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Testa JR, Kadariya Y, Friedberg JS. Targeting inflammatory factors for chemoprevention and cancer interception to tackle malignant mesothelioma. Oncoscience 2024; 11:53-57. [PMID: 38784478 PMCID: PMC11115283 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an incurable cancer of the mesothelial lining often caused by exposure to asbestos. Asbestos-induced inflammation is a significant contributing factor in the development of mesothelioma, and genetic factors also play a role in the susceptibility to this rapidly progressive and treatment-resistant malignancy. Consequently, novel approaches are urgently needed to treat mesothelioma and prevent or reduce the overall incidence of this fatal disease. In this research perspective, we review the current state of chemoprevention and cancer interception progress in asbestos-induced mesothelioma. We discuss the different preclinical mouse models used for these investigations and the inflammatory factors that may be potential targets for mesothelioma prevention. Preliminary studies with naturally occurring phytochemicals and synthetic agents are reviewed. Results of previous clinical chemoprevention trials in populations exposed to asbestos and considerations regarding future trials are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Testa
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Yuwaraj Kadariya
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Joseph S. Friedberg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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2
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Biomarkers for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma-A Novel View on Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040658. [PMID: 33562138 PMCID: PMC7916017 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive disease with limited treatment response and devastating prognosis. Exposure to asbestos and chronic inflammation are acknowledged as main risk factors. Since immune therapy evolved as a promising novel treatment modality, we want to reevaluate and summarize the role of the inflammatory system in MPM. This review focuses on local tumor associated inflammation on the one hand and systemic inflammatory markers, and their impact on MPM outcome, on the other hand. Identification of new biomarkers helps to select optimal patient tailored therapy, avoid ineffective treatment with its related side effects and consequently improves patient's outcome in this rare disease. Additionally, a better understanding of the tumor promoting and tumor suppressing inflammatory processes, influencing MPM pathogenesis and progression, might also reveal possible new targets for MPM treatment. After reviewing the currently available literature and according to our own research, it is concluded that the suppression of the specific immune system and the activation of its innate counterpart are crucial drivers of MPM aggressiveness translating to poor patient outcome.
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Huang X, Tian Y, Shi W, Chen J, Yan L, Ren L, Zhang X, Zhu J. Role of inflammation in the malignant transformation of pleural mesothelial cells induced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:947-967. [PMID: 32574520 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1777477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are one of the most widely used types of novel nano-fiber materials. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental system based on actual exposure dosage and environments and explore the roles and mechanisms of inflammation in the malignant transformation of pleural mesothelial cells induced by MWCNTs after low doses and long-term exposure. Here, we established an in vitro system by co-culturing macrophages and mesothelial cells and exposing these cells to high aspect ratio MWCNTs (0.1 μg/mL) for three months. Results indicated that IL-1β, secreted by macrophages stimulated by MWCNTs, may significantly enhance the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6, from mesothelial cells. Results obtained from proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation, and chromosomal aberration studies indicated that MWCNTs may promote malignant transformation of mesothelial cells after long-term and low-dose exposure via inflammation. Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrated that the NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3 pathway was active in the malignant transformation of Met 5A cells, induced by MWCNTs, and played an important role in the process. In conclusion, our results showed that the NF-κB (p65)/IL-6/STAT3 molecular pathway, which was mediated by inflammation, played an important role in the malignant transformation of pleural mesothelial cells induced by MWCNTs. These findings also provide novel ideas and references for the treatment of mesothelioma and offers options for the occupational safety of nanomaterial practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Huang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jikuai Chen
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lang Yan
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lijun Ren
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiangbo Zhu
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology and Center for Evaluation of Drug Safety, The Navy Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
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Reagan M. CAUSES OF CANCER. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Toyokuni S. Iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance in asbestos-induced mesothelial carcinogenesis: Toward the era of mesothelioma prevention. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:206-215. [PMID: 30312759 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the primary cause of human mortality in most countries. This tendency has increased as various medical therapeutics have advanced, which suggests that we cannot escape carcinogenesis, although the final outcome may be modified by exposomes and statistics. Cancer is classified by its cellular differentiation. Mesothelial cells are distinct in that they line somatic cavities, facilitating the smooth movement of organs, but are not exposed to the external environment. Malignant mesothelioma, or simply mesothelioma, develops either in the pleural, peritoneal or pericardial cavities, or in the tunica vaginalis testes. Mesothelioma has been a relatively rare cancer but is socially important due to its association with asbestos exposure, caused by modern industrial development. The major pathogenic mechanisms include oxidative stress either via catalytic reactions against the asbestos surface or frustrated phagocytosis of macrophages, and specific adsorption of hemoglobin and histones by asbestos fibers in the presence of phagocytic activity of mesothelial cells. Multiwall carbon nanotubes of ~50 nm-diameter, additionally adsorbing transferrin, are similarly carcinogenic to mesothelial cells in rodents and were thus classified as Group 2B carcinogens. Genetic alterations found in human and rat mesothelioma notably contain changes found in other excess iron-induced carcinogenesis models. Phlebotomy and iron chelation therapies have been successful in the prevention of mesothelioma in rats. Alternatively, loading of oxidative stress by non-thermal plasma to mesothelioma cells causes ferroptosis. Therefore, carcinogenesis by foreign fibrous inorganic materials may overlap the uncovered molecular mechanisms of birth of life and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Huaux F. Emerging Role of Immunosuppression in Diseases Induced by Micro- and Nano-Particles: Time to Revisit the Exclusive Inflammatory Scenario. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2364. [PMID: 30510551 PMCID: PMC6252316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, cancer, and autoimmunity developing upon particle exposure have been exclusively linked with uncontrolled inflammatory processes. The critical role of inflammation is now challenged by several contradictory observations indicating that the emergence of these chronic disorders may result from non-inflammatory events. A growing number of studies reveals that micro- and nano-particles can cause exaggerated and persistent immunosuppression characterized by the release of potent anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β), and the recruitment of major regulatory immune cells (M2 macrophages, T and B regs, and MDSC). This persistent immunosuppressive environment is initially established to limit early inflammation but contributes later to fibrosis, cancer, and infection. Immunosuppression promotes fibroblast proliferation and matrix element synthesis and subverts innate and adaptive immune surveillance against tumor cells and microorganisms. This review details the contribution of immunosuppressive cells and their derived immunoregulatory mediators and delineates the mutual role of inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases induced by particles. The consideration of these new results explains how particle-related diseases can develop independently of chronic inflammation, enriches current bioassays predicting particle toxicity and suggests new clinical strategies for treating patients affected by particle-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Experimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Blyth KG, Murphy DJ. Progress and challenges in Mesothelioma: From bench to bedside. Respir Med 2017; 134:31-41. [PMID: 29413505 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) is currently an incurable cancer with a typical survival of 1 year from the time of diagnosis. The recent genomic and transcriptomic characterization of MPM presents new opportunities and challenges for MPM researchers. Recent advances in clinical and laboratory diagnostics, and proposals for an updated, data-driven, staging system, also present new challenges for clinicians and hospital services involved in MPM care. The aim of this review is first to introduce the reader to the topic of MPM, a disease that is causally linked to prior, typically occupational, exposure to asbestos fibres. Secondly, we will discuss MPM from the clinical and laboratory perspectives, including reviews of current and evolving therapies and our present understanding of the molecular basis of the disease. Finally, we will attempt to identify critical knowledge gaps that currently prevent more effective treatment, including the challenges involved in early detection and chemoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Blyth
- Glasgow Pleural Disease Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Brandi G, De Lorenzo S, Palloni A, Biasco G, Tovoli F. Aspirin for cholangiocarcinoma prevention: New targets to shift the dogma from ascertained risk to possible prevention. Hepatology 2017; 65:1075-1076. [PMID: 28010045 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania De Lorenzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Palloni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Biasco
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Brandi G, De Lorenzo S, Tovoli F. Cholangiocarcinoma: from risk to prevention? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:53. [PMID: 28138620 PMCID: PMC5244746 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2016.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- “G. Prodi” Interdepartmental Center for Cancer Research, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania De Lorenzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Liu Y, Yin T, Feng Y, Cona MM, Huang G, Liu J, Song S, Jiang Y, Xia Q, Swinnen JV, Bormans G, Himmelreich U, Oyen R, Ni Y. Mammalian models of chemically induced primary malignancies exploitable for imaging-based preclinical theragnostic research. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2015; 5:708-29. [PMID: 26682141 PMCID: PMC4671963 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Compared with transplanted tumor models or genetically engineered cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in experimental animals can mimic the clinical cancer progress from the early stage on. Cancer caused by chemical carcinogens generally develops through three phases namely initiation, promotion and progression. Based on different mechanisms, chemical carcinogens can be divided into genotoxic and non-genotoxic ones, or complete and incomplete ones, usually with an organ-specific property. Chemical carcinogens can be classified upon their origins such as environmental pollutants, cooked meat derived carcinogens, N-nitroso compounds, food additives, antineoplastic agents, naturally occurring substances and synthetic carcinogens, etc. Carcinogen-induced models of primary cancers can be used to evaluate the diagnostic/therapeutic effects of candidate drugs, investigate the biological influential factors, explore preventive measures for carcinogenicity, and better understand molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Among commonly adopted cancer models, chemically induced primary malignancies in mammals have several advantages including the easy procedures, fruitful tumor generation and high analogy to clinical human primary cancers. However, in addition to the time-consuming process, the major drawback of chemical carcinogenesis for translational research is the difficulty in noninvasive tumor burden assessment in small animals. Like human cancers, tumors occur unpredictably also among animals in terms of timing, location and the number of lesions. Thanks to the availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with various advantages such as ionizing-free scanning, superb soft tissue contrast, multi-parametric information, and utility of diverse contrast agents, now a workable solution to this bottleneck problem is to apply MRI for noninvasive detection, diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring on those otherwise uncontrollable animal models with primary cancers. Moreover, it is foreseeable that the combined use of chemically induced primary cancer models and molecular imaging techniques may help to develop new anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Bononi A, Napolitano A, Pass HI, Yang H, Carbone M. Latest developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of mesothelioma and the design of targeted therapies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2015; 9:633-54. [PMID: 26308799 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2015.1081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer whose pathogenesis is causally linked to occupational exposure to asbestos. Familial clusters of mesotheliomas have been observed in settings of genetic predisposition. Mesothelioma incidence is anticipated to increase worldwide in the next two decades. Novel treatments are needed, as current treatment modalities may improve the quality of life, but have shown modest effects in improving overall survival. Increasing knowledge on the molecular characteristics of mesothelioma has led to the development of novel potential therapeutic strategies, including: molecular targeted approaches, that is the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor with bevacizumab; immunotherapy with chimeric monoclonal antibody, immunotoxin, antibody drug conjugate, vaccine and viruses; inhibition of asbestos-induced inflammation, that is aspirin inhibition of HMGB1 activity may decrease or delay mesothelioma onset and/or growth. We elaborate on the rationale behind new therapeutic strategies, and summarize available preclinical and clinical results, as well as efforts still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bononi
- a 1 University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Andrea Napolitano
- a 1 University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA.,b 2 Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Harvey I Pass
- c 3 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Haining Yang
- a 1 University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Michele Carbone
- a 1 University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
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Robinson C, Solin JN, Lee YCG, Lake RA, Lesterhuis WJ. Mouse models of mesothelioma: strengths, limitations and clinical translation. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.14.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Mouse models of cancer are invaluable for obtaining detailed knowledge about tumor development and for screening therapeutic and preventive approaches. Mesothelioma is an unusual cancer because the same carcinogen, asbestos, causes a similar disease in both humans and animals. Unlike most other cancers, murine mesothelioma can therefore be regarded as a disease homolog, rather than a model as such. However, because asbestos-induced cancer has low penetrance and a long lag time, most translational studies have utilized more efficient models such as tumor transplantation. In consequence, many promising results have not translated into positive findings in patients. Here, we describe the widely used murine mesothelioma models and critically discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the use of the appropriate model for the specific research question and the need to use multiple models in order to obtain robust and translatable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jessica N Solin
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - YC Gary Lee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Richard A Lake
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W Joost Lesterhuis
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine & Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Robinson C, Alfonso H, Woo S, Walsh A, Olsen N, Musk AW, Robinson BWS, Nowak AK, Lake RA. Statins do not alter the incidence of mesothelioma in asbestos exposed mice or humans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103025. [PMID: 25093718 PMCID: PMC4122392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is principally caused by asbestos and may be preventable because there is a long latent period between exposure and disease development. The most at-risk are a relatively well-defined population who were exposed as a consequence of their occupations. Although preventative agents investigated so far have not been promising, discovery of such an agent would have a significant benefit world-wide on healthcare costs and personal suffering. Statins are widely used for management of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular risk; they can induce apoptosis in mesothelioma cells and epidemiological data has linked their use to a lower incidence of cancer. We hypothesised that statins would inhibit the development of asbestos-induced mesothelioma in mice and humans. An autochthonous murine model of asbestos-induced mesothelioma was used to test this by providing atorvastatin daily in the feed at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Continuous administration of atorvastatin did not alter the rate of disease development nor increase the length of time that mice survived. Latency to first symptoms of disease and disease progression were also unaffected. In a parallel study, the relationship between the use of statins and development of mesothelioma was investigated in asbestos-exposed humans. In a cohort of 1,738 asbestos exposed people living or working at a crocidolite mine site in Wittenoom, Western Australia, individuals who reported use of statins did not have a lower incidence of mesothelioma (HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.44–2.29, p = 0.99). Some individuals reported use of both statins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 inhibitors, and these people also did not have an altered risk of mesothelioma development (HR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.61–1.67, p = 0.97). We conclude that statins do not moderate the rate of development of mesothelioma in either a mouse model or a human cohort exposed to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, PathWest, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Helman Alfonso
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha Woo
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Walsh
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nola Olsen
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arthur W. Musk
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce W. S. Robinson
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna K. Nowak
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard A. Lake
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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