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Bezerra JR, de Souza Nascimento T, Tavares J, de Aguiar MSS, Maia MVV, de Andrade GM. Neuroprotective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid in an Animal Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Induced by Streptozotocin. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04299-x. [PMID: 38898198 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease is a degenerative neurological condition which leads to a decline in memory and cognitive function. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) presents properties including neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CGA on cognitive impairments, neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in mice submitted to an experimental model of Sporadic Alzheimer Disease (SAD) induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). Male Swiss mice received bilateral ICV-STZ injections (3 mg/Kg) on days 1 and 3. The treatment with CGA (5 mg/Kg, orally) or vehicle (water, orally), was initiated and continued for 26 days, starting 2 h after the second induction procedure. At first, there was no change in serum glucose levels after SAD induction. ICV-STZ induces impairments in aversive, recognition, and spatial memory, while CGA treatment significantly alleviated these memory deficits. Furthermore, locomotor activity, working memory, and anxiety-related activities remained unaffected by the treatments. CGA treatment protects against ICV-STZ-induced increase in the nitrite/nitrate and TBARS levels. ICV-STZ induced a reduction in viable cells, depletion of BDNF, and triggered astrogliosis and microgliosis in the cortex and hippocampus. Treatment with CGA preserves viable cell count in the prefrontal cortex, CA1, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Additionally, it prevented BDNF depletion in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and DG regions), and mitigated astrogliosis and microgliosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and DG regions). These findings indicate the neuroprotective effects of CGA, underscoring their potential as therapeutic agents or adjuncts in the treatment of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rabelo Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), , Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Tyciane de Souza Nascimento
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Costa Mendes, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 160860430-140, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), , Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Juliete Tavares
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Costa Mendes, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 160860430-140, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), , Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Mayara Sandrielly Soares de Aguiar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Costa Mendes, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 160860430-140, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), , Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Maiara Virgínia Viana Maia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Geanne Matos de Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Rua Costa Mendes, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 160860430-140, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), , Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo 1127, Porangabussu, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-270, Brazil.
- Neuroscience and Behavior Lab, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceara, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1000, Fortaleza, CE, 60.430-275, Brazil.
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Nazari-Serenjeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Hatami-Morassa M, Fahanik-Babaei J, Mehrabi S, Tashakori-Miyanroudi M, Ramazi S, Mohamadi-Zarch SM, Nourabadi D, Roghani M. Kolaviron neuroprotective effect against okadaic acid-provoked cognitive impairment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25564. [PMID: 38356522 PMCID: PMC10864987 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is acknowledged as the main causative factor of dementia that affects millions of people around the world and is increasing at increasing pace. Okadaic acid (OA) is a toxic compound with ability to inhibit protein phosphatases and to induce tau protein hyperphosphorylation and Alzheimer's-like phenotype. Kolaviron (KV) is a bioflavonoid derived from Garcinia kola seeds with anti-antioxidative and anti-inflammation properties. The main goal of this study was to assess whether kolaviron can exert neuroprotective effect against okadaic acid-induced cognitive deficit. Rats had an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of OA and pretreated with KV at 50 or 100 mg/kg and examined for cognition besides histological and biochemical factors. OA group treated with KV at 100 mg/kg had less memory deficit in passive avoidance and novel object discrimination (NOD) tasks besides lower hippocampal levels of caspases 1 and 3, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) as inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde (MDA), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and higher level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, mitochondrial integrity index, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). Moreover, KV pretreatment at 100 mg/kg attenuated hippocampal CA1 neuronal loss and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactivity as a factor of astrogliosis. In summary, KV was able to attenuate cognitive fall subsequent to ICV OA which is partly mediated through its neuroprotective potential linked to mitigation of tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, pyroptosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress and also improvement of mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nazari-Serenjeh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Hatami-Morassa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Mehrabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Tashakori-Miyanroudi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samira Ramazi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mahdi Mohamadi-Zarch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Davood Nourabadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Karimi Tari P, Parsons CG, Collingridge GL, Rammes G. Memantine: Updating a rare success story in pro-cognitive therapeutics. Neuropharmacology 2024; 244:109737. [PMID: 37832633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The great potential for NMDA receptor modulators as druggable targets in neurodegenerative disorders has been met with limited success. Considered one of the rare exceptions, memantine has consistently demonstrated restorative and prophylactic properties in many AD models. In clinical trials memantine slows the decline in cognitive performance associated with AD. Here, we provide an overview of the basic properties including pharmacological targets, toxicology and cellular effects of memantine. Evidence demonstrating reductions in molecular, physiological and behavioural indices of AD-like impairments associated with memantine treatment are also discussed. This represents both an extension and homage to Dr. Chris Parson's considerable contributions to our fundamental understanding of a success story in the AD treatment landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Karimi Tari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Chris G Parsons
- Galimedix Therapeutics, Inc., 2704 Calvend Lane, Kensington, 20895, MD, USA
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada; TANZ Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine of the Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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Korde DS, Humpel C. A Combination of Heavy Metals and Intracellular Pathway Modulators Induces Alzheimer Disease-like Pathologies in Organotypic Brain Slices. Biomolecules 2024; 14:165. [PMID: 38397402 PMCID: PMC10887098 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Modelling aspects of AD is challenging due to its complex multifactorial etiology and pathology. The present study aims to establish a cost-effective and rapid method to model the two primary pathologies in organotypic brain slices. Coronal hippocampal brain slices (150 µm) were generated from postnatal (day 8-10) C57BL6 wild-type mice and cultured for 9 weeks. Collagen hydrogels containing either an empty load or a mixture of human Aβ42 and P301S aggregated tau were applied to the slices. The media was further supplemented with various intracellular pathway modulators or heavy metals to augment the appearance of Aβ plaques and tau NFTs, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity for Aβ and tau was significantly increased in the ventral areas in slices with a mixture of human Aβ42 and P301S aggregated tau compared to slices with empty hydrogels. Aβ plaque- and tau NFT-like pathologies could be induced independently in slices. Heavy metals (aluminum, lead, cadmium) potently augmented Aβ plaque-like pathology, which developed intracellularly prior to cell death. Intracellular pathway modulators (scopolamine, wortmannin, MHY1485) significantly boosted tau NFT-like pathologies. A combination of nanomolar concentrations of scopolamine, wortmannin, MHY1485, lead, and cadmium in the media strongly increased Aβ plaque- and tau NFT-like immunoreactivity in ventral areas compared to the slices with non-supplemented media. The results highlight that we could harness the potential of the collagen hydrogel-based spreading of human Aβ42 and P301S aggregated tau, along with pharmacological manipulation, to produce pathologies relevant to AD. The results offer a novel ex vivo organotypic slice model to investigate AD pathologies with potential applications for screening drugs or therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer’s Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Wuerger LT, Birkholz G, Oberemm A, Sieg H, Braeuning A. Proteomic analysis of hepatic effects of okadaic acid in HepaRG human liver cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1135-1145. [PMID: 38054204 PMCID: PMC10694344 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The marine biotoxin okadaic acid (OA) is produced by dinoflagellates and enters the human food chain by accumulating in the fatty tissue of filter-feeding shellfish. Consumption of highly contaminated shellfish can lead to diarrheic shellfish poisoning. However, apart from the acute effects in the intestine, OA can also provoke toxic effects in the liver, as it is able to pass the intestinal barrier into the blood stream. However, molecular details of OA-induced hepatotoxicity are still insufficiently characterized, and especially at the proteomic level data are scarce. In this study, we used human HepaRG liver cells and exposed them to non-cytotoxic OA concentrations for 24 hours. Global changes in protein expression were analyzed using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with mass-spectrometric protein identification. The results constitute the first proteomic analysis of OA effects in human liver cells and indicate, amongst others, that OA affects the energy homeostasis, induces oxidative stress, and induces cytoskeletal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie T.D. Wuerger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Birkholz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Sieg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Çakır M, Yüksel F, Mustafa Özkut M, Durhan M, Kaymak E, Tekin S, Çiğremiş Y. Neuroprotective effect of transient receptor potential Vanilloid 1 agonist capsaicin in Alzheimer’s disease model induced with okadaic acid. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109925. [PMID: 37011502 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels was detected in many regions of the human and rat brain, including the cortex and hippocampus. TRPV1 channels have functions such as the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity and the regulation of cognitive functions. Previous studies conducted with TRPV1 agonists and antagonists show that this channel is associated with the neurodegenerative process. In the present study, the purpose was to investigate the effects of capsaicin, which is a TRPV1 agonist, and capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, in the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) model that was induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of okadaic acid (OKA). METHODS The AD-like experimental model was created with bilateral ICV OKA injection. Intraperitoneal capsaicin and capsazepine injections were administered to the treatment groups for 13 days and histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed from the cortex and hippocampal CA3 regions of the brain. The Morris Water Maze Test was used for spatial memory measurement. RESULTS ICV OKA administration increased the levels of caspase-3, phosphorylated-tau-(ser396), Aβ, TNF-α, and IL1-β, from the cortex and hippocampal CA3 regions of the brain and decreased the phosphorylated-Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-(ser9) levels. In addition, the OKA administration corrupted the spatial memory. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reversed the pathological changes induced by ICV OKA administration, but not the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine. CONCLUSIONS It was found in the study that the administration of the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin reduced neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and deterioration in spatial memory in the AD model induced by OKA.
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Koberskaya NN, Roshchin FA. Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-89-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Koberskaya
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia; Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - F. A. Roshchin
- Department of Nervous System Diseases and Neurosurgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia
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Chia K, Klingseisen A, Sieger D, Priller J. Zebrafish as a model organism for neurodegenerative disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:940484. [PMID: 36311026 PMCID: PMC9606821 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.940484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is increasingly recognized as a model organism for translational research into human neuropathology. The zebrafish brain exhibits fundamental resemblance with human neuroanatomical and neurochemical pathways, and hallmarks of human brain pathology such as protein aggregation, neuronal degeneration and activation of glial cells, for example, can be modeled and recapitulated in the fish central nervous system. Genetic manipulation, imaging, and drug screening are areas where zebrafish excel with the ease of introducing mutations and transgenes, the expression of fluorescent markers that can be detected in vivo in the transparent larval stages overtime, and simple treatment of large numbers of fish larvae at once followed by automated screening and imaging. In this review, we summarize how zebrafish have successfully been employed to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of choosing zebrafish as a model for these neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelda Chia
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Klingseisen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Dirk Sieger,
| | - Josef Priller
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, DZNE, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Josef Priller,
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Tsamou M, Pistollato F, Roggen EL. A Tau-Driven Adverse Outcome Pathway Blueprint Toward Memory Loss in Sporadic (Late-Onset) Alzheimer's Disease with Plausible Molecular Initiating Event Plug-Ins for Environmental Neurotoxicants. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:459-485. [PMID: 33843671 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is dramatically increasing. Aging and genetics are important risk factors, but systemic and environmental factors contribute to this risk in a still poorly understood way. Within the frame of BioMed21, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept for toxicology was recommended as a tool for enhancing human disease research and accelerating translation of data into human applications. Its potential to capture biological knowledge and to increase mechanistic understanding about human diseases has been substantiated since. In pursuit of the tau-cascade hypothesis, a tau-driven AOP blueprint toward the adverse outcome of memory loss is proposed. Sequences of key events and plausible key event relationships, triggered by the bidirectional relationship between brain cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism, and contributing to memory loss are captured. To portray how environmental factors may contribute to sAD progression, information on chemicals and drugs, that experimentally or epidemiologically associate with the risk of AD and mechanistically link to sAD progression, are mapped on this AOP. The evidence suggests that chemicals may accelerate disease progression by plugging into sAD relevant processes. The proposed AOP is a simplified framework of key events and plausible key event relationships representing one specific aspect of sAD pathology, and an attempt to portray chemical interference. Other sAD-related AOPs (e.g., Aβ-driven AOP) and a better understanding of the impact of aging and genetic polymorphism are needed to further expand our mechanistic understanding of early AD pathology and the potential impact of environmental and systemic risk factors.
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Marinescu I, Marinescu D, Mogoantă L, Efrem IC, Stovicek PO. SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with serious mental illness and possible benefits of prophylaxis with Memantine and Amantadine. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2020; 61:1007-1022. [PMID: 34171050 PMCID: PMC8343601 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.4.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with serious mental illness are a high-risk category of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Patients with schizophrenia are not participatory and have increased mortality and morbidity, patients with dementia cannot be cared for while depression, anxiety, bipolar tubing are associated with low immune status. Social stress is amplified by social isolation, amplifying depression and the mechanisms of decreased immunity. Hygiene measures and prophylactic behavior are impossible to put into practice in conditions of chronic mental illness. In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the risk for severe development is associated with the presence of comorbidities and immune system deficiency. Prothrombotic status, cytokine storm and alveolar destruction are mechanisms that aggravate the evolution of patients, especially in the context in which they have dysfunction of the autonomic system. The activity of proinflammatory cytokines is accentuated by hyperglutamatergia, which potentiates oxidative stress and triggers the mechanisms of neural apoptosis by stimulating microglial activation. Activation of M1-type microglia has an important role in pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and may associate hippocampal atrophy and disconnection of cognitive structures. Memantine and Amantadine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor inhibitors, have demonstrated, through their pharmacological profile, psychotropic effects but also antiviral properties. In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, based on these arguments, we suggest that they can be associated with the therapy with the basic psychotropics, Memantine or Amantadine, for the control of neuropsychiatric symptoms but also as adjuvants with antiviral action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Marinescu
- Doctoral School, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Gold Nanoparticles Treatment Reverses Brain Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease Model. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:926-936. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01780-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist JWH-133, attenuates Okadaic acid induced spatial memory impairment and neurodegeneration in rats. Life Sci 2019; 217:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Srivastava P, Dhuriya YK, Kumar V, Srivastava A, Gupta R, Shukla RK, Yadav RS, Dwivedi HN, Pant AB, Khanna VK. PI3K/Akt/GSK3β induced CREB activation ameliorates arsenic mediated alterations in NMDA receptors and associated signaling in rat hippocampus: Neuroprotective role of curcumin. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:190-205. [PMID: 29723552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protective efficacy of curcumin in arsenic induced NMDA receptor dysfunctions and PI3K/Akt/ GSK3β signalling in hippocampus has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. Exposure to sodium arsenite (in vivo - 20 mg/kg, body weight p.o. for 28 days; in vitro - 10 μM for 24 h) and curcumin (in vivo - 100 mg/kg body weight p.o. for 28 days; in vitro - 20 μM for 24 h) was carried out alone or simultaneously. Treatment with curcumin ameliorated sodium arsenite induced alterations in the levels of NMDA receptors, its receptor subunits and synaptic proteins - pCaMKIIα, PSD-95 and SynGAP both in vivo and in vitro. Decreased levels of BDNF, pAkt, pERK1/2, pGSK3β and pCREB on sodium arsenite exposure were also protected by curcumin. Curcumin was found to decrease sodium arsenite induced changes in hippocampus by modulating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β neuronal survival pathway, known to regulate various cellular events. Treatment of hippocampal cultures with pharmacological inhibitors for ERK1/2, GSK3β and Akt individually inhibited levels of CREB and proteins associated with PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway. Simultaneous treatment with curcumin was found to improve sodium arsenite induced learning and memory deficits in rats assessed by water maze and Y-maze. The results provide evidence that curcumin exercises its neuroprotective effect involving PI3K/Akt pathway which may affect NMDA receptors and downstream signalling through TrKβ and BDNF in arsenic induced cognitive deficits in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India; School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, 226 028, UP, India
| | - Yogesh K Dhuriya
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India; School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, 226 028, UP, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India
| | - Rajesh S Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, 470003, MP, India
| | - Hari N Dwivedi
- School of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das University, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, 226 028, UP, India
| | - Aditya B Pant
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India.
| | - Vinay K Khanna
- Developmental Toxicology and NeuroToxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, UP, India.
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Zameer S, Najmi AK, Vohora D, Akhtar M. Bisphosphonates: Future perspective for neurological disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:900-907. [PMID: 30096489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders and osteoporosis share some common underlying pathological features including calcium overload, accumulation of toxic chemicals, inflammation and impaired protein prenylation by isoprenoids (farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) appear later stage of life. Substantial number of pre-clinical and clinical reports as well as in vitro data univocally acknowledged the negative impact of altered post-translational modification (prenylation) of proteins like small GTPases (Rffhes, Rho, Rac etc.) and cholesterol levels in both serum and brain on CNS integrity. Bisphosphonates (BPs), referred to as gold standard for osteoporosis treatment, have well established role in attenuation of bone resorption and osteoclast apoptosis by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase enzyme (FPPS) in mevalonate pathway. BPs mainly nitrogen containing BPs (NBPs) have potential to offer new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders and received increasing attention in recent years. A year back clinical and pre-clinical studies revealed that NBPs have the potential to alleviate the symptoms of neurological disorders like brain calcification, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease by targeting mevalonate pathway. Though these drugs have well developed role in inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis, these were demonstrated to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme and cholesterol synthesis in brain that are considered as the critical factors for impairment of cognitive functions which is the hallmark of several neurological disorders. Still the current understanding of BPs' effect in CNS is limited due to lack of studies focusing the molecular and cellular mechanism. The present review aims to reveal the updated discussion on the mechanism contributing BPs' effect in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zameer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly: Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India.
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Protective effects of evodiamine in experimental paradigm of Alzheimer's disease. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 12:303-313. [PMID: 29765479 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-017-9471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine, a major component of Evodia rutaecarpa, has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and neuroprotective effects. Our previous study has shown that the potential effects of evodiamine on the learning and memory impairments in the transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was designed to investigate neuroprotective mechanism and therapeutic potential of evodiamine against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced experimental sporadic Alzheimer's disease in mice. STZ was injected twice intracerebroventrically (3 mg/kg ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in mice. Daily oral administration with evodiamine (50 or 100 mg/kg per day) starting from the first dose of STZ for 21 days showed an improvement in STZ induced cognitive deficits as assessed by novel object recognition and Morris water maze test. Evodiamine significantly decreased STZ induced elevation in acetylcholinesterase activity and malondialdehyde level, and significantly increased STZ induced reduction in glutathione activities and superoxide dismutase activities in the hippocampus compared to control. Furthermore, evodiamine inhibited significantly glial cell activation and neuroinflammation (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels) in the hippocampus. Moreover, evodiamine increased the activity of AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway and inhibited the activity of nuclear factor κB. In summary, our study suggests that evodiamine can be a novel therapeutic agent for the management of sporadic AD.
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李 月. Research Progress on the Secondary Metabolites from Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum Spp. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2018.74023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Oliveira JM, da Cruz e Silva CB, Müller T, Martins TS, Cova M, da Cruz e Silva OAB, Henriques AG. Toward Neuroproteomics in Biological Psychiatry: A Systems Approach Unravels Okadaic Acid-Induced Alterations in the Neuronal Phosphoproteome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:550-563. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Machado Oliveira
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Thorsten Müller
- Cell Signaling, Biochemistry II—Molecular Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tânia Soares Martins
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta Cova
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Gabriela Henriques
- Neurosciences and Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Zameer S, Najmi AK, Vohora D, Akhtar M. A review on therapeutic potentials of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) and its chemical constituents in neurological disorders: Complementary roles to its hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant potential. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:539-545. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1327200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zameer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, JamiaHamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, JamiaHamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, JamiaHamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, JamiaHamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Cakir M, Duzova H, Tekin S, Taslıdere E, Kaya GB, Cigremis Y, Ozgocer T, Yologlu S. ACA, an inhibitor phospholipases A2 and transient receptor potential melastatin-2 channels, attenuates okadaic acid induced neurodegeneration in rats. Life Sci 2017; 176:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK. Toxin-Induced Experimental Models of Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1447. [PMID: 27598124 PMCID: PMC5037726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models for learning and memory have significantly contributed to novel strategies for drug development and hence are an imperative part in the assessment of therapeutics. Learning and memory involve different stages including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval and each stage can be characterized using specific toxin. Recent studies have postulated the molecular basis of these processes and have also demonstrated many signaling molecules that are involved in several stages of memory. Most insights into learning and memory impairment and to develop a novel compound stems from the investigations performed in experimental models, especially those produced by neurotoxins models. Several toxins have been utilized based on their mechanism of action for learning and memory impairment such as scopolamine, streptozotocin, quinolinic acid, and domoic acid. Further, some toxins like 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and amyloid-β are known to cause specific learning and memory impairment which imitate the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Apart from these toxins, several other toxins come under a miscellaneous category like an environmental pollutant, snake venoms, botulinum, and lipopolysaccharide. This review will focus on the various classes of neurotoxin models for learning and memory impairment with their specific mechanism of action that could assist the process of drug discovery and development for dementia and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Vasant More
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Yo-Sep Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
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Petro MS, Agarkova IV, Petro TM. Effect of Chlorovirus ATCV-1 infection on behavior of C57Bl/6 mice. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:46-55. [PMID: 27397075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation induced during immune responses to viral infections in the brain affect behavior. Unexpected evidence that oral gavage of an algal virus in its host algal cells could alter cognition was further examined by directly injecting purified algal virus ATCV-1 intracranially into C57BL/6 mice. After 4weeks, the ATCV-1 infection impaired delayed location recognition memory, and also reduced and anxiety. Corresponding to these effects, heightened ATCV-1, IL-6, iNOS, IFN-γ, and CD11b expression in brains was observed 3-days and/or 8-weeks post infection compared with control mice. These results imply that ATCV-1 infection damages the hippocampus via induction of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S Petro
- Nebraska Wesleyan University, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States.
| | - Irina V Agarkova
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Thomas M Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, United States; Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska-Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
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Sil S, Ghosh T, Ghosh R. NMDA receptor is involved in neuroinflammation in intracerebroventricular colchicine-injected rats. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:474-89. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupsa Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Sachdeva AK, Chopra K. Naringin mitigate okadaic acid-induced cognitive impairment in an experimental paradigm of Alzheimer's disease. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Dwivedi S, Rajasekar N, Hanif K, Nath C, Shukla R. Sulforaphane Ameliorates Okadaic Acid-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5310-23. [PMID: 26433376 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OKA) causes memory impairment and attenuates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) along with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rats. Sulforaphane (dietary isothiocyanate compound), an activator of Nrf2 signaling, exhibits neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effect of sulforaphane in OKA-induced neurotoxicity remains uninvestigated. Therefore, in the present study, the role of sulforaphane in OKA-induced memory impairment in rats was explored. A significant increased Nrf2 expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was observed in trained (Morris water maze) rats, and a significant decreased Nrf2 expression in memory-impaired (OKA, 200 ng icv) rats indicated its involvement in memory function. Sulforaphane administration (5 and 10 mg/kg, ip, days 1 and 2) ameliorates OKA-induced memory impairment in rats. The treatment also restored Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant protein expression (GCLC, HO-1) and attenuated oxidative stress (ROS, nitrite, GSH), neuroinflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-10), and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of OKA-treated rats. Further, to determine whether modulation of Nrf2 signaling is responsible for the protective effect of sulforaphane, in vitro, Nrf2 siRNA and its downstream HO-1 inhibition studies were carried out in a rat astrocytoma cell line (C6). The protective effects of sulforaphane were abolished with Nrf2 siRNA and HO-1 inhibition in astrocytes. The results suggest that Nrf2-dependent activation of cellular antioxidant machinery results in sulforaphane-mediated protection against OKA-induced memory impairment in rats. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Dwivedi
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - N Rajasekar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Chandishwar Nath
- Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Chennai, India.
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Response of Mammalian Macrophages to Challenge with the Chlorovirus Acanthocystis turfacea Chlorella Virus 1. J Virol 2015; 89:12096-107. [PMID: 26401040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01254-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It was recently reported that 44% of the oropharyngeal samples from the healthy humans in a study cohort had DNA sequences similar to that of the chlorovirus ATCV-1 (Acanthocystis turfacea chlorella virus 1, family Phycodnaviridae) and that these study subjects had decreases in visual processing and visual motor speed compared with individuals in whom no virus was detected. Moreover, mice inoculated orally with ATCV-1 developed immune responses to ATCV-1 proteins and had decreases in certain cognitive domains. Because heightened interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), and ERK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation from macrophages are linked to cognitive impairments, we evaluated cellular responses and viral PFU counts in murine RAW264.7 cells and primary macrophages after exposure to ATCV-1 in vitro for up to 72 h after a virus challenge. Approximately 8% of the ATCV-1 inoculum was associated with macrophages after 1 h, and the percentage increased 2- to 3-fold over 72 h. Immunoblot assays with rabbit anti-ATCV-1 antibody detected a 55-kDa protein consistent with the viral capsid protein from 1 to 72 h and increasing de novo synthesis of a previously unidentified 17-kDa protein beginning at 24 h. Emergence of the 17-kDa protein did not occur and persistence of the 55-kDa protein declined over time when cells were exposed to heat-inactivated ATCV-1. Moreover, starting at 24 h, RAW264.7 cells exhibited cytopathic effects, annexin V staining, and cleaved caspase 3. Activation of ERK MAP kinases occurred in these cells by 30 min postchallenge, which preceded the expression of IL-6 and NO. Therefore, ATCV-1 persistence in and induction of inflammatory factors by these macrophages may contribute to declines in the cognitive abilities of mice and humans. IMPORTANCE Virus infections that persist in and stimulate inflammatory factors in macrophages contribute to pathologies in humans. A previous study showed that DNA sequences homologous to the chlorovirus ATCV-1 were found in a significant fraction of oropharyngeal samples from a healthy human cohort. We show here that ATCV-1, whose only known host is a eukaryotic green alga (Chlorella heliozoae) that is an endosymbiont of the heliozoon Acanthocystis turfacea, can unexpectedly persist within murine macrophages and trigger inflammatory responses including factors that contribute to immunopathologies. The inflammatory factors that are produced in response to ATCV-1 include IL-6 and NO, whose induction is preceded by the activation of ERK MAP kinases. Other responses of ATCV-1-challenged macrophages include an apoptotic cytopathic effect, an innate antiviral response, and a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, mammalian encounters with chloroviruses may contribute to chronic inflammatory responses from macrophages.
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Kamat PK. Streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease like changes and the underlying neural degeneration and regeneration mechanism. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1050-2. [PMID: 26330820 PMCID: PMC4541228 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.160076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Kamat
- Department of Anasthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Streptozotocin Intracerebroventricular-Induced Neurotoxicity and Brain Insulin Resistance: a Therapeutic Intervention for Treatment of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (sAD)-Like Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4548-62. [PMID: 26298663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks which include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and progressive cognitive loss. Several well-known genetic mutations which are being used for the development of a transgenic model of AD lead to an early onset familial AD (fAD)-like condition. However, these settings are only reasons for a small percentage of the total AD cases. The large majorities of AD cases are considered as a sporadic in origin and are less influenced by a single mutation of a gene. The etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) remains unclear, but numerous risk factors have been identified that increase the chance of developing AD. Among these risk factors are insulin desensitization/resistance state, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and deposition of Aβ in the brain. Subsequently, these risk factors lead to development of sAD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not so clear. Streptozotocin (STZ) produces similar characteristic pathology of sAD such as altered glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, synaptic dysfunction, protein kinases such as protein kinase B/C, glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, and neuronal apoptosis. Further, STZ also leads to inhibition of Akt/PKB, insulin receptor (IR) signaling molecule, and insulin resistance in brain. These alterations mediated by STZ can be used to explore the underlying molecular and pathophysiological mechanism of AD (especially sAD) and their therapeutic intervention for drug development against AD pathology.
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Nazem A, Sankowski R, Bacher M, Al-Abed Y. Rodent models of neuroinflammation for Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:74. [PMID: 25890375 PMCID: PMC4404276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease remains incurable, and the failures of current disease-modifying strategies for Alzheimer's disease could be attributed to a lack of in vivo models that recapitulate the underlying etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is not based on mutations related to amyloid-β (Aβ) or tau production which are currently the basis of in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. It has recently been suggested that mechanisms like chronic neuroinflammation may occur prior to amyloid-β and tau pathologies in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of rodent models of neuroinflammation in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Our search criteria were based on characteristics of an idealistic disease model that should recapitulate causes, symptoms, and lesions in a chronological order similar to the actual disease. Therefore, a model based on the inflammation hypothesis of late-onset Alzheimer's disease should include the following features: (i) primary chronic neuroinflammation, (ii) manifestations of memory and cognitive impairment, and (iii) late development of tau and Aβ pathologies. The following models fit the pre-defined criteria: lipopolysaccharide- and PolyI:C-induced models of immune challenge; streptozotocin-, okadaic acid-, and colchicine neurotoxin-induced neuroinflammation models, as well as interleukin-1β, anti-nerve growth factor and p25 transgenic models. Among these models, streptozotocin, PolyI:C-induced, and p25 neuroinflammation models are compatible with the inflammation hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nazem
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Roman Sankowski
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Michael Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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Rai S, Kamat PK, Nath C, Shukla R. Glial Activation and Synaptic Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease: A Focus on Neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2014.286.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mechanism of synapse redox stress in Okadaic acid (ICV) induced memory impairment: Role of NMDA receptor. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:32-41. [PMID: 24984170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor that is involved in synaptic mechanisms of learning and memory, and mediates excitotoxic neuronal injury. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that NMDA receptor subunit gene expression is altered in cortex and hippocampus of OKA induced memory impairment. Therefore in the present study, we checked the effect of OKA (ICV) on NMDA receptor regulation and synapse function. The memory function anomalies and synaptosomal calcium ion (Ca(2+)) level were increased in OKA treated rats brain; which was further protected by MK801 (0.05mg/kg. i.p) treatment daily for 13days. To elucidate the involvement of NMDA receptor, we estimated NR1, NR2A and NR2B (subunits) expression in rat brain. Results showed that expression of NR1 and NR2B were significantly increased, but expression of NR2A had no significant change in OKA treated rat brain. We also observed decrease in synapsin-1 mRNA and protein expression which indicates synapse dysfunction. In addition, we detected an increase in MDA and nitrite levels and a decrease in GSH level in synapse preparation which indicates synapse altered redox stress. Moreover, neuronal loss was also confirmed by nissl staining in periventricular cortex and hippocampus. Altered level of oxidative stress markers along with neuronal loss confirmed neurotoxicity. Further, MK801 treatment restored the level of NR1, NR2B and synapsin-1 expression, and protected from neuronal loss and synapse redox stress. In conclusion, Okadaic acid (OKA) induced expression of NR1 and NR2B deteriorates synapse function in rat brain which was confirmed by the neuroprotective effect of MK801.
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Kamat PK, Rai S, Swarnkar S, Shukla R, Nath C. Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Okadaic Acid (OKA)-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Novel Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutic Application. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:852-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liu H, Wang L, Lv M, Pei R, Li P, Pei Z, Wang Y, Su W, Xie XQ. AlzPlatform: an Alzheimer's disease domain-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase for polypharmacology and target identification research. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1050-60. [PMID: 24597646 PMCID: PMC4010297 DOI: 10.1021/ci500004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is one of the most complicated progressive neurodegeneration
diseases that involve many genes, proteins, and their complex interactions.
No effective medicines or treatments are available yet to stop or
reverse the progression of the disease due to its polygenic nature.
To facilitate discovery of new AD drugs and better understand the
AD neurosignaling pathways involved, we have constructed an Alzheimer’s
disease domain-specific chemogenomics knowledgebase, AlzPlatform (www.cbligand.org/AD/) with cloud computing and sourcing
functions. AlzPlatform is implemented with powerful computational
algorithms, including our established TargetHunter, HTDocking, and
BBB Predictor for target identification and polypharmacology analysis
for AD research. The platform has assembled various AD-related chemogenomics
data records, including 928 genes and 320 proteins related to AD,
194 AD drugs approved or in clinical trials, and 405 188 chemicals
associated with 1 023 137 records of reported bioactivities
from 38 284 corresponding bioassays and 10 050 references.
Furthermore, we have demonstrated the application of the AlzPlatform
in three case studies for identification of multitargets and polypharmacology
analysis of FDA-approved drugs and also for screening and prediction
of new AD active small chemical molecules and potential novel AD drug
targets by our established TargetHunter and/or HTDocking programs.
The predictions were confirmed by reported bioactivity data and our
in vitro experimental validation. Overall, AlzPlatform will enrich
our knowledge for AD target identification, drug discovery, and polypharmacology
analyses and, also, facilitate the chemogenomics data sharing and
information exchange/communications in aid of new anti-AD drug discovery
and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; Drug Discovery Institute; University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Valdiglesias V, Prego-Faraldo MV, Pásaro E, Méndez J, Laffon B. Okadaic acid: more than a diarrheic toxin. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4328-49. [PMID: 24184795 PMCID: PMC3853731 DOI: 10.3390/md11114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is one of the most frequent and worldwide distributed marine toxins. It is easily accumulated by shellfish, mainly bivalve mollusks and fish, and, subsequently, can be consumed by humans causing alimentary intoxications. OA is the main representative diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin and its ingestion induces gastrointestinal symptoms, although it is not considered lethal. At the molecular level, OA is a specific inhibitor of several types of serine/threonine protein phosphatases and a tumor promoter in animal carcinogenesis experiments. In the last few decades, the potential toxic effects of OA, beyond its role as a DSP toxin, have been investigated in a number of studies. Alterations in DNA and cellular components, as well as effects on immune and nervous system, and even on embryonic development, have been increasingly reported. In this manuscript, results from all these studies are compiled and reviewed to clarify the role of this toxin not only as a DSP inductor but also as cause of alterations at the cellular and molecular levels, and to highlight the relevance of biomonitoring its effects on human health. Despite further investigations are required to elucidate OA mechanisms of action, toxicokinetics, and harmful effects, there are enough evidences illustrating its toxicity, not related to DSP induction, and, consequently, supporting a revision of the current regulation on OA levels in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (E.P.); (B.L.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-981167000; Fax: +34-981167172
| | - María Verónica Prego-Faraldo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (E.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Josefina Méndez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruna, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (M.V.P.-F.); (J.M.)
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña E15071, Spain; E-Mails: (E.P.); (B.L.)
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Standardized Extract of Bacopa monniera Attenuates Okadaic Acid Induced Memory Dysfunction in Rats: Effect on Nrf2 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:294501. [PMID: 24078822 PMCID: PMC3776558 DOI: 10.1155/2013/294501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (memory enhancer) and Melatonin (an antioxidant) on nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in Okadaic acid induced memory impaired rats. OKA (200 ng) was administered intracerebroventricularly (ICV) to induce memory impairment in rats. Bacopa monnieri (BM-40 and 80 mg/kg) and Melatonin (20 mg/kg) were administered 1 hr before OKA injection and continued daily up to day 13. Memory functions were assessed by Morris water maze test on days 13–15. Rats were sacrificed for biochemical estimations of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and molecular studies of Nrf2, HO1, and GCLC expressions in cerebral cortex and hippocampus brain regions. OKA caused a significant memory deficit with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss which was concomitant with attenuated expression of Nrf2, HO1, and GCLC. Treatment with BM and Melatonin significantly improved memory dysfunction in OKA rats as shown by decreased latency time and path length. The treatments also restored Nrf2, HO1, and GCLC expressions and decreased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. Thus strengthening the endogenous defense through Nrf2 modulation plays a key role in the protective effect of BM and Melatonin in OKA induced memory impairment in rats.
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Neuroprotective effect of curcumin on okadaic acid induced memory impairment in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:381-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kamat PK, Rai S, Nath C. Okadaic acid induced neurotoxicity: An emerging tool to study Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurotoxicology 2013; 37:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Munday R. Is protein phosphatase inhibition responsible for the toxic effects of okadaic Acid in animals? Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:267-85. [PMID: 23381142 PMCID: PMC3640535 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, which are produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis, are responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in humans. In laboratory animals, these toxins cause epithelial damage and fluid accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, and at high doses, they cause death. These substances have also been shown to be tumour promoters, and when injected into the brains of rodents, OA induces neuronal damage reminiscent of that seen in Alzheimer’s disease. OA and certain of its derivatives are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, which play many roles in cellular metabolism. In 1990, it was suggested that inhibition of these enzymes was responsible for the diarrhetic effect of these toxins. It is now repeatedly stated in the literature that protein phosphatase inhibition is not only responsible for the intestinal effects of OA and derivatives, but also for their acute toxic effects, their tumour promoting activity and their neuronal toxicity. In the present review, the evidence for the involvement of protein phosphatase inhibition in the induction of the toxic effects of OA and its derivatives is examined, with the conclusion that the mechanism of toxicity of these substances requires re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Munday
- AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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