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Rashidmayvan M, Vandyousefi S, Barati M, Salamat S, Ghodrat S, Khorasanchi M, Jahan-Mihan A, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Mohammadshahi M. The effect of nigella sativa supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022; 48:101598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iritani S, Kawamura Y, Muraishi N, Fujiyama S, Sezaki H, Hosaka T, Akuta N, Kobayashi M, Saitoh S, Suzuki F, Arase Y, Ikeda K, Suzuki Y, Kumada H. The useful predictors of zinc deficiency for the management of chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:322-332. [PMID: 35233650 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc deficiency is likely to occur in chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of zinc deficiency in different types of chronic liver disease and to identify the factors that predicted low serum zinc levels. METHODS The study was an observational single-center design. We obtained the medical records of 666 patients with chronic liver disease whose serum zinc levels had been measured. The cutoff value for zinc deficiency was a serum level < 70 µg/dL. RESULTS Serum zinc levels in the alcoholic liver disease (ALD) group were significantly lower than in the other groups (hepatitis C virus [HCV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], and other cause) (P < 0.01). The CONUT and ALBI score (r = 0.527, P < 0.01), serum zinc level and ALBI score (r = - 0.607, P < 0.01), and serum zinc level and CONUT score (r = - 0.465, P < 0.01) correlated with each other. The prevalence of zinc deficiency were 44.8%, 63.2%, 86.7%, 97.1%, and 100% in the mALBI grade 1-CONUT normal, CONUT undernutrition, and mALBI grade 2a, 2b, and 3 groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified ALD, CONUT score, aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin as significant, independent predictors of zinc deficiency (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified ALD, CONUT score, aspartate aminotransferase, and hemoglobin as predictors of zinc deficiency in chronic liver disease. The rate of zinc deficiency is high even in patients classified as mALBI grade 1, especially in ALD, while caution may be required in those classified as mALBI grade 1-CONUT undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Iritani
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Muraishi
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Fujiyama
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sezaki
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hosaka
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Norio Akuta
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saitoh
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Suzuki
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yasuji Arase
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Kenji Ikeda
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kumada
- Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital and Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
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Li M, Sun Z, Zhang H, Liu Z. Recent advances on polaprezinc for medical use (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1445. [PMID: 34721687 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study described the chemical and biological properties of zinc complex of L-carnosine (L-CAZ; generic name, polaprezinc; chemical name, catena-(S)-[µ-[N(α)-(3-aminopropionyl) histidinato (2-) N1, N2, O: N(τ)]-zinc], molecular formula, C9H14N4O3Zn; molecular weight, 291.6404; CAS registry number, 107667-60-7). Characterized as a white or yellowish white crystalline powder, this drug is insoluble in glacial acetic acid and almost insoluble in water, methanol, ethanol and ether. It is soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution, and its melting point is 260-270˚C. Polaprezinc is an anti-ulcer drug that was jointly studied and developed by Hamari Chemicals Co., Ltd. and Zeria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and was first approved in Japan in 1994. This review article summarizes the research advances of polaprezinc, including the patents, preparations, synthetic routes, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects and application in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingru Li
- Jilin Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Liaoyuan, Jilin 136200, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jilin People's Hospital, Jilin City, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jilin Broadwell Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Liaoyuan, Jilin 136200, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
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Moriya K, Nishimura N, Namisaki T, Takaya H, Sawada Y, Kawaratani H, Kaji K, Shimozato N, Sato S, Furukawa M, Douhara A, Akahane T, Mitoro A, Yamao J, Yoshiji H. Zinc Administration and Improved Serum Markers of Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2465. [PMID: 34199421 PMCID: PMC8199625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of long-term zinc supplementation, which is important for the activation of various enzymes that contribute to antioxidant and antifibrotic activities, on the improvement of serum fibrotic markers in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). METHODS A total of 38 patients with AIH under regular treatment at our hospital who provided their consent for being treated with polaprezinc (75 mg twice daily) were included and classified into 2 groups: the patients with zinc elevation (n = 27) and the patients without zinc elevation (n = 11). Serum biomarker of fibrosis, protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their inhibitors (TIMPs) were evaluated. RESULTS A significant difference was found between the variability of serum procollagen type Ⅲ and collagen type Ⅳ-7S between the 2 groups before and after zinc administration for more than 24 months (p = 0.043 and p = 0.049). In the patients with zinc elevation, no significant changes were found in collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-13) before and after zinc administration, whereas a significant increase in the expression of gelatinase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) was found after administration (p = 0.021 and p = 0.005). As for the relative ratio of MMPs to TIMPs, only MMP-9 to TIMP-1 showed a significant increase (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with polaprezinc has been demonstrated to safely improve serum fibrosis indices through increases in MMP-2/-9 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 and is expected to be well combined with direct antifibrotic therapies such as molecularly targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Moriya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Norihisa Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroaki Takaya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yasuhiko Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hideto Kawaratani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Kosuke Kaji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Naotaka Shimozato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Masanori Furukawa
- Department of Endoscopy, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (M.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Akitoshi Douhara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Takemi Akahane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Akira Mitoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Junichi Yamao
- Department of Endoscopy, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (M.F.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan; (N.N.); (T.N.); (H.T.); (Y.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.); (N.S.); (S.S.); (A.D.); (T.A.); (A.M.); (H.Y.)
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Himoto T, Masaki T. Current Trends of Essential Trace Elements in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072084. [PMID: 32674425 PMCID: PMC7400835 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential trace elements play crucial roles in the maintenance of health, since they are involved in many metabolic pathways. A deficiency or an excess of some trace elements, including zinc, selenium, iron, and copper, frequently causes these metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. The liver largely regulates most of the metabolism of trace elements, and accordingly, an impairment of liver functions can result in numerous metabolic disorders. The administration or depletion of these trace elements can improve such metabolic disorders and liver dysfunction. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have helped to elucidate the putative mechanisms by which liver disorders evoke metabolic abnormalities that are due to deficiencies or excesses of these trace elements. A genome-wide association study revealed that a genetic polymorphism affected the metabolism of a specific trace element. Gut dysbiosis was also responsible for impairment of the metabolism of a trace element. This review focuses on the current trends of four trace elements in chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and autoimmune liver diseases. The novel mechanisms by which the trace elements participated in the pathogenesis of the chronic liver diseases are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, 281-1, Hara, Mure-Cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-870-1240; Fax: +81-87-870-1202
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan;
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Tanaka KI, Kawahara M. Carnosine and Lung Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1714-1725. [PMID: 31309876 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712140545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a small dipeptide with numerous activities, including antioxidant effects, metal ion chelation, proton buffering capacity, and inhibitory effects on protein carbonylation and glycation. Carnosine has been mostly studied in organs where it is abundant, including skeletal muscle, cerebral cortex, kidney, spleen, and plasma. Recently, the effect of supplementation with carnosine has been studied in organs with low levels of carnosine, such as the lung, in animal models of influenza virus or lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Among the known protective effects of carnosine, its antioxidant effect has attracted increasing attention for potential use in treating lung disease. In this review, we describe the in vitro and in vivo biological and physiological actions of carnosine. We also report our recent study and discuss the roles of carnosine or its related compounds in organs where carnosine is present in only small amounts (especially the lung) and its protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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Mi XJ, Hou JG, Jiang S, Liu Z, Tang S, Liu XX, Wang YP, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Maltol Mitigates Thioacetamide-induced Liver Fibrosis through TGF-β1-mediated Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1392-1401. [PMID: 30644744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has confirmed that maltol can attenuate alcohol-induced acute hepatic damage and prevent oxidative stress in mice. Therefore, maltol might have the capacity to improve thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. The purpose of this work was to explore the antifibrotic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of maltol for TAA-treated mice. Progressive liver fibrosis was established with a dose-escalating protocol in which the mice received TAA intraperitoneal three times a week for a total duration of 9 weeks. The injection doses of TAA were 50 mg/kg for the first week, 100 mg/kg for the second and third weeks, and 150 mg/kg for the rest of the injections. Maltol with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg was given by gavage after 4 weeks of intraperitoneal injection of TAA, respectively, once daily for 5 weeks. Results indicated that TAA intraperitoneal injection significantly increased serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (52.93 ± 13.21 U/L vs 10.22 ± 3.36 U/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (67.58 ± 25.84 U/L vs 39.34 ± 3.89 U/L); these elevations were significantly diminished by pretreatment with maltol. Additionally, maltol ameliorated TAA-induced oxidative stress with attenuation in MDA ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) content; evident elevation in the GSH levels, GSH/GSSG ratio ( p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ( p < 0.01); and restored liver histology accompanied by a decrease of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Furthermore, maltol significantly suppressed the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression and the PI3K/Akt pathway. This study suggested that maltol alleviated experimental liver fibrosis by suppressing the activation of HSCs and inducing apoptosis of activated HSCs through TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings further clearly suggested that maltol is a potent therapeutic candidate for the alleviation of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Mi
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Jin-Gang Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Shan Tang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials , Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118 , China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development , Changchun 130118 , China
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Doi H, Kuribayashi K, Kijima T. Utility of polaprezinc in reducing toxicities during radiotherapy: a literature review. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1977-1988. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy is important for treating malignancies. However, radiation-induced toxicities develop as chemoradiotherapy-related complications. Various agents reduce or prevent toxicities, but there are no standard treatments. Polaprezinc (PZ), a chelating compound used for gastric ulcers, has antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. Although few studies have evaluated PZ and radiation-induced normal tissue damage, several clinical studies have shown the efficacy of PZ for oral mucositis, esophagitis, proctitis and taste alterations during and after radiotherapy. Moreover, preclinical data support the clinical data, indicating good potential of testing PZ in future trials. However, as there are only few well-documented review articles on PZ use in cancer treatment, we conducted this literature review. PZ reduced several radiation-induced toxicities and improved the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Meiwa Cancer Clinic, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozo Kuribayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kijima
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Li Z, Ji L, Su S, Zhu X, Cheng F, Jia X, Zhou Q, Zhou Y. Leptin up-regulates microRNA-27a/b-3p level in hepatic stellate cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:63-70. [PMID: 29548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obese patients, often accompanied by hyperleptinemia, are prone to liver fibrogenesis. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone and plays a promotion role in liver fibrosis. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) exerts a crucial role in inhibiting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, a key step in liver fibrogenesis. Our previous studies indicated that leptin inhibited SREBP1c expression, contributing to leptin-induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis. microRNAs (miR) have emerged as important layers of regulatory control and regulate gene expression, and are implicated in numerous diseases. The present study revealed leptin up-regulation of miR-27a/b-3p levels in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. Three signaling pathways were required for leptin regulation of miR-27a/b-3p levels. miR-27a/b-3p could reduce SREBP1c and liver x receptor α (LXRα) levels, increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a marker for HSC activation) and α1(I)collagen levels in cultured HSCs. miR-27a/b-3p regulation of SREBP1c and LXRα were independent of 3'-untranslated region of SREBP1c and LXRα mRNA. In vivo experiments further demonstrated the miR-27a/b-3p involved in leptin-associated decrease in SREBP1 level in HSCs, HSC activation, and liver fibrosis. These data might have potential implications for our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying leptin roles in liver fibrogenesis of obese patients with hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengyan Su
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Cao Q, Zhu X, Zhai X, Ji L, Cheng F, Zhu Y, Yu P, Zhou Y. Leptin suppresses microRNA-122 promoter activity by phosphorylation of foxO1 in hepatic stellate cell contributing to leptin promotion of mouse liver fibrosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 339:143-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ozbayoglu A, Sonmez K, Karabulut R, Turkyilmaz Z, Poyraz A, Gulbahar O, Basaklar AC. Effect of polaprezinc on experimental corrosive esophageal burns in rats. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-6. [PMID: 28881910 DOI: 10.1093/dote/dox104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unconsciously caustic ingestion is one of the most common causes of serious esophageal strictures in children. The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of polaprezinc in preventing stricture formation after corrosive esophageal burns (CEB); this was the first time it has been used to treat experimental CEB in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, three of which received CEB by the instillation of 1 mL of 10% NaOH solution into their isolated esophageal segments for three minutes. Group C (control) was uninjured and untreated. Group B (esophageal burn) received CEB but were left untreated. Groups PT1 and PT2 had CEB and received 100 mg/kg/day and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively, of intraperitoneal polaprezinc treatment (PT) for the first two weeks, then oral PT for another two weeks. We assessed the treatment's efficiency of the treatment after the fourth week by evaluating the stenosis index (SI) and the histopathological damage score, determining tissue hydroxyproline content (HP), and measuring the weight of the rats before and after the experiment. Mean SI was statistically lower in the groups PT1 and PT2 when compared with Group B (p = 0.006, 0.004, respectively). HP levels were highest in Group B, but it was insignificant (P> 0.05). In terms of histopathological damage score, treatment groups demonstrated less collagen deposition, mucosal, and submucosal damage than both Group B (p = 0.01) and Group C (p = 0.02). Group PT1 and Group PT2 (P> 0.05) showed similar results, indicating the treatment's effectiveness was independent of dosage. Outside of Group C, weight gain was detected only in Group PT2, though it was statistically insignificant. In Group PT1, weight loss was lower than in Group B. Polaprezinc, with its antifibrotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and antiapoptotic effects, was efficient in reducing stricture formation by decreasing HP levels and histopathologic damage, preventing stenosis, and weight gain in higher dosages in the treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Sonmez
- Departments of 1Pediatric Surgery
| | | | | | | | - O Gulbahar
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhai X, Cheng F, Ji L, Zhu X, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Jia X, Zhou Q, Guan W, Zhou Y. Leptin reduces microRNA-122 level in hepatic stellate cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:68-75. [PMID: 29054053 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obese patients, often accompanied by hyperleptinemia, are more likely to develop liver fibrosis. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, augments inflammatory in liver and promotes hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation (a key step for liver fibrogenesis) and liver fibrosis. microRNA-122 (miR-122) is the most abundant liver-specific miRNA and can attenuate liver fibrosis. This study examined the effect of leptin on miR-122 level in HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Results demonstrated that leptin reduced the levels of both miR-122 (mature miR-122) and primary miR-122 (pri-miR-122). The effects of leptin on the levels of miR-122 and pri-miR-122 were through at least hedgehog pathway. Leptin-induced decrease in sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) has been shown to contribute to leptin-induced HSC activation. We revealed a mutual promotional effect between SREBP-1c and miR-122. Further experiments indicated that miR-122 inhibited leptin-induced liver fibrosis in leptin-deficient mouse model. These data have potential implications for clarifying the mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis associated with elevated leptin level in human such as obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi xiou road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Ye J, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Lu M, Li Y, Zhou J, Lu X, Du Q. Polaprezinc inhibits liver fibrosis and proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5523-5528. [PMID: 28849143 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is defined as a pathological process, and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is believed to be the key event of liver fibrosis. Additionally, activated HSCs may participate in the formation of the tumor microenvironment. Polaprezinc, a protector of the gastric mucosa, has been recently demonstrated to be an inhibitor of liver fibrosis in a mouse model. Proliferation and colony formation assays were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of polaprezinc on the growth of LX‑2 and hepG2 cells. A migration assay was used to evaluate the change in mobility of LX‑2 cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of key markers of fibrosis. Finally, a gene chip assay for polaprezinc‑treated hepG2 cells was performed to evaluate the effect of polaprezinc on the hepG2 gene expression profile. The proliferation assay indicated that polaprezinc may inhibit the LX‑2 cell proliferation and the migration assays confirmed the inhibition of mobility. The expression levels of fibrotic markers such as collagen I, fibronectin and α‑smooth muscle actin were downregulated following polaprezinc treatment. The proliferation activity of polaprezinc‑treated hepG2 cells was reduced and the gene chip assay indicated that series of gene expression changes associated with cancer migration, cell skeletal organization and proliferation had occurred. In conclusion, polaprezinc treatment mayinhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and reverse liver fibrosis by deactivating HSCs. The present findings suggest that polaprezinc provides a novel treatment for patients with gastritis complicated with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhengsen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Construction and Management, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Minfang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xinliang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qin Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Shi F, Sheng Q, Xu X, Huang W, Kang YJ. Zinc supplementation suppresses the progression of bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:1197-204. [PMID: 25432983 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214558026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) gene therapy leads to resolution of liver fibrosis in mouse model, in which the activation of collagenases is involved in the regression of liver fibrosis. MT plays a critical role in zinc sequestration in the liver suggesting its therapeutic effect would be mediated by zinc. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that zinc supplementation suppresses liver fibrosis. Male Kunming mice subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) resulted in liver fibrosis as assessed by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I production/deposition in the liver. Zinc supplementation was introduced 4 weeks after BDL surgery via intragastric administration once daily for 2 weeks resulting in a significant reduction in the collagen deposition in the liver and an increase in the survival rate. Furthermore, zinc suppressed gene expression of α-SMA and collagen I and enhanced the capacity of collagen degradation, as determined by the increased activity of total collagenases and elevated mRNA and protein levels of MMP13. Therefore, the results demonstrate that zinc supplementation suppresses BDL-induced liver fibrosis through both inhibiting collagen production and enhancing collagen degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shi
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qin Sheng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y James Kang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Zhou Q, Guan W, Qiao H, Cheng Y, Li Z, Zhai X, Zhou Y. GATA binding protein 2 mediates leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression in hepatic stellate cells and contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2367-77. [PMID: 25305367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is a crucial step in the development of liver fibrosis. Peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) exerts a key role in the inhibition of HSC activation. Leptin reduces PPARγ expression in HSCs and plays a unique role in promoting liver fibrosis. The present studies aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying leptin regulation of PPARγ1 (a major subtype of PPARγ) in HSCs in vivo and in vitro. Results revealed a leptin response region in mouse PPARγ1 promoter and indicated that the region included a GATA binding protein binding site around position -2323. GATA binding protein-2 (GATA-2) could bind to the site and inhibit PPARγ1 promoter activity in HSCs. Leptin induced GATA-2 expression in HSCs in vitro and in vivo. GATA-2 mediated leptin inhibition of PPARγ1 expression by its binding site in PPARγ1 promoter in HSCs and GATA-2 promoted HSC activation. Leptin upregulated GATA-2 expression through β-catenin and sonic hedgehog pathways in HSCs. Leptin-induced increase in GATA-2 was accompanied by the decrease in PPARγ expression in HSCs and by the increase in the activated HSC number and liver fibrosis in vivo. Our data might suggest a possible new explanation for the promotion effect of leptin on liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haowen Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Qi Xiou Road 19, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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16
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Charradi K, Elkahoui S, Karkouch I, Limam F, Ben Hassine F, El May MV, Aouani E. Protective effect of grape seed and skin extract against high-fat diet-induced liver steatosis and zinc depletion in rat. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1768-78. [PMID: 24705696 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a tremendous public health problem, characterized by ectopic deposition of fat into non-adipose tissues as liver generating an oxidative stress that could lead to steato-hepatitis. Grape seed and skin extract (GSSE) is a complex mixture of polyphenolics exhibiting robust antioxidative properties. AIM We hypothesize that GSSE could protect the liver from fat-induced lipotoxicity and have a beneficial effect on liver function. METHODS Hepatoprotective effect of GSSE was measured by using an experimental model of fat-induced rat liver steatosis. Male rats were fed a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) during 6 weeks and treated or not with 500 mg/kg bw GSSE. Lipid deposition into the liver was assessed by triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid measurements. Fat-induced lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, depletion of glutathione and of antioxidant enzyme activities were used as oxidative stress markers with a special emphasis on transition metal distribution. RESULTS HFD induced liver hypertrophy and inflammation as assessed by high liver transaminases. HFD also induced an oxidative stress characterized by increased lipid and protein oxidation, a drop in glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and a drastic depletion in liver zinc. Importantly, GSSE prevented all the deleterious effects of HFD treatment. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that GSSE could be used as a safe preventive agent against fat-induced liver lipotoxicity which could also have potential applications in other non-alcoholic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Charradi
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives (LSBA), Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria, BP-901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia,
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Bai T, Yang Y, Wu YL, Jiang S, Lee JJ, Lian LH, Nan JX. Thymoquinone alleviates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis and inflammation by activating LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:351-7. [PMID: 24560906 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect and its possible underlying mechanisms of thymoquinone (TQ) against hepatic fibrosis in vivo. TQ is the major active compound derived from the medicinal Nigella sativa. Liver fibrosis was induced in male Kunming mice by intraperitoneal injections of thioacetamide (TAA, 200 mg/kg). Mice were treated concurrently with TAA alone or TAA plus TQ (20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg) given daily by oral gavage. Our data demonstrated that TQ treatment obviously reversed liver tissue damage compared with TAA alone group, characterized by less inflammatory infiltration and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. TQ significantly attenuated TAA-induced liver fibrosis, accompanied by reduced protein and mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen-І and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). TQ downregulated the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and remarkably decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels as well. TQ also significantly inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylation. Furthermore, TQ enhanced the phosphorylation adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and liver kinase B (LKB)-1. In conclusion, TQ may reduce ECM accumulation, and it may be at least regulated by phosphorylation of AMPK signaling pathways, suggesting that TQ may be a potential candidate for the therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Bai
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Hua Lian
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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