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Cheng G, Hu T, Zeng Y, Yan L, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xia J, Dong H, Chen D, Cheng T, Peng G, Zhang L. Enhancing immune response, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in growing beagles through a chitooligosaccharide diet. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1283248. [PMID: 38274661 PMCID: PMC10808298 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1283248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have attracted significant attention due to their unique biological activities, water solubility, and absorbable properties. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of COS-supplemented diets on the immune response, antioxidative capacity, hematology, serum biochemistry, and modulation of intestinal microbiota in growing beagles. Twelve weaning male beagles (6 weeks old; weighing 3.6 ± 0.6 kg) were fed either a control diet (food without COS, n = 6) or a COS-supplemented diet (n = 6) twice daily for 7 weeks. Blood samples collected at weeks 4 and 7 indicated that hematology and serum biochemistry remained unaffected by COS supplementation. Compared with the control group, the test group showed higher levels of serum antibodies against the canine distemper virus and parvovirus, higher levels of immunoglobulin A, G, and M, and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, COS was observed to modulate the intestinal flora by enhancing the presence of probiotics, such as Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1_group, Lactobacillus, Collinsella, Blautia, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. In summary, a COS-supplemented diet could effectively improve dog health by regulating immune function and antioxidant responses and modulating intestinal microbiota. This study highlights the potentiality of using COS as a valuable nutraceutical for growing dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Cheng
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangchun Yan
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanglu Liu
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - JieYing Xia
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Dong
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Cheng
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Youssef IM, Khalil HA, Shakoori AM, Bagadood RM, Alyahyawi AY, Alhazzaa RA, Fakiha KG, Nasr S, Abo-Samra MA, Hassan MS, Halim HSAE, El-Hack MEA, Jaremko M, Al-Nemi R, Youssef KM. Immune response, hematological traits, biochemical blood parameters, and histological status of laying hens influenced by dietary chitosan-oligosaccharides. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102834. [PMID: 37390556 PMCID: PMC10466251 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to examine the effect of chitosan-oligosaccharides (COS) supplementation in laying hens' diets affected their immune response, hematological characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, and histological status. At the age of 34 wk, 200 laying hens and 20 cocks of the Mandarah chicken strain were allotted into four groups, each consisting of 50 hens and five cocks. The first group acted as a control group, fed on a basal diet. The second, third, and fourth experimental groups each received 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 g/kg of COS in addition to a base diet. Birds received COS at various dosages had significantly (P ˂ 0.05) increased serum concentration of immunoglobulins, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease antibodies compared with the control birds. Moreover, adding COS at level 0.2 g/kg diet insignificantly enhanced immune response than the rest of the treatment groups. Also, treated birds with COS at different levels had insignificantly improved hematological parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to the control group. Birds fed COS at all levels had significantly decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, Ca++ and alanine aminotransferase concentrations compared with control birds. In addition, compared to the control group, chitosan-treated birds showed enhanced histological examination of the small intestine, isthmus, and testis, notably in birds given COS at 0.1 g/kg diet compared to other treated birds. Cocks fed COS at all levels improved testicular tissues and increased the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules compared with control birds Morphological examination of the ileum showed increased villi number, height, and crypt depth. It is possible to conclude that laying hens' physiological performance and general health can be effectively improved by using chitosan at 0.1 or 2 g/kg diet levels enhanced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Youssef
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hassan A Khalil
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Afnan M Shakoori
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M Bagadood
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Y Alyahyawi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha A Alhazzaa
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud G Fakiha
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samia Nasr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher A Abo-Samra
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Magdy S Hassan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Haiam S Abd El Halim
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruba Al-Nemi
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Youssef
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Zhu J, Wu Y, Jiang A, Li B, Ran T, Zhou C, Xiao D, Tan Z. Effects of dietary N-carbamylglutamate on rumen fermentation parameters, and bacterial community diversity of Holstein dairy cows in Tibet. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1101620. [PMID: 37228367 PMCID: PMC10203405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by low temperature and hypoxia. N-carbamylglutamic acid (NCG) can increase blood oxygen saturation, and have the potential to be used to prevent the high-altitude hypoxia stress state of cows. However, its beneficial effect on the rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows remains unclear. Methods Hence, the experiments 12 multiparous (parity ranged from 2 to 7) Holstein dairy cows (413.0 ± 42 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment: basal diet (CON, control group) and basal diet plus 20 g/d/cow of NCG (NCG, experiment group), respectively. To study the effects of dietary NCG supplementation on rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows in Tibet. The experiment lasted for 45 days, with 15 days of pre-feeding and 30 days of formal trail period. Results The results showed that ruminal NH3-N concentration in NCG group was lower (p < 0.05) than that in the CON group, while molar proportion of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of NCG. Microbial diversity increased (p < 0.05) in NCG group, with Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria as the most abundant phyla. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the potential function of ruminal bacteria was mainly enriched in metabolism (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, energy, and nucleotides) and genetic information processing (replication, repair, and translation). Conclusion In conclusion, NCG can improve rumen nitrogen utilization, total VFA and acetic acid production, and increase rumen microbial diversity, all of which could make the introduced Holstein dairy cows to better adapt to the harsh environment in Tibet and improve their production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yicheng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aoyu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Tao Ran
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Uyanga VA, Ejeromedoghene O, Lambo MT, Alowakennu M, Alli YA, Ere-Richard AA, Min L, Zhao J, Wang X, Jiao H, Onagbesan OM, Lin H. Chitosan and chitosan‑based composites as beneficial compounds for animal health: Impact on gastrointestinal functions and biocarrier application. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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Stull VJ, Weir TL. Chitin and omega-3 fatty acids in edible insects have underexplored benefits for the gut microbiome and human health. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:283-287. [PMID: 37117549 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A healthy gut microbiome is critical for nutrient metabolism, pathogen inhibition and immune regulation, and is highly influenced by diet. Edible insects are good sources of protein and micronutrients, but unlike other animal-derived foods, they also contain both dietary fibre and omega-3 fatty acids that can modulate gut microbiota. Here we explore the potential impacts of insect consumption on the microbiome. Laboratory, animal and human studies indicate that insect fibre in the form of chitin and its derivatives can modify gut microbiota with beneficial outcomes. Some insects also contain favourable omega-3/omega-6 ratios. We identify gaps in the literature-especially a dearth of human studies-that must be addressed to better understand health impacts of entomophagy. Insects, already eaten across the globe, can be farmed using fewer resources than conventional livestock. Widening the research scope offers an opportunity to advance use of edible insects to address interconnected environmental and health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Stull
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Liu N, Shen H, Zhang F, Liu X, Xiao Q, Jiang Q, Tan B, Ma X. Applications and prospects of functional oligosaccharides in pig nutrition: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Wang F, Chen J, Yin Y, Yang M, Xiao Y, Cheng Y, Yin L, Fu C. The effects of dietary ellagic acid supplementation on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant activity, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal functions in yellow-feathered broilers. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac301. [PMID: 36074562 PMCID: PMC9721341 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with ellagic acid (EA) on the performance, immune function, antioxidant activity, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal functions in yellow-feathered broilers. In total, 288 healthy yellow-feathered broilers with an average body weight of 39 ± 0.24 g were randomly divided into four treatment groups. Broilers were given a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg EA. In the finisher period and the overall period, the inclusion of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg EA increased the average daily gain (P < 0.05), and the inclusion of 200 or 400 mg/kg EA decreased the feed/gain ratio compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The best immune activity (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM] concentrations) in serum was shown in the 200 mg/kg EA group (P < 0.05). Broilers fed with 200 or 400 mg/kg EA-containing diets exhibited higher serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities (P < 0.05) than control broilers. The inclusion of 200 mg/kg EA in the broiler diets increased intestinal chymotrypsin, pepsin, and lipase activities (P < 0.05). Broilers fed 200 mg/kg EA-containing diets had higher villus height in the jejunum and ileum, a higher ratio between villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum, and a deeper crypt in the duodenum compared to control broilers (P < 0.05). EA reduced the diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate concentration in serum. Furthermore, in birds fed EA-containing diets, the abundance of Rikenella and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_UCG-014 in cecum were decreased compared with control birds (P < 0.05). Moreover, in birds fed EA-containing diets, the levels of acetate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids in the cecum were higher (P < 0.05) than those in control birds. These findings indicated that dietary EA had ameliorative effects on antioxidant capability, digestive enzyme activity, immune function, and intestinal functions, which led to strengthened growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yexin Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yintao Xiao
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and FMT from COS-dosed mice on intestinal barrier function and cell apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Henricks PAJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, Braber S. Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:4699. [PMID: 36364961 PMCID: PMC9655944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial monolayer is the primary determinant of mucosal barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) complexes seal the paracellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells and represent the main "gate-keepers" of the paracellular route. Impaired TJ functionality results in increased permeation of the "pro-inflammatory" luminal contents to the circulation that induces local and systemic inflammatory and immune responses, ultimately triggering and/or perpetuating (chronic) systemic inflammatory disorders. Increased gut leakiness is associated with intestinal and systemic disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Modulation of TJ dynamics is an appealing strategy aiming at inflammatory conditions associated with compromised intestinal epithelial function. Recently there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, particularly in non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). NDOs confer innumerable health benefits via microbiome-shaping and gut microbiota-related immune responses, including enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity. Emerging evidence supports that NDOs also exert health-beneficial effects on microbiota independently via direct interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Among these valuable features, NDOs promote barrier function by directly regulating TJs via AMPK-, PKC-, MAPK-, and TLR-associated pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epithelial barrier-protective effects of different NDOs with a special focus on their microbiota-independent modulation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. J. Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Multifunctional role of chitosan in farm animals: a comprehensive review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polygluchitosanamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.
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Wu D, Fan Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Wang L, Wang L. Low Protein Diets Supplemented With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Enhance the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Health in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Front Immunol 2022; 13:915657. [PMID: 35720284 PMCID: PMC9200961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation in a low protein (LP) diet on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), 600 carp were randomly divided into five dietary groups: a normal protein (NP) diet containing 32% crude protein, an LP diet formulated with 28% crude protein, and LP with AKG at 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% (dry matter). After an 8-week trial period, the results demonstrated that an LP diet led to a decrease in performance, immune response, and intestinal barrier function. Compared with the LP group, the final body weight and weight gain rate in the LP+0.4% AKG group were significantly higher, the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased with the addition of 0.4% and 0.8% AKG. The supplementation with 0.4% and 0.8% AKG markedly increased the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px, as well as the expression levels of GPX1a and GPX1b relative to the LP group, whereas the MDA content was significantly decreased in the LP+0.4% AKG group. In addition, the expression levels of tight junctions including claudin-3, claudin-7, ZO-1, and MLCK were significantly up-regulated in the LP+0.4% AKG group, and the relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6α were significantly lower with the addition of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% AKG. Moreover, the abundance of Proteobacteria in the LP+0.4% AKG group was lower than that in the LP group, and the abundance of Firmicutes and Fusobacteria was higher at the phylum level. The abundance of Citrobacter in the LP+0.4% AKG group was decreased compared to the LP group, while the abundance of Aeromonas was increased at the genus level. In short, the effects of AKG on the intestinal health of the common carp were systematically and comprehensively evaluated from the perspectives of intestinal physical barrier, chemical barrier, biological barrier, and immune barrier. We found that an LP diet supplemented with 0.4% AKG was beneficial to the growth performance and intestinal health of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiyou Xu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- AHP Application Research Institute, Weifang Addeasy Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Weifang, China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, China
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Guan Z, Feng Q. Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharide: The Promising Non-Plant-Derived Prebiotics with Multiple Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126761. [PMID: 35743209 PMCID: PMC9223384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable chitin is the second-most abundant natural polysaccharide, widely existing in the exoskeletons of crabs, shrimps, insects, and the cell walls of fungi. Chitosan and chitooligosaccharide (COS, also named chitosan oligosaccharide) are the two most important deacetylated derivatives of chitin. Compared with chitin, chitosan and COS not only have more satisfactory physicochemical properties but also exhibit additional biological activities, which cause them to be widely applied in the fields of food, medicine, and agriculture. Additionally, due to their significant ability to improve gut microbiota, chitosan and COS are deemed prospective prebiotics. Here, we introduced the production, physicochemical properties, applications, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of chitosan and COS. Furthermore, we summarized the latest research on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Research progress on the prebiotic functions of chitosan and COS is particularly reviewed. We creatively analyzed and discussed the mechanisms and correlations underlying these activities of chitosan and COS and their physicochemical properties. Our work enriched people's understanding of these non-plant-derived prebiotics. Based on this review, the future directions of research on chitosan and COS are explored. Collectively, optimizing the production technology of chitin derivatives and enriching understanding of their biological functions will shed more light on their capability to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Microbiome, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- School of Life Science, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Human Microbiome, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266347, China
- Correspondence:
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Blachier F, Andriamihaja M, Kong XF. Fate of undigested proteins in the pig large intestine: What impact on the colon epithelium? ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:110-118. [PMID: 35573094 PMCID: PMC9065739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its obvious agronomic interest in feeding billions of people worldwide, the porcine species represents an irreplaceable experimental model for intestinal physiologists and nutritionists. In this review, we give an overview on the fate of proteins that are not fully digested in the pig small intestine, and thus are transferred into the large intestine. In the large intestine, dietary and endogenous proteins are converted to peptides and amino acids (AA) by the action of bacterial proteases and peptidases. AA, which cannot, except in the neonatal period, be absorbed to any significant level by the colonocytes, are used by the intestinal microbes for protein synthesis and for the production of numerous metabolites. Of note, the production of the AA-derived metabolites greatly depends on the amount of undigested polysaccharides in the pig's diet. The effects of these AA-derived bacterial metabolites on the pig colonic epithelium have not yet been largely studied. However, the available data, performed on colonic mucosa, isolated colonic crypts and colonocytes, indicate that some of them, like ammonia, butyrate, acetate, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and p-cresol are active either directly or indirectly on energy metabolism in colonic epithelial cells. Further studies in that area will certainly gain from the utilization of the pig colonic organoid model, which allows for disposal of functional epithelial unities. Such studies will contribute to a better understanding of the potential causal links between diet-induced changes in the luminal concentrations of these AA-derived bacterial metabolites and effects on the colon epithelial barrier function and water/electrolyte absorption.
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Zhao M, Ma A, He H, Zhang X, Jia L, Hou T. In vitro
caecum fermentation and
in vivo
(
Gallus gallus
) of calcium delivery systems fabricated by desalted duck egg white peptides and chitosan oligosaccharide on gut health. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Hui He
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Xing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Lei Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan 430070 China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University) Ministry of Education Wuhan 43000 China
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15
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Boontiam W, Hong J, Kitipongpysan S, Wattanachai S. Full-fat field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) as a substitute for fish meal and soybean meal for weaning piglets: effects on growth performance, intestinal health, and redox status. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac080. [PMID: 35289918 PMCID: PMC9047170 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-fat field cricket meal (FCP) is an alternative protein ingredient in livestock production; however, the effects of replacing conventional protein sources with FCP in nursery diets have not been determined. In this study, the effects of the partial replacement of either fish meal or soybean meal with FCP on weaning pigs were evaluated, including the analyses of growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology,
immunity, oxidative stress, and fecal microbial counts. A total of 100 crossbred weaning pigs [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] were allotted to one of the following five treatments with five replicates (four pigs/pen) and fed for 28 d postweaning. Treatments were 1) a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diet with 5% fish meal (Positive control; PC), 2) a corn-SBM-based diet without fish meal (Negative control; NC), 3) field crickets replacing fishmeal on a total Lys basis (FCP1), 4) field crickets replacing fishmeal on a kg/kg basis (FCP2), and 5) field crickets replacing fish meal and soybean meal (FCP3). The piglets on FCP1 had a higher body weight on days 14 and 28, and an increased average daily gain over the experimental period than NC (P < 0.05); FCP2 and FCP3 were similar to the FCP1 treatment. The incidence of diarrhea was lower under an FCP-supplemented diet than under the NC diet throughout the study (P < 0.05). Pigs fed FCP1 and FCP2 had a higher digestibility of crude
protein (P = 0.041), and all FCP groups increased crude fat digestibility (P = 0.024). FCP1 and FCP2 also increased jejunal villus height
(P = 0.009), whereas the increase in jejunal villus-to-crypt ratios (P = 0.019) was greater in pigs fed the FCP2 diet than those fed the NC diet. Furthermore, FCP2 supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin A levels on days 14 and 28, including reduced serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels (P < 0.05). Pigs fed an FCP2 diet had reduced malondialdehyde levels than those fed a PC diet, while pigs fed an FCP2 diet had higher superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels, and more fecal Lactobacillus spp. than those fed an NC diet (P < 0.05). These results support the use of FCP as an alternative protein ingredient with beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota. In particular, FCP can be used as a partial substitute for fish meal and soybean meal without detrimental effects on weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waewaree Boontiam
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, U083SA, USA
| | - Sumetee Kitipongpysan
- Division of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suchat Wattanachai
- Division of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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16
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Han L, Azad MAK, Huang P, Wang W, Zhang W, Blachier F, Kong X. Maternal Supplementation With Different Probiotic Mixture From Late Pregnancy to Day 21 Postpartum: Consequences for Litter Size, Plasma and Colostrum Parameters, and Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites in Sows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:726276. [PMID: 35211537 PMCID: PMC8860973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.726276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined the effects of different probiotic mixture supplementation to sows from late pregnancy to day 21 postpartum on reproductive performance, colostrum composition, plasma biochemical parameters, and fecal microbiota and metabolites. A total of 80 pregnant sows were randomly assigned to one of four groups (20 sows per group). The sows in the control group (CON group) were fed a basal diet, and those in the BS-A+B, BS-A+BL, and BS-B+BL groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 250 g/t of different probiotic mixture containing either 125 g/t of Bacillus subtilis A (BS-A), Bacillus subtilis B (BS-B), and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL), respectively. The trial period was from day 85 of pregnancy to day 21 postpartum. The results showed that different dietary probiotic mixture supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the average weaning weight and average daily gain of piglets, while dietary BS-A+BL supplementation increased the number of weaned piglets (P < 0.05), litter weight (P = 0.06), litter weight gain (P = 0.06), and litter daily gain (P = 0.06) at weaning compared with the CON group. Different dietary probiotic mixture supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the colostrum quality by increasing the fat and dry matter concentrations, as well as the protein and urea nitrogen concentrations in the BS-A+BL group. Dietary probiotic mixture BS-B+BL increased the plasma total protein on days 1 and 21 postpartum while decreased the plasma albumin on day 1 postpartum (P < 0.05). In addition, the plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased in the BS-A+B and BS-B+BL groups on day 21 postpartum, while plasma ammonia was decreased in the BS-A+B and BS-A+BL groups on day 1 and in the three probiotic mixtures groups on day 21 postpartum (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with different probiotic mixture also modified the fecal microbiota composition and metabolic activity in sows during pregnancy and postpartum stages. Collectively, these findings suggest that maternal supplementation with Bacillus subtilis in combination with Bacillus licheniformis are promising strategies for improving the reproductive performance and the overall health indicators in sows, as well as the growth of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute of Cell Transplantion and Gene Therapy, Centra-South University, the Engineering Center for Xenotransplantation, Changsha, China
| | | | - Francois Blachier
- UMR PNCA, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangfeng Kong
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17
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Ding H, Huang P, Yin Y, Deng J, Kong X. Effects of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Fecal Nitrogen, and Carcass Traits of Huanjiang Mini-Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:777671. [PMID: 34988141 PMCID: PMC8720777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.777671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Huanjiang mini-pig is a Chinese local breed and, the optimal dietary crude protein (CP) level for this breed is still unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate its optimum dietary CP level upon the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, fecal nitrogen content, and carcass traits. Three independent trials with 360 pigs were included. A total of 220 pigs (5.32 ± 0.46 kg) were fed ad libitum, either a 14, 16, 18, 20, or 22% CP diet from about 5- to 10-kg (trial 1); 84 pigs (11.27 ± 1.43 kg) were fed either a 12, 14, 16, 18, or 20% CP diet from about 10- to 20-kg (trial 2); and 56 pigs (18.80 ± 2.21 kg) were fed either a 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18% CP diet from about 20- to 30-kg (trial 3). In trial 1, as dietary CP levels increased, the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) and was minimal at the 18.42% CP level. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and final body weight (BW) were not affected by dietary CP levels while the fat percentage decreased (p < 0.05). Besides, a linear decrease in slaughter rate (p = 0.06) and a linear increase in bone percentage (p < 0.05), serum urea nitrogen (UN) (P < 0.05), and fecal nitrogen content (p = 0.07) of pigs were observed. In trial 2, as dietary CP levels increased, the average daily gain quadratically increased (p < 0.05) and was maximum at the 16.70% CP level. The slaughter rate linearly decreased (p < 0.05) whereas the skin rate, serum UN, and NH3-N increased (p < 0.05) linearly, as well as fecal nitrogen content (p = 0.06). In trial 3, as dietary CP levels increased, the F/G increased (p < 0.05), while the ADFI and ADG quadratically decreased (p < 0.05) and was maximum at nearly 14.00% CP level. The bone percentage and serum UN increased (p < 0.05) linearly but the slaughter rate decreased (P < 0.05) linearly, and the fecal nitrogen content quadratically decreased (p = 0.07) whereas the albumin increased (p < 0.05) quadratically. Taken together, the optimal dietary CP levels for growth performance of Huanjiang mini-pigs from 5- to 10-kg, 10- to 20-kg, and 20- to 30-kg were 18.42, 16.70, and 14.00%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Research Center of Mini-Pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, China
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18
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Zhao M, He H, Guo D, Zhang X, Jia L, Hou T, Ma A. Chitosan oligosaccharides-tripolyphosphate microcapsules as efficient vehicles for desalted duck egg white peptides-calcium: Fabrication, entrapment mechanism and in vivo calcium absorption studies. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Ji X, Zhu L, Chang K, Zhang R, Chen Y, Yin H, Jin J, Zhao L. Chitooligosaccahrides: Digestion characterization and effect of the degree of polymerization on gut microorganisms to manage the metabolome functional diversity in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118716. [PMID: 34742440 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of chitooligosaccharides (COS) prevents intestinal microecological disorder. The mechanisms for the effects of different COS on the gut microbiota are currently unclear. This study examined the impact of COS with different degrees of polymerization (DPs) on the gut microbial community and metabolic profile. COS significantly promoted the growth of Bacteroidetes, and inhibited that of Proteobacteria, which were significantly correlated with DPs. COS3 and COS2 enriched the butyrate production in microbial communities composed of Clostridium and Parabacteroides. Microbial communities enriched by DPs 4-6 COS displayed increased diversity in differential metabolite function. Several biomarkers were distinguished significantly, including unsaturated fatty acids, bile acids, indoles and amines, which are mainly related to processes such as fatty acid synthesis and decomposition, bile acid modification, and tryptophan metabolism. The results display the relationship among COS structure-gut microbes-metabolomics, providing a new perspective for COS as a functional food to improve intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kunlin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Chang-Zheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiayang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China.
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20
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Gomaa EZ. Microbial chitinases: properties, enhancement and potential applications. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:695-710. [PMID: 33483852 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are a category of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze chitin and are formed by a wide variety of microorganisms. In nature, microbial chitinases are primarily responsible for chitin decomposition and play a vital role in the balance of carbon and nitrogen ratio in the ecosystem. The physicochemical attributes and the source of chitinase are the main bases that determine their functional characteristics and hydrolyzed products. Several chitinases have been reported and characterized, and they obtain a wider consideration for their utilization in a large number of uses such as in agriculture, food, environment, medicine and pharmaceutical companies. The antifungal and insecticidal impacts of several chitinases have been extensively studied, aiming to protect crops from phytopathogenic fungi and insects. Chitooligosaccharides synthesized by chitin degradation have been shown to improve human health through their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This review aims at investigating chitinase production, properties and their potential applications in various biotechnological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zakaria Gomaa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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21
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Sampath V, Heon Baek D, Shanmugam S, Kim IH. Dietary Inclusion of Blood Plasma with Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation Enhanced the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Lactobacillus Count, and Reduced Gas Emissions in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:759. [PMID: 33801867 PMCID: PMC8000955 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was performed to examine the hypothesis that blood plasma (BP) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplement in the diet of weaning pigs could provoke the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and reduce harmful gas excretion. A total of one hundred and eighty healthy piglets were taken and assigned (complete random blocks) to three dietary treatments as: Phase 1: Treatment (TRT) 1-6% BP; TRT 2-3% BP + 3% yeast; TRT 3-6% yeast. Phase 2: TRT 1-3%; BP., TRT 2-1.5% BP + 1.5% yeast; TRT 3- 3% yeast. Phase 3: TRT 1- Control (CON) (Basal diet); TRT 2- CON; TRT 3- CON for six- weeks. Each treatment had twelve replicates and five (three gilts and two barrows) pigs per pen. Dietary inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation significantly increased the body weight of piglets during phase 2 (p = 0.003) and phase 3 (p = 0.032). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had a significant improvement in average daily gain at the end of each phase and overall (p = 0.047, 0.025, 0.018 and 0.012, respectively). At phase 3, TRT2 group piglets showed a significant improvement on nutrient digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.012) and nitrogen (p = 0.040). The fecal microbiota of TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to increase the number of Lactobacillus counts at phase 1 (p = 0.07) and phase 2 (p = 0.06) as well as, a significant improvement at phase 3 (p = 0.021). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had trend to decrease NH3 (p = 0.074) and H2S (p = 0.069) during phase 2, and significantly reduced NH3 (p = 0.038) and H2S (p = 0.046) at phase 3. However, the fecal score of piglets remains unaffected during the entire trial. At the end of phase 1 piglets' IgG (p = 0.008) was significantly increased with the inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation. Based on the positive effects on body weight, average daily gain, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count, and reduced gas emission, we suggest that dietary supplement with BP and yeast in the diet of weaned piglet could serve as an excellent alternative to antibiotics growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vetriselvi Sampath
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (V.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Dong Heon Baek
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea;
| | - Sureshkumar Shanmugam
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (V.S.); (S.S.)
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam 330-714, Korea; (V.S.); (S.S.)
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22
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Fan Q, Wanapat M, Yan T, Hou F. Altitude influences microbial diversity and herbage fermentation in the rumen of yaks. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:370. [PMID: 33276718 PMCID: PMC7718673 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumen microbiota in ruminants are vital for sustaining good rumen ecology, health, and productivity. Currently, limited information is available regarding the response of yaks (Bos grunniens) to fluctuating environments, especially the rumen microbiome. To address this, we investigated the diet, rumen bacterial community, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) of rumen fluid of yaks raised in the great Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP) at 2800 (low altitude, L), 3700 (middle altitude, M), and 4700 m (high altitude, H) above sea level. RESULTS The results showed that despite a partial diet overlap, H yaks harbored higher fibrous fractious contents than the M and L grazing yaks. Bacteria including Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcus_1, Romboutsia, Alloprevotella, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Clostridium, Streptococcus, and Treponema were found to be enriched in the rumen of yaks grazing at H. They also showed higher rumen microbial diversity and total VFA concentrations than those shown by yaks at M and L. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on weighted UniFrac distances revealed that the bacterial community structure of rumen differed between the three altitudes. Moreover, Tax4fun metagenome estimation revealed that microbial genes associated with energy requirement and carbohydrate metabolic fate were overexpressed in the rumen microbiota of H yaks. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results revealed that H yaks had a stronger herbage fermenting ability via rumen microbial fermentation. Their enhanced ability of utilizing herbage may be partly owing to a microbiota adaptation for more energy requirements in the harsh H environment, such as lower temperature and the risk of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tianhai Yan
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, County Down, BT26 6DR, UK
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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23
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Azad MA, Gao J, Ma J, Li T, Tan B, Huang X, Yin J. Opportunities of prebiotics for the intestinal health of monogastric animals. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:379-388. [PMID: 33364453 PMCID: PMC7750794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of prebiotic applications from different sources is to improve the gut ecosystem where the host and microbiota can benefit from prebiotics. It has already been recognized that prebiotics have potential roles in the gut ecosystem because gut microbiota ferment complex dietary macronutrients and carry out a broad range of functions in the host body, such as the production of nutrients and vitamins, protection against pathogens, and maintenance of immune system balance. The gut ecosystem is very crucial and can be affected by numerous factors consisting of dietary constituents and commensal bacteria. This review focuses on recent scientific evidence, confirming a beneficial effect of prebiotics on animal health, particularly in terms of protection against pathogenic bacteria and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria that may improve epithelial cell barrier functions. It has also been reviewed that modification of the gut ecosystem through the utilization of prebiotics significantly affects the intestinal health of animals. However, the identification and characterization of novel potential prebiotics remain a topical issue and elucidation of the metagenomics relationship between gut microbiota alteration and prebiotic substances is necessary for future prebiotic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md A.K. Azad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
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Alterations in the Blood Parameters and Fecal Microbiota and Metabolites during Pregnant and Lactating Stages in Bama Mini Pigs as a Model. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8829072. [PMID: 33162832 PMCID: PMC7607286 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8829072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze plasma reproductive hormone and biochemical parameter changes, as well as fecal microbiota composition and metabolites in sows, at different pregnancy and lactation stages, using Bama mini pig as an experimental animal model. We found that plasma prolactin (PRL), progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estrogen levels decreased from day 45 to day 105 of pregnancy. Plasma total protein and albumin levels were lower in pregnant sows, while glucose, urea nitrogen, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, as well as fecal acetate, butyrate, valerate, total short-chain fatty acids, skatole, and tyramine levels, were higher in lactating sows. Interestingly, the lactating sows showed lower α-diversity and Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia relative abundances, while pregnant sows showed a higher Proteobacteria relative abundance. Notably, the Akkermansia relative abundance was highest on day 7 of lactation. Spearman analysis showed a positive correlation between plasma triglyceride and cholinesterase levels and Akkermansia and Streptococcus relative abundances. Moreover, Oscillospira and Desulfovibrio relative abundances were also positively correlated with plasma FSH, LH, and E2 levels, as well as PRL and LH with Bacteroides. Collectively, plasma reproductive hormones, biochemical parameters, and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite levels could alter along with pregnancy and lactation, which might contribute to the growth and development demands of fetuses and newborns.
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Elmassry MM, Zayed A, Farag MA. Gut homeostasis and microbiota under attack: impact of the different types of food contaminants on gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:738-763. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moamen M. Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Chang L, Wang P, Sun S, Shen Z, Jiang X. A synbiotic marine oligosaccharide microcapsules for enhancing Bifidobacterium longum survivability and regulatory on intestinal probiotics. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Chang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China No. 5, Yushan Road Qingdao266003China
| | - Peng Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group) No. 1, Jiaozhou Road Qingdao266011China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Qingdao Women and Children Hospital No. 6, Tongfu Road Qingdao266034China
| | - Zhaopeng Shen
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Ocean University of China No. 5, Yushan Road Qingdao266003China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao No. 23, Hong Kong Eastern Road Qingdao266071China
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China No. 5, Yushan Road Qingdao266003China
- Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao No. 23, Hong Kong Eastern Road Qingdao266071China
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Effect of chitooligosaccharides on human gut microbiota and antiglycation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116413. [PMID: 32564858 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have garnered great attention in the field of human healthcare. The prebiotic activities and antiglycation of COS were investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. COS supplementation dramatically increased the levels of acetic acid, while reducing the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids. It also decreased the total bacterial population; however, it did not affect diversity and richness of the gut microbiota. In addition, COS modulated the gut microbiota composition by increasing Bacteroidetes, decreasing Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and lowering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. COS promoted the generation of beneficial Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium genera, while suppressing the pathogenic Klebsiella genus. The antiglycation activity of COS and acetic acid was dose-dependent. Furthermore, COS prevented the decrease of serum Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) level caused by CML ingestion in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. To improve host health, COS could be potential prebiotics in food products.
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Ismail SA, El-Sayed HS, Fayed B. Production of prebiotic chitooligosaccharide and its nano/microencapsulation for the production of functional yoghurt. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Langda S, Zhang C, Zhang K, Gui B, Ji D, Deji C, Cuoji A, Wang X, Wu Y. Diversity and Composition of Rumen Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa in Goats and Sheep Living in the Same High-Altitude Pasture. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020186. [PMID: 31978949 PMCID: PMC7070549 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tibetan goats and sheep graze together but have different growth performances, immune responses, and feeding preferences in the Tibetan pasture. Rumen microbiota composed of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are necessary for a healthy ruminant. Therefore, in this study, we comprehensively describe composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the high- altitude rumen. Compared with sheep, the bacteria that degrade crude protein and produce volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased in the rumen of goats (Saccharofermentans and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014) (p < 0.05). In addition, when compared with goats, the fungi and protozoa that degrade fiber were increased in rumen of sheep (Neocallimastigaceae and Metadinium) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, VFA were significantly increased in the rumen of goats compared with sheep (p < 0.05). The VFA level was consistent with differences in the microbiota composition in the rumen between goats and sheep. Under mixed grazing conditions, goats tend to select a high-crude protein diet that is good for growth, whereas sheep tend to select a high-lignin diet that is difficult to digest. Therefore, the different microbiota in the rumen of goats and sheep may be explained by dietary preference. Abstract Environmental adaptation of ruminants was highly related to microbiota in the rumen. To investigate the diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen of high-altitude animals, amplicon gene sequencing was performed using rumen fluid samples derived from both Tibetan goats and sheep at the same pasture in a highland (altitude > 4800 m). Between these two species, the ruminal bacteria and fungi were significantly different at multiple taxonomic levels. The alpha diversity of bacteria was significantly high in goats (p < 0.05). One hundred and sixty-four and 29 Operational Taxonomy Units (OTUs) with significant differences were detected in bacteria and fungi, respectively. The abundance of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen was characterized at multiple taxonomic levels, and we determined that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Neocallimastigomycota, and Ciliophora were the most abundant bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The family Neocallimastigaceae and the genus Metadinium had cellulose degradation capacity in the rumen with high abundance, thereby, suggesting that fungi and protozoa played an essential role in rumen fermentation. In addition, by comparing microbiota in the rumen of goats and sheep it was found, that the fiber-degrading fungi genus (Cyllamyces) was increased in the rumen of sheep (p < 0.05) whereas VFA-producing bacteria (Saccharofermentans and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014) were increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in the rumen, no differences in protozoa were observed between goats and sheep (p > 0.05). Furthermore, when compared to sheep, level of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) were significantly increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggested microbiota in the rumen drive goats to better adapt to high-altitude grazing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suo Langda
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Ba Gui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
| | - De Ji
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Ciren Deji
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Awang Cuoji
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (C.Z.); (K.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yujiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (S.L.); (B.G.); (D.J.); (C.D.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
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Miao Z, Zhao W, Guo L, Wang S, Zhang J. Effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan on immune function in growing Huoyan geese. Poult Sci 2020; 99:95-100. [PMID: 32416857 PMCID: PMC7587681 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This present experiment was performed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan (CS) on immune function in growing Huoyan geese. A total of 320 28-day-old healthy growing Huoyan geese (sex balance) with similar body weight were randomly allotted into control, CS100, CS200, and CS400 groups. Each group includes 4 replicates with 20 geese per replicate, and the feeding trial lasted for 4 wk. The 4 diets contained 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg CS per kg feed, respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the relative weight of thymus, serum concentrations of IGF-I, INS, GH, T3, T4, IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3, and IL-2 in CS200 group were significantly higher at both 42 and 56 D of age, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, relative weight of bursa of fabricius (BF), spleen, serum complement C4, and TNF-a concentrations in CS200 group were higher at 56 D of age (P < 0.05), no differences were observed at 42 D of age (P > 0.05). These results indicated that addition of 200 mg/kg CS enhanced immune organs weight, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, complements, hormone, as well as cytokines, and improved immune function of growing Huoyan geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China.
| | - Weixin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Liping Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
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31
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Xu Y, Mao H, Yang C, Du H, Wang H, Tu J. Effects of chitosan nanoparticle supplementation on growth performance, humoral immunity, gut microbiota and immune responses after lipopolysaccharide challenge in weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:597-605. [PMID: 31891214 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) on growth performance, immune status, gut microbiota and immune responses after lipopolysaccharide challenge in weaned pigs. A total of 144 piglets were assigned to four groups receiving different dietary treatments, including basal diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg CNP fed for 28 days. Each treatment group included six pens (six piglets per pen). The increase in supplemental CNP concentration improved the average daily gain (ADG) and decreased the feed and gain (F/G) and diarrhoea rate (p < .05). However, significant differences in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) among different CNP concentrations were not observed. CNP also increased plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG, and C3 and C4 concentrations in piglets in a dose-dependent manner on day 28, whereas IgM concentration was not affected by CNP. A total of 24 piglets in the control diet and control diet with 400 mg/kg CNP supplementation groups were randomly selected for the experiment of immunological stress. Half of the pigs in each group (n = 6) were injected i.p. with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a concentration of 100 μg/kg. The other pigs in each group were injected with sterile saline solution at the same volume. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, prostaglandin E2 (PEG2), interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β dramatically increased after LPS challenge. However, CNP inhibited the increase in cortisol, PEG2, IL-6 and IL-1β levels in plasma, whereas TNF-α level slightly increased. Moreover, the effects of CNP on the gut microbiota were also evaluated. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with CNP modified the composition of colonic microbiota, where it increased the amounts of some presumably beneficial intestinal bacteria and suppressed the growth of potential bacterial pathogens. These findings suggested CNP supplementation improved the growth performance and immune status, alleviated immunological stress and regulated intestinal ecology in weaned piglets. Based on these beneficial effects, CNP could be applied as a functional feed additives supplemented in piglets diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jue Tu
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen J, Long L, Jiang Q, Kang B, Li Y, Yin J. Effects of dietary supplementation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on growth performance, immune status, antioxidant capacity and selected microbial populations of weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:1106-1115. [PMID: 31746060 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are a complex mixture of highly branched and partially characterised polysaccharides and proteoglycans extracted from the goji berry. This mixture has great potential as a novel feed supplement for pigs. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation with LBPs on the growth performance, immune status, antioxidant capacity and selected intestinal microbial populations in weaned piglets. In trial 1, a total of 400 weaned piglets [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 6.34 ± 0.16 kg (21 days of age) were divided into five groups and fed a basal diet (control group) or a basal diet containing 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 or 6,000 mg/kg LBPs (supplemented at the expense of corn). Supplementation with 4,000 or 6,000 mg/kg LBPs for 2 weeks significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the pigs compared with the control group (p < .05). In trial 2, thirty-two 21-days-old weaned piglets (BW: 6.33 ± 0.11 kg) were allotted to a control group (fed with a basal diet) or an experimental group (basal diet containing 4,000 mg/kg LBPs). The experiment lasted for 14 days. Pigs fed LBP diets exhibited an increased ADG and ADFI, and a decreased diarrhoeal incidence compared with those fed the basal diets (p < .05). Supplementation with LBPs increased the serum IgG and IgM levels (p < .05). Dietary LBPs effectively promoted antioxidant defence properties through enhancing the activities of serum, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in addition to decreasing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < .05). The addition of LBPs increased the amounts of Bacteroidetes in the ileum and caecum and the caecal contents of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. (p < .05), while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli and Firmicutes in the ileum and caecum (p < .05) compared with the control group. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation with LBPs can enhance growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity, and improve the intestinal microbial populations of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Lina Long
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Jarett JK, Carlson A, Rossoni Serao M, Strickland J, Serfilippi L, Ganz HH. Diets with and without edible cricket support a similar level of diversity in the gut microbiome of dogs. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7661. [PMID: 31565574 PMCID: PMC6743483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health of dogs. Both beneficial microbes and overall diversity can be modulated by diet. Fermentable sources of fiber in particular often increase the abundance of beneficial microbes. Banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) contain the fermentable polysaccharides chitin and chitosan. In addition, crickets are an environmentally sustainable protein source. Considering crickets as a potential source of both novel protein and novel fiber for dogs, four diets ranging from 0% to 24% cricket content were fed to determine their effects on healthy dogs’ (n = 32) gut microbiomes. Fecal samples were collected serially at 0, 14, and 29 days, and processed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons. Microbiomes were generally very similar across all diets at both the phylum and genus level, and alpha and beta diversities did not differ between the various diets at 29 days. A total of 12 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) from nine genera significantly changed in abundance following the addition of cricket, often in a dose-response fashion with increasing amounts of cricket. A net increase was observed in Catenibacterium, Lachnospiraceae [Ruminococcus], and Faecalitalea, whereas Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracaeae NK4A136 group and others decreased in abundance. Similar changes in Catenibacterium and Bacteroides have been associated with gut health benefits in other studies. However, the total magnitude of all changes was small and only a few specific taxa changed in abundance. Overall, we found that diets containing cricket supported the same level of gut microbiome diversity as a standard healthy balanced diet. These results support crickets as a potential healthy, novel food ingredient for dogs.
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Peng P, Chen J, Yao K, Yin Y, Long L, Fang R. The effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1220-1228. [PMID: 31273888 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with porous zinc oxide (HiZox) on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, morphology, and permeability in weaned piglets. A total of 128 weaned piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of (6.55 ± 0.25 kg; 21 d of age) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: (1) a corn-soybean basal diet; (2) basal diet + 3,000 mg/kg conventional ZnO; (3) basal diet + 200 mg/kg HiZox; (4) basal diet + 500 mg/kg HiZox. The experiments lasted for 28 days. Incremental HiZox in the diet increased ADG (linear p = 0.015; quadratic p = 0.043) and ADFI (linear p = 0.027; quadratic p = 0.038), and the diarrhea index decreased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01) as HiZox supplemented increased. Furthermore, supplementation with HiZox increased the amounts of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum in comparison with that of control treatment or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO treatment, while decreased the populations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium coccoides, and Clostridium. leptum subgroup (p < 0.05) in the ileum and cecum relative to those in control treatment. The addition of HiZox increased the villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio (VC) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p < 0.05), while decreased the crypt depth of jejunum (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce the crypt depth of duodenum (p < 0.10) compared with the control treatment. Piglets fed with 500 mg/kg HiZox had lower serum D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) than those fed with basal control diet or 3,000 mg/kg ZnO diet (p < 0.01). The results suggested that supplementation with HiZox modulated intestinal microbial composition and improved intestinal morphology, which may exert protective effects on the integrity of the mucosal barrier function of weaned piglets, was as efficacious as pharmaceutical doses of ZnO in enhancing growth performance, indicating that the HiZox may be a promising alternative to pharmaceutical doses of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lina Long
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan Guangdong, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Guan G, Azad MAK, Lin Y, Kim SW, Tian Y, Liu G, Wang H. Biological Effects and Applications of Chitosan and Chito-Oligosaccharides. Front Physiol 2019; 10:516. [PMID: 31133871 PMCID: PMC6514239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The numerous functional properties and biological effects of chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides (COS) have led to a significant level of interest, particularly with regard to their potential use in the agricultural, environmental, nutritional, and pharmaceutical fields. This review covers recent studies on the biological functions of COS and the impacts of dietary chitosan and COS on metabolism. The majority of results suggest that the use of chitosan as a feed additive has favorable biological effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, cholesterol reducing, and immunomodulatory effects. The biological impacts reviewed herein may provide a new appreciation for the future use of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanshan Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
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Su J, Zhu Q, Zhao Y, Han L, Yin Y, Blachier F, Wang Z, Kong X. Dietary Supplementation With Chinese Herbal Residues or Their Fermented Products Modifies the Colonic Microbiota, Bacterial Metabolites, and Expression of Genes Related to Colon Barrier Function in Weaned Piglets. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3181. [PMID: 30627122 PMCID: PMC6309725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of dietary Chinese herbal residue (CHR) supplementation in swine production with the objective of valorization, we examined the effects of dietary supplementation with CHR or fermented CHR products on the colonic ecosystem (i.e., microbiota composition, luminal bacterial metabolites, and expression of genes related to the intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets). We randomly assigned 120 piglets to one of four dietary treatment groups: a blank control group, CHR group (dose of supplement 4 kg/t), fermented CHR group (dose of supplement 4 kg/t), and a positive control group (supplemented with 0.04 kg/t virginiamycin, 0.2 kg/t colistin, and 3000 mg/kg zinc 0.04 kg/t virginiamycin, 0.2 kg/t colistin, and 3000 mg/kg zinc oxide). Our results indicate that dietary supplementation with CHR increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA level corresponding to E-cadherin compared with that observed in the other three groups, increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA level corresponding to zonula occludens-1, and decreased (P < 0.05) the quantity of Bifidobacterium spp. When compared with the blank control group. Dietary supplementation with fermented CHR decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of indole when compared to the positive control group; increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids compared with the values measured in the CHR group, as well as the mRNA levels corresponding to interleukin 1 alpha, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, supplementation with fermented CHR decreased (P < 0.05) interleukin 12 levels when compared with the blank control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that dietary supplementation with CHR or fermented CHR modifies the gut environment of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Li Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Francois Blachier
- Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, UMR 914 INRA/AgroParisTech/Universite Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Zhanbin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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37
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Liu S, He L, Jiang Q, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA, Liu G, Yao K, Yin Y. Effect of dietary α-ketoglutarate and allicin supplementation on the composition and diversity of the cecal microbial community in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5816-5821. [PMID: 29756325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for substitutes for antibiotics has recently become urgent. In our previous work, dietary α-ketoglutarate (AKG) combined with allicin improved growth performance and enhanced immunity in growing pigs, whereas the effects on them of intestinal microbiota were unclear. Here, we further investigate the effects of dietary AKG and allicin supplementation on the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota in growing pigs. RESULTS Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin enhanced cecal bacteria richness and diversity, as evidenced by changes in Chao 1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson values when compared to the control group and antibiotics group. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the two most abundant phyla. Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin increased the numbers of Firmicutes and reduced the numbers of Bacteroidetes. Prevotella was the most abundant genus; it was increased by treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin. Furthermore, compared with the antibiotic group, the level of acetate was increased in the AKG group with or without allicin. Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin increased the levels of cecal butyrate and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) when compared with the control group in growing pigs. CONCLUSION Dietary 1.0% AKG combined with 0.5% allicin improved cecal microbial composition and diversity, which might further promote VFA metabolism in growing pigs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A Al-Dhabi
- Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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38
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Improve Glucolipid Metabolism Disorder in Liver by Suppression of Obesity-Related Inflammation and Restoration of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110455. [PMID: 30463189 PMCID: PMC6265870 DOI: 10.3390/md16110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) display various biological activities. In this study, we aimed to explore the preventive effects of COS on glucolipid metabolism disorder using palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice as experimental models in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results showed that COS pretreatment for 12 h significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to PA for 24 h, accompanied by a reversing of the upregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators (SCD-1, ACC1, PCK1-α). In addition, COS treatment alleviated glucolipid metabolism disorder in mice fed with HFD for five months, including reduction in body weight and fasting glucose, restoration of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and suppression of overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators. Furthermore, our study found that COS pretreatment significantly reversed the downregulation of PPARγ at transcriptional and translational levels in both PA-induced HepG2 cells and liver tissues of HFD-fed mice. In summary, the study suggests that COS can improve glucolipid metabolism disorder by suppressing inflammation and upregulating PPARγ expression. This indicates a novel application of COS in preventing and treating glucolipid metabolism-related diseases.
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Chen J, Kang B, Zhao Y, Yao K, Fu C. Effects of natural dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract containing sanguinarine on growth performance and gut health of early-weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1666-1674. [PMID: 30129225 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Sangrovit® (SAG; minimum of 1.5% sanguinarine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and its metabolites of early-weaned piglets. A total of 20 healthy weaned piglets (Duroc× [Large White×Landrace]), weaned at 21 days of age with an average body weight (BW) of 6.52 ± 0.23 kg, were randomly assigned to receive either a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CTR) or a basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg SAG (SAG). During the 21-days trial, we collected and analysed intestinal tissues and the luminal digesta for their morphology and populations of gut microbiota, as well as for measuring the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and ammonia. Compared with the CTR group, supplementation with SAG improved average daily gains (p = 0.011) and average daily feed intake (p = 0.037). Piglets fed the SAG diet had an average lower value for crypt depth of the jejunum (p = 0.011) and greater values for villus height in the ileum (p = 0.015) and ratios of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum (p < 0.01) and in the ileum (p = 0.027) than did animals receiving the CTR diet. The addition of SAG increased the amounts of Lactobacillus in the ileum (p = 0.033) and caecum (p < 0.01), and tended to increase the amounts of Bifidobacterium (p = 0.058) in the caecum, while decreasing the amounts of Escherichia coli (p = 0.046) and Salmonella spp. (p = 0.035) in the ileum, as well as Salmonella spp. (p = 0.029) in the caecum. Dietary supplementation with SAG enhanced (p < 0.05) the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs, and also tended to increase the level of valerate (p = 0.055 and p = 0.052) in the ileal and caecal contents when compared with the CTR group. Concentrations of ammonia also declined in the caecal (p = 0.037) and ileal (p = 0.046) digesta in response to SAG. These results indicate that feeding early-weaned piglets a SAG-supplemented diet can potentially improve their growth performance and intestinal morphology, and can modify the intestinal luminal environment in a beneficial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
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40
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Gerez J, Buck L, Marutani VH, Calliari CM, Bracarense AP. Low Levels of Chito-Oligosaccharides Are Not Effective in Reducing Deoxynivalenol Toxicity in Swine Jejunal Explants. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E276. [PMID: 29973482 PMCID: PMC6071133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that affects the intestinal morphology of animals, impairing nutrient intake and growth. On the other hand, dietary supplementation with functional oligosaccharides as chito-oligosaccharides (COS) has shown positive effects on the intestinal health of piglets. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of low doses of COS in preventing DON-induced intestinal histological changes, using a swine jejunal explant technique. The intestinal explants were incubated at 37 °C in culture medium for 4 h and exposed to the following treatments: (a) control (only culture medium), (b) DON (10 µM), (c) 25COS (0.025 mg·mL−1 of COS); (d) 50COS (0.05 mg·mL−1 of COS); (e) 25COS plus DON (25COS + DON); (f) 50COS plus DON (50COS + DON). Explants exposed to COS presented intestinal morphology similar to control samples. DON induced a significant decrease in the histological score as a consequence of moderate to severe histological changes (apical necrosis, villi atrophy, and fusion) and a significant decrease in morphometric parameters (villi height, crypt depth, villi height:crypt depth ratio, and goblet cells density). The intestinal morphology of samples exposed to COS + DON remained similar to DON treatment. In conclusion, low levels of COS did not counteract DON-induced intestinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Buck
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo Marutani
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Maria Calliari
- Academic Department of Food, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Avenida dos Pioneiros, 3131, Londrina, Paraná 86036-370, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil.
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Chen J, Kang B, Jiang Q, Han M, Zhao Y, Long L, Fu C, Yao K. Alpha-Ketoglutarate in Low-Protein Diets for Growing Pigs: Effects on Cecal Microbial Communities and Parameters of Microbial Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1057. [PMID: 29904374 PMCID: PMC5991137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a critical molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is beneficial to intestinal functions. However, its influence on intestinal microbiota and metabolism is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of a low-protein (LP) diet supplemented with AKG on cecal microbial communities and the parameters of microbial metabolism in growing pigs. Twenty-seven young pigs (Large White × Landrace) with an average initial body weight of 11.96 ± 0.18 kg were randomly allotted into three groups (n = 9): a normal protein (NP) diet containing 20% crude protein (CP); LP diet formulated with 17% CP (LP diet); or LP diet supplemented with 10 g kg-1 of AKG (ALP diet). After a 35-day trial period, the digesta of the cecum were collected to analyze the concentrations of ammonia and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We also performed a microbial analysis. Although no significant differences were found in performance among the diet groups, pigs fed the ALP diet had greater average daily gain (ADG) when compared with those in the LP group. Experimental diet did not affect cecal bacterial richness or diversity, as determined by Chao1 and ACE species richness measures and Shannon and Simpson indices, respectively. The predominant phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria increased in relative abundances in the cecum of pigs fed ALP diet. At the genus level, compared to the LP diet, the ALP diet significantly increased the abundances of Lachnospiraceae UCG-005, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Phascolarctobacterium and Parabacteroides, while decreased Vibrio and Maritalea. Pigs fed the ALP diet increased Oribacterium and Lachnoclostridium when compared with the NP diet. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the distribution of microbiota at each group was distinctly clustered separately along principal coordinate. In addition, quantitative PCR revealed that the ALP diet was also associated with increases in the amounts of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, but a decrease in the level of Escherichia coli. Compared with the NP diet, the ALP diet enhanced the concentrations of valerate and propionate. This ALP diet also increased the concentrations of valerate and isobutyrate when compared with the LP diet. Moreover, the ALP diet was linked with a significant decline in the concentration of ammonia in the cecum. These results indicate that a LP diet supplemented with AKG can alter the balance in microbial communities, increasing the population of SCFA-producing bacteria and the amounts of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the counts of Escherichia coli and the amount of ammonia in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Lina Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients and Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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Abstract
Antibiotics have been widely used in piglet diets to promote growth performance and reduce diarrhea incidence. However, the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and the risk of residues of antibiotics in animal products induced a growing interest in the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Chito-oligosaccharide (COS), a natural alkaline polymer of glucosamine is currently being tested as a substitute for in-feed antibiotics. In weaned piglets, COS has positive effects on promoting growth, which may be related to its action on intestinal morphology, immune ability and beneficial microbiota. However, previous studies shown variable results with effective doses ranging from 30 mg/kg to 5 g/kg. Therefore, the goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the use of COS can be an alternative to in-feed antibiotics by improve the intestinal morphology of piglets, using the jejunal explant model. The intestinal explants were exposed for 4 h to following treatments: control - only culture media and culture media with COS in doses of 0.025 mg/ml, 0.05 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.15 mg/ml. After the incubation period the explants were processed for histological and morphometrical analysis. The histological changes were evaluated using an adapted histological score based on the intensity and severity of lesions. Mild histological changes were observed in jejunal explants exposed to different treatments; however, no significant difference in the histological score, villi height, crypt depth or villus : crypt ratio were observed between the COS-groups and the control. In addition, goblet cells density in intestinal explants exposed to COS remained statistically similar to control group. Our results indicate that COS exposure in levels ranging from 0.025 to 0.15 mg/ml induced no effect on intestinal morphology of pig's explants. The research will provide guidance on the low dosage of COS supplementation on weaning pigs.
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Chen J, Yang H, Long L, Zhao Y, Jiang Q, Wu F, Kang B, Liu S, Adebowale TO, Fu C, Yao K. The effects of dietary supplementation with α-ketoglutarate on the intestinal microbiota, metabolic profiles, and ammonia levels in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Yu T, Wang Y, Chen S, Hu M, Wang Z, Wu G, Ma X, Chen Z, Zheng C. Low-Molecular-Weight Chitosan Supplementation Increases the Population of Prevotella in the Cecal Contents of Weanling Pigs. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2182. [PMID: 29163454 PMCID: PMC5682002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight chitosan (LC) promoted growth in weaned piglets as an alternative to feed-grade antibiotics. To investigate the influence of LC supplementation on piglets' gut microbiome and compare the differences in community composition between LC and antibiotics with ZnO addition, we assessed the cecal microbial community by 16S rRNA gene sequencing with three treatments consisting of basal diet (CTR group), basal diet with low-molecular-weight chitosan (LC group), and basal diet with antibiotic and ZnO (AZ group). LC decreased pH more than AZ did in the cecum (both compared to CTR). Beta diversity analysis showed that community structure was distinctly different among the CTR, LC, and AZ treatments, indicating that either LC or AZ treatment modulated the piglet microbiota. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria dominated the community [>98% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs)] in piglet cecal contents. Compared to CTR, both LC, and AZ increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes while they decreased the count of Firmicutes and AZ decreased the population of Proteobacteria. In CTR the top four abundant genera were Prevotella (~10.4%), Succinivibrio (~6.2%), Lactobacillus (~5.6%), and Anaerovibrio (5.4%). Both LC and AZ increased the relative abundance of Prevotella but decreased the ratio of Lactobacillus when they compared with CTR. Moreover, LC increased the relative abundance of Succinivibrio and Anaerovibrio while AZ decreased them. The microbial function prediction showed LC enriched more pathways in the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins than CTR or AZ did. LC may potentially function as an alternative to feed-grade antibiotics in weaned piglets due to its beneficial regulation of the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Hebei Depond Animal Health Care Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guozhong Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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45
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C. K. Rajendran SR, Okolie CL, Udenigwe CC, Mason B. Structural features underlying prebiotic activity of conventional and potential prebiotic oligosaccharides in food and health. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subin R. C. K. Rajendran
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture; Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia B2N5E3, Canada
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
| | - Chigozie Louis Okolie
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture; Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia B2N5E3, Canada
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Ottawa; Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Beth Mason
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
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46
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Li P, Niu Q, Wei Q, Zhang Y, Ma X, Kim SW, Lin M, Huang R. Microbial shifts in the porcine distal gut in response to diets supplemented with Enterococcus Faecalis as alternatives to antibiotics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41395. [PMID: 28165001 PMCID: PMC5292720 DOI: 10.1038/srep41395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in host health and nutrient digestion of animals. Probiotics have become one of effective alternatives to antibiotics enhancing animal health and performance through modulating gut microbiota. Previously, our research demonstrated that dietary Enterococcus Faecalis UC-100 substituting antibiotics enhanced growth and health of weaned pigs. To investigate the alterations of microbiota in the distal gut of pigs fed E. faecalis UC-100 substituting antibiotics, this study assessed fecal microbiota in pigs from different dietary treatments: the basal diet group, the E. faecalis group, and the antibiotic group on d 0, 14, and 28 of feeding through 16 S rRNA sequencing. Twenty-one phyla and 137 genera were shared by all pigs, whereas 12 genera were uniquely identified in the E. faecalis group on d 14 and 28. Bacterial abundance and diversity in the E. faecalis group, bacterial diversity in the antibiotic group, especially abundances of Fibrobacteres phylum and 12 genera in the E. faecalis group and antibiotics group were lower than that in the basal diet group on d 28. These results showed that microbial shifts in the porcine gut in response to diets containing E. faecalis were similar to the response to which containing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Qing Niu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Qingtian Wei
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Yeqiu Zhang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Mingxin Lin
- Changxing Ecoagriculture Co. Limited, Yixing, 214246, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Huaian Academy of Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian, 223005, China
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47
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Wan J, Jiang F, Xu Q, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Mao X, Yu J, He J. New insights into the role of chitosan oligosaccharide in enhancing growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal development of weaned pigs. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), an oligomer ofd-glucosamine, is a vital growth stimulant in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science
- Dalian Ocean University
- Dalian 116023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
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48
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Kong XF, Ji YJ, Li HW, Zhu Q, Blachier F, Geng MM, Chen W, Yin YL. Colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition in pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs: effects of food composition at different times of pregnancy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37224. [PMID: 27917879 PMCID: PMC5137017 DOI: 10.1038/srep37224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut harbours diverse and complex microbiota, which influence body health including nutrient metabolism, immune development, and protection from pathogens. Pregnancy is associated with immune and metabolic changes that might be related to microbiota compositional dynamics. We therefore investigated the colonic luminal bacteria community in Huanjiang mini-pigs fed diets with different nutrient levels from the first to third trimester of pregnancy. The concentrations of intestinal metabolites including short-chain fat acids, NH3-N, indole, skatole, and bioamines were also determined. We found that the colonic bacteria species richness estimators (Chao1 and ACE) decreased with increased gestational age. The dominant phyla identified were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes; the dominant genera were Lactobacillus, Treponema, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and Prevotella. In addition, microbiota displayed spatial and temporal heterogeneity in composition, diversity, and species abundance in different colonic segments from the first to third trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, the bacterial metabolites also changed according to the diet used and the pregnancy stage. These findings suggest that colonic bacteria richness decreased as gestational age increased, and that the higher nutrient level diet increased the production of metabolites related to nitrogen metabolism. However, although the higher nutrient diet was associated with pregnancy syndrome, causal links remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Feng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China.,Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterm, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - F Blachier
- INRA, CNRH-IdF, AgroParisTech, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mei-Mei Geng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Yu-Long Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan 410125, China.,Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterm, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100, China
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49
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Zhao P, Piao X, Zeng Z, Li P, Xu X, Wang H. Effect of Forsythia suspensa extract and chito-oligosaccharide alone or in combination on performance, intestinal barrier function, antioxidant capacity and immune characteristics of weaned piglets. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:854-862. [PMID: 27758020 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) and chito-oligosaccharide (COS), alone or together, on performance and health status of weaned piglets. The treatments included a basal diet and three diets with 160 mg/kg COS, 100 mg/kg FSE, or 100 mg/kg FSE and 160 mg/kg COS. Supplementation with COS or FSE alone improved (P < 0.01) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio compared with the basal diet in the first 2 weeks. On day 14, COS or FSE supplementation separately produced stronger (P < 0.01) serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activities and lower serum endotoxin (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (P < 0.01) concentrations, generated higher (P < 0.01) serum complement 4 concentration, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and serum-specific ovalbumin antibody level than the basal diet. No differences in oxidative injury and immunity indices were detected on day 28. The combined FSE and COS produced similar results compared with FSE or COS when given alone. These data indicate FSE or COS can increase performance by modulating intestinal permeability, antioxidant status and immune function in younger pigs. There appears to be similar advantage in feeding the additives in combination over those obtained from feeding them separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikai Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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50
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Ji YJ, Liu HN, Kong XF, Blachier F, Geng MM, Liu YY, Yin YL. Use of insect powder as a source of dietary protein in early-weaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - H. N. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - X. F. Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - F. Blachier
- INRA, CNRH-IdF, AgroParisTech, UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, 16 rue Claude Bernard, Paris 75005, France
| | - M. M. Geng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Y. Y. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Y. L. Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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