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Liu WT, Li CQ, Fu AN, Yang HT, Xie YX, Yao H, Yi GH. Therapeutic Implication of Targeting Mitochondrial Drugs Designed for Efferocytosis Dysfunction. J Drug Target 2024:1-34. [PMID: 39099434 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2386620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Efferocytosis refers to the process by which phagocytes remove apoptotic cells and related apoptotic products. It is essential for the growth and development of the body, the repair of damaged or inflamed tissues, and the balance of the immune system. Damaged efferocytosis will cause a variety of chronic inflammation and immune system diseases. Many studies show that efferocytosis is a process mediated by mitochondria. Mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and communication between mitochondria and other organelles can all affect phagocytes' clearance of apoptotic cells. Therefore, targeting mitochondria to modulate phagocyte efferocytosis is an anticipated strategy to prevent and treat chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we introduced the mechanism of efferocytosis and the pivoted role of mitochondria in efferocytosis. In addition, we focused on the therapeutic implication of drugs targeting mitochondria in diseases related to efferocytosis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chao-Quan Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ao-Ni Fu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hao-Tian Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yu-Xin Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yi
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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Leuti A, Fava M, Forte G, Pellegrini N, Oddi S, Scipioni L, Gomez EA, Dalli J, Maccarrone M. The endocannabinoid anandamide activates pro-resolving pathways in human primary macrophages by engaging both CB 2 and GPR18 receptors. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23675. [PMID: 38801406 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301325r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is the cellular and molecular process that protects from widespread and uncontrolled inflammation and restores tissue function in the aftermath of acute immune events. This process is orchestrated by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM), a class of bioactive lipids able to reduce immune activation and promote removal of tissue debris and apoptotic cells by macrophages. Although SPMs are the lipid class that has been best studied for its role in facilitating the resolution of self-limited inflammation, a number of other lipid signals, including endocannabinoids, also exert protective immunomodulatory effects on immune cells, including macrophages. These observations suggest that endocannabinoids may also display pro-resolving actions. Interestingly, the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is not only known to bind canonical type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but also to engage SPM-binding receptors such as GPR18. This suggests that AEA may also contribute to the governing of resolution processes. In order to interrogate this hypothesis, we investigated the ability of AEA to induce pro-resolving responses by classically-activated primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MoDM). We found that AEA, at nanomolar concentration, enhances efferocytosis in MoDMs in a CB2- and GPR18-dependent manner. Using lipid mediator profiling, we also observed that AEA modulates SPM profiles in these cells, including levels of resolvin (Rv)D1, RvD6, maresin (MaR)2, and RvE1 in a CB2-dependent manner. AEA treatment also modulated the gene expression of SPM enzymes involved in both the formation and further metabolism of SPM such as 5-lipoxygenase and 15-Prostaglandin dehydrogenase. Our findings show, for the first time, a direct effect of AEA on the regulation of pro-resolving pathways in human macrophages. They also provide new insights into the complex interactions between different lipid pathways in activation of pro-resolving responses contributing to the reestablishment of homeostasis in the aftermath of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Fava
- European Center for Brain Research/Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Forte
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Pellegrini
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Oddi
- European Center for Brain Research/Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucia Scipioni
- European Center for Brain Research/Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Esteban A Gomez
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Institute for Research and Health Care (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Zhao FZ, Gu WJ, Li LZ, Qu ZK, Xu MY, Liu K, Zhang F, Liu H, Xu J, Yin HY. Cannabinoid receptor 2 alleviates sepsis-associated acute lung injury by modulating maturation of dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110771. [PMID: 37582314 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in a variety of inflammatory lung diseases, but their role in sepsis-associated acute lung injury (SA-ALI) is currently not been illuminated. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) has been reported to regulate the DCs maturation. However, whether the CNR2 in DCs contributes to therapeutic therapy for SA-ALI remain unclear. In current study, the role of CNR2 on DCs maturation and inflammatory during SA-ALI is to explored. METHODS First, the CNR2 level was analyzed in isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) from patient with SA-ALI by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Subsequently, HU308, a specific agonist of CNR2, and SR144528, a specific antagonist of CNR2, were introduced to explore the function of CNR2 on DCs maturation and inflammatory during SA-ALI. Finally, CNR2 conditional knockout mice were generated to further confirm the function of DCs maturation and Inflammation during SA-ALI. RESULTS First, we found that the expression of CNR2 on DCs was decreased in patient with SA-ALI. Besides, the result showed HU308 could decrease the maturation of DCs and the level of inflammatory cytokines, simultaneously reduce pulmonary pathological injury after LPS-induced sepsis in mice. In contrast of HU308, SR144528 exhibits opposite function of DCs maturate, inflammatory cytokines and lung pathological injury. Furthermore, comparing with SR144528 treatment, similar results were obtained in DCs specific CNR2 knockout mice after LPS treatment. CONCLUSION CNR2 could alleviate SA-ALI by modulating maturation of DCs and inflammatory factors levels. Targeting CNR2 signaling specifically in DCs has therapeutic potential for the treatment of SA-ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan-Jie Gu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long-Zhu Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Qu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hai-Yan Yin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Preteroti M, Wilson ET, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Modulation of pulmonary immune function by inhaled cannabis products and consequences for lung disease. Respir Res 2023; 24:95. [PMID: 36978106 PMCID: PMC10043545 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs, in addition to participating in gas exchange, represent the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens and respiratory toxicants. Cells lining the airways and alveoli include epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, the latter being resident innate immune cells important in surfactant recycling, protection against bacterial invasion and modulation of lung immune homeostasis. Environmental exposure to toxicants found in cigarette smoke, air pollution and cannabis can alter the number and function of immune cells in the lungs. Cannabis (marijuana) is a plant-derived product that is typically inhaled in the form of smoke from a joint. However, alternative delivery methods such as vaping, which heats the plant without combustion, are becoming more common. Cannabis use has increased in recent years, coinciding with more countries legalizing cannabis for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Cannabis may have numerous health benefits owing to the presence of cannabinoids that dampen immune function and therefore tame inflammation that is associated with chronic diseases such as arthritis. The health effects that could come with cannabis use remain poorly understood, particularly inhaled cannabis products that may directly impact the pulmonary immune system. Herein, we first describe the bioactive phytochemicals present in cannabis, with an emphasis on cannabinoids and their ability to interact with the endocannabinoid system. We also review the current state-of-knowledge as to how inhaled cannabis/cannabinoids can shape immune response in the lungs and discuss the potential consequences of altered pulmonary immunity. Overall, more research is needed to understand how cannabis inhalation shapes the pulmonary immune response to balance physiological and beneficial responses with potential deleterious consequences on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Preteroti
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily T Wilson
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Deciphering Complex Interactions in Bioactive Lipid Signaling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062622. [PMID: 36985594 PMCID: PMC10057854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are usually viewed as metabolic fuel and structural membrane components. Yet, in recent years, different families of lipids able to act as authentic messengers between cells and/or intracellularly have been discovered. Such lipid signals have been shown to exert their biological activity via specific receptors that, by triggering distinct signal transduction pathways, regulate manifold pathophysiological processes in our body. Here, endogenous bioactive lipids produced from arachidonic acid (AA) and other poly-unsaturated fatty acids will be presented, in order to put into better perspective the relevance of their mutual interactions for health and disease conditions. To this end, metabolism and signal transduction pathways of classical eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators will be described, and the intersections and commonalities of their metabolic enzymes and binding receptors will be discussed. Moreover, the interactions of AA-derived signals with other bioactive lipids such as shingosine-1-phosphate and steroid hormones will be addressed.
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6
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Xie Y, Chen H, Qu P, Qiao X, Guo L, Liu L. Novel insight on the role of Macrophages in atherosclerosis: Focus on polarization, apoptosis and efferocytosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Differential Effects of D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and Cannabidiol (CBD)-Based Cannabinoid Treatments on Macrophage Immune Function In Vitro and on Gastrointestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081793. [PMID: 35892693 PMCID: PMC9332744 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids possess a wide range of immune regulatory properties, mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Monocyte/macrophage innate immune cells express endocannabinoid receptors. Dysregulation of macrophage function is involved in the pathogenesis of different inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In our research, we aimed to evaluate the effects of the phytocannabinoids D9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on macrophage activation. Macrophages from young and aged C57BL/6 mice were activated in vitro in the presence of pure cannabinoids or cannabis extracts. The phenotype of the cells, nitric oxide (NO•) secretion, and cytokine secretion were examined. In addition, these treatments were administered to murine colitis model. The clinical statuses of mice, levels of colon infiltrating macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines in the blood, were evaluated. We demonstrated inhibition of macrophage NO• and cytokine secretion and significant effects on expression of cell surface molecules. In the murine model, clinical scores were improved and macrophage colon infiltration reduced following treatment. We identified higher activity of cannabis extracts as compared with pure cannabinoids. Each treatment had a unique effect on cytokine composition. Overall, our results establish that the effects of cannabinoid treatments differ. A better understanding of the reciprocal relationship between cannabinoids and immunity is essential to design targeted treatment strategies.
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8
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Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702675. [PMID: 34393784 PMCID: PMC8363263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has attracted attention as a pharmacological target for several pathological conditions. Cannabinoid (CB2)-selective agonists have been the focus of pharmacological studies because modulation of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) can be useful in the treatment of pain, inflammation, arthritis, addiction, and cancer among other possible therapeutic applications while circumventing CNS-related adverse effects. Increasing number of evidences from different independent preclinical studies have suggested new perspectives on the involvement of CB2R signaling in inflammation, infection and immunity, thus play important role in cancer, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic diseases. JWH133 is a synthetic agonist with high CB2R selectivity and showed to exert CB2R mediated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Cumulative evidences suggest that JWH133 protects against hepatic injury, renal injury, cardiotoxicity, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer as well as against oxidative damage and inflammation, inhibits fibrosis and apoptosis, and acts as an immunosuppressant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of JWH133. This review also presents molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of JWH133 under various pathological conditions except neurological diseases. Based on the available data, this review proposes the possibilities of developing JWH133 as a promising therapeutic agent; however, further safety and toxicity studies in preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Piscitelli F, Silvestri C. Role of the Endocannabinoidome in Human and Mouse Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3147-3164. [PMID: 31448709 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190826162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Endocannabinoid (eCB) system and its role in many physiological and pathological conditions is well described and accepted, and includes cardiovascular disorders. However, the eCB system has been expanded to an "-ome"; the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) that includes endocannabinoid-related mediators, their protein targets and metabolic enzymes, many of which significantly impact upon cardiometabolic health. These recent discoveries are here summarized with a special focus on their potential involvement in atherosclerosis. We described the role of classical components of the eCB system (eCBs, CB1 and CB2 receptors) and eCB-related lipids, their regulatory enzymes and molecular targets in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, since increasing evidence points to significant cross-talk between the eCBome and the gut microbiome and the gut microbiome and atherosclerosis, we explore the possibility that a gut microbiome - eCBome axis has potential implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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10
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Lin D, Kang X, Shen L, Tu S, Lenahan C, Chen Y, Wang X, Shao A. Efferocytosis and Its Associated Cytokines: A Light on Non-tumor and Tumor Diseases? MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:394-407. [PMID: 32346605 PMCID: PMC7186127 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Billions of cells undergo turnover and die via apoptosis throughout our lifetime. A prompt clearance of these apoptotic cells and debris by phagocytic cells, a process known as efferocytosis, is important in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, impaired efferocytosis due to the defective clearance and disrupted stages can lead to a growing number of inflammation- and immune-related diseases. Although numerous studies have shown the mechanisms of efferocytosis, its role in disorders, such as non-tumor and tumor diseases, remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the processes and signal molecules in efferocytosis, and efferocytosis-related functions in non-tumor (e.g., atherosclerosis, lung diseases) and tumor diseases (e.g., breast cancer, prostate cancer), as well as describes the role of involved cytokines. Of note, there is a dual role of efferocytosis in the abovementioned disorders, and a paradoxical effect among non-tumor and tumor diseases in terms of inflammation resolution, immune response, and disease progression. Briefly, intact efferocytosis and cytokines promote tissue repair, while they contribute to tumor progression via the tumor microenvironment and macrophage politzerization. Additionally, this review provides potential targets associated with TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK) receptors and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and CXCL5, suggesting potential novel therapeutic ways in treating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Lin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodiao Kang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Lowin T, Schneider M, Pongratz G. Joints for joints: cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2020; 31:271-278. [PMID: 30920973 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are using cannabis to treat their symptoms, although systematic studies regarding efficacy in RA are lacking. Within this review we will give an overview on the overall effects of cannabinoids in inflammation and why they might be useful in the treatment of RA. RECENT FINDINGS Peripherally, cannabinoids show anti-inflammatory effects by activating cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2) which decrease cytokine production and immune cell mobilization. In contrast, cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) activation on immune cells is proinflammatory while CB1 antagonism provides anti-inflammatory effects by increasing β2-adrenergic signaling in the joint and secondary lymphoid organs. In addition, the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrated antiarthritic effects independent of cannabinoid receptors. In addition to controlling inflammation, cannabinoids reduce pain by activating central and peripheral CB1, peripheral CB2 receptors and CBD-sensitive noncannabinoid receptor targets. SUMMARY Cannabinoids might be a suitable treatment for RA, but it is important to target the right receptors in the right place. For clinical studies, we propose a combination of a CB2 agonist to decrease cytokine production, a peripheral CB1 antagonist to prevent detrimental CB1 signaling and to support anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 via activation of β2-adrenergic receptors and CBD to induce cannabinoid-receptor-independent anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich & Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Rinne P, Guillamat-Prats R, Rami M, Bindila L, Ring L, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitoharju E, Oksala N, Lehtimäki T, Weber C, van der Vorst EPC, Steffens S. Palmitoylethanolamide Promotes a Proresolving Macrophage Phenotype and Attenuates Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2562-2575. [PMID: 30354245 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Palmitoylethanolamide is an endogenous fatty acid mediator that is synthetized from membrane phospholipids by N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D. Its biological actions are primarily mediated by PPAR-α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α) and the orphan receptor GPR55. Palmitoylethanolamide exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions but its physiological role and promise as a therapeutic agent in chronic arterial inflammation, such as atherosclerosis remain unexplored. Approach and Results- First, the polarization of mouse primary macrophages towards a proinflammatory phenotype was found to reduce N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D expression and palmitoylethanolamide bioavailability. N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D expression was progressively downregulated in the aorta of apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice during atherogenesis. N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D mRNA levels were also downregulated in unstable human plaques and they positively associated with smooth muscle cell markers and negatively with macrophage markers. Second, ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 or 16 weeks and treated with either vehicle or palmitoylethanolamide (3 mg/kg per day, 4 weeks) to study the effects of palmitoylethanolamide on early established and pre-established atherosclerosis. Palmitoylethanolamide treatment reduced plaque size in early atherosclerosis, whereas in pre-established atherosclerosis, palmitoylethanolamide promoted signs of plaque stability as evidenced by reduced macrophage accumulation and necrotic core size, increased collagen deposition and downregulation of M1-type macrophage markers. Mechanistically, we found that palmitoylethanolamide, by activating GPR55, increases the expression of the phagocytosis receptor MerTK (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER) and enhances macrophage efferocytosis, indicative of proresolving properties. Conclusions- The present study demonstrates that palmitoylethanolamide protects against atherosclerosis by promoting an anti-inflammatory and proresolving phenotype of lesional macrophages, representing a new therapeutic approach to resolve arterial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Rinne
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S).,Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Finland (P.R.)
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Finland (P.R.)
| | - Martina Rami
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S)
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany (L.B.)
| | - Larisa Ring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S)
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.)
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.)
| | - Niku Oksala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.).,Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Finland (N.O.)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland (L.-P.L., E.R., N.O., T.L.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S).,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands (C.W.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
| | - Emiel P C van der Vorst
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S)
| | - Sabine Steffens
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) of Munich, Germany (P.R., R.G.-P., M.R., L.R., C.W., E.P.C.v.d.V., S.S).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany (C.W., S.S.)
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13
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Wu A, Hu P, Lin J, Xia W, Zhang R. Activating Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Protects Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Autophagy Induction. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1292. [PMID: 30459625 PMCID: PMC6232417 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has been reported to produce a cardio-protective effect in cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction. Here in this study, we investigated the role of CB2 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and its underlying mechanisms. HU308 was used for the selective activation of CB2. Bafilomycin A1 was used for the blockade of autophagy and compound C was used to inhibit AMPK signaling. An streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice model and high glucose (HG)-challenged cardiomyocytes were applied for study. Cardiac function was detected by echocardiography and Western blot for the detection of autophagy-related and its signaling-related proteins. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the analysis of autophagosome number. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. We found that activating CB2 by HU308 improved cardiac function in DCM as well as cell viability in cardiomyocytes under HG challenge, while the administration of bafilomycin A1 attenuated the protective effects. HU308 enhanced the level of autophagy in the heart tissues from DCM mice as well as cardiomyocytes under HG challenge. HU308 triggered the AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K signaling pathway, while the administration of compound C attenuated the cardio-protective effect of HU308 in cardiomyocytes under HG challenge. In conclusion, we initially demonstrated that activating CB2 produced a cardio-protective effect in DCM as well as cardiomyocytes under HG challenge through inducing the AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K signaling-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Ho WSV, Kelly MEM. Cannabinoids in the Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:329-366. [PMID: 28826540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are known to modulate cardiovascular functions including heart rate, vascular tone, and blood pressure in humans and animal models. Essential components of the endocannabinoid system, namely, the production, degradation, and signaling pathways of endocannabinoids have been described not only in the central and peripheral nervous system but also in myocardium, vasculature, platelets, and immune cells. The mechanisms of cardiovascular responses to endocannabinoids are often complex and may involve cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors or non-CB1/2 receptor targets. Preclinical and some clinical studies have suggested that targeting the endocannabinoid system can improve cardiovascular functions in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sepsis, and atherosclerosis. In this chapter, we summarize the local and systemic cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids and highlight our current knowledge regarding the therapeutic potential of endocannabinoid signaling and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing S V Ho
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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15
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Jia SJ, Gao KQ, Zhao M. Epigenetic regulation in monocyte/macrophage: A key player during atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 35. [PMID: 28371472 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jie Jia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
- Department of Pharmaceutics; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Ke-Qin Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha China
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