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Song D, Lee J, Kim K, Oh H, An J, Chang S, Cho H, Park S, Jeon K, Yoon Y, Yoo Y, Cho Y, Cho J. Effects of dietary supplementation of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains from kimchi in weaned piglet challenged with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:611-626. [PMID: 37332280 PMCID: PMC10271919 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enterica (SE) infections in pigs are major source associated with enteric disease such as post weaning diarrhea. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus in weaned piglets challenged with pathogen bacteria. In Experiment.1 90 weaned piglets with initial body weights of 8.53 ± 0.34 kg were assigned to 15 treatments for 2 weeks. The experiments were conducted two trials in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) with E. coli and SE, respectively and five levels of probiotics (Control, Lactobacillus plantarum [LA], Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2016-WK1 [38W], Pediococcus acidilactici K [PK], Lactobacillus reuteri PF30 [PF30]). In Experiment.2 a total of 30 weaned pigs (initial body weight of 9.84 ± 0.85 kg) were used in 4 weeks experiment. Pigs were allocated to 5 groups in a randomized complete way with 2 pens per group and 3 pigs per pen. Supplementation of LA and 38W improved (p < 0.05) growth performance, intestinal pathogen bacteria count, fecal noxious odor and diarrhea incidence. In conclusion, supplementation of 38W strains isolated from white kimchi can act as probiotics by inhibiting E. coli and SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Kangheun Kim
- Department of Food Marketing and safety, Kunkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yoonjeong Yoo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Younghyun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Zhu Q, Azad MAK, Dong H, Li C, Li R, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Yin Y, Kong X. Sow-Offspring Diets Supplemented with Probiotics and Synbiotics Are Associated with Offspring's Growth Performance and Meat Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087668. [PMID: 37108828 PMCID: PMC10144797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics and synbiotics supplementation have been shown to play potential roles in animal production. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary probiotics and synbiotics supplementation to sows during gestation and lactation and to offspring pigs (sow-offspring) on offspring pigs' growth performance and meat quality. Sixty-four healthy Bama mini-pigs were selected and randomly allocated into four groups after mating: the control, antibiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics groups. After weaning, two offspring pigs per litter were selected, and four offspring pigs from two litters were merged into one pen. The offspring pigs were fed a basal diet and the same feed additive according to their corresponding sows, representing the control group (Con group), sow-offspring antibiotics group (S-OA group), sow-offspring probiotics group (S-OP group), and sow-offspring synbiotics group (S-OS group). Eight pigs per group were euthanized and sampled at 65, 95, and 125 d old for further analyses. Our findings showed that probiotics supplementation in sow-offspring diets promoted growth and feed intake of offspring pigs during 95-125 d old. Moreover, sow-offspring diets supplemented with probiotics and synbiotics altered meat quality (meat color, pH45min, pH24h, drip loss, cooking yield, and shear force), plasma UN and AMM levels, and gene expressions associated with muscle-fiber types (MyHCI, MyHCIIa, MyHCIIx, and MyHCIIb) and muscle growth and development (Myf5, Myf6, MyoD, and MyoG). This study provides a theoretical basis for the maternal-offspring integration regulation of meat quality by dietary probiotics and synbiotics supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Md Abul Kalam Azad
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haibo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Chenjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center of Mini-Pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
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Liu T, Bai Y, Wang C, Zhang T, Su R, Wang B, Duan Y, Sun L, Jin Y, Su L. Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on the Intestinal Metabolites, Muscle Fiber Properties, and Meat Quality of Sunit Lamb. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040762. [PMID: 36830552 PMCID: PMC9951964 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of animal husbandry is closely related to the meat quality of small ruminants. Intestinal metabolites and the muscle fiber types of lambs are important factors that affect their meat quality, but few studies have examined the regulation of the "intestinal muscle axis" by probiotics. In this study, 12 Sunit lambs were divided into a control group (C) and a probiotics group (P). The gene expressions of the myosin heavy chain, metabolic enzyme activity, and short-chain fatty acids in the intestines were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that levels of propionic acid and butyric acid in the intestines of group P were significantly higher than in group C (p < 0.05). In addition, probiotics increased the number and area ratio of type I muscle fibers. They also increased the mRNA expression of MyHC IIA and the activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Propionic acid was negatively correlated with the number ratio of type IIB muscle fibers. Butyric acid was found to be significantly positively correlated with the number ratio of type IIA muscle fibers. Cooking loss, pH24h, and shear force decreased significantly in group P. In conclusion, intestinal metabolites (SCFAs) altered the activity of oxidative-myofibril-metabolizing enzymes and the expression of myosin heavy-chain type IIA, reduced the meat shear values, and improved meat tenderness. This study provides a new basis for improving the production and meat quality of small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yanping Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Chenlei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Taiwu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Rina Su
- Inner Mongolia Vocational College of Chemical Engineering, Hohhot 010017, China
| | - Bohui Wang
- Ordos City Inspection and Testing Center, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Yan Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Lina Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.); Tel.: +86-13948111209 (Y.J.); +86-13674859101 (L.S.)
| | - Lin Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Integrative Research Base of Beef and Lamb Processing Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.); Tel.: +86-13948111209 (Y.J.); +86-13674859101 (L.S.)
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Cardelle-Cobas A, Coy-Girón L, Cepeda A, Nebot C. Swine Production: Probiotics as an Alternative to the Use of Antibiotics. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal food production is one of the most powerful European economic sectors; however, this sector is facing new challenge due to the development of bacteria with resistant genes, and consequently, restriction on the administration of antibiotics. Limitation, at the moment, is focused on those antibiotics employed in human medicines. Therefore, it is necessary to improve as much as possible animals’ health and reduce diseases. Among others, alternatives include adequate animal handling, hygienic facilities, quality food, or vaccines. Probiotics also arise as a good alternative due to their already known properties as intestinal microbiota modulators, improving the immune functions and reducing the risk and the development of illness. Significant data can found scientific literature that demonstrates probiotics benefits when they are administrated to the animals through diet. However, to be able to apply all these findings in a specific animal species, at a particular production animal life stage and at a industrialize scale, it is necessary to compile and organize reported information. This chapter presents the most recent and relevant finding on the use of probiotics in swine production.
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Zhu Q, Song M, Azad MAK, Ma C, Yin Y, Kong X. Probiotics and Synbiotics Addition to Bama Mini-Pigs' Diet Improve Carcass Traits and Meat Quality by Altering Plasma Metabolites and Related Gene Expression of Offspring. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:779745. [PMID: 35873696 PMCID: PMC9301501 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.779745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of maternal probiotics and synbiotics addition on several traits and parameters in offspring. A total of 64 Bama mini pigs were randomly allocated into the control (basal diet), antibiotic (50 g/t virginiamycin), probiotics (200 mL/day probiotics), or synbiotics (500 g/t xylo-oligosaccharides and 200 mL/day probiotics) group and fed with experimental diets during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, two piglets per litter and eight piglets per group were selected and fed with a basal diet. Eight pigs per group were selected for analysis at 65, 95, and 125 days of age. The results showed that the addition of probiotics increased the average daily feed intake of the pigs during the 66- to 95-day-old periods and backfat thickness at 65 and 125 days of age, and that the addition of synbiotics increased backfat thickness and decreased muscle percentage and loin-eye area at 125 days of age. The addition of maternal probiotics increased the cooking yield and pH45min value at 65 and 95 days of age, respectively, the addition of synbiotics increased the meat color at 95 days of age, and the addition of probiotics and synbiotics decreased drip loss and shear force in 65- and 125-day-old pigs, respectively. However, maternal antibiotic addition increased shear force in 125-day-old pigs. Dietary probiotics and synbiotics addition in sows' diets increased several amino acids (AAs), including total AAs, histidine, methionine, asparagine, arginine, and leucine, and decreased glycine, proline, isoleucine, α-aminoadipic acid, α-amino-n-butyric acid, β-alanine, and γ-amino-n-butyric acid in the plasma and longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle of offspring at different stages. In the LT muscle fatty acid (FA) analysis, saturated FA (including C16:0, C17:0, and C20:0) and C18:1n9t contents were lower, and C18:2n6c, C16:1, C20:1, and unsaturated FA contents were higher in the probiotics group. C10:0, C12:0, and C14:0 contents were higher in 65-day-old pigs, and C20:1 and C18:1n9t contents were lower in the synbiotics group in 95- and 125-day-old pigs, respectively. The plasma biochemical analysis revealed that the addition of maternal probiotics and synbiotics decreased plasma cholinesterase, urea nitrogen, and glucose levels in 95-day-old pigs, and that the addition of synbiotics increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol concentrations in 65-day-old pigs and triglyceride concentration in 125-day-old pigs. The addition of maternal probiotics and synbiotics regulated muscle fiber type, myogenic regulation, and lipid metabolism-related gene expression of LT muscle in offspring. In conclusion, the addition of maternal probiotics and synbiotics improved the piglet feed intake and altered the meat quality parameters, plasma metabolites, and gene expression related to meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingtong Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Cui Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yulong Yin
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Mini-Pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangfeng Kong
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Wang H, Kim IH. Evaluation of Dietary Probiotic ( Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profile, Fecal Gas Emission, and Fecal Microbiota in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082232. [PMID: 34438690 PMCID: PMC8388486 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since antibiotics are banned in animal feed in many countries, probiotics have received more attention as reliable alternatives. We mainly study the effect of adding Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001 on the performance of weaned piglets for 42 days. The results: weaning pigs fed diet supplementation with L. plantarum BG0001 significantly improved the growth performance and fecal microbiota, and achieved similar effects as antibiotic growth promoters. Therefore, we consider that L. plantarum BG0001 will have a good role in replacing antibiotic growth promoters in swine feed. It can bring potentially huge economic income to the animal husbandry industry. Abstract A total of 180, 4-week-old crossbred weaning piglets ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc; 6.67 ± 1.40 kg) were used in a 42 day experiment to evaluate the effect of dietary probiotics (Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, fecal microbiota, and noxious gas emission. All pigs were randomly allotted to one of four treatment diets in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment had nine replicates with five pigs/pen (mixed sex) Designated dietary treatments were as: (1) basal diet (NC), (2) NC + 0.2% antibiotics (chlortetracycline) (PC), (3) NC + 0.1% L. plantarum BG0001 (Lactobacillus plantarum BG0001) (NC1), (4) NC + 0.2% L. plantarum BG0001 (NC2). On d 42, BW and G:F were lower (p < 0.05) in pigs fed NC diet compared with PC diet and probiotic diets. Throughout this experiment, the average daily gain increased (p < 0.05) in pigs when fed with PC and probiotic diets than the NC diet. The average daily feed intake was higher (p < 0.05) in pigs fed PC diet during day 0–7 and 22–42, and probiotic diets during day 0–7 compared with NC diet, respectively. The Lactobacillus count was increased and Escherichia coli count was decreased (p < 0.05) in the fecal microbiota of pigs fed probiotic diets, and E. coli were decreased (p < 0.05) when fed a PC diet compared with the NC diet on day 21. Moreover, the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and the concentration of noxious gas emission had no negative effects by the probiotic treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with L. plantarum BG0001 significantly improved the growth performance, increased fecal Lactobacillus, and decreased E. coli counts in weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239012, China
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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