1
|
Rajendran K, Krishnan UM. Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 562:119857. [PMID: 38986861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most common neurodegenerative disorders. AD is characterized by deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, leading to associated secondary pathologies, progressive neurodegeneration, and eventually death. Currently used diagnostics are largely image-based, lack accuracy and do not detect early disease, ie, prior to onset of symptoms, thus limiting treatment options and outcomes. Although biomarkers such as amyloid-β and tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid have gained much attention, these are generally limited to disease progression. Unfortunately, identification of biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. As such, body fluids such as sweat, serum, saliva, mucosa, tears, and urine are under investigation as alternative sources for biomarkers that can aid in early disease detection. This review focuses on biomarkers identified through proteomics in various biofluids and their potential for early and accurate diagnosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India; School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities, & Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davis N, Taylor B, Abelleira-Hervas L, Karimian-Marnani N, Aleksynas R, Syed N, Di Giovanni S, Palmisano I, Sastre M. Histone deacetylase-3 regulates the expression of the amyloid precursor protein and its inhibition promotes neuroregenerative pathways in Alzheimer's disease models. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23659. [PMID: 38733301 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301762rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
HDAC3 inhibition has been shown to improve memory and reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the molecular effects of HDAC3 inhibition on AD pathology, using in vitro and ex vivo models of AD, based on our finding that HDAC3 expression is increased in AD brains. For this purpose, N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells as well as organotypic brain cultures (OBCSs) of 5XFAD and wild-type mice were incubated with various concentrations of the HDAC3 selective inhibitor RGFP966 (0.1-10 μM) for 24 h. Treatment with RGFP966 or HDAC3 knockdown in N2a cells was associated with an increase on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mRNA expressions, without alterations in Aβ42 secretion. In vitro chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed enriched HDAC3 binding at APP promoter regions. The increase in APP expression was also detected in OBCSs from 5XFAD mice incubated with 1 μM RGFP966, without changes in Aβ. In addition, HDAC3 inhibition resulted in a reduction of activated Iba-1-positive microglia and astrocytes in 5XFAD slices, which was not observed in OBCSs from wild-type mice. mRNA sequencing analysis revealed that HDAC3 inhibition modulated neuronal regenerative pathways related to neurogenesis, differentiation, axonogenesis, and dendritic spine density in OBCSs. Our findings highlight the complexity and diversity of the effects of HDAC3 inhibition on AD models and suggest that HDAC3 may have multiple roles in the regulation of APP expression and processing, as well as in the modulation of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Davis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben Taylor
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Robertas Aleksynas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang MJ, Zhong JH, Yi XJ. Effect of Curcumin on Cognitive Behavior and Pathological Characteristics of the Hippocampus in Mice with Inherent Alzheimer's Disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:335-340. [PMID: 37566247 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of curcumin on pathological manifestations and clearance of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the hippocampus of 8-month-old transgenic APP/PS1 mice with inherent Alzheimer's disease. APP/PS1 mice and the age-matched wild-type controls were subjected to 3 behavioral tests: open field, new object recognition, and Morris water maze. Expression of Aβ, APP, CTF, BACE1, IDE, NEP, and LRP1 proteins in the extracted hippocampal tissue was evaluated by Western blotting. The distribution and the quantity of amyloid plaques and the spread of microglia in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence. The contents of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus were assayed and analyzed on Simoa HD-1 analyzer. The proteins interacting with Aβ in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice were detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Curcumin significantly reduced motor hyperactivity in the open-field test, improved short-term recognition memory, spatial learning, and reference memory in APP/PS1 mice. In the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, curcumin significantly diminished the elevated Aβ levels and inhibited microglia proliferation. At the same time, curcumin had no effect on Aβ production, extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis, and LRP1-mediated outward transport, but enhanced Aβ clearance by activation of the intracellular ubiquitin-proteasome system and related peripheral mechanisms. Thus, curcumin improves the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice and reduces the pathological accumulation of Aβ in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Zhang
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical University of Science and Technology, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China.
| | - J H Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shangyou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi, China
| | - X J Yi
- Guangzhou Vocational and Technical University of Science and Technology, Guang Zhou, Guang Dong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aleksandrova Y, Munkuev A, Mozhaitsev E, Suslov E, Tsypyshev D, Chaprov K, Begunov R, Volcho K, Salakhutdinov N, Neganova M. Elaboration of the Effective Multi-Target Therapeutic Platform for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Novel Monoterpene-Derived Hydroxamic Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119743. [PMID: 37298694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel monoterpene-based hydroxamic acids of two structural types were synthesized for the first time. The first type consisted of compounds with a hydroxamate group directly bound to acyclic, monocyclic and bicyclic monoterpene scaffolds. The second type included hydroxamic acids connected with the monoterpene moiety through aliphatic (hexa/heptamethylene) or aromatic linkers. An in vitro analysis of biological activity demonstrated that some of these molecules had powerful HDAC6 inhibitory activity, with the presence of a linker area in the structure of compounds playing a key role. In particular, it was found that hydroxamic acids containing a hexa- and heptamethylene linker and (-)-perill fragment in the Cap group exhibit excellent inhibitory activity against HDAC6 with IC50 in the submicromolar range from 0.56 ± 0.01 µM to 0.74 ± 0.02 µM. The results of the study of antiradical activity demonstrated the presence of moderate ability for some hydroxamic acids to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2ROO• radicals. The correlation coefficient between the DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value was R2 = 0.8400. In addition, compounds with an aromatic linker based on para-substituted cinnamic acids, having a monocyclic para-menthene skeleton as a Cap group, 35a, 38a, 35b and 38b, demonstrated a significant ability to suppress the aggregation of the pathological β-amyloid peptide 1-42. The 35a lead compound with a promising profile of biological activity, discovered in the in vitro experiments, demonstrated neuroprotective effects on in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease using 5xFAD transgenic mice. Together, the results obtained demonstrate a potential strategy for the use of monoterpene-derived hydroxamic acids for treatment of various aspects of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnij Pr. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Aldar Munkuev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgenii Mozhaitsev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Evgenii Suslov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tsypyshev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill Chaprov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnij Pr. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Roman Begunov
- Biology and Ecology Faculty of P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University, Matrosova Ave., 9, Yaroslavl 150003, Russia
| | - Konstantin Volcho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nariman Salakhutdinov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnij Pr. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang Y, Wan M, Xiao X, Lin Z, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liao X, Lin J, Zhou H, Zhou L, Weng L, Wang J, Guo J, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Xia K, Li J, Tang B, Jiao B, Shen L. GSN gene frameshift mutations in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:436-447. [PMID: 36650038 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenic missense mutations of the gelsolin (GSN) gene lead to familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type (FAF); however, our previous study identified GSN frameshift mutations existed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The GSN genotype-phenotype heterogeneity and the role of GSN frameshift mutations in patients with AD are unclear. METHOD In total, 1192 patients with AD and 1403 controls were screened through whole genome sequencing, and 884 patients with AD were enrolled for validation. Effects of GSN mutations were evaluated in vitro. GSN, Aβ42, Aβ40 and Aβ42/40 were detected in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS Six patients with AD with GSN P3fs and K346fs mutations (0.50%, 6/1192) were identified, who were diagnosed with AD but not FAF. In addition, 13 patients with AD with GSN frameshift mutations were found in the validation cohort (1.47%, 13/884). Further in vitro experiments showed that both K346fs and P3fs mutations led to the GSN loss of function in inhibiting Aβ-induced toxicity. Moreover, a higher level of plasma (p=0.001) and CSF (p=0.005) GSN was observed in AD cases than controls, and a positive correlation was found between the CSF GSN and CSF Aβ42 (r=0.289, p=0.009). Besides, the GSN level was initially increasing and then decreasing with the disease course and cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS GSN frameshift mutations may be associated with AD. An increase in plasma GSN is probably a compensatory reaction in AD, which is a potential biomarker for early AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meidan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XueWen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuojie Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Geriatrics Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Weng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiada Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang G. Targeting epigenetics as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Plasma Proteomics in Healthy Subjects with Differences in Tissue Glucocorticoid Sensitivity Identifies A Novel Proteomic Signature. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010184. [PMID: 35052863 PMCID: PMC8773719 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant inter-individual variation in terms of susceptibility to several stress-related disorders, such as myocardial infarction and Alzheimer’s disease, and therapeutic response has been observed among healthy subjects. The molecular features responsible for this phenomenon have not been fully elucidated. Proteomics, in association with bioinformatics analysis, offer a comprehensive description of molecular phenotypes with clear links to human disease pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative plasma proteomics analysis of glucocorticoid resistant and glucocorticoid sensitive healthy subjects and provide clues of the underlying physiological differences. For this purpose, 101 healthy volunteers were given a very low dose (0.25 mg) of dexamethasone at midnight, and were stratified into the 10% most glucocorticoid sensitive (S) (n = 11) and 10% most glucocorticoid resistant (R) (n = 11) according to the 08:00 h serum cortisol concentrations determined the following morning. One month following the very-low dose dexamethasone suppression test, DNA and plasma samples were collected from the 22 selected individuals. Sequencing analysis did not reveal any genetic defects in the human glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) gene. To investigate the proteomic profile of plasma samples, we used Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and found 110 up-regulated and 66 down-regulated proteins in the S compared to the R group. The majority of the up-regulated proteins in the S group were implicated in platelet activation. To predict response to cortisol prior to administration, a random forest classifier was developed by using the proteomics data in order to distinguish S from R individuals. Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) and gelsolin (GSN) were the most important variables in the classification, and warrant further investigation. Our results indicate that a proteomics signature may differentiate the S from the R healthy subjects, and may be useful in clinical practice. In addition, it may provide clues of the underlying molecular mechanisms of the chronic stress-related diseases, including myocardial infarction and Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Y, Sang S, Ren W, Pei Y, Bian Y, Chen Y, Sun H. Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: A review (2010-2020). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113874. [PMID: 34619465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which is characterized by the primary risk factor, age. Several attempts have been made to treat AD, while most of them end in failure. However, with the deepening study of pathogenesis of AD, the expression of HDAC6 in the hippocampus, which plays a major role of the memory formation, is becoming worth of notice. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a remarkable lesion in AD, has been characterized in association with the abnormal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau, which is mainly caused by the high expression of HDAC6. On the other hand, the hypoacetylated tubulin induced by HDAC6 is also fatal for the neuronal transport, which is the key impact of the formation of axons and dendrites. Overall, the significantly increased expression of HDAC6 in brain regions is deleterious to neuron survival in AD patients. Based on the above research, the inhibition of HDAC6 seems to be a potential therapeutic method for the treatment of AD. Up to now, various types of HDAC6 inhibitors have been discovered. This review mainly analyzes the HDAC6 inhibitors reported amid 2010-2020 in terms of their structure, selectivity and pharmacological impact towards AD. And we aim at facilitating the design and development of better HDAC6 inhibitors in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shenghu Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weijie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Neuroepigenetics, a new branch of epigenetics, plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Neuroepigenetics is associated with holistic neuronal function and helps in formation and maintenance of memory and learning processes. This includes neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative defects in which histone modification enzymes appear to play a crucial role. These modifications, carried out by acetyltransferases and deacetylases, regulate biologic and cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell-cycle progression and oxidative stress. Alterations in acetylation status of histone as well as non-histone substrates lead to transcriptional deregulation. Histone deacetylase decreases acetylation status and causes transcriptional repression of regulatory genes involved in neural plasticity, synaptogenesis, synaptic and neural plasticity, cognition and memory, and neural differentiation. Transcriptional deactivation in the brain results in development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Mounting evidence implicates histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets to combat neurologic disorders. Recent studies have targeted naturally-occurring biomolecules and micro-RNAs to improve cognitive defects and memory. Multi-target drug ligands targeting HDAC have been developed and used in cell-culture and animal-models of neurologic disorders to ameliorate synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we focus on the implications of histone deacetylase enzymes in neuropathology, their regulation of brain function and plausible involvement in the pathogenesis of neurologic defects.
Collapse
|
10
|
Su Q, Li T, He PF, Lu XC, Yu Q, Gao QC, Wang ZJ, Wu MN, Yang D, Qi JS. Trichostatin A ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-related pathology and cognitive deficits by increasing albumin expression and Aβ clearance in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:7. [PMID: 33397436 PMCID: PMC7784383 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intractable neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population, currently lacking a cure. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, showed some neuroprotective roles, but its pathology-improvement effects in AD are still uncertain, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study aims to examine the anti-AD effects of TSA, particularly investigating its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. METHODS Novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests were used to evaluate the memory-ameliorating effects of TSA in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting, Simoa assay, and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to examine the pathology-improvement effects of TSA. Microglial activity was assessed by Western blotting and transwell migration assay. Protein-protein interactions were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS. RESULTS TSA treatment not only reduced amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and soluble Aβ oligomers in the brain, but also effectively improved learning and memory behaviors of APP/PS1 mice. In vitro study suggested that the improvement of Aβ pathology by TSA was attributed to the enhancement of Aβ clearance, mainly by the phagocytosis of microglia, and the endocytosis and transport of microvascular endothelial cells. Notably, a meaningful discovery in the study was that TSA dramatically upregulated the expression level of albumin in cell culture, by which TSA inhibited Aβ aggregation and promoted the phagocytosis of Aβ oligomers. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of AD and suggest TSA as a novel promising candidate for the AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Su
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Pei-Feng He
- Institute of Medical Data Sciences and School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xue-Chun Lu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Qi Yu
- Institute of Medical Data Sciences and School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qi-Chao Gao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang Y, Jiao B, Liao X, Xiao X, Liu X, Shen L. Analyses Mutations in GSN, CST3, TTR, and ITM2B Genes in Chinese Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:581524. [PMID: 33192475 PMCID: PMC7533594 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.581524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid protein deposition is a common mechanism of hereditary amyloidosis (HA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mutations of gelsolin (GSN), cystatin C (CST3), transthyretin (TTR), and integral membrane protein 2B (ITM2B) genes can lead to HA. But the relationship is unclear between these genes and AD. Genes targeted sequencing (GTS), including GSN, CST3, TTR, and ITM2B, was performed in a total of 636 patients with clinical AD and 365 normal controls from China. As a result, according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, two novel likely pathogenic frame-shift mutations (GSN:c.1036delA:p.K346fs and GSN:c.8_35del:p.P3fs) were detected in five patients with AD, whose initial symptom was memory decline, accompanied with psychological and behavioral abnormalities later. Interestingly, the patient with K346fs mutation, presented cerebral β-amyloid protein deposition, had an early onset (48 years) and experienced rapid progression, while the other four patients with P3fs mutation had a late onset [(Mean ± SD): 69.50 ± 5.20 years] and a long course of illness [(Mean ± SD): 9.24 ± 4.86 years]. Besides, we also discovered 17 variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in these four genes. To our knowledge, we are the first to report AD phenotype with GSN mutations in patients with AD in the Chinese cohort. Although mutations in the GSN gene are rare, it may explain a small portion of clinically diagnosed AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ausó E, Gómez-Vicente V, Esquiva G. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Early Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E114. [PMID: 32899797 PMCID: PMC7563965 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) through the accumulation of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFTs) and β-amyloid plaques. By the time AD is clinically diagnosed, neuronal loss has already occurred in many brain and retinal regions. Therefore, the availability of early and reliable diagnosis markers of the disease would allow its detection and taking preventive measures to avoid neuronal loss. Current diagnostic tools in the brain, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ and tau) detection are invasive and expensive. Brain-secreted extracellular vesicles (BEVs) isolated from peripheral blood have emerged as novel strategies in the study of AD, with enormous potential as a diagnostic evaluation of therapeutics and treatment tools. In addition; similar mechanisms of neurodegeneration have been demonstrated in the brain and the eyes of AD patients. Since the eyes are more accessible than the brain, several eye tests that detect cellular and vascular changes in the retina have also been proposed as potential screening biomarkers. The aim of this study is to summarize and discuss several potential markers in the brain, eye, blood, and other accessible biofluids like saliva and urine, and correlate them with earlier diagnosis and prognosis to identify individuals with mild symptoms prior to dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (E.A.); (V.G.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pharmacological intervention of histone deacetylase enzymes in the neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2020; 243:117278. [PMID: 31926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of aging symptoms and related disorders are the challenging task where epigenetic is a crucial player that includes DNA methylation, histone modification; chromatin remodeling and regulation that are linked to the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Overexpression of various histone deacetylase (HDACs) can activate Glycogen synthase kinase 3 which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of tau and inhibits its degradation. While HDAC is important for maintaining the neuronal morphology and brain homeostasis, at the same time, these enzymes are promoting neurodegeneration, if it is deregulated. Different experimental models have also confirmed the neuroprotective effects caused by HDAC enzymes through the regulation of neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Apart from transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interaction, histone post-translational modifications, deacetylation mechanism of non-histone protein and direct association with disease proteins have been linked to neuronal imbalance. Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) can be able to alter gene expression and shown its efficacy on experimental models, and in clinical trials for NDD's and found to be a very promising therapeutic agent with certain limitation, for instance, non-specific target effect, isoform-selectivity, specificity, and limited number of predicted biomarkers. Herein, we discussed (i) the catalytic mechanism of the deacetylation process of various HDAC's in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, (ii) how HDACs are participating in neuroprotection as well as in neurodegeneration, (iii) a comprehensive role of HDACi in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and (iv) therapeutic role of biomolecules to modulate HDACs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li LH, Peng WN, Deng Y, Li JJ, Tian XR. Action of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:293-301. [PMID: 31552902 PMCID: PMC6905323 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, is used to treat Alzheimer's disease and can improve learning and memory but its underlying mechanism of action is unknown. To determine whether the therapeutic effect of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease is associated with the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-related protein-1 (Keap1) signaling pathway, amyloid β-peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35) was used to induce Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Cells were then treated with trichostatin A. The effects of trichostatin A on the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot assays and immunofluorescence. Total antioxidant capacity and autophagy activity were evaluated by total antioxidant capacity assay kit and light chain 3-I/II levels, respectively. We found that trichostatin A increased cell viability and Nrf2 expression, and decreased Keap1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, trichostatin A increased the expression of Nrf2-related target genes, such as superoxide dismutase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and glutathione S-transferase, thereby increasing the total antioxidant capacity of SH-SY5Y cells and inhibiting amyloid β-peptide-induced autophagy. Knockdown of Keap1 in SH-SY5Y cells further increased trichostatin A-induced Nrf2 expression. These results indicate that the therapeutic effect of trichostatin A on Alzheimer's disease is associated with the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. The mechanism for this action may be that trichostatin A increases cell viability and the antioxidant capacity of SH-SY5Y cells by alleviating Keap1-mediated inhibition Nrf2 signaling, thereby alleviating amyloid β-peptide-induced cell damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Na Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- College of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Tian
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Gelsolin (GSN), one of the most abundant actin-binding proteins, is involved in cell motility, shape and metabolism. As a member of the GSN superfamily, GSN is a highly structured protein in eukaryotic cells that can be regulated by calcium concentration, intracellular pH, temperature and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. GSN plays an important role in cellular mechanisms as well as in different cellular interactions. Because of its participation in immunologic processes and its interaction with different cells of the immune system, GSN is a potential candidate for various therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarise the structure of GSN as well as its regulating and functional roles, focusing on distinct diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. A short overview of GSN as a therapeutic target in today's medicine is also provided.
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao F, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Li A, Xiao S, Liu Q, Shen L, Ni J. Identification of Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease Through Computational Prediction and Experimental Validation. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1158. [PMID: 30671019 PMCID: PMC6331438 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia in population aged over 65 years, accounting up to 70% dementia cases. However, validated peripheral biomarkers for AD diagnosis are not available up to present. In this study, we adopted a new strategy of combination of computational prediction and experimental validation to identify blood protein biomarkers for AD. Methods: First, we collected tissue-based gene expression data of AD patients and healthy controls from GEO database. Second, we analyzed these data and identified differentially expressed genes for AD. Third, we applied a blood-secretory protein prediction program on these genes and predicted AD-related proteins in blood. Finally, we collected blood samples of AD patients and healthy controls to validate the potential AD biomarkers by using ELISA experiments and Western blot analyses. Results: A total of 2754 genes were identified to express differentially in brain tissues of AD, among which 296 genes were predicted to encode AD-related blood-secretory proteins. After careful analysis and literature survey on these predicted blood-secretory proteins, ten proteins were considered as potential AD biomarkers, five of which were experimentally verified with significant change in blood samples of AD vs. controls by ELISA, including GSN, BDNF, TIMP1, VLDLR, and APLP2. ROC analyses showed that VLDLR and TIMP1 had excellent performance in distinguishing AD patients from controls (area under the curve, AUC = 0.932 and 0.903, respectively). Further validation of VLDLR and TIMP1 by Western blot analyses has confirmed the results obtained in ELISA experiments. Conclusion: VLDLR and TIMP1 had better discriminative abilities between ADs and controls, and might serve as potential blood biomarkers for AD. To our knowledge, this is the first time to identify blood protein biomarkers for AD through combination of computational prediction and experimental validation. In addition, VLDLR was first reported here as potential blood protein biomarker for AD. Thus, our findings might provide important information for AD diagnosis and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Aidong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shifeng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liming Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yao F, Hong X, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Du W, Wang Y, Ni J. Urine-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease Identified Through Coupling Computational and Experimental Methods. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:421-431. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hong
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Du
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Elkahloun AG, Rodriguez Y, Alaiyed S, Wenzel E, Saavedra JM. Telmisartan Protects a Microglia Cell Line from LPS Injury Beyond AT1 Receptor Blockade or PPARγ Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3193-3210. [PMID: 30105672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) Telmisartan reduces inflammation through Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. However, in a mouse microglia-like BV2 cell line, imitating primary microglia responses with high fidelity and devoid of AT1 receptor gene expression or PPARγ activation, Telmisartan reduced gene expression of pro-injury factors, enhanced that of anti-inflammatory genes, and prevented LPS-induced increase in inflammatory markers. Using global gene expression profiling and pathways analysis, we revealed that Telmisartan normalized the expression of hundreds of genes upregulated by LPS and linked with inflammation, apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders, while downregulating the expression of genes associated with oncological, neurodegenerative and viral diseases. The PPARγ full agonist Pioglitazone had no neuroprotective effects. Surprisingly, the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 were neuroprotective and enhanced Telmisartan effects. GW9226 alone significantly reduced LPS toxic effects and enhanced Telmisartan neuroprotection, including downregulation of pro-inflammatory TLR2 gene expression. Telmisartan and GW9662 effects on LPS injury negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors and upstream regulators, including TLR2, and positively with known neuroprotective factors and upstream regulators. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the Telmisartan and GW9662 data revealed negative correlations with sets of genes associated with neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders and toxic treatments in cultured systems, while demonstrating positive correlations with gene sets associated with neuroprotection and kinase inhibition. Our results strongly suggest that novel neuroprotective effects of Telmisartan and GW9662, beyond AT1 receptor blockade or PPARγ activation, include downregulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway, findings that may have translational relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel G Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr, MSC 4435, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4435, USA
| | - Yara Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Seham Alaiyed
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Erin Wenzel
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cao T, Zhou X, Zheng X, Cui Y, Tsien JZ, Li C, Wang H. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Alleviates the Neurodegenerative Phenotypes and Histone Dysregulation in Presenilins-Deficient Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:137. [PMID: 29867447 PMCID: PMC5962686 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation has been shown to play a crucial role in memory formation, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) has been demonstrated to improve memory performance and rescue the neurodegeneration of several Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) mouse models. The forebrain presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 conditional double knockout (cDKO) mice showed memory impairment, forebrain degeneration, tau hyperphosphorylation and inflammation that closely mimics AD-like phenotypes. In this article, we have investigated the effects of systemic administration of NaB on neurodegenerative phenotypes in cDKO mice. We found that chronic NaB treatment significantly restored contextual memory but did not alter cued memory in cDKO mice while such an effect was not permanent after treatment withdrawal. We further revealed that NaB treatment did not rescue reduced synaptic numbers and cortical shrinkage in cDKO mice, but significantly increased the neurogenesis in subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (DG). We also observed that tau hyperphosphorylation and inflammation related protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) level were decreased in cDKO mice by NaB. Furthermore, GO and pathway analysis for the RNA-Seq data demonstrated that NaB treatment induced enrichment of transcripts associated with inflammation/immune processes and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions. RT-PCR confirmed that NaB treatment inhibited the expression of inflammation related genes such as S100a9 and Ccl4 found upregulated in the brain of cDKO mice. Surprisingly, the level of brain histone acetylation in cDKO mice was dramatically increased and was decreased by the administration of NaB, which may reflect dysregulation of histone acetylation underlying memory impairment in cDKO mice. These results shed some lights on the possible molecular mechanisms of HDAC inhibitor in alleviating the neurodegenerative phenotypes of cDKO mice and provide a promising target for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjie Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China
| | - Joe Z Tsien
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Chunxia Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University Shanghai, China.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University Shanghai Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shen L, Liao L, Chen C, Guo Y, Song D, Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang K, Ying M, Li S, Liu Q, Ni J. Proteomics Analysis of Blood Serums from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Using iTRAQ Labeling Technology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:361-378. [PMID: 27911324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer' disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting up to 6% of the population over the age of 65. In order to discover differentially expressed proteins that might serve as potential biomarkers, the serums from AD patients and healthy controls were compared and analyzed using the proteomics approach of isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). For the first time, AD biomarkers in serums are investigated in the Han Chinese population using iTRAQ labeled proteomics strategy. Twenty-two differentially expressed proteins were identified and out of which nine proteins were further validated with more sample test. Another three proteins that have been reported in the literature to be potentially associated with AD were also investigated for alteration in expression level. Functions of those proteins were mainly related to the following processes: amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, cholesterol transport, complement and coagulation cascades, immune response, inflammation, hemostasis, hyaluronan metabolism, and oxidative stress. These results support current views on the molecular mechanism of AD. For the first time, differential expression of zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1), fibulin-1 (FBLN1), platelet basic protein (PPBP), thrombospondin-1 (THBS1), S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8), and S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) were detected in the serums of AD patients compared with healthy controls. These proteins might play a role in AD pathophysiology and serve as potential biomarkers for AD diagnosis. Specifically, our results strengthened the crucial role of Aβ metabolism and blood coagulation in AD pathogenesis and proteins related to these two processes may be used as peripheral blood biomarkers for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liping Liao
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Youjiao Chen
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ying
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Avila-Vazquez MF, Altamirano-Bustamante NF, Altamirano-Bustamante MM. Amyloid Biomarkers in Conformational Diseases at Face Value: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010079. [PMID: 29286329 PMCID: PMC6017595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational diseases represent a new aspect of proteomic medicine where diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms are evolving. In this context, the early biomarkers for target cell failure (neurons, β-cells, etc.) represent a challenge to translational medicine and play a multidimensional role as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This systematic review, which follows the PICO and Prisma methods, analyses this new-fangled multidimensionality, its strengths and limitations, and presents the future possibilities it opens up. The nuclear diagnosis methods are immunoassays: ELISA, immunodot, western blot, etc., while the therapeutic approach is focused on pharmaco- and molecular chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Avila-Vazquez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.
- Health Department, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City 01219, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhu X, Wang S, Yu L, Jin J, Ye X, Liu Y, Xu Y. HDAC3 negatively regulates spatial memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1073-1082. [PMID: 28771976 PMCID: PMC5595690 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a key neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD, while the specific HDAC isoforms associated with cognitive improvement are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the role of HDAC3 in the pathogenesis of AD. Nuclear HDAC3 is significantly increased in the hippocampus of 6- and 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice compared with that in age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Lentivirus -mediated inhibition or overexpression of HDAC3 was used in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice to investigate the role of HDAC3 in spatial memory, amyloid burden, dendritic spine density, glial activation and tau phosphorylation. Inhibition of HDAC3 in the hippocampus attenuates spatial memory deficits, as indicated in the Morris water maze test, and decreases amyloid plaque load and Aβ levels in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Dendritic spine density is increased, while microglial activation is alleviated after HDAC3 inhibition in the hippocampus of 9-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, HDAC3 overexpression in the hippocampus increases Aβ levels, activates microglia, and decreases dendritic spine density in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that HDAC3 negatively regulates spatial memory in APP/PS1 mice and HDAC3 inhibition might represent a potential therapy for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center; Nanjing China
| | - Sulei Wang
- Department of Neurology; Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Linjie Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Jiali Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Xing Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yun Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Department of Neurology; Medical School; Drum Tower Hospital; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine; Medical School of Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center; Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li J, Zhang Q, Chen F, Meng X, Liu W, Chen D, Yan J, Kim S, Wang L, Feng W, Saykin AJ, Liang H, Shen L. Genome-wide association and interaction studies of CSF T-tau/Aβ 42 ratio in ADNI cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2017. [PMID: 28641921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic relevance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a decrease of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-ß42 (Aß42) burden and an increase in cerebrospinal fluid total tau (T-tau) levels. In this work, we performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genome-wide interaction study of T-tau/Aß42 ratio as an AD imaging quantitative trait on 843 subjects and 563,980 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADNI cohort. We aim to identify not only SNPs with significant main effects but also SNPs with interaction effects to help explain "missing heritability". Linear regression method was used to detect SNP-SNP interactions among SNPs with uncorrected p-value ≤0.01 from the GWAS. Age, gender, and diagnosis were considered as covariates in both studies. The GWAS results replicated the previously reported AD-related genes APOE, APOC1, and TOMM40, as well as identified 14 novel genes, which showed genome-wide statistical significance. Genome-wide interaction study revealed 7 pairs of SNPs meeting the cell-size criteria and with bonferroni-corrected p-value ≤0.05. As we expect, these interaction pairs all had marginal main effects but explained a relatively high-level variance of T-tau/Aß42, demonstrating their potential association with AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China; College of Information Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Xianglian Meng
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China; College of Information Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingwen Yan
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Weixing Feng
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China.
| | - Li Shen
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiu X, Xiao X, Li N, Li Y. Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis) as novel therapeutic application in various clinical diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 72:60-72. [PMID: 27614213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that histone hypoacetylation which is partly mediated by histone deacetylase (HDAC), plays a causative role in the etiology of various clinical disorders such as cancer and central nervous diseases. HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) are natural or synthetic small molecules that can inhibit the activities of HDACs and restore or increase the level of histone acetylation, thus may represent the potential approach to treating a number of clinical disorders. This manuscript reviewed the progress of the most recent experimental application of HDACis as novel potential drugs or agents in a large number of clinical disorders including various brain disorders including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental cognitive disorders and psychiatric diseases like depression, anxiety, fear and schizophrenia, and cancer, endometriosis and cell reprogramming in somatic cell nuclear transfer in human and animal models of disease, and concluded that HDACis as potential novel therapeutic agents could be used alone or in adjunct to other pharmacological agents in various clinical diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qiu
- School of Animal Science & Technology, Southwest University, Chong Qing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- School of Animal Science & Technology, Southwest University, Chong Qing 400715, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Animal Science & Technology, Southwest University, Chong Qing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuemin Li
- School of Animal Science & Technology, Southwest University, Chong Qing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peng M, Jia J, Qin W. Plasma gelsolin and matrix metalloproteinase 3 as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:116-21. [PMID: 25864780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gelsolin (GSN) levels and matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) activity have been found to be altered in the plasma in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). The aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of these proteins with clinical data is specific and sensitive enough for AD diagnosis. In 113 non-demented controls and 113 patients with probable AD, the plasma GSN levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the plasma MMP3 activity was determined using casein zymography. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to determine the diagnostic accuracy of these proteins combined with clinical data. Compared with the controls, the AD patients had significantly lower GSN levels and significantly higher MMP3 activity. Moreover, both the GSN level and MMP3 activity were significantly correlated with the MMSE scores. In AD patients, the GSN level was negatively correlated with MMP3 activity. ROC curve analysis showed that the specificity and sensitivity were 77% and 75.2%, respectively, for the combination of the following candidate biomarkers: GSN level/the total amount of Aβ42 and Aβ40, plasma MMP3 activity and clinical data. With its relatively high sensitivity and specificity, this combined biomarker panel may have potential for the screening of AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, China; Key Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, China; Key Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, China; Key Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|