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Yu R, Maswikiti EP, Yu Y, Gao L, Ma C, Ma H, Deng X, Wang N, Wang B, Chen H. Advances in the Application of Preclinical Models in Photodynamic Therapy for Tumor: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010197. [PMID: 36678826 PMCID: PMC9867105 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive laser light local treatment that has been utilized in the management of a wide variety of solid tumors. Moreover, the evaluation of efficacy, adverse reactions, the development of new photosensitizers and the latest therapeutic regimens are inseparable from the preliminary exploration in preclinical studies. Therefore, our aim was to better comprehend the characteristics and limitations of these models and to provide a reference for related research. METHODS We searched the databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus for the past 25 years of original research articles on the feasibility of PDT in tumor treatment based on preclinical experiments and animal models. We provided insights into inclusion and exclusion criteria and ultimately selected 40 articles for data synthesis. RESULTS After summarizing and comparing the methods and results of these studies, the experimental model selection map was drawn. There are 7 main preclinical models, which are used for different research objectives according to their characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Based on this narrative review, preclinical experimental models are crucial to the development and promotion of PDT for tumors. The traditional animal models have some limitations, and the emergence of organoids may be a promising new insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | | | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Lei Gao
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Huanhuan Ma
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Na Wang
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- The Second Clinical College of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor of Gansu Province, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-5190550
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Atractylodin alleviates cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome by regulating NPY through hypothalamic Sirt1/AMPK axis-induced autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 625:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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Geraldelli D, Ribeiro MC, Medeiros TC, Comiran PK, Martins KO, Oliveira MF, Oliveira GA, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Alegranci P, Queiroz EAIF. Botryosphaeran, a (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan, reduces tumor development and cachexia syndrome in obese male rats by increasing insulin sensitivity and FOXO3a activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:985-994. [PMID: 32991890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor in tumor development. Botryosphaeran, a (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan, produced by the fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina (MAMB-05), is a high molecular mass, water-soluble exopolysaccharide. It consists of a main chain of (1 → 3)-linked β-d-glucose units, with a degree of branching of ~22% at carbon-6 with glucose and gentiobiose residues linked through β-(1 → 6)-bonds, and presents a triple helix conformation. Botryosphaeran presents anticlastogenic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-obesogenic activities. This study evaluated the effects of botryosphaeran on tumor development in obesity and analyzed its mechanism of action. Obesity was induced in male Wistar rats by a high-fat/high-sugar diet. After 9 weeks, rats were divided into two groups: Obese Tumor (OT) and Obese Tumor Botryosphaeran (OTB), and inoculated with 1 × 107 Walker-256 tumor cells, and treatment with botryosphaeran (30 mg/kg b.w./day via gavage for 15 days) commenced. On the 11th week, biological parameters, tumor development, metabolic profile, erythrogram and protein expression were evaluated. Botryosphaeran significantly reduced tumor growth, body-weight loss and cachexia. Furthermore, botryosphaeran decreased mesenteric fat and insulin resistance, corrected macrocytic anemia, and increased Forkhead transcription factor-3a (FOXO3a) activity. Our study demonstrated the potential role of botryosphaeran in the management of cancer in tumor-bearing obese rats by increasing insulin sensitivity and FOXO3a activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielli Geraldelli
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Túlio C Medeiros
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Patrícia K Comiran
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Kamila O Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Matheus F Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química - CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 85503-390 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Alegranci
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline A I F Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil.
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Comiran PK, Ribeiro MC, Silva JHG, Martins KO, Santos IA, Chiaradia AEF, Silva AZ, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Alegranci P, Queiroz EAIF. Botryosphaeran Attenuates Tumor Development and the Cancer Cachexia Syndrome in Walker-256 Tumor-Bearing Obese Rats and Improves the Metabolic and Hematological Profiles of These Rats. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1175-1192. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1789681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia K. Comiran
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - John H. G. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Kamila O. Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Izabella A. Santos
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Ana Emilia F. Chiaradia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Amadeu Z. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Robert F. H. Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Pâmela Alegranci
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline A. I. F. Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
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Geraldelli D, Ribeiro MC, Medeiros TC, Comiran PK, Martins KO, Oliveira MF, Oliveira GA, Dekker RFH, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Alegranci P, Queiroz EAIF. Tumor development in rats and cancer cachexia are reduced by treatment with botryosphaeran by increasing apoptosis and improving the metabolic profile. Life Sci 2020; 252:117608. [PMID: 32289434 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer is a multifactorial disease characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells that can lead to cachexia-anorexia syndrome. Botryosphaeran, a fungal (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan produced by Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, has presented antimutagenic, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects. This study evaluated the effects of botryosphaeran (30 mg/kg b.w./day) on tumor development and cachexia syndrome in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats, and also the metabolic and hematological profiles of these animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (C), control tumor (CT) and control tumor botryosphaeran (CTB). On the first day, 1 × 107 Walker-256 tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the right flank of the CT and CTB rats, and concomitantly treatment with botryosphaeran (30 mg/kg b.w./day) started. After the 15th day of treatment, biological parameters, tumor development, cachexia, glucose and lipid profiles, hemogram and protein expression were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Botryosphaeran significantly reduced tumor development (p = 0.0024) and cancer cachexia, modulated the levels of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol, and corrected macrocytic anemia. Botryosphaeran also increased significantly the bax expression in the tumor tissue (p = 0.038) demonstrating that this (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-glucan is increasing the apoptosis of tumor cells. p53, p27, bcl-2, caspase-3 and Forkhead transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) protein expression were similar among the groups. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that botryosphaeran was effective in decreasing tumor development and cachexia by direct and indirect mechanisms increasing apoptosis and improving the metabolic and hematological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielli Geraldelli
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Túlio C Medeiros
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Patricia K Comiran
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Kamila O Martins
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Matheus F Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Câmpus Londrina, CEP: 86036-370 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química - CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 85503-390 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Alegranci
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Eveline A I F Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, CEP: 78550-728 Sinop, MT, Brazil.
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Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Tsatsakis AM, Nițulescu GM, Kouretas D, Veskoukis A, Tsoukalas D, Engin AB, Aschner M, Margină D. A review of the alleged health hazards of monosodium glutamate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1111-1134. [PMID: 31920467 PMCID: PMC6952072 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an umami substance widely used as flavor enhancer. Although it is generally recognized as being safe by food safety regulatory agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on preclinical studies and clinical trials regarding the alleged adverse effects of MSG. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the reported possible risks that may potentially arise following chronic exposure. Furthermore, we intend to critically evaluate the relevance of this data for dietary human intake. Preclinical studies have associated MSG administration with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, low-grade inflammation, metabolic disarray and premalignant alterations, along with behavioral changes. Moreover, links between MSG consumption and tumorigenesis, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as genotoxic effects in lymphocytes have been reported. However, in reviewing the available literature, we detected several methodological flaws, which led us to conclude that these studies have limited relevance for extrapolation to dietary human intakes of MSG risk exposure. Clinical trials have focused mainly on the effects of MSG on food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its well-known impact on food palatability, MSG enhances salivary secretion and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, while the impact on satiety and post-meal recovery of hunger varied in relation to meal composition. Reports on MSG hypersensitivity, also known as 'Chinese restaurant syndrome', or links of its use to increased pain sensitivity and atopic dermatitis were found to have little supporting evidence. Based on the available literature, we conclude that further clinical and epidemiological studies are needed, with an appropriate design, accounting for both added and naturally occurring dietary MSG. Critical analysis of existing literature, establishes that many of the reported negative health effects of MSG have little relevance for chronic human exposure and are poorly informative as they are based on excessive dosing that does not meet with levels normally consumed in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Zanfirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - George M. Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Aris Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens 10674, Greece
| | - Ayse B. Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10463, USA
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
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Wendt MMN, de Oliveira MC, Franco-Salla GB, Castro LS, Parizotto ÂV, Souza Silva FM, Natali MRM, Bersani-Amado CA, Bracht A, Comar JF. Fatty acids uptake and oxidation are increased in the liver of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:696-707. [PMID: 30593897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe rheumatoid cachexia is associated with pronounced loss of muscle and fat mass in patients with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. This condition is associated with dyslipidemia and predisposition to cardiovascular diseases. Circulating levels of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) have not yet been consistently defined in severe arthritis. Similarly, the metabolism of these lipids in the arthritic liver has not yet been clarified. Aiming at filling these gaps this study presents a characterization of the circulating lipid profile and of the fatty acids uptake and metabolism in perfused livers of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. The levels of TG and total cholesterol were reduced in both serum (10-20%) and liver (20-35%) of arthritic rats. The levels of circulating FFA were 40% higher in arthritic rats, possibly in consequence of cytokine-induced adipose tissue lipolysis. Hepatic uptake and oxidation of palmitic and oleic acids was higher in arthritic livers. The phenomenon results possibly from a more oxidized state of the arthritic liver. Indeed, NADPH/NADP+ and NADH/NAD+ ratios were 30% lower in arthritic livers, which additionally presented higher activities of the citric acid cycle driven by both endogenous and exogenous FFA. The lower levels of circulating and hepatic TG possibly are caused by an increased oxidation associated to a reduced synthesis of fatty acids in arthritic livers. These results reveal that the lipid hepatic metabolism in arthritic rats presents a strong catabolic tendency, a condition that should contribute to the marked cachexia described for arthritic rats and possibly for the severe rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria R M Natali
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jurandir F Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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de Fatima Silva F, Ortiz-Silva M, Galia WBDS, Cassolla P, da Silva FG, Graciano MFR, Carpinelli AR, de Souza HM. Effects of metformin on insulin resistance and metabolic disorders in tumor-bearing rats with advanced cachexia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:498-505. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (MET) is widely used in the correction of insulin (INS) resistance and metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. However, its effect on INS resistance and metabolic disorders associated with cancer cachexia is not established. We investigated the MET effects, isolated or associated with INS, on INS resistance and metabolic changes induced by Walker-256 tumor in rats with advanced cachexia. MET (500 mg·kg−1, oral) and MET + INS (1.0 IU·kg−1, s.c.) were administered for 12 days, starting on the day of tumor cell inoculation. Tumor-bearing rats showed adipose and muscle mass wasting, body mass loss, anorexia, decreased Akt phosphorylation in retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue, peripheral INS resistance, hypoinsulinemia, reduced INS content and secretion from pancreatic islets, and also inhibition of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis in liver. MET and MET + INS treatments did not prevent these changes. It can be concluded that treatments with MET and MET + INS did not prevent the adipose and muscle mass wasting and body mass loss of tumor-bearing rats possibly by not improving INS resistance. Therefore, MET, used for the treatment of INS resistance in type 2 diabetes, is not effective in improving INS resistance in the advanced stage of cancer cachexia, evidencing that the drug does not have the same beneficial effect in these 2 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviane de Fatima Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Cassolla
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angelo Rafael Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helenir Medri de Souza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86051-990, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Liu Z, Ren L, Liu C, Xia T, Zha X, Wang S. Phenformin Induces Cell Cycle Change, Apoptosis, and Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition and Regulates the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK Pathways in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131207. [PMID: 26114294 PMCID: PMC4482683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a world-wide challenge, and additional anti-cancer therapies are still urgently needed. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the potent anti-tumor effect of biguanides, among which phenformin was reported to potentially be a more active anti-cancer agent than metformin. However, little attention has been given to the role of phenformin in breast cancer. In this study, we reveal the role of phenformin in cell death of the MCF7, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-231 and SUM1315 breast cancer cell lines. The respective IC50 values of phenformin in MCF7, ZR-75-1, MDA-MB-231 and SUM1315 cells were 1.184±0.045 mM, 0.665±0.007 mM, 2.347±0.010 mM and 1.885±0.015 mM (mean± standard error). Phenformin induced cell cycle change and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the AMPK/mTOR/p70s6k and MAPK/ERK pathways. Interestingly, phenformin induced MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition) and decreased the migration rate in breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, our results suggest that phenformin inhibits breast cancer cell metastasis after intracardiac injection into nude mice. Taken together, our study further confirms the potential benefit of phenformin in breast cancer treatment and provides novel mechanistic insight into its anti-cancer activity in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lidong Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenghao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiansong Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zha
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (SW)
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (SW)
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11
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Wang D, Wu X. In vitro and in vivo targeting of bladder carcinoma with metformin in combination with cisplatin. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:975-981. [PMID: 26622608 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common carcinoma worldwide, and improving the sensitivity of this cancer to chemotherapy is a current clinical challenge. Metformin is a potentially useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of certain types of cancer. In the present study, metformin and cisplatin (a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of bladder cancer) were administered to T24 and BIU-87 bladder cancer cells lines alone or in combination, prior to undergoing MTT assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis to determine cell viability and cell cycle distribution, respectively. Western blotting was used to examine the expression of proteins associated with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. In addition, a xenograft model was constructed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of metformin and cisplatin treatment, alone or in combination. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression levels of proteins associated with xenograft growth and angiogenesis. Furthermore, western blotting was performed to observe the expression of proteins associated with the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the xenograft model. The results demonstrated that the treatment of T24 and BIU-87 cells with metformin or cisplatin resulted in decreased tumor cell proliferation. However, the joint application of metformin and cisplatin was significantly more effective than that of each compound alone (P<0.05). Similarly, cells more markedly accumulated in the sub-G1 phase following joint treatment with metformin and cisplatin, compared with metformin or cisplatin treatment alone. In addition, human cell cycle signaling pathway western blotting arrays were performed, which identified the marked downregulation of phosphorylated (p)-mTOR and unchanged expression of p-AMPK, AMPK and mTOR following combined treatment with cisplatin and metformin. Concurrently, combined use of metformin and cisplatin markedly inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of xenografts generated from BIU-87 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that downregulation of the expression of specific proteins associated with AMPK promoted xenograft growth and angiogenesis, while western blotting revealed inhibition of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in xenografts treated with metformin in combination with cisplatin. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that the concurrent administration of metformin and cisplatin may result in enhanced antitumor efficacy compared with that of one agent alone, thus, providing a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohou Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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12
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de Queiroz EAIF, Akamine EH, de Carvalho MHC, Sampaio SC, Fortes ZB. Metformin reduces the Walker-256 tumor development in obese-MSG rats via AMPK and FOXO3a. Life Sci 2014; 121:78-87. [PMID: 25497710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Studies have associated obesity with a wide variety of cancers. Metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, has recently received attention as a potentially useful therapeutic agent for treating cancer. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the mechanisms involved in the increase in tumor development and the reduction of it by metformin in obesity using an experimental breast tumor model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Newborn male Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected with 400mg/kg monosodium glutamate (MSG) (obese) or saline (control) at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days of age. After 16 weeks, 1 × 10(7) Walker-256 tumor cells were subcutaneously injected in the right flank of the rats and concomitantly the treatment with metformin 300 mg/kg/15 days, via gavage, started. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control tumor (CT), control tumor metformin (CTM), obese-MSG tumor (OT) and obese-MSG tumor metformin (OTM). On the 18th week the tumor development and metformin effect were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Tumor development was higher in OT rats compared with CT rats. Activation of insulin-IR-ERK1/2 pathway and an anti-apoptotic effect might be the mechanisms involved in the higher development of tumor in obesity. The effect of metformin reducing the tumor development in obese rats might involve increased mRNA expression of pRb and p27, increased activity of AMPK and FOXO3a and decreased expression of p-ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) in Walker-256 tumor. SIGNIFICANCE Our data allow us to suggest that metformin, reducing the stimulatory effect of obesity on tumor development, has a potential role in the management of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A I F de Queiroz
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
| | - Eliana H Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena C de Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zuleica B Fortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Honors MA, Kinzig KP. Diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance spur tumor growth and cancer cachexia in rats bearing the Yoshida sarcoma. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:872-8. [PMID: 24897498 PMCID: PMC4573561 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.916325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increased risk of cancer and cancer mortality. However, it is currently unknown whether they contribute to the development of cancer cachexia, a syndrome that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in individuals with cancer. The present experiment addresses the question of whether preexisting obesity and insulin resistance alter tumor growth and cancer cachexia symptoms in Yoshida sarcoma bearing male rats. Obesity and insulin resistance were induced through 5 weeks of high-fat (HF) diet feeding and insulin resistance was confirmed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance testing. Chow-fed animals were used as a control group. Following the establishment of insulin resistance, HF- and chow-fed animals were implanted with fragments of the Yoshida sarcoma or received a sham surgery. Tumor growth rate was greater in HF-fed animals, resulting in larger tumors. In addition, cancer cachexia symptoms developed in HF-fed animals but not chow-fed animals during the 18-day experiment. These results support a stimulatory effect of obesity and insulin resistance on tumor growth and cancer cachexia development in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing rats. Future research should investigate the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and cancer cachexia in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Honors
- a Department of Psychological Sciences and Ingestive Behavior Research Center , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana , USA
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Queiroz EAIF, Puukila S, Eichler R, Sampaio SC, Forsyth HL, Lees SJ, Barbosa AM, Dekker RFH, Fortes ZB, Khaper N. Metformin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated by oxidative stress, AMPK and FOXO3a in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98207. [PMID: 24858012 PMCID: PMC4032293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-diabetic drug, metformin, can exhibit direct antitumoral effects, or can indirectly decrease tumor proliferation by improving insulin sensitivity. Despite these recent advances, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in decreasing tumor formation are not well understood. In this study, we examined the antiproliferative role and mechanism of action of metformin in MCF-7 cancer cells treated with 10 mM of metformin for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Using BrdU and the MTT assay, it was found that metformin demonstrated an antiproliferative effect in MCF-7 cells that occurred in a time- and concentration- dependent manner. Flow cytometry was used to analyze markers of cell cycle, apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress. Exposure to metformin induced cell cycle arrest in G0-G1 phase and increased cell apoptosis and necrosis, which were associated with increased oxidative stress. Gene and protein expression were determined in MCF-7 cells by real time RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. In MCF-7 cells metformin decreased the activation of IRβ, Akt and ERK1/2, increased p-AMPK, FOXO3a, p27, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6K and Bcl-2 protein expression. Co-treatment with metformin and H2O2 increased oxidative stress which was associated with reduced cell number. In the presence of metformin, treating with SOD and catalase improved cell viability. Treatment with metformin resulted in an increase in p-p38 MAPK, catalase, MnSOD and Cu/Zn SOD protein expression. These results show that metformin has an antiproliferative effect associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which is mediated by oxidative stress, as well as AMPK and FOXO3a activation. Our study further reinforces the potential benefit of metformin in cancer treatment and provides novel mechanistic insight into its antiproliferative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A. I. F. Queiroz
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosangela Eichler
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra C. Sampaio
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidi L. Forsyth
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon J. Lees
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aneli M. Barbosa
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. H. Dekker
- Biorefining Research Institute, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuleica B. Fortes
- Pharmacology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ZBF); (NK)
| | - Neelam Khaper
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (ZBF); (NK)
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Nenu I, Popescu T, Aldea MD, Craciun L, Olteanu D, Tatomir C, Bolfa P, Ion RM, Muresan A, Filip AG. Metformin associated with photodynamic therapy--a novel oncological direction. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:80-91. [PMID: 24911275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess the effect of the combined treatment of Metformin (Metf) and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-sulfophenyl-porphyrin (TSPP)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on an in vivo tumour model. Wistar male rats were divided in 6 groups: group 1, treated with TSPP; groups 2 and 4 treated with TSPP and Metf, respectively, and irradiated 24h thereafter; group 3 was treated with Metf and the last two groups received the combined treatment, Metf administered prior (group 5) or after (group 6) irradiation. 72 h from the start of the treatment, tumour tissue was sampled for the investigation of oxidative and nitrosative stress. The apoptotic rate, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions and matrix metalloproteinases activities were also quantified. Malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were significantly elevated in the groups treated with combined therapy (p<0.05). Metf associated with TSPP-PDT reduced iNOS and COX-2 expressions and enhanced nitrotyrosine levels in both therapeutic regimens. Peroxynitrate formation and its cytotoxic effect on tumour cells were related to an elevated index of apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, MMP-2 activity reached a minimum in the groups which received combined therapy. Our results confirmed that the association of Metf with PDT might prove a new and promising oncological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Nenu
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Popescu
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela D Aldea
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Craciun
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Olteanu
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Tatomir
- Departments of Radiobiology and Tumor Biology, Oncology Institute "Prof. I. Chiricuta", 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pompei Bolfa
- Department of Pathology, Cluj-Napoca, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Rodica M Ion
- National Research & Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Muresan
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana G Filip
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Decreased response to cAMP in the glucose and glycogen catabolism in perfused livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 368:9-16. [PMID: 22638647 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic response to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and N6-monobutyryl-cAMP (N6-MB-cAMP) in the glucose and glycogen catabolism and hepatic glycogen levels were evaluated in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats, on days 5 (WK5), 8 (WK8), and 11 (WK11) after the implantation of tumor. Rats without tumor fed ad libitum (fed control rats) or that received the same daily amount of food ingested by anorexics tumor-bearing rats (pair-fed control rats) or 24 h fasted (fasted control rats) were used as controls. Glucose and glycogen catabolism were measured in perfused liver. Hepatic glycogen levels were lower (p < 0.05) in WK5, WK8, and WK11 rats in comparison with fed control rats, but not in relation to the pair-fed control rats. However, the stimulatory effect of cAMP (3 and 9 μM) in the glycogen catabolism was lower (p < 0.05), respectively, in WK5 and WK8 rats compared to the pair-fed and fed control rats. Accordingly, the suppressive effect of cAMP (6 μM) in the glucose catabolism, under condition of depletion of hepatic glycogen (24 h fast), was lower (p < 0.05) in WK5 and WK11 rats than in fasted control rats. Similarly, the suppressive effect of N6-MB-cAMP (1 μM), a synthetic analogue of cAMP that it is not degraded by phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), in the glucose catabolism was lower (p < 0.05) in WK5 rats compared to fasted control rats. In conclusion, livers of Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats showed lower response to cAMP in the glucose and glycogen catabolism in various stages of tumor development (days 5, 8 and 11), which was probably not due to the lower hepatic glycogen levels nor due to the increased activity of PDE3B.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2012; 24:109-14. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32834f4ea3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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