1
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Čobanović N, Čalović S, Suvajdžić B, Grković N, Stanković SD, Radaković M, Spariosu K, Karabasil N. Consequences of Transport Conditions on the Welfare of Slaughter Pigs with Different Health Status and RYR-1 Genotype. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:191. [PMID: 38254360 PMCID: PMC10812478 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of transport conditions on welfare indicators of slaughter pigs with different health status and RYR-1 genotype. The group of pigs, predominantly consisting of Nn (56.67%) and subclinically diseased (60.00%) individuals, that were exposed to short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the highest slipping (p < 0.0001), falling (p = 0.0009), turning back (p < 0.0001), reluctance to move (p < 0.0001), panting (p < 0.0001) and shivering (p < 0.0001) frequencies at unloading. Subclinically diseased Nn pigs subjected to short transportation (<30 min) and high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the highest lactate (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0450 and p = 0.0002), CK (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0010), LDH (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0484), AST (p = 0.0208 and p = 0.0170), ALT (p = 0.0500 and p = 0.00081), ceruloplasmin (p = 0.0334 and p < 0.0001) and MDA (p = 0.0048 and p < 0.0001) concentrations, but the lowest sodium (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), chloride (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0432), albumin (p < 0.0090 and p < 0.0001), PON-1 (p = 0.0122 and p = 0.0500) and GSH (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0340) levels, respectively. In the group consisting of of stress-resistant (100%) and predominantly healthy (60.00%) pigs subjected to short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2), none of the individuals showed irregular behavioural reactions during unloading. Healthy NN pigs that underwent short transportation (<30 min) at high loading density (~235 kg/m2) had the lowest lactate (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.0450 and p = 0.0002), CK (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0010), LDH (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0484) and ceruloplasmin (p = 0.0334 and p < 0.0001) levels, but the highest sodium (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) and chloride (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0432) concentrations, respectively. In conclusion, the most compromised welfare was recorded in subclinically diseased Nn pigs exposed to short transportation (<30 min) and high loading density (~235 kg/m2), while under the same conditions, the welfare of healthy NN pigs was not compromised. Therefore, stress-carrier pigs with subclinical pathological lesions should not be considered fit for transportation, indicating that the health status and genotype are the key factors for optimising pig welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Sara Čalović
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Branko Suvajdžić
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Nevena Grković
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Sanja Dj Stanković
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena Radaković
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.R.); (K.S.)
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.S.); (N.G.); (N.K.)
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2
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Hamad B, Hadef L, Aggad H. Stress responses in camels subjected to different rest periods (0 and 12 h) at slaughterhouse. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106612. [PMID: 35850235 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of two different rest periods (R0: no rest time, and R12: 12 h of rest) on several stress indicators, including plasma and serum stress parameters, in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). This study involved 60 healthy male dromedary camels aged 5 years, from which blood samples were collected. Cortisol, glucose, urea, creatinine, the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkalinephosphatase were analyzed. Data obtained indicated that rest time had a significant effect on cortisol, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant effect was found for glucose, urea, alanine aminotransferase, and alkalinephosphatase. The values of cortisol and creatinine showed a significant decrease at R12. In contrast, the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase, lactic dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase, significantly increased at R12. Additionally, several correlations between different studied parameters were documented, including for lactic dehydrogenase. The results obtained in this study suggest that rest time may influence welfare indicating parameters. In summary, a rest time of more than 12 h is recommended in order to allow camels to recover from the effects of pre-slaughter stress. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase might be suitable to use as an indicator of stress in camels during the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Hamad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria.
| | - Leyla Hadef
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, P.O. Box 789, El Oued 39000, Algeria; Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret 14000, Algeria
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3
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Čobanović N, Novaković S, Tomašević I, Karabasil N. Combined effects of weather conditions, transportation time and loading density on carcass damages and meat quality of market-weight pigs. Arch Anim Breed 2021; 64:425-435. [PMID: 34712773 PMCID: PMC8546884 DOI: 10.5194/aab-64-425-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of weather conditions, transportation time and loading density on carcass damages and meat quality
traits of market-weight pigs under commercial conditions. The following pork quality parameters were measured: pH and temperature; colour; drip,
thawing and cooking loss; and textural traits. Pigs were assigned to one of eight groups arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design
according to the weather conditions (hot and cold), transportation time (short and long) and loading density (high and
low). A three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (multiple comparisons) were performed to assess the differences between groups in examined pork quality
traits. Pigs exposed to short transportation (∼ 20 min) at high loading density (0.29 m2/100kg) during hot weather conditions produced meat with the lowest
initial and ultimate meat pH value and sensory colour scores, and the highest initial temperature and the occurrence of pale, soft and exudative
pork. The occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork was reduced 5-fold during hot weather conditions when pigs were exposed to longer
transportation (∼ 210 min) and low loading density (0.53 m2/100kg). Pigs exposed to short transportation
(∼ 20 min) at high loading density (0.41 m2/100kg) during cold weather conditions produced the highest quality pork (the
highest percentage of red, firm and non-exudative pork) characterised by lowest drip loss and b∗ value and the highest sensory colour
scores. The highest percentages of carcass damages were recorded in pigs exposed to both low (0.50 m2/100kg) and high
(0.33 m2/100kg) loading density during long transportation (∼ 210 min) in cold weather conditions. In conclusion, weather
conditions and loading density are of greater importance for the occurrence of carcass damages and pork quality variation than transportation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Novaković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Tomašević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nedjeljko Karabasil
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Hamad B, Hadef L, Aggad H. Effect of lairage time on the physiological and hematological parameters of dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1655881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Hamad
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Leyla Hadef
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, Algeria
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5
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Schaeperkoetter M, Weller Z, Kness D, Okkema C, Grandin T, Edwards-Callaway L. Impacts of group stunning on the behavioral and physiological parameters of pigs and sheep in a small abattoir. Meat Sci 2021; 179:108538. [PMID: 33975260 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated reactions of pigs (N = 148) and sheep (N = 77) to group stunning where animals were present for the slaughter of others. Mock stunning with an isolated animal was used as the control. In both species, there was little evidence to suggest a difference in blood glucose and cortisol with stun order (P ≥ 0.21). In pigs, lactate differed by stun order (P < 0.001). Control pigs had lower lactate than pigs stunned first (P = 0.009) likely due to longer rest time after pre-slaughter handling. Conversely, the control sheep had greater average lactate than other groups. However, due to limited sample size and large variation there was not enough evidence to conclude an effect of stun order on sheep lactate (P = 0.28). Overall, there was limited evidence of an impact of stun order on behavior. The last pigs stunned exhibited a greater likelihood of grunting compared with other stun orders (P ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Weller
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Danielle Kness
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Cora Okkema
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Temple Grandin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Lily Edwards-Callaway
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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6
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Pilot Study of the Relationship between Deck Level and Journey Duration on Plasma Cortisol, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Levels in Italian Heavy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091578. [PMID: 32899653 PMCID: PMC7552316 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relationship between journey duration, deck level and activation patterns of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM) in pigs. A total of 90 pigs were examined. The animals came from three different Italian farms associated with the same slaughterhouse located in Bari (Apulia region-Italy). A group of thirty animals was transported from Pordenone (11 h journey); a second group was transported from Terni (6.5 h journey); a third group was transported from Benevento (3 h journey). The animals were transported in the same vehicle, which complied with the structural characteristics indicated in the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005. The truck was composed of a lorry and a trailer, each one divided into three decks. Only the animals transported in the trailer were tested for the study. Before transportation, blood samples were collected on each farm, at 6:00 a.m., from 30 pigs randomly selected out of 135 pigs ready to be transported. Blood samples were also collected during slaughter to evaluate plasma cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine, around 6:00 a.m. A journey duration of 11 h was associated with significantly higher plasma concentrations of stress hormones compared with shorter journeys. This increase was proportional to the journey duration, with the pigs travelling for 6.5 h displaying intermediate concentrations between those noticed after 3 h and 11 h journeys. The interaction between deck and journey distance was not significant on epinephrine, norepinephrine or cortisol levels collected at arrival. There was a significant effect of deck level on norepinephrine levels (p < 0.0001), a tendency to influence epinephrine levels (p = 0.073) but no effect on cortisol levels (p = 0.945). Overall, we observed that an 11 h-long journey seemed to impact negatively on pigs' HPA-SAM activity, likely requiring the animals to spend more time in the lairage facilities to recover.
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7
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Xing T, Gao F, Tume RK, Zhou G, Xu X. Stress Effects on Meat Quality: A Mechanistic Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:380-401. [PMID: 33336942 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress inevitably occurs from the farm to abattoir in modern livestock husbandry. The effects of stress on the behavioral and physiological status and ultimate meat quality have been well documented. However, reports on the mechanism of stress effects on physiological and biochemical changes and their consequent effects on meat quality attributes have been somewhat disjointed and limited. Furthermore, the causes of variability in meat quality traits among different animal species, muscle fibers within an animal, and even positions within a piece of meat in response to stress are still not entirely clear. This review 1st summarizes the primary stress factors, including heat stress, preslaughter handling stress, oxidative stress, and other stress factors affecting animal welfare; carcass quality; and eating quality. This review further delineates potential stress-induced pathways or mediators, including AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated energy metabolism, crosstalk among calcium signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species, protein modification, apoptosis, calpain and cathepsin proteolytic systems, and heat shock proteins that exert effects that cause biochemical changes during the early postmortem period and affect the subsequent meat quality. To obtain meat of high quality, further studies are needed to unravel the intricate mechanisms involving the aforementioned signaling pathways or mediators and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ronald K Tume
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural Univ., Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Aboagye G, Dall'Olio S, Tassone F, Zappaterra M, Carpino S, Nanni Costa L. Apulo-Calabrese and Crossbreed Pigs Show Different Physiological Response and Meat Quality Traits after Short Distance Transport. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8100177. [PMID: 30308950 PMCID: PMC6210385 DOI: 10.3390/ani8100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transport is a stressful procedure that can affect adversely the welfare of pigs and pork quality. It is well known that response to the journey is influenced by the genetic type. However, very little is known on the response of local breeds to the transport procedures despite the increasing interest in the welfare of animals during transport. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short distance transport on behaviour, blood parameters and meat quality traits of Apulo-Calabrese (local Italian pig breed) and crossbreed [Duroc × (Landrace × Large White)] pigs. Statistical analyses were done using univariate and multivariate approaches. Both approaches showed that glucose, albumin/globulin, urea, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were influenced by the genetic type. Despite at loading Apulo-Calabrese pigs were less reluctant to move and showed a lower vocalization, physiological response to the short distance transport was more intense in this breed when compared with crossbreeds. With regards to meat quality, higher a* and lower L* coordinates were found in Apulo-Calabrese which indicates darker and more reddish meat than crossbreeds. The results from this study may provide insight into the response of local breeds to the transport procedures. Abstract Despite the increasing interest in the welfare of animals during transport, very little is known on the response of local pig breeds to the transport procedures. This study aims to compare the effect of short journey on behaviour, blood parameters, and meat quality traits in 51 Apulo-Calabrese and 52 crossbreed [Duroc × (Landrace × Large White)] pigs. All the animals were blood sampled five days before delivery (basal condition) and at exsanguination for the analysis of creatine kinase, cortisol, glucose, lactate, albumin, albumin/globulin, total protein, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate, sodium, and potassium. Post mortem pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss, and Warner-Bratzler shear force were measured at different times in longissimus thoracis samples. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that glucose, albumin/globulin, urea, and AST at exsanguination were influenced by the genetic type. Apulo-Calabrese showed the highest increase in blood values of lactate, creatinine, sodium and potassium after the short distance transport. Behavioural occurrences were similar in both genetic types during unloading and lairage. Small differences were observed for meat quality although significantly higher a* and lower L* were found in Apulo-Calabrese pigs, showing meat with a deeper red colour than crossbreeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizella Aboagye
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Dall'Olio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tassone
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Carpino
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori of Calabria Region, 88046 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Division of Animal Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Chai J, Xiong Q, Wang D, Wan X, Niu H, Xiang H, Li H, Wang H, Zheng R, Peng J, Jiang S. Identification of novel regulatory GRE-binding elements in the porcine IP3R1 gene promoter and their transcriptional activation under glucocorticoid stimulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 249:71-81. [PMID: 28495269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) is a type of ligand-gated calcium channel that is expressed predominantly in mammalian skeletal muscle, where it acts as a key regulator of calcium homeostasis. In meat, calcium disequilibrium is accompanied by the deterioration of meat quality. Here we show that serum cortisol concentration was higher and the IP3R1 gene expression level increased markedly in pigs exposed to high stress. In porcine primary muscle cells, dexamethasone (DEX, a synthetic glucocorticoid) increased the protein levels of porcine IP3R1 and GRα, and cell apoptosis, and the specific GRα inhibitor RU486 attenuated these effects. DEX also increased the expression of IP3R1 at both the gene and protein levels, and this expression was attenuated by RU486, siRNA against GRα, and the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D. DEX significantly reduced cell viability and increased the intracellular calcium concentration, and these effects were attenuated by siRNA against GRα. Bioinformatics analyses predicted a potential glucocorticoid response element (GRE) located in the region -326 to -309 upstream of the IP3R1 promoter and highly conserved in pigs and other mammalian species. Promoter analysis showed that this region containing the GRE was critical for transcriptional activity of porcine IP3R1 under DEX stimulation. This was confirmed by deletion and site-mutation methods. EMSA and ChIP assays showed that this potential GRE bound specifically to GRα and this complex activated the transcription of the IP3R1 gene. Taken together, these data suggest that DEX-mediated induction of IP3R1 influences porcine muscle cells through the transcriptional activation of a mechanism involving interactions between GRα and a GRE present in the proximal IP3R1 promoter. This process can lead to an imbalance in intracellular calcium concentration, which may subsequently activate the apoptosis signal and decrease cell activity, and cause deterioration of meat quality.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Base Sequence
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Hydrocortisone/blood
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Male
- Muscles/drug effects
- Muscles/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Response Elements/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Sus scrofa/blood
- Sus scrofa/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebing Wan
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongdan Niu
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Xiang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanan Li
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongshuai Wang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Siwen Jiang
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Sommavilla R, Faucitano L, Gonyou H, Seddon Y, Bergeron R, Widowski T, Crowe T, Connor L, Scheeren MB, Goumon S, Brown J. Season, Transport Duration and Trailer Compartment Effects on Blood Stress Indicators in Pigs: Relationship to Environmental, Behavioral and Other Physiological Factors, and Pork Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7020008. [PMID: 28208689 PMCID: PMC5332929 DOI: 10.3390/ani7020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Factors, such as ambient conditions, travel duration and vehicle design/compartment location have an impact on the welfare of pigs during transport, carcass bruises and meat quality. Based on this, we aimed to assess the effects of these factors on blood creatine kinase, lactate and cortisol concentrations in 384 pigs and assess their relationships with trailer temperature, and pigs’ heart rate and gastrointestinal tract temperature, behavior, carcass damage scores and meat quality. Although increased blood cortisol and creatine-kinase levels appear to indicate a physical stress condition in transported pigs, the weak to moderate correlations with environmental and other animal welfare indicators suggest that blood stress parameters can only be used as a complementary measurement in the assessment of the pigs’ response to transport stress. Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the season, travel duration and trailer compartment location on blood creatine-kinase (CK), lactate and cortisol concentrations in 384 pigs and assess their relationships with trailer temperature, heart rate and gastrointestinal tract temperature (GTT), behavior, carcass damage scores and meat quality. Blood CK was greater in pigs transported in summer (p = 0.02), after 18 h transportation (p < 0.001) and in pigs located in C4, C5 and C10 (p = 0.002). In winter, the concentration of blood lactate was higher (p = 0.04) in pigs transported for 6 h in C5. Pigs located in C10 showed higher (p = 0.01) concentration of cortisol than those transported for 18h in C4 in summer. The highest correlations were between blood cortisol and GTT (r = 0.53; p < 0.001), and between blood CK and GTT (r = 0.41; p < 0.001), truck temperature (r = 0.42; p < 0.001), and pHu in the longissimus muscle (r = 0.41; p < 0.001). In conclusion, although increased blood cortisol and CK levels appear to indicate a physical stress condition in transported pigs, the weak to moderate correlations with environmental and other animal welfare indicators suggest that blood stress parameters can only be used as a complementary measurement in the assessment of the pigs’ response to transport stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sommavilla
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Harold Gonyou
- Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada.
| | | | - Renée Bergeron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tina Widowski
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Trever Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada.
| | - Laurie Connor
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Marina Bergoli Scheeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Goumon
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, 104 00 Prague-Uhrineves, Czech Republic.
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Zou Y, Hu XM, Zhang T, Wei HK, Zhou YF, Zhou ZX, Peng J. Effects of dietary oregano essential oil and vitamin E supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs following transport stress. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:328-335. [PMID: 27916788 PMCID: PMC5326938 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of dietary oregano essential oil (OEO) and vitamin E
(Vit E) supplementation on meat quality, stress response and intestinal morphology in pigs
following transport stress. A total of 288 finishing pigs were randomly assigned to three
groups: a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented either with 200 mg/kg Vit E or 25 mg/kg
OEO. After a 28-day feeding trial, total of 132 finishing pigs according diet and
transport stress were assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) control treatment
without transport stress (Control group), 2) control treatment with 5-hr transport stress
(Negative group), 3) Vit E treatment with 5-hr transport stress and 4) OEO treatment with
5-hr transport stress. Transport stress pigs had lower muscle 45 min pH (pHi) and higher
drip loss than control pigs. Dietary OEO and Vit E supplementation significantly increased
45min pH under transport stress, and the OEO groups produced lower 24-hr drip loss values
(P<0.05) than that of pigs from the negative group. The
OEO-supplemented pigs showed decreased serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol
(P<0.05), and decreased Hsp 27 (heat shock protein
27) and Hsp 70 (heat shock protein 70) mRNA expression in the muscle
(P<0.05). Additionally, histological analysis revealed intestinal
epithelial damage in transport stress pigs that was reversed by dietary supplementation
with OEO. In conclusion, supplementation with dietary OEO may be superior to
supplementation with dietary Vit E in alleviating the meat quality, stress response and
intestinal morphology of pigs after challenge due to transportation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Nikbin S, Panandam JM, Sazili AQ. Influence of pre-slaughter transportation and stocking density on carcass and meat quality characteristics of Boer goats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1217752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nikbin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Jothi M. Panandam
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Q. Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Zou Y, Wei HK, Xiang QH, Wang J, Zhou YF, Peng J. Protective effect of quercetin on pig intestinal integrity after transport stress is associated with regulation oxidative status and inflammation. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1487-1494. [PMID: 27301842 PMCID: PMC5059377 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of quercetin supplementation on
intestinal integrity, intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intestinal
inflammation in pigs under transport stress. A total of 170 finishing pigs were randomly
assigned into two groups. Animals in the control group consumed a basal diet, while those
in the treatment group consumed the same diet supplemented with 25 mg quercetin per kg
feed. After a 4-week period, pigs were transported for 5 hr. The quercetin-supplemented
pigs showed decreased serum levels of endotoxin (P<0.05), increased
height of jejunum villi (P<0.05), and increased occludin and zonula
occudens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA expression in the jejunum (P<0.05). These
parameters are associated with intestinal health and were markedly improved by quercetin
supplementation. Pigs consuming the quercetin-supplemented diet had lower intestinal
levels of ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with the control group
(P<0.05). This finding coincided with greater inhibition of the
innate immune system (P<0.05), including mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, as
well as decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. These results
indicate that quercetin alleviates intestinal injury in pigs during transport, probably
through modulation of intestinal oxidative status and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Pires VMR, Madeira MS, Dowle AA, Thomas J, Almeida AM, Prates JAM. Increased intramuscular fat induced by reduced dietary protein in finishing pigs: effects on the longissimus lumborum muscle proteome. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2447-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00213g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reduced protein diets affects the amounts of proteins related to fibre type and structure and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. R. Pires
- CIISA
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Avenida da Universidade Técnica
- 1300-477 Lisbon
| | - M. S. Madeira
- CIISA
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Avenida da Universidade Técnica
- 1300-477 Lisbon
| | - A. A. Dowle
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - J. Thomas
- Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry
- University of York
- York
- UK
| | - A. M. Almeida
- CIISA
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Avenida da Universidade Técnica
- 1300-477 Lisbon
| | - J. A. M. Prates
- CIISA
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Avenida da Universidade Técnica
- 1300-477 Lisbon
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15
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Zhang T, Zhou Y, Zou Y, Hu X, Zheng L, Wei H, Giannenas I, Jin L, Peng J, Jiang S. Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on the stress response, antioxidative capacity, and HSPs mRNA expression of transported pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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van Staaveren N, Teixeira DL, Hanlon A, Boyle LA. The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare and carcass lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122841. [PMID: 25830336 PMCID: PMC4382277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research is needed to validate lesions recorded at meat inspection as indicators of pig welfare on farm. The aims were to determine the influence of mixing pigs on carcass lesions and to establish whether such lesions correlate with pig behaviour and lesions scored on farm. Aggressive and mounting behaviour of pigs in three single sex pens was recorded on Day -5, -2, and -1 relative to slaughter (Day 0). On Day 0 pigs were randomly allocated to 3 treatments (n = 20/group) over 5 replicates: males mixed with females (MF), males mixed with males (MM), and males unmixed (MUM). Aggressive and mounting behaviours were recorded on Day 0 at holding on farm and lairage. Skin/tail lesions were scored according to severity at the farm (Day -1), lairage, and on the carcass (Day 0). Effect of treatment and time on behaviour and lesions were analysed by mixed models. Spearman rank correlations between behaviour and lesion scores and between scores recorded at different stages were determined. In general, MM performed more aggressive behaviour (50.4 ± 10.72) than MUM (20.3 ± 9.55, P < 0.05) and more mounting (30.9 ± 9.99) than MF (11.4 ± 3.76) and MUM (9.8 ± 3.74, P < 0.05). Skin lesion scores increased between farm (Day -1) and lairage (P < 0.001), but this tended to be significant only for MF and MM (P = 0.08). There was no effect of treatment on carcass lesions and no associations were found with fighting/mounting. Mixing entire males prior to slaughter stimulated mounting and aggressive behaviour but did not influence carcass lesion scores. Carcass skin/tail lesions scores were correlated with scores recorded on farm (rskin = 0.21 and rtail = 0.18, P < 0.01) suggesting that information recorded at meat inspection could be used as indicators of pig welfare on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke van Staaveren
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dayane Lemos Teixeira
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Alison Hanlon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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17
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Pereira TL, Corassa A. Fluxo do transporte de suínos para abate no Estado de Mato Grosso. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402014000400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se descrever o fluxo de suínos para abate produzidos no Estado de Mato Grosso entre os anos de 2008 e 2012. Foram utilizados dados de 9.426.729 suínos produzidos no Estado de Mato Grosso e transportados para abate de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012, no qual realizou-se análise descritiva das informações, com frequências de origem e destino; machos e fêmeas em função dos meses e anos e as distâncias percorridas. Observou-se crescimento no número de viagens e de suínos transportados do Estado de Mato Grosso, com valores médios de 19,83 e 19,61% no período avaliado, respectivamente. Registou-se uma variação de 142,73 a 147,42 de suínos transportados por viagem. As frequências de transporte a distâncias inferiores à200 km aumentaram, enquanto a frequência acima de 500 km reduziram. Portanto, conclui que ao longo dos anos houve alterações quanto ao volume de animais, distância e percursos, no qual, aumentou o volume de suínos transportados, reduziu o volume de suínos transportados a longa distância, e houve implantação de unidades frigoríficas mais próximas ao local de produção. Desta forma, 73,47% dos suínos para abate transportados percorreram entre zero e 200 km da origem ao destino, e a média ponderada de distânciafoi de 205,74 km.
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18
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Zhen S, Liu Y, Li X, Ge K, Chen H, Li C, Ren F. Effects of lairage time on welfare indicators, energy metabolism and meat quality of pigs in Beijing. Meat Sci 2013; 93:287-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Salmi B, Trefan L, Bünger L, Doeschl-Wilson A, Bidanel JP, Terlouw C, Larzul C. Bayesian meta-analysis of the effect of fasting, transport and lairage times on four attributes of pork meat quality. Meat Sci 2012; 90:584-98. [PMID: 22075265 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological meat quality is a significant economic factor in pork production, and numerous publications have shown that it is strongly influenced both by genetic status and by rearing and slaughter conditions. The quality of meat is often described by meat pH at different times postmortem, as well as by color and drip loss. A meta-analysis based on a database built from 27 studies corresponding to a total of 6526 animals classified was carried out. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to study the effect of fasting, lairage and transport durations on four main attributes of the technological pork meat quality. A Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression approach was adopted. The results of our meta-analysis showed that fasting time had a significant effect on pH measured 24h post-mortem (pHu) and drip loss (DL) measured in longissimus muscle. While, lairage affected only the pHu in semimembranosus muscle. Interestingly, we found that DL was the lone attribute that was affected by transport time and its interaction with fasting time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salmi
- INRA, UMR 1313 Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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21
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Xiong Q, Chai J, Zhang PP, Wu J, Jiang SW, Zheng R, Deng CY. MyoD control of SKIP expression during pig skeletal muscle development. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:267-74. [PMID: 20336382 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and kidney enriched inositol phosphatase (SKIP) was identified as a 5'-inositol phosphatase that hydrolyzes PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(3,4)P2 that negatively regulates insulin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in skeletal muscle. In this study, we obtained a 1575-bp mRNA sequence of porcine SKIP that included the full coding region encoding a protein of 450 amino acids. With the use of comparative mapping, we mapped this gene to SSC12 q1.3, where many QTLs affect Backfat thickness at 10th rib, carcass yield, the number of muscle fibers, and ham weight traits. As a candidate gene for growth and carcass traits, a novel single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 12 (G>A) was detected by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the GG genotype had higher skin percentage (SP), carcass length to first spondyle (CL1), carcass length to first rib (CL2), but lower intramuscular fat (IMF) as compared with genotype AG (P<0.05), and allele G seemed to be associated with an increase in the growth trait. Porcine SKIP was expressed abundantly in skeletal muscle tissue and was transcriptionally upregulated during skeletal muscle differentiation. Analysis of the porcine SKIP promoter sequence demonstrated that MyoD was involved in regulating SKIP mRNA expression in myotubes, partly via the cis-acting elements in SKIP promoter. In summary, we suggested that SKIP might play a role in the regulation of skeletal muscle development in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xiong
- Agricultural Ministry Key Laboratory of Swine Breeding and Genetics & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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