term human intervention studies are necessary to ultimately evaluate the use of anthocyanins for protection/prevention against the development of obesity and T2DM.

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by reducing TLR4 recruitment into lipid rafts

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G), a typical anthocyanin pigment that exists in the human diet, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of C3G on LPS-induced acute lung injury and to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal administration of LPS in mice. Alveolar macrophages from mice were stimulated with LPS and were treated with C3G. Our results showed that C3G attenuated lung histopathologic changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production in LPS-induced acute lung injury model. In vitro, C3G dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-β production, as well as NF-κB and IRF3 activation in LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, C3G disrupted the formation of lipid rafts by depleting cholesterol and inhibited TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts. Moreover, C3G activated LXRα-ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux. Knockout of LXRα abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of C3G. In conclusion, C3G has a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury. The promising anti-inflammatory mechanisms of C3G is associated with up-regulation of the LXRα-ABCG1 pathway which result in disrupting lipid rafts by depleting cholesterol and reducing translocation of TLR4 to lipid rafts, thereby suppressing TLR4 mediated inflammatory response.

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in mouse mastitis model

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G) (CAS number 7084-24-4), a typical anthocyanin pigment that exists in the human diet, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of C3G on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis and the molecular mechanisms have not been investigated. In this study, we detected the protective effects of C3G on a LPS-induced mouse mastitis model and investigated the molecular mechanisms in LPS-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells (MMECs). Our results showed that C3G could attenuate mammary histopathologic changes and myeloperoxidase activity, and inhibit TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 production caused by LPS. Meanwhile, C3G dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated MMECs. C3G suppressed LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation. Furthermore, C3G disrupted the formation of lipid rafts by depleting cholesterol. Moreover, C3G activated liver X receptor (LXR)-ABCG1-dependent cholesterol efflux. Knockdown of LXRα abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of C3G. In conclusion, C3G has a protective effect on LPS-induced mastitis. The promising anti-inflammatory mechanisms of C3G are associated with upregulation of the LXRα-ABCG1 pathway which result in disrupting lipid rafts by depleting cholesterol, thereby suppressing toll-like receptor 4-mediated NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways induced by LPS.

Artichoke, cynarin and cyanidin downregulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human coronary smooth muscle cells

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants with multiple health benefits. We have previously shown that artichoke leaf extracts and artichoke flavonoids upregulate the gene expression of endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human endothelial cells. Whereas NO produced by the eNOS is a vasoprotective molecule, NO derived from the inducible iNOS plays a pro-inflammatory role in the vasculature. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of artichoke on iNOS expression in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC). Incubation of HCASMC with a cytokine mixture led to an induction of iNOS mRNA expression. This iNOS induction was concentration- and time-dependently inhibited by an artichoke leaf extract (1–100 µg/mL, 6 h or 24 h). Consistently, the artichoke leaf extract also reduced cytokine-induced iNOS promoter activation and iNOS protein expression. In addition, treatment of HCASMC with four well-known artichoke compounds (cynarin > cyanidin > luteolin ≈ cynaroside) led to a downregulation iNOS mRNA and protein expression, with cynarin being the most potent one. In conclusion, artichoke contains both eNOS-upregulating and iNOS-downregulating compounds. Such compounds may contribute to the beneficial effects of artichoke and may per se have therapeutic potentials.

Enhancing the health-promoting effects of tomato fruit for biofortified food

Consumption of tomato fruits, like those of many other plant species that are part of the human diet, is considered to be associated with several positive effects on health. Indeed, tomato fruits are an important source of bioactive compounds with known beneficial effects including vitamins, antioxidants, and anticancer substances. In particular, antioxidant metabolites are a group of vitamins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and phenolic acid that can provide effective protection by neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules linked to the development of a number of degenerative diseases and conditions. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress on tomatoes nutritional importance and mechanisms of action of different phytochemicals against inflammation processes and prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and hypertension). In addition, we will summarize the significant progress recently made to improve the nutritional quality of tomato fruits through metabolic engineering and/or breeding.

Cytochrome P4502E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole, decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rat Kupffer cells with ethanol treatment

AIM

To investigate the role of Cytochrome P4502E1 in sensitizing Kupffer cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation after ethanol induction.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a liquid ethanol diet, control diet or ethanol diet supplemented with CYP2E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole (CMZ), for 4 weeks. Hepatic CYP2E1 protein, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 protein and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA were measured. In vitro, isolated Kupffer cells from control rats were exposed to ethanol with different CMZ concentration; CYP2E1 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were compared. The identified CMZ concentration was further utilized to evaluate the role of CYP2E1 on the sensitization of ethanol-induced Kupffer cell to LPS. The effect of LPS alone was tested in controlled Kupffer cells without ethanol. TNF-α, nuclear NF-κB p65 and cytoplasm IκB-α were monitored for all groups.

RESULTS

Ethanol feeding increased hepatic CYP2E1 level, nuclear accumulation of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α expression in rats. These changes were inhibited by CMZ supplementation. In cultured Kupffer cells, increased CYP2E1 content and ROS production by in vitro ethanol induction were dose-dependently inhibited by CMZ. Compared with LPS alone, the ethanol induction group produced significantly more TNF-α, nuclear NF-κB p65 and less cytoplasm IκB-α under LPS stimuli. CMZ abolished the effects of ethanol on LPS-stimulated NF-κB translocation and TNF-α generation in Kupffer cells.

CONCLUSION

In cultured Kupffer cell, using CMZ as inhibitor, ethanol-induced CYP2E1 overexpression was proved to contribute to the sensitization of Kupffer cells to LPS stimuli, with amplification of ROS production and activation of NF-κB, resulting in increased TNF-α production.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in vitro activities of phenolic compounds from tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos)

This study evaluates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in a polyphenol extract from blackberries. The antioxidant activity measured via oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was higher for the blackberry extract (4339 ± 144 μM TE/g) than for quercetin and ellagic acid. The blackberry phenolic compounds protected liposomes and liver homogenates against lipid peroxidation; in both models, the antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 7.0 ± 0.5 and 20.3 ± 4.2 μg/mL, respectively) was greater than that found with Trolox. The extract inhibited superoxide production by NADPH oxidase in THP-1 cells and nitrite production in J774A.1 cells stimulated with LPS+IFNγ, with nitrite production decreasing after 4 h of incubation with the extract, mainly through a strong scavenging activity. However, 24 h of treatment reduced the amount of nitrites (IC₅₀ = 45.6 ± 1.2 μg/mL) because of a down-regulation of iNOS protein expression, as demonstrated by Western blotting. The inhibitory activities found in blackberry phenols suggest a potential beneficial effect against oxidative stress and inflammatory processes.

Evidence that cranberry juice may improve augmentation index in overweight men

The stiffening of arteries is a key step in atherogenesis leading to cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that dietary polyphenols may be cardioprotective through possible favorable effects on oxidative stress and vascular function. The present study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of consuming low-calorie cranberry juice cocktail (CJC), a source of polyphenols, on arterial stiffness in abdominally obese men. We hypothesize that regular CJC consumption will reduce circulating oxidized low-density lipoproteins concentrations and have a beneficial impact on endothelial function. Thirty-five men (mean age ± SD: 45 ± 10 years) were randomly assigned to drink 500 mL CJC/day (27% juice) or 500 mL placebo juice (PJ)/day for 4 weeks in a double-blind crossover design. Augmentation index (AIx), an index of arterial stiffness, was measured by applanation tonometry of the radial artery and the cardiometabolic profile was assessed in each participant before and after each phase of the study. We found no significant difference in AIx changes between men who consumed CJC or PJ for 4 weeks (P = .5820). Furthermore, there was no between-treatment difference in changes in AIx responses to salbutamol (P = .6303) and glyceryl trinitrate (P = .4224). No significant difference was noted in other cardiometabolic variables between men consuming PJ or CJC. However, a significant within group decrease in AIx (mean decrease ± SE; -14.0 ± 5.8%, P = .019) was noted following the consumption of 500 mL CJC/day for 4 weeks. Our results indicate that the effect of chronic consumption of CJC on AIx was not significantly different from changes associated with the consumption of PJ. However, the significant within-group decrease in AIx following CJC consumption in abdominally obese men may deserve further investigation.

Protective effect of cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside fraction from mulberry fruit pigment against oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat bladder

AIMS

To determine whether cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (C3G) fraction from mulberry fruit pigment has protective effects against bladder dysfunction on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 12 in each): normal, diabetes (DM), and DM treated with C3G fraction (DM + C3G). The DM and DM + C3G groups received a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Four weeks after the induction of diabetes, the DM + C3G group was treated with daily oral C3G (10 mg/kg) dissolved in water, for 8 weeks. After 12 weeks of streptozotocin injections, rats in each group underwent cystometrography and bladders were used for evaluation of apoptosis and oxidative stress.

RESULTS

The DM group showed a markedly lower maximal intravesical pressure than that observed in the control group, whereas rats in the DM + C3G group showed improved maximum intravesical pressure associated with minimization of apoptosis, and increased levels of Akt and Bad phosphorylation, implying inhibition of pro-apoptotic stimuli. The level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly greater in the DM group compared to the control group and it was significantly reduced in the C3G treated group. Immunoblotting revealed a significant decrease in the levels of the superoxide dismutase protein and nerve growth factor in the DM group compared with the control group; however, these proteins were upregulated in the DM + C3G group compared with the DM group.

CONCLUSIONS

The study is the first to suggest that C3G fraction have a potency to protect the bladder under conditions of diabetes-induced oxidative stress.

Pomegranate: a fruit that ameliorates metabolic syndrome

Pomegranate is an ancient fruit that is still part of the diet in the Mediterranean area, the Middle East, and India. Health-promoting effects have long been attributed to this fruit. Modern research corroborates the use of pomegranate as a folk remedy for diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and is responsible for a new evaluation of nutritional and pharmaceutical aspects of pomegranate in the general public. In the last decade, industry and agricultural production have been adapted to meet higher market demands for pomegranate. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that pomegranate exerts hypoglycaemic effects, including increased insulin sensitivity, inhibition of α-glucosidase, and impact on glucose transporter type 4 function, but is also responsible for a reduction of total cholesterol, and the improvement of blood lipid profiles, as well as anti-inflammatory effects through the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways. These effects may also explain how pomegranate-derived compounds function in the amelioration of adverse health effects caused by metabolic syndrome. Pomegranate contains polyphenols such as ellagitannins and anthocyanins, as well as phenolic acids, fatty acids and a variety of volatile compounds. Ellagitannins are some of the most prevalent compounds present in pomegranate, and may be responsible for certain benevolent characteristics associated with pomegranate. A brief overview of rising health problems due to obesity will be provided, followed by characterisation of the biological activity, bioavailability, and safety of pomegranate and pomegranate-derived compounds. Although the fruit is consumed in many countries, epidemiological and clinical studies are unavailable. Additional research is necessary to corroborate the promise of current in vivo and in vitro findings.

Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside upregulates hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression and reduces hypercholesterolemia in mice

SCOPE

Although previous studies have shown that consumption of anthocyanin extract from plant foods reduces hypercholesterolemia and the severity of atherosclerosis in different animal models, the mechanisms of these actions remained unclear. This study investigated whether pure anthocyanin inhibit atherosclerosis development and reduce hypercholesterolemia in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice through enhancement of fecal bile acid excretion, a critical pathway for eliminating circulation cholesterol from the body.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Five-week-old male ApoE-deficient mice were fed the AIN-93G diet supplemented with or without cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (0.06% w/w) for 12 weeks. Results showed that cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside consumption inhibited the formation of aortic sinus plaque and reduced hypercholesterolemia, along with promoted fecal bile acid excretion and upregulated hepatic cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase expression (CYP7A1). In mouse primary hepatocytes, cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside treatment increased bile acid synthesis and CYP7A1 expression in a liver X receptor alpha (LXRα)-)-dependent manner. Scintillation proximity and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays revealed that cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside functions as an agonist of LXRα.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that the hypocholesterolemic activity of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside was, at least in part, mediated by activating the potential LXRα-CYP7A1-bile acid excretion pathway, thus contributing to the antiatherogenic effect of cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside. Importantly, cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside could activate LXRα in an agonist-dependent manner.