1
|
Liz Belli Cassa Domingues E, Gonçalves-Santos E, Santana Caldas I, Vilela Gonçalves R, Caetano-da-Silva JE, Cardoso Santos E, Mól Pelinsari S, Figueiredo Diniz L, Dias Novaes R. Identification of host antioxidant effectors as thioridazine targets: Impact on cardiomyocytes infection and Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167264. [PMID: 38806073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Phenothiazines inhibit antioxidant enzymes in trypanosomatids. However, potential interferences with host cell antioxidant defenses are central concerns in using these drugs to treat Trypanosoma cruzi-induced infectious myocarditis. Thus, the interaction of thioridazine (TDZ) with T. cruzi and cardiomyocytes antioxidant enzymes, and its impact on cardiomyocytes and cardiac infection was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cardiomyocytes and trypomastigotes in culture, and mice treated with TDZ and benznidazole (Bz, reference antiparasitic drug) were submitted to microstructural, biochemical and molecular analyses. TDZ was more cytotoxic and less selective against T. cruzi than Bz in vitro. TDZ-pretreated cardiomyocytes developed increased infection rate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid and protein oxidation; similar catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced glutathione's (peroxidase - GPx, S-transferase - GST, and reductase - GR) activity than infected untreated cells. TDZ attenuated trypanothione reductase activity in T. cruzi, and protein antioxidant capacity in cardiomyocytes, making these cells more susceptible to H2O2-based oxidative challenge. In vivo, TDZ potentiated heart parasitism, total ROS production, myocarditis, lipid and protein oxidation; as well as reduced GPx, GR, and GST activities compared to untreated mice. Benznidazole decreased heart parasitism, total ROS production, heart inflammation, lipid and protein oxidation in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings indicate that TDZ simultaneously interact with enzymatic antioxidant targets in cardiomyocytes and T. cruzi, potentiating the infection by inducing antioxidant fragility and increasing cardiomyocytes and heart susceptibility to parasitism, inflammation and oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Liz Belli Cassa Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Edson Caetano-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvania Mól Pelinsari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Figueiredo Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nogueira SS, Souza MA, Santos EC, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Novaes RD. Oxidative stress, cardiomyocytes senescence and contractile dysfunction in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2023:106950. [PMID: 37211152 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between redox imbalance and cardiovascular senescence in infectious myocarditis is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether cardiomyocytes parasitism, oxidative stress and contractile dysfunction can be correlated to senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity in Trypanosoma cruzi-infection in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Uninfected, T. cruzi-infected untreated and benznidazole (BZN)-treated H9c2 cardiomyocytes and rats were investigated. Parasitological, prooxidant, antioxidant, microstructural, and senescence-associated markers were quantified in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS T. cruzi infection triggered intense cardiomyocytes parasitism in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upregulation, lipids, proteins and DNA oxidation in cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissue. Oxidative stress was parallel to microstructural cell damage (e.g., increased cardiac toponin I levels) and contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo, whose severity accompanied a premature cellular senescence-like phenotype revealed by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity and DNA oxidation (8-OHdG). Cellular parasitism (e.g., infection rate and parasite load), myocarditis and T. cruzi-induced prooxidant responses were attenuated by early BZN administration to interrupt the progression of T. cruzi infection, protecting against SA-β-gal-based premature cellular senescence, microstructural damage and contractile deterioration in cardiomyocytes from T. cruzi-infected animals. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that cell parasitism, redox imbalance and contractile dysfunction were correlated to SA-β-Gal-based cardiomyocytes premature senescence in acute T. cruzi infection. Therefore, in addition to controlling parasitism, inflammation and oxidative stress; inhibiting cardiomyocytes premature senescence should be further investigated as an additional target of specific Chagas disease therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silas Santana Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Sul de Minas Gerais, Pouso Alegre, 37560-250, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus Augusto Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária Cardoso Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil, 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Santana Caldas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fonseca KCB, Pessoa FG, Ribeiro ODN, Hotta VT, Ianni BM, Fernandes F, Ferreira Rivero DHR, Saldiva PHN, Mady C, Ramires FJA. Air Pollution’s Impact on Cardiac Remodeling in an Experimental Model of Chagas Cardiomyopathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:830761. [PMID: 35928208 PMCID: PMC9343625 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.830761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is characterized by intense myocardial fibrosis stimulated by the exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Air pollution is a serious public health problem and also follows this same path. Therefore, air pollution might amplify the inflammatory response of Chagas disease and increase myocardial fibrosis. Methods We studied groups of Trypanosoma cruzi infected Sirius hamsters (Chagas=CH and Chagas exposed to pollution=CH+P) and 2 control groups (control healthy animals=CT and control exposed to pollution=CT+P). We evaluated acute phase (60 days post infection) and chronic phase (10 months). Echocardiograms were performed to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameter, in addition to ejection fraction. Interstitial collagen was measured by morphometry in picrosirius red staining tissue. The evaluation of inflammation was performed by gene and protein expression of cytokines IL10, IFN-γ, and TNF; oxidative stress was quantified by gene expression of NOX1, MnSOD, and iNOS and by analysis of reactive oxygen species; and apoptosis was performed by gene expression of BCL2 and Capsase3, in addition to TUNEL analysis. Results Chagas groups had increased collagen deposition mainly in the acute phase, but air pollution did not increase this deposition. Also, Chagas groups had lower ejection fraction in the acute phase (p = 0.002) and again air pollution did not worsen ventricular function or dilation. The analysis of the inflammation and oxidative stress pathways were also not amplified by air pollution. Apoptosis analysis showed increased expression of BCL2 and Caspase3 genes in chagasic groups in the acute phase, with a marginal p of 0.054 in BCL2 expression among infected groups, and TUNEL technique showed amplified of apoptotic cells by pollution among infected groups. Conclusions A possible modulation of the apoptotic pathway was observed, inferring interference from air pollution in this pathway. However, it was not enough to promote a greater collagen deposition, or worsening ventricular function or dilation caused by air pollution in this model of Chagas cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keila Cardoso Barbosa Fonseca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gallinaro Pessoa
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orlando do Nascimento Ribeiro
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Tiemi Hotta
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maria Ianni
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Fernandes
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dolores Helena Rodriguez Ferreira Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Laboratório de Investigação Médica 05 (LIM 05) - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, Laboratório de Investigação Médica 05 (LIM 05) - School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mady
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix José Alvarez Ramires
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Felix José Alvarez Ramires,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Y, Guo X, Peng Y, Fang Z, Zhang X. Roles and Molecular Mechanisms of Physical Exercise in Sepsis Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:879430. [PMID: 35845992 PMCID: PMC9277456 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.879430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is a planned, purposeful action to keep a healthy lifestyle and improve physical fitness. Physical exercise has been widely used as a non-pharmacological approach to preventing and improving a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of physical exercise on sepsis have not been summarized until now. In this review, we discuss the effects of physical exercise on multiple organ functions and the short- and long-time outcomes of sepsis. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of physical exercise on sepsis are discussed. In conclusion, we consider that physical exercise may be a beneficial and non-pharmacological alternative for the treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Joint Logistics Force No. 988 Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuliang Peng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zongping Fang, ; Xijing Zhang,
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zongping Fang, ; Xijing Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pedra-Rezende Y, Barbosa JMC, Bombaça ACS, Dantas-Pereira L, Gibaldi D, Vilar-Pereira G, Dos Santos HAM, Ramos IP, Silva-Gomes NL, Moreira OC, Lannes-Vieira J, Menna-Barreto RFS. Physical Exercise Promotes a Reduction in Cardiac Fibrosis in the Chronic Indeterminate Form of Experimental Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712034. [PMID: 34804007 PMCID: PMC8599157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease and a health problem in Latin America. Etiological treatment has limited effectiveness in chronic CD; thus, new therapeutic strategies are required. The practice of physical exercises has been widely advocated to improve the quality of life of CD patients. The most frequent clinical CD manifestation is the chronic indeterminate form (CIF), and the effect of physical exercises on disease progression remains unknown. Here, in a CIF model, we aimed to evaluate the effect of physical exercises on cardiac histological, parasitological, mitochondrial, and oxidative metabolism, electro and echocardiographic profiles, and immunological features. To establish a CIF model, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected with 100 and 500 trypomastigotes of the Y T. cruzi strain. At 120 days postinfection (dpi), all mouse groups showed normal PR and corrected QT intervals and QRS complexes. Compared to BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice showed a lower parasitemia peak, mortality rate, and less intense myocarditis. Thus, C57BL/6 mice infected with 500 parasites were used for subsequent analyses. At 120 dpi, a decrease in cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected. When we increased the number of analyzed mice, a reduced heart rate and slightly prolonged corrected QT intervals were detected, at 120 and 150 dpi, which were then normalized at 180 dpi, thus characterizing the CIF. Y-infected mice were subjected to an exercise program on a treadmill for 4 weeks (from 150 to 180 dpi), five times per week in a 30–60-min daily training session. At 180 dpi, no alterations were detected in cardiac mitochondrial and oxidative metabolism, which were not affected by physical exercises, although ROS production increased. At 120 and 180 dpi, comparing infected and non-infected mice, no differences were observed in the levels of plasma cytokines, indicating that a crucial biomarker of the systemic inflammatory profile was absent and not affected by exercise. Compared with sedentary mice, trained Y-infected mice showed similar parasite loads and inflammatory cells but reduced cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, our data show that physical exercises promote beneficial changes that may prevent CD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Pedra-Rezende
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina S Bombaça
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gibaldi
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Brasileiro de Medicina de Reabilitação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hílton Antônio Mata Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Análise e Desenvolvimento de Inibidores Enzimáticos e Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises por RMN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isalira Peroba Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Lins Silva-Gomes
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem F S Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Impact of diminazene aceturate on renin-angiotensin system, infectious myocarditis and skeletal myositis in mice: An in vitro and in vivo study. Life Sci 2020; 257:118067. [PMID: 32652140 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although renin-angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance is manifested in cardiomyopathies with different etiologies, the impact of RAS effectors on Chagas cardiomyopathy and skeletal myositis is poorly understood. Given that diminazene aceturate (DMZ) shares trypanocidal, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin-(1-7) stimulatory effects, we investigated the impact of DMZ on cardiomyocytes infection in vitro, renin-angiotensin system, Chagas cardiomyopathy and skeletal myositis in vivo. Cardiomyocytes and T. cruzi were used to evaluate DMZ toxicity in vitro. The impact of 20-days DMZ treatment (1 mg/kg) was also investigated in uninfected and T. cruzi-infected mice as follows: control uninfected and untreated, uninfected treated with DMZ, infected untreated and infected treated with DMZ. DMZ had low toxicity on cardiomyocytes, induced dose-dependent antiparasitic activity on T. cruzi trypomastigotes, and reduced parasite load but not infection rates in cardiomyocytes. DMZ increased ACE2 activity and angiotensin-(1-7) plasma levels but exerted no interference on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, ACE, ACE2 and angiotensin II levels in uninfected and infected mice. DMZ treatment also reduced IFN-γ and IL-2 circulating levels but was ineffective in attenuating parasitemia, MCP-1, IL-10, anti-T. cruzi IgG, nitrite/nitrate and malondialdehyde production, myocarditis and skeletal myositis compared to infected untreated animals. As the antiparasitic effect of DMZ in vitro did not manifest in vivo, this drug exhibited limited relevance to the treatment of Chagas disease. Although DMZ is effective in upregulating angiotensin-(1-7) levels, this molecule does not act as a potent modulator of T. cruzi infection, which can establish heart and skeletal muscle parasitism, lipid oxidation and inflammatory damage, even in the presence of high concentrations of this RAS effector.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mendonça AAS, Gonçalves-Santos E, Souza-Silva TG, González-Lozano KJ, Caldas IS, Gonçalves RV, Diniz LF, Novaes RD. Could phenothiazine-benznidazole combined chemotherapy be effective in controlling heart parasitism and acute infectious myocarditis? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104907. [PMID: 32416214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazines inhibit major antioxidant defense mechanisms in trypanosomatids and exhibit potent cytotoxic effects in vitro. However, the relevance of these drugs in the treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis is poorly explored, especially in combination with reference trypanocidal drugs. Thus, we compared the antiparasitic and cardioprotective potential of thioridazine (TDZ) and benznidazole (Bz) administered in monotherapy and combined in a murine model of T. cruzi-induced acute myocarditis. Female mice were randomized into six groups: (i) uninfected untreated, (ii) infected untreated, or infected treated with (iii) Bz (100 mg/kg), (iv) TDZ (80 mg/kg), (v) Bz (100 mg/kg) + TDZ (80 mg/kg), or (vi) Bz (50 mg/kg) + TDZ (80 mg/kg). Infected animals were inoculated with 2000 T. cruzi trypomastigotes and treated by gavage for 20 days. Animals that received TDZ alone presented the highest levels of parasitemia, parasitic load and anti-T. cruzi immunoglobulin G titers; cardiac upregulation of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-17); as well as microstructural damage compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). These parameters were reduced in groups receiving Bz monotherapy compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The combination of TDZ and Bz attenuated the response to treatment, worsening parasitological control, oxidative heart damage and myocarditis compared to the group treated with Bz alone (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that when administered alone, TDZ potentiated the pathological outcomes in animals infected with T. cruzi. Moreover, TDZ attenuated the antiparasitic effect of Bz when administered together, impairing parasitological control, potentiating inflammation, molecular oxidation and pathological microstructural remodeling of the heart. Thus, our findings indicate that TDZ acts as a pharmacological risk factor and Bz-based monotherapy remains a better cardioprotective drug against Trypanosoma cruzi-induced acute myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa A S Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaiany G Souza-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelly J González-Lozano
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|