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Liu J, Hu D, Wang Y, Zhou X, Jiang L, Wang P, Lai H, Wang Y, Xiao H. Exploration of a Predictive Model for Keloid and Potential Therapeutic Drugs Based on Immune Infiltration and Cuproptosis-Related Genes. J Burn Care Res 2024; 45:1217-1231. [PMID: 38334429 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between cuproptosis-related genes and immunoinfiltration in keloid, develop a predictive model for keloid occurrence, and explore potential therapeutic drugs. The microarray datasets (GSE7890 and GSE145725) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between keloid and nonkeloid samples. Key genes were identified through immunoinfiltration analysis and DEGs and then analyzed for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, followed by the identification of protein-protein interaction networks, transcription factors, and miRNAs associated with key genes. Additionally, a logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a predictive model for keloid occurrence, and potential candidate drugs for keloid treatment were identified. Three key genes (FDX1, PDHB, and DBT) were identified, showing involvement in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, mitochondrial matrix, oxidoreductase activity, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Immune infiltration analysis suggested the involvement of B cells, Th1 cells, dendritic cells, T helper cells, antigen-presenting cell coinhibition, and T cell coinhibition in keloid. These genes were used to develop a logistic regression-based nomogram for predicting keloid occurrence with an area under the curve of 0.859 and good calibration. We identified 32 potential drug molecules and extracted the top 10 compounds based on their P-values, showing promise in targeting key genes and potentially effective against keloid. Our study identified some genes in keloid pathogenesis and potential therapeutic drugs. The predictive model enhances early diagnosis and management. Further research is needed to validate and explore clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Ding Hu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266003, China
| | - Yaojun Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Liyuan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Haijing Lai
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| | - Houan Xiao
- Department of Burns and Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xi' an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
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Kim HJ, Kim YH. Comprehensive Insights into Keloid Pathogenesis and Advanced Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8776. [PMID: 39201463 PMCID: PMC11354446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Keloid scars, characterized by abnormal fibroproliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production that extends beyond the original wound, often cause pruritus, pain, and hyperpigmentation, significantly impacting the quality of life. Keloid pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, immune response dysregulation, and aberrant wound-healing processes. Central molecular pathways such as TGF-β/Smad and JAK/STAT are important in keloid formation by sustaining fibroblast activation and ECM deposition. Conventional treatments, including surgical excision, radiation, laser therapies, and intralesional injections, yield variable success but are limited by high recurrence rates and potential adverse effects. Emerging therapies targeting specific immune pathways, small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and mesenchymal stem cells show promise in disrupting the underlying mechanisms of keloid pathogenesis, potentially offering more effective and lasting treatment outcomes. Despite advancements, further research is essential to fully elucidate the precise mechanisms of keloid formation and to develop targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials and research efforts are vital for translating these scientific insights into practical treatments that can markedly enhance the quality of life for individuals affected by keloid scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kwon SH, Lee J, Yoo J, Jung Y. Artificial keloid skin models: understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and application in therapeutic studies. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3321-3334. [PMID: 38812375 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Keloid is a type of scar formed by the overexpression of extracellular matrix substances from fibroblasts following inflammation after trauma. The existing keloid treatment methods include drug injection, surgical intervention, light exposure, cryotherapy, etc. However, these methods have limitations such as recurrence, low treatment efficacy, and side effects. Consequently, studies are being conducted on the treatment of keloids from the perspective of inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, keloid models are created to understand inflammatory mechanisms and explore treatment methods to address them. While previous studies have used animal models with gene mutations, chemical treatments, and keloid tissue transplantation, there are limitations in fully reproducing the characteristics of keloids unique to humans, and ethical issues related to animal welfare pose additional challenges. Consequently, studies are underway to create in vitro artificial skin models to simulate keloid disease and apply them to the development of treatments for skin diseases. In particular, herein, scaffold technologies that implement three-dimensional (3D) full-thickness keloid models are introduced to enhance mechanical properties as well as biological properties of tissues, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and cellular interactions. It is anticipated that applying these technologies to the production of artificial skin for keloid simulation could contribute to the development of inflammatory keloid treatment techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kwon
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yoo
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Wang M, Zhao J, Li J, Meng M, Zhu M. Insights into the role of adipose-derived stem cells and secretome: potential biology and clinical applications in hypertrophic scarring. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38735979 PMCID: PMC11089711 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Scar tissue is the inevitable result of repairing human skin after it has been subjected to external destructive stimuli. It leads to localized damage to the appearance of the skin, accompanied by symptoms such as itching and pain, which reduces the quality of life of the patient and causes serious medical burdens. With the continuous development of economy and society, there is an increasing demand for beauty. People are looking forward to a safer and more effective method to eliminate pathological scarring. In recent years, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have received increasing attention from researchers. It can effectively improve pathological scarring by mediating inflammation, regulating fibroblast proliferation and activation, and vascular reconstruction. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertrophic scarring, summarizing the therapeutic effects of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the therapeutic effects of ADSCs in the field of hypertrophic scarring prevention and treatment, the latest application techniques, such as cell-free therapies utilizing ADSCs, and discussing the advantages and limitations of ADSCs. Through this review, we hope to further understand the characterization of ADSC and clarify the effectiveness of its application in hypertrophic scarring treatment, so as to provide clinical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Meng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116011, China.
| | - Mengru Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116011, China.
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5
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Yeo E, Shim J, Oh SJ, Choi Y, Noh H, Kim H, Park JH, Lee KT, Kim SH, Lee D, Lee JH. Revisiting roles of mast cells and neural cells in keloid: exploring their connection to disease activity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339336. [PMID: 38524141 PMCID: PMC10957560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mast cells (MCs) and neural cells (NCs) are important in a keloid microenvironment. They might contribute to fibrosis and pain sensation within the keloid. However, their involvement in pathological excessive scarring has not been adequately explored. Objectives To elucidate roles of MCs and NCs in keloid pathogenesis and their correlation with disease activity. Methods Keloid samples from chest and back regions were analyzed. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was conducted for six active keloids (AK) samples, four inactive keloids (IK) samples, and three mature scar (MS) samples from patients with keloids. Results The scRNA-seq analysis demonstrated notable enrichment of MCs, lymphocytes, and macrophages in AKs, which exhibited continuous growth at the excision site when compared to IK and MS samples (P = 0.042). Expression levels of marker genes associated with activated and degranulated MCs, including FCER1G, BTK, and GATA2, were specifically elevated in keloid lesions. Notably, MCs within AK lesions exhibited elevated expression of genes such as NTRK1, S1PR1, and S1PR2 associated with neuropeptide receptors. Neural progenitor cell and non-myelinating Schwann cell (nmSC) genes were highly expressed in keloids, whereas myelinating Schwann cell (mSC) genes were specific to MS samples. Conclusions scRNA-seq analyses of AK, IK, and MS samples unveiled substantial microenvironmental heterogeneity. Such heterogeneity might be linked to disease activity. These findings suggest the potential contribution of MCs and NCs to keloid pathogenesis. Histopathological and molecular features observed in AK and IK samples provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying pain and pruritus in keloid lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Yeo
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonho Shim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungHwan Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungrye Noh
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Tae Lee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li Z, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Dong Y, Sha X, Jiang M, Yan J, Wang W, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhou YL. Identification of a potential bioinformatics-based biomarker in keloids and its correlation with immune infiltration. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:476. [PMID: 37915086 PMCID: PMC10621210 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid formation is a pathological consequence resulting from cutaneous irritation and injury, primarily attributed to excessive collagen matrix deposition and fibrous tissue proliferation. Chronic inflammation, left uncontrolled over an extended period, also stands as a substantial contributing factor. The precise mechanisms underlying keloid formation remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify key genes for diagnostic purposes. To achieve this, we used two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets to identify differentially expressed genes. We identified one particular gene, homeobox C9 (HOXC9), using a thorough strategy involving two algorithms (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination) and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We then assessed its expression in normal and keloid tissues. In addition, we explored its temporal expression patterns via Mfuzz time clustering analysis. In our comprehensive analysis, we observed that immune infiltration, as well as cell proliferation, are crucial to keloid formation. Thus, we investigated immune cell infiltration in the keloid and normal groups, as well as the correlation between HOXC9 and these immune cells. It was found that HOXC9 was closely associated with the immune microenvironment of keloids. This shows that HOXC9 can serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chuwei Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yipeng Dong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xinyu Sha
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenmiao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Houqiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - You Lang Zhou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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7
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Zhang M, Chen H, Qian H, Wang C. Characterization of the skin keloid microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:207. [PMID: 37587491 PMCID: PMC10428592 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are a fibroproliferative skin disorder that develops in people of all ages. Keloids exhibit some cancer-like behaviors, with similar genetic and epigenetic modifications in the keloid microenvironment. The keloid microenvironment is composed of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, stem cells and collagen fibers. Recent advances in the study of keloids have led to novel insights into cellular communication among components of the keloid microenvironment as well as potential therapeutic targets for treating keloids. In this review, we summarized the nature of genetic and epigenetic regulation in keloid-derived fibroblasts, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes, immune cell infiltration into keloids, the differentiation of keloid-derived stem cells, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, and uncontrolled angiogenesis in keloids with the aim of identifying new targets for therapeutic benefit. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Huan Qian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Serror K, Ferrero L, Boismal F, Sintes M, Thery M, Vianay B, Henry E, Gentien D, DE LA Grange P, Boccara D, Mimoun M, Bouaziz JD, Benssussan A, Michel L. Evidence of inter- and intra-keloid heterogeneity through analysis of dermal fibroblasts: A new insight in deciphering keloid physiopathology. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37148203 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Keloid scars are hypertrophic and proliferating pathological scars extending beyond the initial lesion and without tendency to regression. Usually, keloids are considered and treated as a single entity but clinical observations suggest heterogeneity in keloid morphologies with distinction of superficial/extensive and nodular entities. Within a keloid, heterogeneity could also be detected between superficial and deep dermis or centre and periphery. Focusing on fibroblasts as main actors of keloid formation, we aimed at evaluating intra- and inter-keloid fibroblast heterogeneity by analysing their gene expression and functional capacities (proliferation, migration, traction forces), in order to improve our understanding of keloid pathogenesis. Fibroblasts were obtained from centre, periphery, papillary and reticular dermis from extensive or nodular keloids and were compared to control fibroblasts from healthy skin. Transcriptional profiling of fibroblasts identified a total of 834 differentially expressed genes between nodular and extensive keloids. Quantification of ECM-associated gene expression by RT-qPCR brought evidence that central reticular fibroblasts of nodular keloids are the population which synthesize higher levels of mature collagens, TGFβ, HIF1α and αSMA as compared to control skin, suggesting that this central deep region is the nucleus of ECM production with a centrifuge extension in keloids. Although no significant variations were found for basal proliferation, migration of peripheral fibroblasts from extensive keloids was higher than that of central ones and from nodular cells. Moreover, these peripheral fibroblasts from extensive keloids exhibited higher traction forces than central cells, control fibroblasts and nodular ones. Altogether, studying fibroblast features demonstrate keloid heterogeneity, leading to a better understanding of keloid pathophysiology and treatment adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Serror
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lauren Ferrero
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Boismal
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Sintes
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Thery
- Paris University, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR_S 976, CEA CytoMorphoLab, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Vianay
- Paris University, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR_S 976, CEA CytoMorphoLab, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Henry
- Genomics Platform, Translational Research Department, Research Center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France
| | - David Gentien
- Genomics Platform, Translational Research Department, Research Center, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - David Boccara
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maurice Mimoun
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Bouaziz
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Armand Benssussan
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Michel
- INSERM UMR_S 976, Skin Research Center, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Dermatology Department, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
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10
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Noviantari A, Dany F, Intan PR. A Response to Article "Do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence Keloid Recurrence?" [Letter]. Stem Cells Cloning 2023; 16:1-2. [PMID: 36660248 PMCID: PMC9844817 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s403167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ariyani Noviantari
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia,Correspondence: Ariyani Noviantari, Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, Genomic Building, Cibinong Science Center, Jalan Raya Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, West Java, 16911, Indonesia, Email ;
| | - Frans Dany
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Putri Reno Intan
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
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Lee CC, Tsai CH, Chen CH, Yeh YC, Chung WH, Chen CB. An updated review of the immunological mechanisms of keloid scars. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1117630. [PMID: 37033989 PMCID: PMC10075205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid is a type of disfiguring pathological scarring unique to human skin. The disorder is characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Immune cell infiltration is a hallmark of both normal and pathological tissue repair. However, the immunopathological mechanisms of keloid remain unclear. Recent studies have uncovered the pivotal role of both innate and adaptive immunity in modulating the aberrant behavior of keloid fibroblasts. Several novel therapeutics attempting to restore regulation of the immune microenvironment have shown variable efficacy. We review the current understanding of keloid immunopathogenesis and highlight the potential roles of immune pathway-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Chang Gung Allergology Consortium, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chun-Bing Chen, ;
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12
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Ho CT, Huang TH, Kao CT. The different irradiation parameters of carbon dioxide laser effects on periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1751-1761. [PMID: 36299332 PMCID: PMC9588823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background /purpose: Photobiostimulation (PBS) can affect cellular functions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cellular changes in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells that received different carbon dioxide (CO2) laser irradiation parameters under negative pressure culture. Materials and methods The negative pressure-cultured PDL cells on normal medium and differentiation medium were subjected to continuous irradiation with a CO2 laser at an energy density of 5 J/cm2 or 10 J/cm2. The irradiated PDL cells were harvested at Days 1, 5 and 7, and their viability was analyzed by the Presto Blue assay and the biologic markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialopoietin (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) collagen I (Col I) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The PDL cell viability showed that the differentiation medium groups were higher than the normal culture groups. The cell morphologies were all expressed as spindle type. The inflammatory markers in the laser-irradiated groups were higher on the first day and decreased on the seventh day (P < 0.05). Osteogenesis markers were highly expressed at different time periods (P < 0.05). The Col I and OPN genes were highly expressed on the first day, and the Col I high expression lasted until the seventh day. The OC gene was highly expressed on the seventh day. The effects of PDL cultured in differential medium and normal medium were the same in the present study. Conclusion A low-dose CO2 laser continuously irradiating cultured PDL cells can induce osteogenesis and reduce cell inflammatory expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Ho
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Orthodontic Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Hsein Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Dental Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tze Kao
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Orthodontic Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Dental Department, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Yin X, Bu W, Fang F, Ren K, Zhou B. Keloid Biomarkers and Their Correlation With Immune Infiltration. Front Genet 2022; 13:784073. [PMID: 35719372 PMCID: PMC9201286 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.784073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This work aimed to verify the candidate biomarkers for keloid disorder (KD), and analyze the role of immune cell infiltration (ICI) in the pathology of keloid disorder. Methods: The keloid-related datasets (GSE44270 and GSE145725) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Then, differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using the “limma” R package. Support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and LASSO logistic regression were utilized for screening candidate biomarkers of KD. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic power of candidate biomarkers. The candidate biomarkers were further verified through qRT-PCR of keloid lesions and the matched healthy skin tissue collected from eight cases. In addition, ICI in keloid lesions was estimated through single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Finally, the potential drugs to the treatment of KD were predicted in the Connectivity Map Database (CMAP). Results: A total of 406 DEGs were identified between keloid lesion and healthy skin samples. Among them, STC2 (AUC = 0.919), SDC4 (AUC = 0.970), DAAM1 (AUC = 0.966), and NOX4 (AUC = 0.949) were identified as potential biomarkers through the SVM-RFE, LASSO analysis and ROC analysis. The differential expressions of SDC4, DAAM1, and NOX4 were further verified in collected eight samples by qRT-PCR experiment. ICI analysis result showed a positive correlation of DAAM1 expression with monocytes and mast cells, SDC4 with effector memory CD4+ T cells, STC2 with T follicular helper cells, and NOX4 with central memory CD8+ T cells. Finally, a total of 13 candidate small molecule drugs were predicted for keloids treatment in CMAP drug database. Conclusion: We identified four genes that may serve as potential biomarkers for KD development and revealed that ICI might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Dermatology Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Dermatology Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kehui Ren
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingrong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Bingrong Zhou,
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14
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Feng F, Liu M, Pan L, Wu J, Wang C, Yang L, Liu W, Xu W, Lei M. Biomechanical Regulatory Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Keloid Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906212. [PMID: 35614943 PMCID: PMC9124765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloids are fibroproliferative skin disorder caused by abnormal healing of injured or irritated skin and are characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition, which results in excessive collagen disorders and calcinosis, increasing the remodeling and stiffness of keloid matrix. The pathogenesis of keloid is very complex, and may include changes in cell function, genetics, inflammation, and other factors. In this review, we aim to discuss the role of biomechanical factors in keloid formation. Mechanical stimulation can lead to excessive proliferation of wound fibroblasts, deposition of ECM, secretion of more pro-fibrosis factors, and continuous increase of keloid matrix stiffness. Matrix mechanics resulting from increased matrix stiffness further activates the fibrotic phenotype of keloid fibroblasts, thus forming a loop that continuously invades the surrounding normal tissue. In this process, mechanical force is one of the initial factors of keloid formation, and matrix mechanics leads to further keloid development. Next, we summarized the mechanotransduction pathways involved in the formation of keloids, such as TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, integrin signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, and calcium ion pathway. Finally, some potential biomechanics-based therapeutic concepts and strategies are described in detail. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of biomechanical factors in the formation and progression of keloids and highlight their regulatory value. These findings may help facilitate the development of pharmacological interventions that can ultimately prevent and reduce keloid formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingying Liu
- School of Comprehensive Health Management, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianhong Pan
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqin Wu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Wei Xu
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Dermatology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Integrative Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
| | - Mingxing Lei
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wanqian Liu, ; Wei Xu, ; Mingxing Lei,
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15
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Yu Y, Wu H, Zhang Q, Ogawa R, Fu S. Emerging insights into the immunological aspects of keloids. J Dermatol 2021; 48:1817-1826. [PMID: 34549462 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A special kind of scar, keloid, sometimes grows huge, disturbing patients in different ways. We discussed the pathogenesis of keloids and found researches about fibroblasts and collagen disorders, with little emphasis on immunity. Coupled with few effective treatments in keloid at present, we have focused on the immunological mechanisms of keloids with an aim to unravel some new therapeutic approaches in the future. In this review, the immunological processes are separately illustrated by the classification of different immune cells. In addition, we also discuss possible reasons for the repeated recurrence of keloids, the phenomenon of cell talks, and inflammation-related signal pathways involved in the pathogenesis of keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyiyi Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rei Ogawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Siqi Fu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Macarak EJ, Wermuth PJ, Rosenbloom J, Uitto J. Keloid disorder: Fibroblast differentiation and gene expression profile in fibrotic skin diseases. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:132-145. [PMID: 33211348 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keloid disorder, a group of fibroproliferative skin diseases, is characterized by unremitting accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue, primarily collagen, to develop cutaneous tumors on the predilection sites of skin. There is a strong genetic predisposition for keloid formation, and individuals of African and Asian ancestry are particularly prone. The principal cell type responsible for ECM accumulation is the myofibroblast derived from quiescent resident skin fibroblasts either through trans-differentiation or from keloid progenitor stem cells with capacity for multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal. The biosynthetic pathways leading to ECM accumulation are activated by several cytokines, but particularly by TGF-β signalling. The mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment also play a critical role in the cell's response to TGF-β, as demonstrated by culturing of fibroblasts derived from keloids and control skin on substrata with different degrees of stiffness. These studies also demonstrated that culturing of fibroblasts on tissue culture plastic in vitro does not reflect their biosynthetic capacity in vivo. Collectively, our current understanding of the pathogenesis of keloids suggests a complex network of interacting cellular, molecular and mechanical factors, with distinct pathways leading to myofibroblast differentiation and activation. Keloids can serve as a model system of fibrotic diseases, a group of currently intractable disorders, and deciphering of the critical pathogenetic steps leading to ECM accumulation is expected to identify targets for pharmacologic intervention, not only for keloids but also for a number of other, both genetic and acquired, fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases, and the Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter J Wermuth
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases, and the Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases, and the Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases, and the Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Jiang L, Zhang Y, Liu T, Wang X, Wang H, Song H, Wang W. Exosomes derived from TSG-6 modified mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate scar formation during wound healing. Biochimie 2020; 177:40-49. [PMID: 32800897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived exosome therapy has emerged as an effective therapy strategy for the pathological scar formation. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been completely understood. In the current study, we investigate the therapeutic effect of TSG-6 modified MSC-derived exosomes on a mouse full-thickness wound model and provide evidence of a possible mechanism for MSC-derived exosomes to prevent from scar formation. Overexpression and knockdown of TSG-6 were conducted by lentivirus infection into hBMSCs. Exosomes were isolated from cell culture and identified by transmission electron microscopy and Western blot. C57BL/6J mice were performed of full-thickness skin wounds and treated with exosomal suspension or TSG-6-neutralizing antibody. H&E staining was subjected to observe the pathological changes of scar tissues. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, real time-PCR and Western blot were applied to detect the expressions of relevant molecules. The results showed that subcutaneous injection of TSG-6 overexpressed MSC-derived exosomes effectively ameliorated scar pathological injury, decreased inflammatory molecular secretion and attenuated collagen deposition in a mouse skin wound model. Reversely, knockdown of TSG-6 abrogated the therapeutic effect of MSC-derived exosomes on scarring. Moreover, TSG-6-neutralizing antibody counteracted the effect of TSG-6 overexpressed MSC-derived exosomes in preventing scar formation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that exosomes derived from TSG-6 modified MSCs suppressed scar formation via reducing inflammation and inhibiting collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, People's Republic of China
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18
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Pei D, Wang M, Li W, Li M, Liu Q, Ding R, Zhao J, Li A, Li J, Xu F, Jin G. Remodeling of aligned fibrous extracellular matrix by encapsulated cells under mechanical stretching. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:202-212. [PMID: 32470526 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is essential for the development and functions of connective tissues (e.g., heart, muscle and the periodontal ligament), and entails the highly anisotropic response of cells and their organized ECM molecules to mechanical stimulation. However, the nature of how cells remodel their surrounding ECM under mechanical stimulation remains elusive. Here, we encapsulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) within an aligned rat collagen scaffold labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and applied mechanical stimulation on the scaffold using magnetic stretching. Through tracking the FITC-labeled rat collagen scaffold and the newly secreted human type I collagen, we studied the effect of magnetic stretching on the mechanism of aligned ECM remodeling by the encapsulated cells. We found that the aligned topography combined with magnetic stretching could significantly promote initial ECM degradation and new ECM secretion: expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9 is increased markedly, and the elastic modulus of the stretched scaffold (75 kPa) is significantly higher than that of the random scaffold (50 kPa). The data support a model whereby the cells remodel their surrounding ECM under continuous stretching through degradation and then secretion of new ECM to integrate with the aligned ECM and maintain tissue function. Our study offers a valuable basis for future optimized design of biomaterial scaffolds for clinical translation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is essential for the development and functions of connective tissues. However, the nature of how cells remodel their surrounding aligned ECM under mechanical stimulation remains elusive. Herein, we developed a method to reveal the remodeling of aligned rat collagen scaffold by the encapsulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) using fluorescence imaging. We found that the aligned topography combined with magnetic stretching could significantly promote initial ECM degradation and new ECM secretion: the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 9 are significantly higher, and the elastic modulus increases from 50 kPa to 75 kPa as compared to the random collagen scaffold encapsulating hPDLSCs. Our study holds great potential in optimization of bio-scaffold design for clinical translation.
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