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Kim J, Kim JH, Kim Y, Lee J, Lee HJ, Koh SJ, Im JP, Kim JS. iRhom2 deficiency reduces sepsis-induced mortality associated with the attenuation of lung macrophages in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2024; 162:415-428. [PMID: 39134731 PMCID: PMC11393161 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis has a high mortality rate and leads to multi-organ failure, including lung injury. Inactive rhomboid protease family protein (iRhom2) has been identified as accountable for the release of TNF-α, a crucial mediator in the development of sepsis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of iRhom2 in sepsis and sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in vitro by peritoneal macrophages from wild-type (WT) and iRhom2 knoukout (KO) mice was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced murine sepsis model was used for in vivo experiments. To evaluate the role of iRhom2 deficiency on survival during sepsis, both WT and iRhom2 KO mice were monitored for 8 consecutive days following the CLP. For histologic and biochemical examination, the mice were killed 18 h after CLP. iRhom2 deficiency improved the survival of mice after CLP. iRhom2 deficiency decreased CD68+ macrophage infiltration in lung tissues. Multiplex immunohistochemistry revealed that the proportion of Ki-67+ CD68+ macrophages was significantly lower in iRhom2 KO mice than that in WT mice after CLP. Moreover, CLP-induced release of TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum were significantly inhibited by iRhom2 deficiency. iRhom2 deficiency reduced NF-kB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation after CLP. iRhom2 deficiency reduces sepsis-related mortality associated with attenuated macrophage infiltration and proliferation in early lung injury. iRhom2 may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and early stage of sepsis-induced ALI. Thus, iRhom2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the management of sepsis and sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Center for Health Promotion and Optimal Aging, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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2
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Ferreira-Duarte M, Tonin FS, Duarte-Araújo M, Fernandez-Llimos F, Morato M. Heterogeneity in protocols and outcomes to study the effect of renin-angiotensin system blockers in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:1139-1152. [PMID: 37394277 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), supporting translational relevance of RAS blockers. Comparability of study design/outcomes is fundamental for data analysis/discussion. OBJECTIVES We aimed at evaluating the heterogeneity among protocols and outcomes to study the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in IBD. METHODS This study was performed and reported in accordance with the Cochrane recommendations and PRISMA (PROSPERO-CRD42022323853). Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment of the studies was done with the SYRCLES's risk of bias tools for animal studies. RESULTS Thirty-five pre-clinical studies and six clinical studies were included. Chemical induction of colitis was the most used model, but variable doses of the induction agent were reported. All studies reported at least a disease activity index, a macroscopic score, or a histologic assessment, but these scores were methodologically heterogeneous and reported for different characteristics. Great heterogeneity was also found in drug interventions. Inflammatory markers assessed as outcomes were different across studies. CONCLUSION Lack of standardization of protocols and outcomes among studies threatens the evidence on how RAS blockers influence IBD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda S Tonin
- ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- H&TRC-Health and Technology Research Center, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte-Araújo
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Llimos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO i4HB - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Czaja J, Zyzdorf A, Sobocińska W, Jarczyński M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Overreactive macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The effects of ACEI. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110858. [PMID: 37708705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among various factors influencing the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophage overactivation is considered the main cause of the cytokine storm that leads to severe complications of COVID-19. Moreover, the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an obligatory entry receptor of the coronavirus, caused by treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) lowered overall confidence in the safety of these drugs. However, analysis of the course of coronavirus infection in patients treated with ACEI does not support these concerns. Instead, the beneficial effect of ACEI on macrophages has increasingly been emphasized. This includes their anti-inflammatory activation and the consequent reduction in the risk of severe disease and life-threatening complications. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the dual role of macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a special focus on the postulated mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of macrophage targeting by ACEI. These seem to involve the stimulation of macrophage angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors by angiotensin 1-7, intensively produced due to the up-regulation of ACE2 expression on macrophages, as well as the direct inhibition of macrophage hyper-responsiveness by ACEI. The impact of ACEI on macrophages may also lead to the activation of an effective antiviral response due to the increased expression of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Felkle
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Czaja
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Amanda Zyzdorf
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sobocińska
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
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4
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Lo SW, Segal JP, Lubel JS, Garg M. What do we know about the renin angiotensin system and inflammatory bowel disease? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:897-909. [PMID: 36484415 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2157261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important homeostatic pathway, with emerging evidence for the impact of its components on inflammation and fibrosis in gastrointestinal tissues. This review aims to review current knowledge of the physiological mechanism of RAS in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and potential therapeutic implications. AREAS COVERED An extensive online literature review including Pubmed, Medline, and Google Scholar was undertaken. Discussion on the components of the RAS, localization, and physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract, preclinical, and clinical data in IBD, and the relation with SARS-Cov-2 are covered in this review. EXPERT OPINION RAS inhibition may have a role as anti-fibrotic adjunct therapy. Targeting the local gastrointestinal RAS with novel modes of delivery may be a target for future therapeutics for IBD, given the widespread availability and safety of current options as utilized in other diseases. Further insight into the mechanism and downstream effects of gastrointestinal ACE2 may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wei Lo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Hospital, 3076 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Segal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Hospital, 3076 Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John S Lubel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Hospital, 3076 Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University
| | - Mayur Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Northern Hospital, 3076 Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia
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5
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Immunomodulatory Activity of the Most Commonly Used Antihypertensive Drugs-Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031772. [PMID: 35163696 PMCID: PMC8836033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article is focused on antihypertensive drugs, namely angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and their immunomodulatory properties reported in hypertensive patients as well as in experimental settings involving studies on animal models and cell lines. The immune regulatory action of ACEI and ARB is mainly connected with the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, diminished expression of adhesion molecules, and normalization of CRP concentration in the blood plasma. The topic has significant importance in future medical practice in the therapy of patients with comorbidities with underlying chronic inflammatory responses. Thus, this additional effect of immune regulatory action of ACEI and ARB may also benefit the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome, allergies, or autoimmune disorders.
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6
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Lin SN, Mao R, Qian C, Bettenworth D, Wang J, Li J, Bruining D, Jairath V, Feagan B, Chen M, Rieder F. Development of Anti-fibrotic Therapy in Stricturing Crohn's Disease: Lessons from Randomized Trials in Other Fibrotic Diseases. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:605-652. [PMID: 34569264 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is considered an inevitable complication of Crohn's disease (CD) that results in symptoms of obstruction and stricture formation. Endoscopic or surgical treatment is required to treat the majority of patients. Progress in the management of stricturing CD is hampered by the lack of effective anti-fibrotic therapy; however, this situation is likely to change because of recent advances in other fibrotic diseases of the lung, liver and skin. In this review, we summarized data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) of anti-fibrotic therapies in these conditions. Multiple compounds have been tested for the anti-fibrotic effects in other organs. According to their mechanisms, they were categorized into growth factor modulators, inflammation modulators, 5-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, intracellular enzymes and kinases, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) modulators and others. From our review of the results from the clinical trials and discussion of their implications in the gastrointestinal tract, we have identified several molecular candidates that could serve as potential therapies for intestinal fibrosis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Pinnacle, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - David Bruining
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Alimentiv Inc., London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Feagan
- Alimentiv Inc., London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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7
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Janakirama Rao AS, Mudduraj Urs VT, Devanna JN, Mahadevappa P, Kumaran RC. Bioactive Isolates of Morus Species as Antibacterial Agents and their In Silico Profiling. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201104120815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The genus Morus is one of the rich sources of phytomedicine and considered
a beneficial natural source for drugs with potential antimicrobial effect under the traditional
system of medicine.
Introduction:
In the present study, three bioactive compounds isolated from the leaves of two species
of genus Morus and their antibacterial effect against selective pathogens were assessed.
Methods:
The inhibitory effects of the three molecules isolated were assessed for their minimum
inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against selected
pathogens. The in-silico studies provided the toxicity profile and the binding interactions with glucosamine-
6-phosphate synthase for all the isolates.
Results:
Among the three compounds tested, cathafuran-B showed a prominent bacteriostatic and
bactericidal effect, which is supported by the results of in-silico analysis suggesting that cathafuran-
B could be a potential glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase inhibitor.
Conclusion:
The biomolecule isolated from less explored Morus laevigata exhibiting higher antibacterial
effect among the compounds tested warranted opening a new prospect in phytomedicinal
research for exploring its pharmacological properties and lowering the utilization load present on
highly explored Morus alba.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ramesh Chapeyil Kumaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuvempu University, Sahyadri Science College Campus, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
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8
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Tang Y, Xu Z, Chen X, Wang N, Deng X, Peng L, Chen Q, Cai H. Effects of Enalapril on TLR2/NF- κB Signaling Pathway and Inflammatory Factors in Rabbits with Chronic Heart Failure. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:9594607. [PMID: 34335842 PMCID: PMC8294953 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9594607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) refers to the state of persistent heart failure, which is a complex clinical syndrome of various advanced heart diseases. The toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway is one of the pathological mechanisms of CHF. Adriamycin can significantly induce the upregulation of TLR2 expression. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are commonly used drugs for the treatment of CHF. In our study, the CHF model was established by injection of doxorubicin into the rabbit ear vein. The effect of enalapril on the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway in CHF rabbits has been analyzed and determined. Our research results showed that enalapril reduced the inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby improving cardiac structure, myocardial remodeling, and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Zelin Xu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Liqi Peng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qingyang Chen
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Huzhi Cai
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
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9
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Salmenkari H, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Renin-angiotensin system in intestinal inflammation-Angiotensin inhibitors to treat inflammatory bowel diseases? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:161-172. [PMID: 34128327 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, which manifest in recurring gastrointestinal inflammation. The current treatment options of IBD are not curative and are lacking in aspects like prevention of fibrosis. New treatment options are needed to fulfil the unmet needs and provide alternatives to drugs with resistances and side effects. Drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), besides being antihypertensive, also possess anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties and could offer an inexpensive alternative to control inflammation and fibrosis in the gut. RAS inhibitors have been effective in preventing and alleviating colitis in preclinical studies, but available human data are still sparse. This review outlines the pathophysiological functions of RAS in the gut and summarizes preclinical studies utilizing pharmacological RAS inhibitors in the treatment of experimental colitis. We discuss the alterations in intestinal RAS and the available evidence of the benefits of RAS inhibitors for IBD patients. Retrospective studies comparing IBD patients using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers have provided optimistic results regarding a milder disease course and fewer hospitalizations and corticosteroid use in patients using RAS inhibitors. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these promising medications in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Salmenkari
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Human Microbiome, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Toll-like receptor 4 regulates intestinal fibrosis via cytokine expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19867. [PMID: 33199767 PMCID: PMC7670421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis induced by chronic and recurrent colitis, which is exacerbated by bowel stenosis, stricture, and obstruction, is challenging to treat. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulates innate and acquired immunity in response to specific microbial components, but the role of TLR4 in intestinal fibrosis is largely unknown. We investigated its role in intestinal fibrosis using not only a murine fibrosis model but also human myofibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. Colon fibrosis was induced in TLR4-deficient (TLR4−/−) mice and its wild-type counterparts with 3% dextran sulfate sodium. Absence of TLR4 gene attenuated chronic inflammation and colonic macrophages infiltration; intestinal fibrosis and collagen deposition were suppressed. Also, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12p40, and transforming growth factor-β was reduced in TLR4-deficient peritoneal macrophages. TLR4 was silenced in CCD-18Co cells by small interfering RNA (siRNA), and matrix metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, and collagen α1 expression was evaluated. Role of TLR4 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was evaluated in HCT116 cells. Suppression of TLR4 transcription by siRNAs affected myofibroblasts activity, collagen synthesis, and EMT in the human cancer cell line. Thus, we suggest that TLR4 can be an essential mediator in intestinal chronic inflammation and fibrosis, indicating that TLR4 signaling is a potential therapeutic target for intestinal fibrosis.
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11
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Heimfarth L, Serafini MR, Martins-Filho PR, Quintans JDSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Drug repurposing and cytokine management in response to COVID-19: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106947. [PMID: 32919216 PMCID: PMC7457938 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an aggressive disease that attacks the respiratory tract and has a higher fatality rate than seasonal influenza. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis, and no specific therapy or drug has been formally recommended for use against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, it is a rational strategy to investigate the repurposing of existing drugs to use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In the meantime, the medical community is trialing several therapies that target various antiviral and immunomodulating mechanisms to use against the infection. There is no doubt that antiviral and supportive treatments are important in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, but anti-inflammatory therapy also plays a pivotal role in the management COVID-19 patients due to its ability to prevent further injury and organ damage or failure. In this review, we identified drugs that could modulate cytokines levels and play a part in the management of COVID-19. Several drugs that possess an anti-inflammatory profile in others illnesses have been studied in respect of their potential utility in the treatment of the hyperinflammation induced by SAR-COV-2 infection. We highlight a number of antivirals, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antiparasitic drugs that have been found to mitigate cytokine production and consequently attenuate the "cytokine storm" induced by SARS-CoV-2. Reduced hyperinflammation can attenuate multiple organ failure, and even reduce the mortality associated with severe COVID-19. In this context, despite their current unproven clinical efficacy in relation to the current pandemic, the repurposing of drugs with anti-inflammatory activity to use in the treatment of COVID-19 has become a topic of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Heimfarth
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil.
| | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF). Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | | | - Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Health Sciences (PPGCS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil; Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences (PPGCF). Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
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12
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Kang EA, Soh H, Park S, Lee HJ, Im JP, Kim JS. Soluble Siglec-9 alleviates intestinal inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106695. [PMID: 32570035 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a superfamily of immunoreceptors recognizing sialic acid. Siglec-9 has been shown to mediate inhibitory immune responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a soluble form of Siglec-9 (sSiglec-9) on inflamed intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), murine macrophages, and experimental murine colitis models. METHODS COLO 205 human IECs and RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were pretreated with sSiglec-9 and then stimulated with TNF-α or lipopolysaccharides, respectively. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-α was measured using real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. To demonstrate the inhibitory effects of sSiglec-9 on the NF-κB pathway, IκBα phosphorylation/degradation was determined using western blotting and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB was evaluated using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Further, mouse models with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis and piroxicam-induced IL-10-/- chronic colitis were generated. Intraperitoneal injections of sSiglec-9 were performed, and body weight, colon length, and histopathologic findings were examined. RESULTS sSiglec-9 suppressed IL-8 and TNF-α gene expression in stimulated COLO 205 and RAW 264.7 cells. sSiglec-9 inhibited IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. sSiglec-9 injections significantly ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, and the severity of intestinal inflammation in acute and chronic colitis mouse models. CONCLUSION sSiglec-9 may inhibit NF-κB activation in IECs and macrophages and alleviate experimental colitis in mice, suggesting that sSiglec-9 is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ae Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosim Soh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Gastroenterology, Mediplex Sejong Hospital, Incheon 21080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Lee JW, Lee SM, Chun J, Im JP, Seo SK, Ha N, Il Choi Y, Kim JS. Novel Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitor CKD-506 Inhibits NF-κB Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages and Ameliorates Acute and Chronic Murine Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:852-862. [PMID: 31895948 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective blocking of HDAC6 has become a promising strategy in treating inflammatory bowel disease. CKD-506 is a novel isoform-selective inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of CKD-506 on the NF-κB signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and macrophages and on murine models of acute and chronic colitis. METHODS RAW264RAW264.7 murine macrophages and COLO 205 human IECs were pretreated with CKD-506 and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cytokine expression of TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The effect of CKD-506 on NF-κB signaling was evaluated by Western blotting of IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In vivo studies were performed using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis model, a chronic colitis model in IL-10 knockout mice, and an adoptive transfer model. Colitis was quantified by the disease activity index, colon length, and histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS CKD-506 suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in IECs and macrophages. CKD-506 strongly inhibited IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB. Oral administration of CKD-506 attenuated DSS-induced acute colitis and chronic colitis in IL-10-/- and adoptive transfer models. CKD-506 ameliorated weight loss, disease activity, and histopathologic score in colitis mice and downregulated IκBα phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production significantly. CONCLUSIONS CKD-506 blocked NF-κB signaling in IECs and macrophages and ameliorated experimental acute and chronic murine colitis models, which suggests that CKD-506 is a promising candidate for inflammatory bowel disease treatment as a small molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Soung-Min Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kil Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nina Ha
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research Institute, CKD Pharmaceutical Co, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research Institute, CKD Pharmaceutical Co, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Jacobs JD, Wagner T, Gulotta G, Liao C, Li YC, Bissonnette M, Pekow J. Impact of Angiotensin II Signaling Blockade on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1938-1944. [PMID: 30725290 PMCID: PMC6586494 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-5474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data demonstrate that activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to mucosal inflammation, and RAS inhibition by angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) improves colitis in animal models. Less is known regarding the effects of RAS inhibition on clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. AIM Evaluate the impact of ACEI and ARB on clinical outcomes in IBD. METHODS Rates of IBD-related hospitalizations, operations, and corticosteroid use were evaluated retrospectively in two groups. First, 111 IBD patients taking an ACEI or ARB were compared to nonusers matched 1:1 based on sex, age, diagnosis, disease location, and hypertension diagnosis. Second, outcomes in a cohort of 130 IBD patients were compared prior to and during ACEI/ARB exposure. RESULTS Compared to matched controls, all IBD patients together with ACEI/ARB exposure had fewer hospitalizations (OR 0.26, p < 0.01), operations (OR 0.08, p = 0.02), and corticosteroid prescriptions (OR 0.5, p = 0.01). Comparing outcomes before and during ACEI/ARB use, there were no differences in hospitalizations, operations, or corticosteroid use for all IBD patients together, but patients with UC had increased hospitalizations (0.08 pre- vs. 0.16 during ACEI/ARB exposure, p = 0.03) and decreased corticosteroid use (0.24 pre-ACEI/ARB vs. 0.12 during ACEI/ARB exposure, p < 0.01) during ACEI/ARB use. CONCLUSIONS IBD patients with ACEI/ARB exposure had fewer hospitalizations, operations, and corticosteroid use compared to matched controls. No differences in outcomes were observed in individuals on ACEI/ARB therapy when compared to a period of time prior to medication exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington
| | | | | | - Chuanhong Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago
| | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago
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15
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Tian X, Peng Z, Luo S, Zhang S, Li B, Zhou C, Fan H. Aesculin protects against DSS-Induced colitis though activating PPARγ and inhibiting NF-кB pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172453. [PMID: 31202807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aesculin, a natural product from the traditional and widely-used Chinese medicine named Cortex fraxini, has attracted attention as a novel therapeutic modulator of inflammation. However, little is known about its effect on ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of aesculin on colitis. The results showed that, few cytotoxicity of aesculin were shown in vivo and in the RAW264.7 macrophages, while aesculin significantly relieved the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis and restrained the expression of inflammatory factors including iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α in both peritoneal macrophages and colonic tissues from DSS-induced mice and RAW264.7 macrophages. Of note, aesculin attenuated the activity of NF-κB signaling while promoted the nuclear localization of PPAR-γ in both rectal tissues from DSS-induced mice and LPS-stimulated macrophages. These findings demonstrated that the protection of aesculin against ulcerative colitis might be due to its regulation on the PPAR-γ and NF-κB pathway. Thus, aesculin could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhonglu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Universities in Hunan Province on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Natural Drugs Research, Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, PR China
| | - Shangpeng Luo
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hongye Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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16
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Salmenkari H, Laitinen A, Forsgård RA, Holappa M, Lindén J, Pasanen L, Korhonen M, Korpela R, Nystedt J. The use of unlicensed bone marrow-derived platelet lysate-expanded mesenchymal stromal cells in colitis: a pre-clinical study. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:175-188. [PMID: 30611671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising candidate for treatment of inflammatory disorders, but their efficacy in human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) has been inconsistent. Comparing the results from various pre-clinical and clinical IBD studies is also challenging due to a large variation in study designs. METHODS In this comparative pre-clinical study, we compared two administration routes and investigated the safety and feasibility of both fresh and cryopreserved platelet-lysate-expanded human bone marrow-derived MSCs without additional licensing in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mouse model both in the acute and regenerative phases of colitis. Body weight, macroscopic score for inflammation and colonic interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α concentrations were determined in both phases of colitis. Additionally, histopathology was assessed and Il-1β and Agtr1a messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) protein levels were measured in the colon in the regenerative phase of colitis. RESULTS Intravenously administered MSCs exhibited modest anti-inflammatory capacity in the acute phase of colitis by reducing IL-1β protein levels in the inflamed colon. There were no clear improvements in mice treated with fresh or cryopreserved unlicensed MSCs according to weight monitoring results, histopathology and macroscopic score results. Pro-inflammatory ACE protein expression and shedding were reduced by cryopreserved MSCs in the colon. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we observed a good safety profile for bone marrow-derived platelet lysate-expanded MSCs in a mouse pre-clinical colitis model, but the therapeutic effect of MSCs prepared without additional licensing (i.e. such as MSCs are administered in graft-versus-host disease) was modest in the chosen in vivo model system and limited to biochemical improvements in cytokines without a clear benefit in histopathology or body weight development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Salmenkari
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Laitinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard A Forsgård
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Holappa
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Lindén
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Pasanen
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Korhonen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Korpela
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Nystedt
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Ranjbar R, Shafiee M, Hesari A, Ferns GA, Ghasemi F, Avan A. The potential therapeutic use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2277-2295. [PMID: 30191985 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal part of the immune response to injury or infection but its dysregulation promotes the development of inflammatory diseases, which cause considerable human suffering. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but they are accompanied by a broad range of side effects, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular events. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is traditionally known for its role in blood pressure regulation. However, there is increasing evidence that RAS signaling is also involved in the inflammatory response associated with several disease states. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by binding to angiotensin type 1 (AT1 ) receptor, and direct renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) are clinically used as antihypertensive agents. Recent data suggest that these drugs also have anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this review summarizes these recent findings for the efficacy of two of the most widely used antihypertensive drug classes, ACE inhibitors and ARBs, to reduce or treat inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, steatohepatitis, colitis, pancreatitis, and nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiee
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - AmirReza Hesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Sussex, UK
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Intestinal alkaline phosphatase ameliorates experimental colitis via toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:156-166. [PMID: 29247612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an intestinal brush border enzyme which plays an important role in gut homeostasis and mucosal inflammation. However, the mechanism of the protective effect of IAP is not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the protective effect of IAP on colitis is mediated via the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. For in vitro analysis, peritoneal macrophages from the wild-type (WT) and TLR4-deficient (TLR4-/-) C57BL/6 mice were used. IAP strongly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by suppressing the LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in WT macrophages; however, the inhibitory effects mediated by IAP were reduced in the TLR4-/- macrophages. For in vivo analysis, the protective mechanisms of IAP on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were evaluated using WT and TLR4-/- mice. Although oral administration of IAP significantly attenuated the severity of colitis in both preventive and therapeutic models of WT mice, these protective effects were not significant in TLR4-/- mice. When immunohistochemical analysis of IκBα was performed in the colitic tissues, the inhibitory effects of IAP on IκBα phosphorylation were also observed in the colon of WT mice, but these effects decreased in the colon of TLR4-/- mice. In conclusion, the protective effects of IAP on colitis were mediated via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. These results of this study shall be helpful in tailoring treatment against colitis using IAP.
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19
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Sodium butyrate inhibits the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and histone deacetylation, and attenuates experimental colitis in an IL-10 independent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 51:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Salmas RE, Gulhan MF, Durdagi S, Sahna E, Abdullah HI, Selamoglu Z. Effects of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, and pollen on renal injury in hypertensive rat: An experimental and theoretical approach. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:304-314. [PMID: 28833317 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; active compound in propolis), and pollen on biochemical oxidative stress biomarkers in rat kidney tissue inhibited by Nω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The biomarkers evaluated were paraoxonase (PON1), oxidative stress index (OSI), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). TAS levels and PON1 activity were significantly decreased in kidney tissue samples in the L-NAME-treated group (P < 0.05). The levels of TAS and PONI were higher in the L-NAME plus propolis, CAPE, and pollen groups compared with the L-NAME-treated group. TOS, ADMA, and NF-κB levels were significantly increased in the kidney tissue samples of the L-NAME-treated group (P < 0.05). However, these parameters were significantly lower in the L-NAME plus propolis, CAPE, and pollen groups (P < 0.05) compared with rats administered L-NAME alone (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the binding energy of CAPE within catalytic domain of glutathione reductase (GR) enzyme as well as its inhibitory mechanism was determined using molecular modeling approaches. In conclusion, experimental and theoretical data suggested that oxidative alterations occurring in the kidney tissue of chronic hypertensive rats may be prevented via active compound of propolis, CAPE administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ekhteiari Salmas
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fuat Gulhan
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Engin Sahna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Huda I Abdullah
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
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21
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İZGÜT-UYSAL VN, GEMICI B, BIRSEN İ, ACAR N, ÜSTÜNEL İ. The Effect of Apelin on the Functions of Peritoneal Macrophages. Physiol Res 2017; 66:489-496. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin, the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), plays an important role in the physiological response to homeostatic perturbations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of apelin on the functions of peritoneal macrophages. A double staining immunofluorescence technique was used to determine the expression of APJ in peritoneal macrophages. Rat peritoneal macrophages were randomly divided into three groups: control, apelin and apelin+F13A. A significant decrease in phagocytic and chemotactic activity of peritoneal macrophages resulted when the macrophages were incubated with [Pry1]-Apelin-13 (10 ng/ml). Incubation of peritoneal macrophages with the APJ receptor antagonist, F13A (20 ng/ml) prevented the suppressive effect of apelin on phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Peritoneal macrophages incubated with [Pry1]-Apelin-13 exhibited a decrease in the production of TNF-α and IL-6 compared to the control macrophages. Incubation of peritoneal macrophages with [Pry1]-Apelin-13 plus F13A prevented the decrease in the production of proinflammatory cytokines produced by [Pry1]-Apelin-13. In conclusion, apelin may be a mediator that inhibits the functions of activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. N. İZGÜT-UYSAL
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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22
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Patten GS, Abeywardena MY. Effects of Antihypertensive Agents on Intestinal Contractility in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat: Angiotensin Receptor System Downregulation by Losartan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:260-266. [PMID: 27903643 PMCID: PMC5267511 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is an inflammatory condition controlled by the renin angiotensin system and is linked to kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and recently to dysfunction of the gut. The aim of this study was to determine what effect antihypertensive drug treatments may have on intestinal function of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). In the first experiment, SHRs were treated with enalapril, hydralazine, or with no treatment as a control. In the second experiment, SHRs were treated with losartan or with no treatment as a control. All drug treatments led to significant lowering of blood pressure after 16 weeks. At termination, intact tissue sections of the ileum and colon were induced to contract ex vivo by KCl; electrical stimulation; and agonists carbachol, angiotensin II, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). There were no differences in ileal or colonic contractility due to hydralazine or enalapril compared with no-treatment SHR control. However, for the ileum, the losartan group responded significantly more to KCl and carbachol while responding less to angiotensin II, with no difference for PGE2 compared with the no-treatment SHR control. In contrast, the colon responded similarly to KCl, electrical stimulation, and PGE2 but responded significantly less to angiotensin II. These results demonstrate that the ileum responds differently (with KCl and carbachol as agonists) to the colon after losartan treatment, whereas there is a reduced contractile response in both the ileum and colon following losartan treatment. Although there are few well documented major contraindications for angiotensin receptor blockers, the modulation of gut contractility by losartan may have wider implications for bowel health.
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Demethyleneberberine alleviates inflammatory bowel disease in mice through regulating NF-κB signaling and T-helper cell homeostasis. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:187-196. [PMID: 27900412 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The activation of NF-κB signaling and unbalance of T-helper (Th) cells have been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of colitis. Cortex Phellodendri Chinensis (CPC) is commonly used to treat inflammation and diarrhea. Demethyleneberberine (DMB), a component of CPC, was reported to treat alcoholic liver disease as a novel natural mitochondria-targeted antioxidant in our previous study. In this study, we investigated whether DMB could protect against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory colitis in mice by regulation of NF-κB pathway and Th cells homeostatis. METHODS Inflammatory colitis mice were induced by 3% DSS, and DMB were orally administered on the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. In vitro, DMB (10, 20, 40 μM) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) were co-cultured with RAW264.7 for 2 h prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and splenocytes from the mice were cultured ex vivo for 48 h for immune response test. RESULTS In vivo, DMB significantly alleviated the weight loss and diminished myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, DMB decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, increased IL-4 concentration in the mice splenocytes and the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a in the serum. In vitro, ROS production and pro-inflammation cytokines were markedly inhibited by DMB in RAW264.7 cell. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that DMB alleviated mice colitis and inhibited the inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathway and regulating the balance of Th cells.
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24
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Ge P, Jiang R, Yao X, Li J, Dai J, Zhang L, Ye B. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril rescues mice from endotoxin-induced lethal hepatitis. Innate Immun 2016; 23:128-135. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916680037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system is classically regarded as a crucial regulator of circulatory homeostasis, but recent studies also revealed its pro-inflammatory roles. The beneficial effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) in severe inflammatory injury in the lung and heart have been previously reported, but its potential effects on lethal hepatitis were unknown. In this study, a mouse model with LPS/d-galactosamine (GalN)-induced fulminant hepatitis were used to test the protective potential of captopril, a representative ACEI. The results indicated that treatment with captopril significantly decreased the plasma level of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, alleviated the histopathological damage of the liver tissue and improve the survival rate of LPS/GalN-challenged mice. These effects were accompanied by reduced mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the liver, and decreased protein level of TNF-α and IL-6 in the plasma. In addition, the activation of caspases 3, 8 and 9, and the presence of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, were also suppressed by captopril treatment. The above evidence suggested that the renin–angiotensin system might be involved in the development of LPS/GalN-induced fulminant hepatitis and ACEI might have potential value in lethal hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Ge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Hospital of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Seo JY, Lee C, Hwang SW, Chun J, Im JP, Kim JS. Nimbolide Inhibits Nuclear Factor-КB Pathway in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages and Alleviates Experimental Colitis in Mice. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1605-1614. [PMID: 27270592 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nimbolide is a limonoid extracted from neem tree (Azadirachta indica) that has antiinflammatory properties. The effect of nimbolide on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), macrophages and in murine colitis models was investigated. The IEC COLO 205, the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, and peritoneal macrophages from interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10-/- ) mice were preconditioned with nimbolide and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis model and chronic colitis model in IL-10-/- mice were used for in vivo experiments. Nimbolide significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α) and inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα and the DNA-binding affinity of NF-κB in IECs and macrophages. Nimbolide ameliorated weight loss, colon shortening, disease activity index score, and histologic scores in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. It also improved histopathologic scores in the chronic colitis of IL-10-/- mice. Staining for phosphorylated IκBα was significantly decreased in the colon tissue after treatment with nimbolide in both models. Nimbolide inhibits NF-κB signaling in IECs and macrophages and ameliorates experimental colitis in mice. These results suggest nimbolide could be a potentially new treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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26
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Lupeol inhibits LPS-induced NF-kappa B signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and attenuates acute and chronic murine colitis. Life Sci 2016; 146:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Krishnan SM, Dowling JK, Ling YH, Diep H, Chan CT, Ferens D, Kett MM, Pinar A, Samuel CS, Vinh A, Arumugam TV, Hewitson TD, Kemp-Harper BK, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Latz E, Mansell A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR. Inflammasome activity is essential for one kidney/deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertension in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:752-65. [PMID: 26103560 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammasomes are multimeric complexes that facilitate caspase-1-mediated processing of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Clinical hypertension is associated with renal inflammation and elevated circulating levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Therefore, we investigated whether hypertension in mice is associated with increased expression and/or activation of the inflammasome in the kidney, and if inhibition of inflammasome activity reduces BP, markers of renal inflammation and fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type and inflammasome-deficient ASC(-/-) mice were uninephrectomized and received deoxycorticosterone acetate and saline to drink (1K/DOCA/salt). Control mice were uninephrectomized but received a placebo pellet and water. BP was measured by tail cuff; renal expression of inflammasome subunits and inflammatory markers was measured by real-time PCR and immunoblotting; macrophage and collagen accumulation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension in mice was associated with increased renal mRNA expression of inflammasome subunits NLRP3, ASC and pro-caspase-1, and the cytokine, pro-IL-1β, as well as protein levels of active caspase-1 and mature IL-1β. Following treatment with 1K/DOCA/salt, ASC(-/-) mice displayed blunted pressor responses and were also protected from increases in renal expression of IL-6, IL-17A, CCL2, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and accumulation of macrophages and collagen. Finally, treatment with a novel inflammasome inhibitor, MCC950, reversed hypertension in 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Renal inflammation, fibrosis and elevated BP induced by 1K/DOCA/salt treatment are dependent on inflammasome activity, highlighting the inflammasome/IL-1β pathway as a potential therapeutic target in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - J K Dowling
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Y H Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - H Diep
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C T Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - D Ferens
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - M M Kett
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A Pinar
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - T V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - T D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - B K Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A A B Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M A Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - E Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - G R Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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28
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Kim JE, Park SH, Kwak MH, Go J, Koh EK, Song SH, Sung JE, Lee HS, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Characterization of Changes in Global Genes Expression in the Distal Colon of Loperamide-Induced Constipation SD Rats in Response to the Laxative Effects of Liriope platyphylla. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129664. [PMID: 26151867 PMCID: PMC4495015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the changes in global gene expression in the distal colon of constipated SD rats in response to the laxative effects of aqueous extracts of Liriope platyphylla (AEtLP), including isoflavone, saponin, oligosaccharide, succinic acid and hydroxyproline, the total RNA extracted from the distal colon of AEtLP-treated constipation rats was hybridized to oligonucleotide microarrays. The AEtLP treated rats showed an increase in the number of stools, mucosa thickness, flat luminal surface thickness, mucin secretion, and crypt number. Overall, compared to the controls, 581 genes were up-regulated and 216 genes were down-regulated by the constipation induced by loperamide in the constipated rats. After the AEtLP treatment, 67 genes were up-regulated and 421 genes were down-regulated. Among the transcripts up-regulated by constipation, 89 were significantly down-regulated and 22 were recovered to the normal levels by the AEtLP treatment. The major genes in the down-regulated categories included Slc9a5, klk10, Fgf15, and Alpi, whereas the major genes in the recovered categories were Cyp2b2, Ace, G6pc, and Setbp1. On the other hand, after the AEtLP treatment, ten of these genes down-regulated by constipation were up-regulated significantly and five were recovered to the normal levels. The major genes in the up-regulated categories included Serpina3n, Lcn2 and Slc5a8, whereas the major genes in the recovered categories were Tmem45a, Rerg and Rgc32. These results indicate that several gene functional groups and individual genes as constipation biomarkers respond to an AEtLP treatment in constipated model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - So Hae Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609–735, Korea
| | - Moon Hwa Kwak
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Koh
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Sung
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
| | - Hee Seob Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609–735, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, 361–763, Korea
- * E-mail: (DYH); (JTH)
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627–706, Korea
- * E-mail: (DYH); (JTH)
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29
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Arumugam S, Sreedhar R, Thandavarayan RA, Giridharan VV, Karuppagounder V, Pitchaimani V, Afrin MR, Miyashita S, Nomoto M, Harima M, Suzuki H, Nakamura T, Nakamura M, Suzuki K, Watanabe K. Telmisartan treatment targets inflammatory cytokines to suppress the pathogenesis of acute colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium. Cytokine 2015; 74:305-12. [PMID: 25873126 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is essential for the regulation of cardiovascular and renal functions to maintain the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated a locally expressed RAS in various tissues of mammals, which is having pathophysiological roles in those organ system. Interestingly, local RAS has important role during the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Further to delineate its role and also to identify the potential effects of telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, we have used a mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium. We have used 0.01 and 5mg/kg body weight doses of telmisartan and administered as enema to facilitate the on-site action and to reduce the systemic adverse effects. Telmisartan high dose treatment significantly reduced the disease activity index score when compared with the colitis control mice. In addition, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers expression were also significantly reduced when compared with the colitis control mice. Subsequent experiments were carried out to investigate some of the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory effects and identified that the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 as well as cellular DNA damage were significantly suppressed when compared with the colitis control mice. Similarly the apoptosis marker proteins such as cleaved caspase 3 and 7 levels were down-regulated and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 level was significantly upregulated by telmisartan treatment. These results indicate that blockade of RAS by telmisartan can be an effective therapeutic option against acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Remya Sreedhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Natarajapuram, Komarapalayam, Namakkal 638183, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vigneshwaran Pitchaimani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Mst Rejina Afrin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Shizuka Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nomoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Meilei Harima
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakamura
- Department of Cardiology, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University of Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951 8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 956 8603, Japan.
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Absence of Appl2 sensitizes endotoxin shock through activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:60. [PMID: 25328665 PMCID: PMC4201708 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adapter proteins Appl1 (adaptor protein containing pleckstrin homology domain, phosphotyrosine domain, and leucine zipper motif 1) and Appl2 are highly homologous and involved in several signaling pathways. While previous studies have shown that Appl1 plays a pivotal role in adiponectin signaling and insulin secretion, the physiological functions of Appl2 are largely unknown. RESULTS In the present study, the role of Appl2 in sepsis shock was investigated by using Appl2 knockout (KO) mice. When challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Appl2 KO mice exhibited more severe symptoms of endotoxin shock, accompanied by increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. In comparison with the wild-type control, deletion of Appl2 led to higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in primary macrophages. In addition, phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream effector NF-κB was significantly enhanced. By co-immunoprecipitation, we found that Appl2 and Appl1 interacted with each other and formed a complex with PI3K regulatory subunit p85α, which is an upstream regulator of Akt. Consistent with these results, deletion of Appl1 in macrophages exhibited characteristics of reduced Akt activation and decreased the production of TNFα and IL-1β when challenged by LPS. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study demonstrated that Appl2 is a critical negative regulator of innate immune response via inhibition of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway by forming a complex with Appl1 and PI3K.
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31
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Chun J, Lee C, Hwang SW, Im JP, Kim JS. Ursolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-κB signaling in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and attenuates experimental colitis in mice. Life Sci 2014; 110:23-34. [PMID: 24992474 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ursolic acid (UA), a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid acid, has been reported to show immunomodulatory activity. This study investigated the effects of UA on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in cells and experimental murine colitis. MAIN METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) COLO 205 and peritoneal macrophages from IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice were pretreated with UA and then stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. The effect of UA on NF-κB signaling was examined by immunoblot analysis to detect IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay to assess the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. For in vivo studies, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 wild-type mice and chronic colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice were treated with or without UA. Colitis was quantified by histopathologic evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated IκBα was performed in the colonic tissue. KEY FINDINGS UA significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and NF-κB DNA binding activity in both IEC and IL-10(-/-) peritoneal macrophages stimulated with TNF-α and LPS, respectively. UA significantly reduced the severity of DSS-induced murine colitis, as assessed by the disease activity index, colon length, and histopathology. UA also significantly ameliorated the severity of colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice. Furthermore, UA suppressed IκBα phosphorylation in the colonic tissue. SIGNIFICANCE UA inhibits NF-κB activation in both IECs and macrophages, and attenuates experimental murine colitis. These results suggest that UA is a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Bettenworth D, Rieder F. Medical therapy of stricturing Crohn's disease: what the gut can learn from other organs - a systematic review. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2014; 7:5. [PMID: 24678903 PMCID: PMC4230721 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic remitting and relapsing disease. Fibrostenosing complications such as intestinal strictures, stenosis and ultimately obstruction are some of its most common long-term complications. Despite recent advances in the pathophysiological understanding of CD and a significant improvement of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, medical therapy for stricturing CD is still inadequate. No specific anti-fibrotic therapy exists and the incidence rate of strictures has essentially remained unchanged. Therefore, the current therapy of established fibrotic strictures comprises mainly endoscopic dilation as well as surgical approaches. However, these treatment options are associated with major complications as well as high recurrence rates. Thus, a specific anti-fibrotic therapy for CD is urgently needed. Importantly, there is now a growing body of evidence for prevention as well as effective medical treatment of fibrotic diseases of other organs such as the skin, lung, kidney and liver. In face of the similarity of molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis across these organs, translation of therapeutic approaches from other fibrotic diseases to the intestine appears to be a promising treatment strategy. In particular transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) neutralization, selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, blockade of components of the renin-angiotensin system, IL-13 inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have emerged as potential drug candidates for anti-fibrotic therapy and may retard progression or even reverse established intestinal fibrosis. However, major challenges have to be overcome in the translation of novel anti-fibrotics into intestinal fibrosis therapy, such as the development of appropriate biomarkers that predict the development and accurately monitor therapeutic responses. Future clinical studies are a prerequisite to evaluate the optimal timing for anti-fibrotic treatment approaches, to elucidate the best routes of application, and to evaluate the potential of drug candidates to reach the ultimate goal: the prevention or reversal of established fibrosis and strictures in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, NC22, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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33
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Lee C, Chun J, Hwang SW, Kang SJ, Im JP, Kim JS. The effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages and chronic colitis in mice. Life Sci 2014; 100:118-124. [PMID: 24548630 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an intestinal brush border enzyme that is shown to function as a gut mucosal defense factor, but its defensive mechanism remains unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of IAP on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and on chronic colitis in interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. MAIN METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cells COLO 205 and peritoneal macrophages from IL-10(-/-) mice were pretreated with IAP and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-8 secretion from COLO205 cells and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 from peritoneal macrophages were measured by ELISA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to assess the DNA binding activity of NF-κB and IκBα phosphorylation/degradation was evaluated by immunoblot assay in COLO 205. For the in vivo study, colitis was induced in IL-10(-/-) mice with piroxicam, the mice were then treated with 100 or 300 units of IAP by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Colitis was quantified by histopathologic scoring, and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the colonic mucosa was assessed using immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS IAP significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in both IECs and peritoneal macrophages. IAP also attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB binding activity and IκBα phosphorylation/degradation in IECs. Oral administration of IAP significantly reduced the severity of colitis and down-regulated colitis-induced IκBα phosphorylation in IL-10(-/-) mice. SIGNIFICANCE IAP may inhibit the activation of intestinal epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages, and may attenuate chronic murine colitis. This finding suggests that IAP supplementation is a potential therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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