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Kon R, Ikarashi N, Onuma K, Yasukawa Z, Ozeki M, Sakai H, Kamei J. Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the expression of aquaporin-3 in the colon. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 11:1127-1133. [PMID: 36789055 PMCID: PMC9922137 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of functional foods targeting gastrointestinal disorders has been in progress. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), which is a water-soluble dietary fiber, is known to have a constipation-improving effect. However, many aspects of the mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of aquaporin-3 (AQP3), which regulates the water content of feces in ameliorative effect of PHGG on constipation. Rats were allowed to freely consume a normal diet or a diet containing 5% PHGG for 14 days, and defecation parameters were measured. We also analyzed the expression levels of genes involved in water transport in the colon. The defecation frequency and volume of rats treated with PHGG were not different from those from the control group, but the fecal water content was significantly increased, and soft stools were observed. The expressions of claudin-1, tight junction protein-1, and cadherin-1, which are involved in tight junctions or adherens junctions, were almost the same in the PHGG-treated group and the control group. The expression level of AQP3 in the colon was significantly decreased in the PHGG-treated group. In this study, PHGG decreased the colonic AQP3 expression, thereby suppressing water transport from the luminal side to the vascular side and improving constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Kon
- Department of Biomolecular PharmacologyHoshi UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Onuma
- Department of Biomolecular PharmacologyHoshi UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Zenta Yasukawa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of NutritionKanazawa Gakuin UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular PharmacologyHoshi UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Advanced Research Institute for Health ScienceJuntendo UniversityTokyoJapan
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Yamamoto M, Yanagisawa R, Sakai A, Mogi M, Shuto S, Shudo M, Kashiwagi H, Kudo M, Nakamura M, Sakamoto M. Toxicokinetics of methylmercury in diabetic KK-Ay mice and C57BL/6 mice. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:928-940. [PMID: 33015845 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared the toxicokinetics of methylmercury (MeHg) in KK-Ay type 2 diabetic mice and C57BL/6J mice to evaluate how metabolic changes associated with diabetes affect MeHg toxicokinetics. A single dose of MeHg (0.2, 1, or 5 mg mercury/kg) was administered orally to 12-week-old KK-Ay and C57BL/6J male mice. Total mercury concentrations in plasma, blood cells, whole blood, and tissues (brain, kidneys, liver, and pancreas) were measured after 4, 7, 11, and 14 days. The volume of distribution/bioavailability and the elimination rate constant per day were higher in KK-Ay mice, while the terminal elimination half-life was lower in almost all samples of KK-Ay mice. The area under the curve was lower in all blood and almost all tissue samples from KK-Ay mice. Total clearance/bioavailability was lower in all blood and tissue samples of KK-Ay mice at all MeHg doses. These results indicate that MeHg is more rapidly absorbed by, and eliminated from, the blood cells, brain, liver, kidney, and pancreas of KK-Ay mice under the experimental conditions. Different patterns of tissue-to-plasma and tissue-to-whole blood partition coefficients suggest that notable differences in MeHg transfer between plasma and blood cells affect its distribution in tissues of the two mouse strains. These findings are useful to understand the selective distribution of MeHg to target organs and the sensitivity to MeHg in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Yamamoto
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan
| | - Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masachika Shudo
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hazuki Kashiwagi
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan
| | - Megumi Kudo
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan
| | - Mineshi Sakamoto
- Department of Environment and Public Health, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Minamata, Japan
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Xu Z, Wang L, Liu R, Gao F. Investigation of aquaporins and apparent diffusion coefficient from ultra-high b-values in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Eur Radiol Exp 2017; 1:13. [PMID: 29708187 PMCID: PMC5909346 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-017-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To assess kidney damage in a rat model of type-2 diabetic nephropathy based on apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) data obtained from ultra-high b-values and discuss its relationship to the expression of aquaporins (AQPs). Methods This study was approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomised into two groups: (1) untreated controls and (2) diabetes mellitus (DM). All rats underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with 18 b-values (0–4500 s/mm2). Maps of low ADC (ADClow), standard ADC (ADCst) and ultra-high ADC (ADCuh) were calculated from low b-values (0–200 s/mm2), standard b-values (300–1500 s/mm2) and ultra-high b-values (1700–4500 s/mm2), respectively. The expression of AQPs in the kidneys was studied using immunohistochemistry. Laboratory parameters of diabetic and kidney functions, ADClow, ADCst, ADCuh, and the optical density (OD) of AQP expression in the two groups were compared using an independent t test. Correlations between ADCs and the OD of AQP expression were evaluated by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Results ADCuh were significantly higher in the cortex (CO), outer stripe of the outer medulla (OS) and inner stripe of the outer medulla (IS), and the OD values of AQ-2 were significantly higher in the OS, IS and inner medulla (IM) in DM animals compared with control animals. ADCuh and OD values of AQP-2 expression were positively correlated in the OS, IS and IM of the kidney. Conclusions ADCuh may work as useful metrics for early detection of kidney damage in diabetic nephropathy and may be associated with AQP-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Ruzhi Zhang
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Zhoushe Zhao
- General Electronic Company Healthcare (China), Beijing, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Rongbo Liu
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
| | - Fabao Gao
- 1Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane outside the south, Wuhou District Chengdu, China
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Heaberlin JR, Ma Y, Zhang J, Ahuja SS, Lindsey ML, Halade GV. Obese and diabetic KKAy mice show increased mortality but improved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Pathol 2013; 22:481-7. [PMID: 23896047 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introduction of the yellow obese gene (A(y)) into mice (KKAy) results in obesity and diabetes by 5 weeks of age. METHODS Using this model of type 2 diabetes, we evaluated male and female 6- to 8-month-old wild-type (WT, n=10) and KKAy (n=22) mice subjected to myocardial infarction (MI) and sacrificed at day (d) 7. RESULTS Despite similar infarct sizes (50% ± 4% for WT and 49% ± 2% for KKAy, P=not significant), the 7d post-MI survival was 70% (n=7/10) in WT mice and 45% (n=10/22) in KKAy mice (P<.05). Plasma glucose levels were 1.4-fold increased in KKAy mice at baseline compared to WT (P<.05). Glucose levels did not change in WT mice but decreased 38% in KKAy post-MI (P<.05). End-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions post-MI were smaller and fractional shortening improved in the KKAy (5% ± 1% in WT and 10% ± 2% in KKAy, P<.05 for all). The improved cardiac function in KKAy was accompanied by reduced macrophage numbers and collagen I and III levels (both P<.05). Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia lectin-I staining for vessel density demonstrated fewer vessels in KKAy infarcts (5.9% ± 0.5%) compared to WT infarcts (7.3% ± 0.1%, P<.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our study in KKAy mice revealed a paradoxical reduced post-MI survival but improved cardiac function through reduced inflammation, extracellular matrix accumulation, and neovascularization in the infarct region. These results indicate a dual-role effect of obesity in the post-MI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Heaberlin
- San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Ikarashi N, Ogiue N, Toyoda E, Kon R, Ishii M, Toda T, Aburada T, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Gypsum fibrosum and its major component CaSO4 increase cutaneous aquaporin-3 expression levels. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:409-413. [PMID: 22138657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE We have previously reported that Byakkokaninjinto improves cutaneous pruritus by increasing the expression level of aquaporin-3 (AQP3). In this study, we examined the effect of Gypsum fibrosum (main component: CaSO(4)), which is the main component of Byakkokaninjinto, on the cutaneous AQP3 expression level. MATERIALS AND METHODS KKAy mice were given a diet containing 0.3% Gypsum fibrosum extract, or a diet containing 0.3% CaSO(4) for 4 weeks. The urine volume, plasma glucose levels, cutaneous AQP3 protein expression, and the Ca(2+) content were measured. RESULTS The 24-h urine volumes and the plasma glucose levels in the Gypsum fibrosum extract group were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the Gypsum fibrosum extract group, the cutaneous AQP3 protein levels increased significantly, by approximately 3.2-fold, compared to the control group. The cutaneous Ca(2+) content in the control group was approximately 35μg/g. In the Gypsum fibrosum extract group, the Ca(2+) content increased to approximately 51μg/g, which was significant compared to the control group. In the CaSO(4) group, an increase in the AQP3 protein expression levels and Ca(2+) content were observed; the extent of these increases were similar to those in the Gypsum fibrosum extract group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that Gypsum fibrosum plays an important role in the increased levels of cutaneous AQP3 expression enhanced by Byakkokaninjinto. The results also indicate that the increase in AQP3 caused by Gypsum fibrosum is attributable to an increase in the cutaneous Ca(2+) content from its main component, CaSO(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction from the Bark of Acacia mearnsii on Itching Associated with Allergic Dermatitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:120389. [PMID: 22315629 PMCID: PMC3270726 DOI: 10.1155/2012/120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effect of polyphenol-rich aqueous extract from the bark of Acacia mearnsii (PrA) on itching associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). HR-1 mice were fed a normal diet, special diet (AD group), or special diet containing 3% PrA (PrA group) for 6 weeks. In the AD group, itching frequency and transepidermal water loss increased compared to the control group. In the PrA group, an improvement in atopic dermatitis symptoms was observed. Ceramide expression in the skin decreased in the AD group compared to the control group, but no decrease was observed in the PrA group. mRNA expression of ceramidase decreased in the PrA group compared to the AD group. The results of this study have revealed that PrA inhibits itching in atopic dermatitis by preventing the skin from drying. It is considered that the mechanism by which PrA prevents the skin from drying involves the inhibition of increased ceramidase expression associated with atopic dermatitis.
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Ikarashi N, Baba K, Ushiki T, Kon R, Mimura A, Toda T, Ishii M, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. The laxative effect of bisacodyl is attributable to decreased aquaporin-3 expression in the colon induced by increased PGE2 secretion from macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G887-95. [PMID: 21868635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00286.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aquaporin3 (AQP3) in the colon in the laxative effect of bisacodyl. After oral administration of bisacodyl to rats, AQP3, macrophages, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were examined in the colon. The mechanism by which bisacodyl decreases the expression of AQP3 was examined using HT-29 and Raw264.7 cells. When diarrhea occurred, a significant increase in the expression of PGE(2) and a decrease in AQP3 expression were observed. Immunostaining showed COX2 expression only in macrophages. The PGE(2) concentration increased significantly 30 min after the addition of bisacodyl to Raw264.7 cells. Thirty minutes after PGE(2) addition to HT-29 cells, the AQP3 expression level decreased to 40% of the control. When pretreated with indomethacin, bisacodyl did not induce an increase in the colon PGE(2) level, a decrease in the AQP3 expression level, or diarrhea. The results suggest that bisacodyl may decrease the expression of AQP3 in the colon, which inhibits water transfer from the luminal to the vascular side and leads to a laxative effect. This study also showed that direct activation of colon macrophages by bisacodyl increases the secretion of PGE(2), which acts as a paracrine factor and decreases AQP3 expression in colon mucosal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutomo Ikarashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mozaffari MS, Abdelsayed R, Liu JY, Zakhary I, Baban B. Renal distal tubule proliferation and increased aquaporin 2 level but decreased urine osmolality in db/db mouse: treatment with chromium picolinate. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:54-8. [PMID: 21983138 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hallmark features of type 2 diabetes mellitus include glucosuria and polyuria. Further, renal aquaporin 2 is pivotal to regulation of fluid excretion and urine osmolality. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that the db/db mouse displays increased glucosuria and fluid excretion but reduced urine osmolality in association with decreased renal aquaporin 2 level. In addition, we examined the effect of chromium picolinate (Cr(pic)3) which is purported to improve glycemic control. The db/db mice excreted more urine in association with marked glucose excretion but lower urine osmolality than db/m control group. Light microscopic examination of renal tissue revealed proliferation of tubular structures in db/db compared to the db/m mice, a feature validated with Ki67 immunostaining. Further, these tubules showed generally similar immunostaining intensity and pattern for aquaporin 2 indicating that proliferated tubules are of distal origin. On the other hand, renal aquaporin 2 protein level was significantly higher in the db/db than db/m group. Treatment of db/db mice with Cr(pic)3 reduced plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c (~15-17%, p<0.05) and Ki67 positive cells but other parameters were similar to their untreated counterparts. Collectively, these findings suggest that proliferation of renal distal tubules and increased aquaporin 2 level likely represent an adaptive mechanism to regulate fluid excretion to prevent dehydration in the setting of marked glucosuria in the db/db mouse, features not affected by Cr(pic)3 treatment. These observations are of relevance to increasing interest in developing therapeutic agents that facilitate renal glucose elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Satake M, Ikarashi N, Kagami M, Ogiue N, Toda T, Kobayashi Y, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Increases in the expression levels of aquaporin-2 and aquaporin-3 in the renal collecting tubules alleviate dehydration associated with polyuria in diabetes mellitus. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 33:1965-70. [PMID: 21139234 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of renal aquaporin-2 (AQP2) has been reported when polyuria occurs in diabetic animal models. The purpose of this study was to clarify the possibility that increased AQP2 expression in the kidneys play a role as a compensatory mechanism to alleviate diabetic dehydration. Lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), which decreases the renal expression of AQPs, was administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced model mice of type I diabetes mellitus (STZ mice), to investigate the relationship between urine volume and renal AQP expression. Plasma glucose and urine glucose levels were similar between STZ mice given feed containing Li₂CO₃ for 10 d and un-treated STZ mice. Urine volume increased to 70 ml/d for the Li₂CO₃-treated STZ mice, compared to 36 ml/d for un-treated STZ mice. No changes were observed in creatinine clearance or the mRNA expression levels of sodium myo-inositol transporter and taurine transporter, which are genes associated with the regulation of osmotic pressure in the kidney, in the Li₂CO₃-treated STZ mice relative to un-treated STZ mice. Protein expression levels of AQP2 and aquaporin-3 (AQP3) of the renal inner medulla were significantly decreased in the Li₂CO₃-treated STZ mice, compared to levels in the STZ group. This study revealed that the decreased expression levels of AQP2 and AQP3 in the kidney increased the urine volume in mice without a change in urinary osmotic pressure. The results of this study suggest that the increased renal AQP2 and AQP3 expression, in the setting of polyuria, physiologically serves as a compensatory mechanism to alleviate dehydration in diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Satake
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ikarashi N, Kagami M, Kobayashi Y, Ishii M, Toda T, Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. Changes in the pharmacokinetics of digoxin in polyuria in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and lithium carbonate-treated mice. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:486-93. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.551848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aburada T, Ikarashi N, Kagami M, Ichikawa Y, Sugitani M, Maniwa A, Ueda H, Toda T, Ito K, Ochiai W, Matsushita R, Miyamoto KI, Sugiyama K. Byakkokaninjinto prevents body water loss by increasing the expression of kidney aquaporin-2 and skin aquaporin-3 in KKAy mice. Phytother Res 2010; 25:897-903. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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