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Mikkelsen ACD, Kjærgaard K, Mookerjee RP, Vilstrup H, Wegener G, Bay-Richter C, Thomsen KL. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Also a Disease of the Brain? A Systematic Review of the Preclinical Evidence. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1468-1488. [PMID: 35230646 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) currently affects 25% of the global adult population. Cognitive impairment is a recently recognised comorbidity impeding memory, attention, and concentration, affecting the patients' activities of daily living and reducing their quality of life. This systematic review provides an overview of the evidence for, and potential pathophysiological mechanisms behind brain dysfunction at a neurobiological level, in preclinical NAFLD. We performed a systematic literature search for animal models of NAFLD studying intracerebral conditions using PubMed, Embase and Scopus. We included studies that reported data on neurobiology in rodent and pig models with evidence of steatosis or steatohepatitis assessed by liver histology. 534 unique studies were identified, and 30 studies met the selection criteria, and were included. Findings of neurobiological changes were divided into five key areas: (1) neuroinflammation, (2) neurodegeneration, (3) neurotransmitter alterations, (4) oxidative stress, and (5) changes in proteins and synaptic density. Despite significant heterogeneity in the study designs, all but one study of preclinical NAFLD reported changes in one or more of the above key areas when compared to control animals. In conclusion, this systematic review supports an association between all stages of NAFLD (from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) and neurobiological changes in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Kjærgaard
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rajeshwar Prosad Mookerjee
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Bay-Richter
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
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Boutanquoi PM, Khan AS, Cabeza L, Jantzen L, Gautier T, Yesylevskyy S, Ramseyer C, Masson D, Van Waes V, Hichami A, Khan NA. A novel fatty acid analogue triggers CD36-GPR120 interaction and exerts anti-inflammatory action in endotoxemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:176. [PMID: 38598021 PMCID: PMC11006773 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a mediator of a number of chronic pathologies. We synthesized the diethyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-ylphosphonate, called NKS3, which decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mRNA upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) not only in primary intraperitoneal and lung alveolar macrophages, but also in freshly isolated mice lung slices. The in-silico studies suggested that NKS3, being CD36 agonist, will bind to GPR120. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays demonstrated that NKS3 induced protein-protein interaction of CD36 with GPR120in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Furthermore, NKS3, via GPR120, decreased LPS-induced activation of TAB1/TAK1/JNK pathway and the LPS-induced mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in RAW 264.7 cells. In the acute lung injury model, NKS3 decreased lung fibrosis and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) production in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid. NKS3 exerted a protective effect on LPS-induced remodeling of kidney and liver, and reduced circulating IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. In a septic shock model, NKS3 gavage decreased significantly the LPS-induced mortality in mice. In the last, NKS3 decreased neuroinflammation in diet-induced obese mice. Altogether, these results suggest that NKS3 is a novel anti-inflammatory agent that could be used, in the future, for the treatment of inflammation-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Boutanquoi
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U1231 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Sayed Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U1231 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Lidia Cabeza
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive-UR LINC, UFC, Besançon, France
| | - Lucas Jantzen
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive-UR LINC, UFC, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
- LIPNESS, UMR U1231 INSERM/UB/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Semen Yesylevskyy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France
- Receptor.AI Inc., 20-22 Wenlock Road, London, N1 7GU, UK
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Christophe Ramseyer
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 16 route de Gray, 25030, Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - David Masson
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
- LIPNESS, UMR U1231 INSERM/UB/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Vincent Van Waes
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive-UR LINC, UFC, Besançon, France
| | - Aziz Hichami
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U1231 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de la Nutrition & Toxicologie, UMR U1231 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/Agro-Sup, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France.
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Kjærgaard K, Daugaard Mikkelsen AC, Landau AM, Eriksen PL, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Magnusson NE, Thomsen MB, Chen F, Vilstrup H, Mookerjee RP, Bay-Richter C, Thomsen KL. Cognitive dysfunction in early experimental metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is associated with systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100992. [PMID: 38415019 PMCID: PMC10897893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Cognitive dysfunction is an increasingly recognised manifestation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but the mechanistic link remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that experimental MASLD leads to cognitive dysfunction via systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Methods Twenty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomised to a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet to induce MASLD, or a standard diet (n = 10/group), for 16 weeks. Assessments included: MASLD severity (histology), neurobehaviour, inflammation (liver, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid), brain microglia and astrocyte activation, and synaptic density. Results The HFHC diet induced MASLD with extensive steatosis and lobular inflammation without fibrosis. Several plasma cytokines were elevated (CXCL1, IL-6, IL-17, MIP-1α, MCP-1, IL-10; all p <0.05) and correlated with increases in hepatic chemokine gene expression. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CXCL1 were elevated (p = 0.04). In the prefrontal brain cortex, we observed a 19% increase in microglial activation confirmed by Iba1 immunohistochemistry (p = 0.03) and 3H-PK11195 autoradiography (p <0.01). In parallel, synaptic density was reduced to 92%, assessed by 3H-UCB-J autoradiography (p <0.01). MASLD animals exhibited impaired memory to previously encountered objects in the novel object recognition test (p = 0.047) and showed depression-like behaviour evidenced by increased immobility time (p <0.01) and reduced swimming time (p = 0.03) in the forced swim test. Conclusions Experimental non-fibrotic MASLD, as a model to reflect the early stage of human disease, results in cognitive impairment and depression-like behaviour. This is associated with an inflammatory phenotype not only in the liver but also in the plasma and brain, which together with diminished synaptic density, provides a pathophysiological link between liver disease and cognitive dysfunction in MASLD. Impact and implications Cognitive dysfunction is an increasingly recognised comorbidity in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study provides evidence of impaired memory and depression-like symptoms in early experimental MASLD and indicates that hepatic inflammation may drive a systemic inflammatory response, resulting in neuroinflammation and reduced brain synaptic density. The evidence of impaired memory in MASLD and establishing its underlying pathophysiological link provides insights that could guide the development of potential new treatments for this increasingly common condition in people of working age. The study also emphasises the need to develop better tools for clinical cognitive testing, which will enable physicians to assess and manage brain dysfunction early in MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Kjærgaard
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Horsens Regional Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Anne M. Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Erik Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Majken Borup Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Vilstrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Rajeshwar Prosad Mookerjee
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilie Bay-Richter
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Jiang DQY, Guo TL. Interaction between Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) and Acetaminophen in Disease Exacerbation-Focusing on Autism and the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis. TOXICS 2024; 12:39. [PMID: 38250995 PMCID: PMC10818890 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This review presents a new perspective on the exacerbation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through the gut-liver-brain axis. We have summarized evidence reported on the involvement of the gut microbiome and liver inflammation that led to the onset and exacerbation of ASD symptoms. As PFAS are toxicants that particularly target liver, this review has comprehensively explored the possible interaction between PFAS and acetaminophen, another liver toxicant, as the chemicals of interest for future toxicology research. Our hypothesis is that, at acute dosages, acetaminophen has the ability to aggravate the impaired conditions of the PFAS-exposed liver, which would further exacerbate neurological symptoms such as lack of social communication and interest, and repetitive behaviors using mechanisms related to the gut-liver-brain axis. This review discusses their potential interactions in terms of the gut-liver-brain axis and signaling pathways that may contribute to neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tai Liang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Han WM, Hiransuthikul A, Holroyd KB, Apornpong T, Lwin HM, Gatechompol S, Ubolyam S, Kerr S, Avihingsanon A. Impact of steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: A cross-sectional study. HIV Med 2023; 24:1233-1243. [PMID: 37975283 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between fatty liver diseases and cognitive impairment among people living with HIV (PLWH) remains unclear. We investigated the association of steatotic liver disease (SLD), advanced liver fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with significant activity and liver fibrosis with cognitive impairment in PLWH. METHODS Cognitive performance was assessed for PLWH aged ≥50 years on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with the Thai-validated version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and a cut-off of <25/30 was used to define cognitive impairment. SLD and NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis were defined as having a controlled attenuation parameter value ≥248 dB/m and a FibroScan-AST (FAST) score ≥0.67, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to investigate the association of cognitive impairment with SLD or NASH. RESULTS Of the 319 PLWH (63.3% male and 98% had HIV-1 RNA ≤50 copies/mL) included, 74 (38%) had SLD. NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was present in 66 (20.1%) participants. Some 192 (60.2%) participants had cognitive impairment. In a multivariable analysis, NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.01, 95% CI 1.02-3.98, p = 0.04), after adjusting for HIV-related parameters, age, sex, body mass index, employment status, education, income level, smoking, alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and HIV-related parameters. The association of a lone diagnosis of SLD and cognitive impairment was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS NASH with significant activity and liver fibrosis was associated with lower cognitive performance, even after controlling for demographics and HIV disease parameters. Additional research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Min Han
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Akarin Hiransuthikul
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathryn B Holroyd
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Hay Mar Lwin
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sivaporn Gatechompol
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasiwimol Ubolyam
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen Kerr
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sun T, Feng M, Manyande A, Xiang H, Xiong J, He Z. Regulation of mild cognitive impairment associated with liver disease by humoral factors derived from the gastrointestinal tract and MRI research progress: a literature review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1206417. [PMID: 37397455 PMCID: PMC10312011 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1206417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with liver disease are prone to various cognitive impairments. It is undeniable that cognitive impairment is often regulated by both the nervous system and the immune system. In this review our research focused on the regulation of mild cognitive impairment associated with liver disease by humoral factors derived from the gastrointestinal tract, and revealed that its mechanisms may be involved with hyperammonemia, neuroinflammation, brain energy and neurotransmitter metabolic disorders, and liver-derived factors. In addition, we share the emerging research progress in magnetic resonance imaging techniques of the brain during mild cognitive impairment associated with liver disease, in order to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of mild cognitive impairment in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Maohui Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Center for Liver Transplantation, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Ghasemi F, Abbasi K, Ghiasvand R, Clark CCT, Rouhani MH. The association between dietary acid load and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:474-485. [PMID: 35818308 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2099536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested that dietary acid load may be associated with mental health, the relationship between food-induced acid production and odds of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder remains (ADHD) unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary renal acid load and odds of ADHD among children. A case-control study was designed to assess the data of 500 children aged 4 to 12 years (200 children with diagnosed ADHD and 300 control group). Patients were clinically diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5th Edition criteria. Subjects in the control group did not have any history of chronic diseases and they were screened for the absence of ADHD. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The odds of incident ADHD for each unit increase of potential acid load (PRAL) in the raw model showed ~9.8% (OR = 1.098, 95% CI: 1.072, 1.125, p < .001) higher odds of ADHD. In model 1, where age, gender, Body mass index (BMI), and socio-economic status were adjusted, the odds of ADHD was ~10.7% (OR = 1.107, 95% CI: 1.076, 1.140, p < .001). Also, in model 2 (model 1 in addition to energy) the odds was ~10.8% (OR = 1.108, 95% CI: 1.065, 1.152, p < .001). Findings of the present study suggest a possible relationship between oxidative stresses and odds of development of ADHD. Furthermore, the size of the odds ratio is small. It appears that dietary considerations are warranted in order to ameliorate the impact and/or incidence of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Abbasi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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AlSabagh AT, Rao MS, Renno WM. The impact of heat therapy on neuromuscular function and muscle atrophy in diabetic rats. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1039588. [PMID: 36685197 PMCID: PMC9849254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1039588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease worldwide and is associated with many systemic complications. Muscle atrophy is one of the significant complications in DM patients, making routine tasks laborious as atrophy continues. It is known that heat stress stimulates heat shock proteins and other proteins that maintain muscle mass; however, it is not thoroughly studied in diabetic conditions. This study addressed whether heat therapy can attenuate muscle atrophy in STZ-induced diabetic rats and explored its mechanism of action on specific muscle proteins. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (6 weeks) experiments. In each experiment rats were divided into control, heat therapy, diabetic and diabetic + heat therapy groups. Rats in heat therapy groups were exposed to heat therapy for 30 min daily for three or six weeks in a temperature-controlled (42°C) chamber. Results: The attenuation of neuromuscular functions assessed by Rotarod, Kondziella's inverted screen, and extensor postural thrust tests showed that diabetic rats exposed to heat therapy performed significantly better than diabetic controls. Muscle cross sectional area data established that heat therapy reduced muscle atrophy by 34.3% within 3 weeks and 44.1% within 6 weeks in the diabetic groups. Further, heat therapy significantly decreased muscle atrophy markers (CD68, KLF, and MAFbx) and significantly elevated muscle hypertrophy markers (AKT, mTOR, and HSP70). Conclusions: This study shows the relevance and clinical significance of utilizing heat therapy as a viable treatment to attenuate muscle atrophy in diabetic patients.
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Understanding the Role of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Abnormal Myelination in Excessive Aggression Associated with Depression: Recent Input from Mechanistic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020915. [PMID: 36674429 PMCID: PMC9861430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggression and deficient cognitive control problems are widespread in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). These abnormalities are known to contribute significantly to the accompanying functional impairment and the global burden of disease. Progress in the development of targeted treatments of excessive aggression and accompanying symptoms has been limited, and there exists a major unmet need to develop more efficacious treatments for depressed patients. Due to the complex nature and the clinical heterogeneity of MDD and the lack of precise knowledge regarding its pathophysiology, effective management is challenging. Nonetheless, the aetiology and pathophysiology of MDD has been the subject of extensive research and there is a vast body of the latest literature that points to new mechanisms for this disorder. Here, we overview the key mechanisms, which include neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, insulin receptor signalling and abnormal myelination. We discuss the hypotheses that have been proposed to unify these processes, as many of these pathways are integrated for the neurobiology of MDD. We also describe the current translational approaches in modelling depression, including the recent advances in stress models of MDD, and emerging novel therapies, including novel approaches to management of excessive aggression, such as anti-diabetic drugs, antioxidant treatment and herbal compositions.
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Korokin MV, Kuzubova EV, Radchenko AI, Deev RV, Yakovlev IA, Deikin AV, Zhunusov NS, Krayushkina AM, Pokrovsky VM, Puchenkova OA, Chaprov KD, Ekimova NV, Bardakov SN, Chernova ON, Emelin AM, Limaev IS. В6.А-DYSFPRMD/GENEJ MICE AS A GENETIC MODEL OF DYSFERLINOPATHY. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-5-483-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was behavioral and pathomorphological phenotyping of the mice knockout for the DYSF gene, which plays an important role in the development and progression of dysferlinopathy.Materials and methods. A B6.A-Dysfprmd/GeneJ (Bla/J) mice subline was used in the work. During the study, a muscle activity was determined basing on the following tests: “Inverted grid”, “Grip strength”, “Wire Hanging”, “Weight-loaded swimming”, Vertical Pole”. Histological and immunofluorescent examinations of skeletal muscles (m. gastrocnemius, m. tibialis) were performed. The presence and distribution of the dysferlin protein was assessed, and general histological changes in the skeletal muscle characteristics of mice at the age of 12 and 24 weeks, were described. A morphometric analysis with the determination of the following parameters was performed: the proportion of necrotic muscle fibers; the proportion of fibers with centrally located nuclei; the mean muscle fiber diameter.Results. The “Grip strength” test and the “Weight-loaded swimming” test revealed a decrease in the strength of the forelimbs and endurance in the studied mice of the Bla/J subline compared to the control line. The safety of physical performance was checked using the “Wire Hanging” test and the “Vertical Pole” test, which showed a statistically significant difference between the studied mice and control. The coordination of movements and muscle strength of the limbs examined in the “Inverted Grid” test did not change in these age marks. Decreased grip strength of the forelimbs, decreased physical endurance with age, reflects the progression of the underlying muscular disease. Histological methods in the skeletal muscles revealed signs of a myopathic damage pattern: necrotic muscle fibers, moderate lympho-macrophage infiltration, an increase in the proportion of fibers with centrally located nuclei, and an increase in the average fiber diameter compared to the control. The dysferlin protein was not found out in the muscle tissues.Conclusion. Taking into account the results of the tests performed, it was shown that the absence of Dysf-/- gene expressionin Bla/J subline mice led to muscular dystrophy with the onset of the development of phenotypic disease manifestations at the age of 12 weeks and their peak at 24 weeks. Histopathological phenotypic manifestations of the disease are generally nonspecific and corresponded to the data of intravital pathoanatomical examination in diferlinopathy patients. The mice of the studied subline Bla/J are a representative model of dysferlinopathy and can be used to evaluate new therapeutic agents for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R. V. Deev
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov;
PJSC “Human Stem Cells Institute”
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - K. D. Chaprov
- Belgorod State National Research University;
Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS)
| | | | | | - O. N. Chernova
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
| | - A. M. Emelin
- Belgorod State National Research University;
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
| | - I. S. Limaev
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
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12
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Mikkelsen ACD, Thomsen KL, Mookerjee RP, Hadjihambi A. The role of brain inflammation and abnormal brain oxygen homeostasis in the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 38:1707-1716. [PMID: 36326976 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication of chronic liver disease (CLD) and has a complex pathogenesis. Several preclinical and clinical studies have reported the presence of both peripheral and brain inflammation in CLD and their potential impact in the development of HE. Altered brain vascular density and tone, as well as compromised cerebral and systemic blood flow contributing to the development of brain hypoxia, have also been reported in animal models of HE, while a decrease in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and cerebral blood flow has consistently been observed in patients with HE. Whilst significant strides in our understanding have been made over the years, evaluating all these mechanistic elements in vivo and showing causal association with development of HE, have been limited through the practical constraints of experimentation. Nonetheless, improvements in non-invasive assessments of different neurophysiological parameters, coupled with techniques to assess changes in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, will help provide more granular insights on these mechanisms. In this special issue we discuss some of the emerging evidence supporting the hypothesis that brain inflammation and abnormal oxygen homeostasis occur interdependently during CLD and comprise important contributors to the development of HE. This review aims at furnishing evidence for further research in brain inflammation and oxygen homeostasis as additional therapeutic targets and potentially diagnostic markers for HE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajeshwar Prosad Mookerjee
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Hadjihambi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, SE5 9NT, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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13
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Shi H, Schweren LJS, Ter Horst R, Bloemendaal M, van Rooij D, Vasquez AA, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK. Low-grade inflammation as mediator between diet and behavioral disinhibition: A UK Biobank study. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:100-110. [PMID: 35944739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary patterns have been associated with variations in behavior. However, evidence has been limited and mixed, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Extend a previous study reporting significant associations between food patterns and behavioral disinhibition and explore whether low-grade inflammation is linked to behaviors and mediates the association between diet and behavioral disinhibition. DESIGN Among participants of the UK Biobank (UKB) we extracted a single behavioral disinhibition principal component using the UKB touchscreen questionnaire, Mental Health Questionnaire (MHQ), and registered diagnoses. We identified four dietary patterns (prudent diet, elimination of wheat/dairy/eggs, meat-based diet, full-cream dairy consumption) by using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Immune biomarkers and an aggregated inflammation score (INFLA-score) were used to characterize low-grade inflammation. Associations between dietary patterns and immune biomarkers, between immune biomarkers and disinhibition were assessed, with adjustment for demographics, lifestyle factors, and somatic health conditions. Next, mediation analyses were run to examine whether the association between dietary patterns and disinhibition was partially explained by inflammatory levels. We also conducted subgroup analyses to explore whether associations and the mediation effect differed by sex, age, ethnicity/race, body-mass-index (BMI), and socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS The prudent diet was negatively, and the meat-based diet was positively associated with several pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Most immune biomarkers were positively associated with disinhibition (numbers of lymphocytes (βstandardized = 0.082, p < 0.001), monocytes (βstandardized = 0.043, p < 0.001), neutrophils (βstandardized = 0.071, p < 0.001), platelets (βstandardized = 0.022, p < 0.001), leukocytes (βstandardized = 0.093, p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (βstandardized = 0.051, p < 0.001), and for INFLA-score (βstandardized = 0.074, p < 0.001). In the mediation model, the INFLA-score mediated the association between prudent diet and meat-based diet and disinhibition score, with a significant indirect effect of low-grade inflammation for the prudent diet-disinhibition association (βstandardized = -0.007, p < 0.001) and for meat-disinhibition association (βstandardized = 0.001, p < 0.001)). Although all effects were small, covariates and interaction term adjustments did not attenuate the effects, and neither did most subgroup-only analyses. CONCLUSIONS The prudent diet was associated with a lower disinhibition score and this effect was partially mediated by the lower inflammation. Reversely, the meat-based diet was linked to more inflammation, which was associated with more disinhibition. Our findings suggest mediating effects of immune function in the relationship between diet and behavioral disinhibition. However further alternative designs such as interventional trials are needed to establish causal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Shi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands.
| | - Lizanne J S Schweren
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam Bloemendaal
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Gelderland, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen Gelderland, the Netherlands
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14
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Ortinski PI, Reissner KJ, Turner J, Anderson TA, Scimemi A. Control of complex behavior by astrocytes and microglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104651. [PMID: 35367512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that glial cells influence behavior has been gaining a steady foothold in scientific literature. Out of the five main subtypes of glial cells in the brain, astrocytes and microglia have received an outsized share of attention with regard to shaping a wide spectrum of behavioral phenomena and there is growing appreciation that the signals intrinsic to these cells as well as their interactions with surrounding neurons reflect behavioral history in a brain region-specific manner. Considerable regional diversity of glial cell phenotypes is beginning to be recognized and may contribute to behavioral outcomes arising from circuit-specific computations within and across discrete brain nuclei. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of astrocyte and microglia activity on behavioral outcomes, with a specific focus on brain areas relevant to higher cognitive control, reward-seeking, and circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - K J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - T A Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - A Scimemi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, USA
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15
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Svirin E, Veniaminova E, Costa-Nunes JP, Gorlova A, Umriukhin A, Kalueff AV, Proshin A, Anthony DC, Nedorubov A, Tse ACK, Walitza S, Lim LW, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Predation Stress Causes Excessive Aggression in Female Mice with Partial Genetic Inactivation of Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2: Evidence for Altered Myelination-Related Processes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061036. [PMID: 35326487 PMCID: PMC8947002 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between brain serotonin (5-HT) deficiency and environmental adversity may predispose females to excessive aggression. Specifically, complete inactivation of the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) results in the absence of neuronal 5-HT synthesis and excessive aggressiveness in both male and female null mutant (Tph2−/−) mice. In heterozygous male mice (Tph2+/−), there is a moderate reduction in brain 5-HT levels, and when they are exposed to stress, they exhibit increased aggression. Here, we exposed female Tph2+/− mice to a five-day rat predation stress paradigm and assessed their emotionality and social interaction/aggression-like behaviors. Tph2+/− females exhibited excessive aggression and increased dominant behavior. Stressed mutants displayed altered gene expression of the 5-HT receptors Htr1a and Htr2a, glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β), and c-fos as well as myelination-related transcripts in the prefrontal cortex: myelin basic protein (Mbp), proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1), myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (Mog). The expression of the plasticity markers synaptophysin (Syp) and cAMP response element binding protein (Creb), but not AMPA receptor subunit A2 (GluA2), were affected by genotype. Moreover, in a separate experiment, naïve female Tph2+/− mice showed signs of enhanced stress resilience in the modified swim test with repeated swimming sessions. Taken together, the combination of a moderate reduction in brain 5-HT with environmental challenges results in behavioral changes in female mice that resemble the aggression-related behavior and resilience seen in stressed male mutants; additionally, the combination is comparable to the phenotype of null mutants lacking neuronal 5-HT. Changes in myelination-associated processes are suspected to underpin the molecular mechanisms leading to aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Svirin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (K.-P.L.)
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
| | - João Pedro Costa-Nunes
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, New University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- Neuroscience Program, Sirius University, 354340 Sochi, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Andrey Nedorubov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna Chung Kwan Tse
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Correspondence: or (L.W.L.); (T.S.); Tel.: +852-3917-6830 (L.W.L.); +31-43-38-84-108 (T.S.)
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (K.-P.L.)
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (K.-P.L.)
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.); (J.P.C.-N.); (A.G.); (A.U.); (D.C.A.)
- Correspondence: or (L.W.L.); (T.S.); Tel.: +852-3917-6830 (L.W.L.); +31-43-38-84-108 (T.S.)
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16
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Strekalova T, Pavlov D, Trofimov A, Anthony DC, Svistunov A, Proshin A, Umriukhin A, Lyundup A, Lesch KP, Cespuglio R. Hippocampal Over-Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is Associated with Susceptibility to Stress-Induced Anhedonia in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042061. [PMID: 35216176 PMCID: PMC8879061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of individual variability in susceptibility/resilience to stress and depression, in which the hippocampus plays a pivotal role, is attracting increasing attention. We investigated the potential role of hippocampal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which regulates plasticity, neuroimmune function, and stress responses that are all linked to this risk dichotomy. We used a four-week-long chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm, in which mice could be stratified according to their susceptibility/resilience to anhedonia, a key feature of depression, to investigate hippocampal expression of COX-2, a marker of microglial activation Iba-1, and the proliferation marker Ki67. Rat exposure, social defeat, restraints, and tail suspension were used as stressors. We compared the effects of treatment with either the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (30 mg/kg/day) or citalopram (15 mg/kg/day). For the celecoxib and vehicle-treated mice, the Porsolt test was used. Anhedonic (susceptible) but not non-anhedonic (resilient) animals exhibited elevated COX-2 mRNA levels, increased numbers of COX-2 and Iba-1-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 area, and decreased numbers of Ki67-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Drug treatment decreased the percentage of anhedonic mice, normalized swimming activity, reduced behavioral despair, and improved conditioned fear memory. Hippocampal over-expression of COX-2 is associated with susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, and its pharmacological inhibition with celecoxib has antidepressant effects that are similar in size to those of citalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pavlov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Svistunov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Lyundup
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), 69500 Bron, France
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17
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Mehmood R, Sheikh N, Khawar MB, Abbasi MH, Mukhtar M. High-fat diet intake ameliorates the expression of hedgehog signaling pathway in adult rat liver. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1985-1994. [PMID: 35040007 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disproportionate fatty diet intake provokes hepatic lipid accumulation that causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, triggering the embryonically conserved Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in the adult liver. The present study incorporates exploring the impact of chronically administered unsaturated (D-1) and saturated (D-2) fat-enriched diets on hematological parameters, liver functioning, and lipid profile in the rat model. Besides, hepatohistology and real time gene expression analysis of Hh signaling pathway genes i.e., Shh, Ihh, Hhip, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 were carried out. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen Rattus norvegicus (♂) of 200 ± 25 g weight were grouped into control, D-1, and D-2. Animals were fed on their respective diets for 16 weeks. Fatty diet intake resulted in neutropenia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, polycythemia, and macrocytosis in both experimental groups. Altered liver injury biomarkers, hypertriglyceridemia, and significantly increased very-low-density lipoprotein VLDL were also noted in both high-fat diet (HFD) groups as compared to control. Hepatohistological examination showed disrupted microarchitecture, infiltration of inflammatory cells, cellular necrosis, widened sinusoidal spaces, and microvesicular steatotic hepatocytes in D-1 and D-2. Collagen deposition in both HFD groups marks the extent of fibrosis. Significant upregulation of hedgehog pathway genes was found in fatty diet groups. In comparison with the control group, Shh Ihh, Hhip, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 were upregulated in D-1. In D-2 Shh, Hhip, and Smo expressions were upregulated, Ihh exhibited downregulation as compared to control. CONCLUSION Excess fat deposits in liver due to chronic consumption of high-fat diet results in anomalous architecture and functioning. High-fat diet induced significant variations in Hh pathway genes expression; especially Shh, Ihh, Hhip, Ptch1, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 were upregulated. Infiltration of inflammatory cells ( ), widened sinusoidal spaces (▲), cellular necrosis, and micro vesicular steatotic hepatocytes (*) were shown in the liver. Significant collagen deposition in both HFD groups i.e. D-1 and D-2 confirmed liver fibrosis. Excessive intake of dietary fats impaired normal liver functioning and liver inflammation triggered Hh signaling in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Mehmood
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Q-A- Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Q-A- Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Q-A- Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.,Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Mukhtar
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Q-A- Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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18
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Higarza SG, Arboleya S, Arias JL, Gueimonde M, Arias N. Akkermansia muciniphila and environmental enrichment reverse cognitive impairment associated with high-fat high-cholesterol consumption in rats. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33678110 PMCID: PMC7946069 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1880240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most prevalent diseases globally. A high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet leads to an early NASH model. It has been suggested that gut microbiota mediates the effects of diet through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, modifying the host's brain metabolism and disrupting cognition. Here, we target NASH-induced cognitive damage by testing the impact of environmental enrichment (EE) and the administration of either Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or Akkermansia muciniphila CIP107961 (AKK). EE and AKK, but not LGG, reverse the HFHC-induced cognitive dysfunction, including impaired spatial working memory and novel object recognition; however, whereas AKK restores brain metabolism, EE results in an overall decrease. Moreover, AKK and LGG did not induce major rearrangements in the intestinal microbiota, with only slight changes in bacterial composition and diversity, whereas EE led to an increase in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia members. Our findings illustrate the interplay between gut microbiota, the host's brain energy metabolism, and cognition. In addition, the findings suggest intervention strategies, such as the administration of AKK, for the management of the cognitive dysfunction related to NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G. Higarza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Silvia Arboleya
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain,Miguel Gueimonde Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto De Productos Lácteos De Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias 33300, Spain
| | - Natalia Arias
- Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain,UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,CONTACT Natalia Arias Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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Clayton ZS, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Justice JN, Lubieniecki KL, Hutton DA, Rossman MJ, Zigler MC, Seals DR. Lifelong physical activity attenuates age- and Western-style diet-related declines in physical function and adverse changes in skeletal muscle mass and inflammation. Exp Gerontol 2022; 157:111632. [PMID: 34822971 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown if consumption of a Western diet (WD; high-fat/sucrose), versus a non-WD (healthy diet), accelerates declines in physical function over the adult lifespan, and whether regular voluntary activity attenuates age- and WD-associated declines in function. Accordingly, we studied 4 cohorts of mice that consumed either normal chow [NC] or WD with or without access (sedentary, Sed) to voluntary wheel running [VWR] beginning at 3 mo of age. We assessed coordination, grip strength and endurance every 6 mo throughout life, and measured skeletal muscle mass and inflammation at 3 pre-determined ages (6-7, 13-14 and 19-20 mo). Age-related declines (% change 3-18 mo) in physical function were accelerated in WD-Sed versus NC-Sed (coordination: +47 ± 5%; grip strength: +18 ± 2%; endurance: +32 ± 5%; all p < 0.05). VWR attenuated declines in physical function within diet group (coordination: -31 ± 3% with WD-VWR; -18 ± 2% with NC-VWR; grip strength: -26 ± 2% with WD-VWR; -24 ± 2% with NC-VWR; endurance: -48 ± 4% with WD-VWR; -23 ± 6% with NC-VWR; all p < 0.05). Skeletal muscle mass loss and pro-inflammatory cytokine abundance were exacerbated by WD throughout life (mass: NC-Sed [-]7-28%, WD-Sed [-]17-40%; inflammation: NC-Sed [+]40-65%, WD-Sed [+]40-84%, all p < 0.05 versus NC-Sed), and attenuated by VWR (mass: NC-VWR, [-]0-10%, WD-VWR [-]0-10%; inflammation: NC-VWR [+]0-30%, WD-VWR [+]0-42%, all p < 0.05 versus diet-matched Sed group). Our results depict the temporal impairment of physical function over the lifespan in mice, acceleration of dysfunction with WD, the protective effects of voluntary exercise, and the potential associations with skeletal muscle mass and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Clayton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Jamie N Justice
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Kara L Lubieniecki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - David A Hutton
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Melanie C Zigler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America.
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20
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Strekalova T, Svirin E, Veniaminova E, Kopeikina E, Veremeyko T, Yung AWY, Proshin A, Walitza S, Anthony DC, Lim LW, Lesch KP, Ponomarev ED. ASD-like behaviors, a dysregulated inflammatory response and decreased expression of PLP1 characterize mice deficient for sialyltransferase ST3GAL5. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100306. [PMID: 34589798 PMCID: PMC8474501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids, which are abundant in brain, are known to modulate ion channels and cell-to-cell communication. Deficiencies can result in aberrant myelination and altered immune responses, which can give rise to neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. However, to date, little mechanistic data is available on how ganglioside deficiencies contribute to the behavioural disorders. In humans, the loss of lactosylceramide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal5) leads to a severe neuropathology, but in ST3Gal5 knock-out (St3gal5−/−) mice the absence of GM3 and associated a-, b- and c-series gangliosides is partially compensated by 0-series gangliosides and there is no overt behavioural phenotype. Here, we sought to examine the behavioural and molecular consequences of GM3 loss more closely. Mutants of both sexes exhibited impaired conditioned taste aversion in an inhibitory learning task and anxiety-like behaviours in the open field, moderate motor deficits, abnormal social interactions, excessive grooming and rearing behaviours. Taken together, the aberrant behaviours are suggestive of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like syndrome. Molecular analysis showed decreased gene and protein expression of proteolipid protein-1 (Plp1) and over expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which has been associated with ASD-like syndromes. The inflammatory and behavioural responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also altered in the St3gal5−/− mice compared to wild-type, which is indicative of the importance of GM3 gangliosides in regulating immune responses. Together, the St3gal5−/− mice display ASD-like behavioural features, altered response to systemic inflammation, signs of hypomyelination and neuroinflammation, which suggests that deficiency in a- and b-series gangliosides could contribute to the development of an ASD-like pathology in humans. St3gal5−/− mice exhibit aberrant social, motor and cognitive behavior that is reminiscent of ASD-like syndrome. Interleukin1β is upregulated in the brain and spleen of St3gal5−/− of both sexes. Mutants display reduced gene and protein expression of the myelin protein Plp1. LPS induces sex-dependent abnormalities in the inflammatory response and social behavior in the St3gal5−/− mice. St3gal5−/− mice can be used to study the behavioural consequence of a- and b-series ganglioside deficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Svirin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kopeikina
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Tatyana Veremeyko
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Amanda W Y Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Andrey Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Zurich and the University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Kunmin Institute of Zoology, Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, Kunmin-Hong Kong, China
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21
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Altered behaviour, dopamine and norepinephrine regulation in stressed mice heterozygous in TPH2 gene. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110155. [PMID: 33127424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interaction (GxE) determines the vulnerability of an individual to a spectrum of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased impulsivity, excessive aggression, and other behavioural characteristics are associated with variants within the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) gene, a key enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. This phenotype is recapitulated in naïve mice with complete, but not with partial Tph2 inactivation. Tph2 haploinsufficiency in animals reflects allelic variation of Tph2 facilitating the elucidation of respective GxE mechanisms. Recently, we showed excessive aggression and altered serotonin brain metabolism in heterozygous Tph2-deficient male mice (Tph2+/-) after predator stress exposure. Here, we sought to extend these studies by investigating aggressive and anxiety-like behaviours, sociability, and the brain metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline. Separately, Tph2+/- mice were examined for exploration activity in a novel environment and for the potentiation of helplessness in the modified swim test (ModFST). Predation stress procedure increased measures of aggression, dominancy, and suppressed sociability in Tph2+/- mice, which was the opposite of that observed in control mice. Anxiety-like behaviour was unaltered in the mutants and elevated in controls. Tph2+/- mice exposed to environmental novelty or to the ModFST exhibited increased novelty exploration and no increase in floating behaviour compared to controls, which is suggestive of resilience to stress and despair. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed significant genotype-dependent differences in the metabolism of dopamine, and norepinephrine within the brain tissue. In conclusion, environmentally challenged Tph2+/- mice exhibit behaviours that resemble the behaviour of non-stressed null mutants, which reveals how GxE interaction studies can unmask latent genetically determined predispositions.
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22
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Seitz BM, Tomiyama AJ, Blaisdell AP. Eating behavior as a new frontier in memory research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:795-807. [PMID: 34087276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of memory is commonly associated with neuroscience, aging, education, and eyewitness testimony. Here we discuss how eating behavior is also heavily intertwined-and yet considerably understudied in its relation to memory processes. Both are influenced by similar neuroendocrine signals (e.g., leptin and ghrelin) and are dependent on hippocampal functions. While learning processes have long been implicated in influencing eating behavior, recent research has shown how memory of recent eating modulates future consumption. In humans, obesity is associated with impaired memory performance, and in rodents, dietary-induced obesity causes rapid decrements to memory. Lesions to the hippocampus disrupt memory but also induce obesity, highlighting a cyclic relationship between obesity and memory impairment. Enhancing memory of eating has been shown to reduce future eating and yet, little is known about what influences memory of eating or how memory of eating differs from memory for other behaviors. We discuss recent advancements in these areas and highlight fruitful research pursuits afforded by combining the study of memory with the study of eating behavior.
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Cognitive Dysfunction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Current Knowledge, Mechanisms and Perspectives. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040673. [PMID: 33572481 PMCID: PMC7916374 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome and now seemingly affects one-fourth of the world population. Features associated with NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome have frequently been linked to cognitive dysfunction, i.e. systemic inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and sleep apnoea. However, emerging evidence suggests that NAFLD may be a cause of cognitive dysfunction independent of these factors. NAFLD in addition exhibits dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and impaired urea cycle function, favouring systemic ammonia accumulation and further promotes systemic inflammation. Such disruption of the gut–liver–brain axis is essential in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, the neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with progressive liver disease. Considering the growing burden of NAFLD, the morbidity from cognitive impairment is expected to have huge societal and economic impact. The present paper provides a review of the available evidence for cognitive dysfunction in NAFLD and outlines its possible mechanisms. Moreover, the clinical challenges of characterizing and diagnosing cognitive dysfunction in NAFLD are discussed.
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High-Fat Diet Induced Hedgehog Signaling Modifications during Chronic Kidney Damage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8073926. [PMID: 33294454 PMCID: PMC7718043 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8073926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of dietary fats leads to the deposition of unnecessary metabolites and multiple organ damage. Lipids, important key regulators of Hedgehog signaling, are involved in triggering fibrotic chronic kidney disease. The present study encompasses the assessment of renal morphofunctional modifications and alteration of lipid metabolism influencing the changes in gene expression of hedgehog signaling pathway genes. Fifteen male Rattus norvegicus of 200 ± 25 grams weight were equally divided into three groups: control (standard rat chow), D-1 (unsaturated high-fat diet) and D-2 (saturated high-fat diet). Animals were provided with respective diets and were followed for 16 weeks. Both HFD-fed groups did not show overall body weight gain as compared to the control. While significant downregulation of hedgehog pathway genes was found in fatty diet groups. In comparison with the control group, Shh, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 were downregulated after the consumption of both unsaturated and saturated fatty diets. Ihh and Smo exhibit a similar downregulation in the D-1 group, but an upregulation was detected in the D-2 group. D-2 group also had an increased serum urea concentration as compared to the control (P = 0.0023). Furthermore, renal histopathology revealed tubular necrosis, glomerular edema, glomerular shrinkage, and hypocellularity. Collagen deposition in both HFD groups marks the extent of fibrosis summary figure. Extravagant intake of dietary fats impaired normal kidney functioning and morphofunctionally anomalous kidney triggers on Hh signaling in adult rats. These anomalies can be linked to an escalated risk of chronic kidney disease in adults strongly recommending the reduced uptake of fatty diets to prevent impaired metabolism and renal lipotoxicity.
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Sambon M, Gorlova A, Demelenne A, Alhama-Riba J, Coumans B, Lakaye B, Wins P, Fillet M, Anthony DC, Strekalova T, Bettendorff L. Dibenzoylthiamine Has Powerful Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Cultured Cells and in Mouse Models of Stress and Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090361. [PMID: 32962139 PMCID: PMC7555733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamine precursors, the most studied being benfotiamine (BFT), have protective effects in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. BFT decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, two major characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases, in a neuroblastoma cell line (Neuro2a) and an immortalized brain microglial cell line (BV2). Here, we tested the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the hitherto unexplored derivative O,S-dibenzoylthiamine (DBT) in these two cell lines. We show that DBT protects Neuro2a cells against paraquat (PQ) toxicity by counteracting oxidative stress at low concentrations and increases the synthesis of reduced glutathione and NADPH in a Nrf2-independent manner. In BV2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), DBT significantly decreased inflammation by suppressing translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. Our results also demonstrate the superiority of DBT over thiamine and other thiamine precursors, including BFT, in all of the in vitro models. Finally, we show that the chronic administration of DBT arrested motor dysfunction in FUS transgenic mice, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and it reduced depressive-like behavior in a mouse model of ultrasound-induced stress in which it normalized oxidative stress marker levels in the brain. Together, our data suggest that DBT may have therapeutic potential for brain pathology associated with oxidative stress and inflammation by novel, coenzyme-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Sambon
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.S.); (J.A.-R.); (P.W.)
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.G.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alice Demelenne
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Judit Alhama-Riba
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.S.); (J.A.-R.); (P.W.)
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Bernard Coumans
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cell, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Bernard Lakaye
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cell, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Pierre Wins
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.S.); (J.A.-R.); (P.W.)
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, CIRM, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.D.); (M.F.)
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.G.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lucien Bettendorff
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.S.); (J.A.-R.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-366-5967
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26
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Val-Laillet D, Kanzari A, Guérin S, Randuineau G, Coquery N. A maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation modifies offspring's microglial cell density and morphology in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in Yucatan minipigs. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135395. [PMID: 32950568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Changes in microglial development and morphology can be induced by inflammatory conditions and associated with eating or mood disorders, such as hyperphagia or depression. In a previous paper in the minipig model, we showed that maternal Western diet during gestation and lactation decreased hippocampus neurogenesis and food-rewarded cognitive abilities in the progeny. Whether these alterations are concomitant with a central inflammatory process in brain structures involved in learning and memory (hippocampus, HPC), cognitive (prefrontal cortex, PFC), or hedonic (orbitofrontal cortex, OFC) control of food intake is still unknown. In the present study, Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa) sows were exposed to two different diets during gestation and lactation (standard, SD N = 7 vs. Western diet, WD N = 9). Iba1 is a calcium-binding protein specifically expressed in microglia in the brain, which plays an important role in the regulation of the microglia function. Iba1 expression was examined by immunohistochemical analyses in the PFC, OFC and HPC of piglets. The density of microglial cells, as well as their morphology, were assessed in order to have an indirect insight of microglial cell activation state possibly in relationship with neuroinflammation. The density of Iba1-positive cells was higher in the PFC but not in the HPC of WD compared to SD piglets (p < 0.001). In the HPC, anterior and dorsolateral PFC, WD piglets had more unipolar cells, contrary to SD that had more multipolar cells (P < 0.0001). Opposite effects were observed in the OFC, with SD presenting more unipolar (P < 0.001) microglial cells compared to WD. We showed here that maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation had significant effects on morphological changes of microglial cells in the offspring, and that these effects differed between the HPC and PFC, suggesting different response mechanisms to the early nutritional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France.
| | - Ameni Kanzari
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France
| | - Gwénaëlle Randuineau
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France
| | - Nicolas Coquery
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France
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Veniaminova E, Cespuglio R, Chernukha I, Schmitt-Boehrer AG, Morozov S, Kalueff AV, Kuznetsova O, Anthony DC, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Metabolic, Molecular, and Behavioral Effects of Western Diet in Serotonin Transporter-Deficient Mice: Rescue by Heterozygosity? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32132889 PMCID: PMC7041415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced function of the serotonin transporter (SERT) is associated with increased susceptibility to anxiety and depression and with type-2 diabetes, which is especially true in older women. Preference for a "Western diet" (WD), enriched with saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugars, may aggravate these conditions. In previous studies, decreased glucose tolerance, central and peripheral inflammation, dyslipidemia, emotional, cognitive, and social abnormalities were reported in WD-fed young female mice. We investigated the metabolic, molecular, and behavioral changes associated with a 3-week-long dietary regime of either the WD or control diet in 12-month-old female mice with three different Sert genotypes: homozygous (Slc6a4) gene knockout (Sert -/-: KO), heterozygous (Sert +/-: HET), or wild-type mice (Sert +/+: WT). In the WT-WD and KO-WD groups, but not in HET-WD-fed mice, most of changes induced by the WD paralleled those found in the younger mice, including brain overexpression of inflammatory marker Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and impaired hippocampus-dependent performance in the marble test. However, the 12-month-old female mice became obese. Control diet KO mice exhibited impaired hippocampal-dependent behaviors, increased brain expression of the serotonin receptors Htr2c and Htr1b, as well as increased Tlr4 and mitochondrial regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator-1a (Ppargc1a). Paradoxically, these, and other changes, were reversed in KO-WD mutants, suggesting a complex interplay between Sert deficiency and metabolic factors as well as potential compensatory molecular mechanisms that might be disrupted by the WD exposure. Most, but not all, of the changes in gene expression in the brain and liver of KO mice were not exhibited by the HET mice fed with either diet. Some of the WD-induced changes were similar in the KO-WD and HET-WD-fed mice, but the latter displayed a "rescued" phenotype in terms of diet-induced abnormalities in glucose tolerance, neuroinflammation, and hippocampus-dependent performance. Thus, complete versus partial Sert inactivation in aged mice results in distinct metabolic, molecular, and behavioral consequences in response to the WD. Our findings show that Sert +/- mice are resilient to certain environmental challenges and support the concept of heterosis as evolutionary adaptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon, C. Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Irina Chernukha
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oxana Kuznetsova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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de Munter JPJM, Shafarevich I, Liundup A, Pavlov D, Wolters EC, Gorlova A, Veniaminova E, Umriukhin A, Kalueff A, Svistunov A, Kramer BW, Lesch KP, Strekalova T. Neuro-Cells therapy improves motor outcomes and suppresses inflammation during experimental syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:504-517. [PMID: 31867846 PMCID: PMC7163689 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Mutations in DNA/RNA‐binding factor (fused‐in‐sarcoma) FUS and superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD‐1) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). They were reproduced in SOD‐1‐G93A (SOD‐1) and new FUS[1‐359]‐transgenic (FUS‐tg) mice, where inflammation contributes to disease progression. The effects of standard disease therapy and anti‐inflammatory treatments were investigated using these mutants. Methods FUS‐tg mice or controls received either vehicle, or standard ALS treatment riluzole (8 mg/kg/day), or anti‐inflammatory drug a selective blocker of cyclooxygenase‐2 celecoxib (30 mg/kg/day) for six weeks, or a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of Neuro‐Cells (a preparation of 1.39 × 106 mesenchymal and hemopoietic human stem cells, containing 5 × 105 of CD34+ cells), which showed anti‐inflammatory properties. SOD‐1 mice received i.c.v.‐administration of Neuro‐Cells or vehicle. Results All FUS‐tg‐treated animals displayed less marked reductions in weight gain, food/water intake, and motor deficits than FUS‐tg‐vehicle‐treated mice. Neuro‐Cell‐treated mutants had reduced muscle atrophy and lumbar motor neuron degeneration. This group but not celecoxib‐FUS‐tg‐treated mice had ameliorated motor performance and lumbar expression of microglial activation marker, ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule‐1 (Iba‐1), and glycogen‐synthase‐kinase‐3ß (GSK‐3ß). The Neuro‐Cells‐treated‐SOD‐1 mice showed better motor functions than vehicle‐treated‐SOD‐1 group. Conclusion The neuropathology in FUS‐tg mice is sensitive to standard ALS treatments and Neuro‐Cells infusion. The latter improves motor outcomes in two ALS models possibly by suppressing microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P J M de Munter
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Shafarevich
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Liundup
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pavlov
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erik Ch Wolters
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Veniaminova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Allan Kalueff
- Faculty of Biology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andrei Svistunov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center (MUCM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cognitive Dysfunctions, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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