1
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Murray H, Stipkovits F, Lindner M, Wühl J, Halbwirth H, Gössinger M. Conductivity at varying frequencies as a method for differentiating strawberry ripeness and association with colour acceptance of strawberry nectars. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39087634 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the best strawberries to produce colour stable nectars is a priority for the juice industry. Although riper strawberries produce nectars with better colour stability, variability between cultivars means that surface colour cannot be used as a single quality attribute to determine stability. Conductivity and bio-impedance measurements can be used to differentiate ripeness of strawberries. The commercially available PEF Control System (ELEA) can measure cell disruption by measuring conductivity at different frequencies. Updated software measured strawberry conductivity at 121 frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 MHz to determine whether conductivity at these frequencies could differentiate ripeness, and be compared with the colour acceptance and stability of nectars produced from these strawberries. RESULTS A high-low ratio (HLR) was calculated by dividing the conductivity at frequency 1 MHz by conductivity at 1 kHz. HLR could be used to separate five strawberry ripeness stages, with decreasing HLR associated with increasing ripeness. HLR was then compared with the colour of nectars produced from these strawberries. Although there was a good correlation between HLR and an acceptable colour to consumers on initial production (r = -0.823, P < 0.001) and after 12 weeks of storage (-0.759, P < 0.001), cultivars differed greatly in both HLR and colour stability. Additionally, HLR had a strong correlation with firmness. CONCLUSION The PEF Control System could be used to differentiate ripeness of strawberries by HLR, and therefore was associated with colour stability. However, no additional information on colour stability was gained from conductivity beyond what could already be deduced from differentiating ripeness based on surface colour. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Murray
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fabio Stipkovits
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Marlene Lindner
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jasmin Wühl
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Heidrun Halbwirth
- TU Wien, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik, Umwelttechnik und Technische Biowissenschaften, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Gössinger
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Palac Bešlić I, Ivešić M, Mandić Andačić I, Bursać Kovačević D, Žuntar I, Bebek Markovinović A, Oštarić F, Krivohlavek A. Development and Optimization Method for Determination of the Strawberries' Aroma Profile. Molecules 2024; 29:3441. [PMID: 39065019 PMCID: PMC11279833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The strawberry (genus Fragaria) is a plant from the rose family (Rosaceae). As the fruits are likely to be picked mechanically, they are grown close to consumption centers. The aim of this work was to develop a suitable method for detecting as many molecules as possible in order to be able to distinguish between different strawberry cultivars and geographical origins in the future. Whole strawberries of the "Albion" cultivar, grown in the Jagodica Purgerica region of Zagreb, were used. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in SCAN mode was used to analyze the aroma profile and to determine the proportion of individual components. The samples were prepared and analyzed using the solid-phase microextraction method (SPME). The impact of SPME fiber selection and GC column type was investigated, as well as sample weight, ionic strength, agitation temperature, and sampling time. A higher ionic strength was achieved by adding a 20% NaCl solution to the sample. The aroma profile of the studied strawberry cultivar consisted of furanone, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Optimal results were achieved by adjusting the ionic strength during 15 min of extraction and incubation. The individual compounds were identified using NIST, Wiley libraries, and the "area normalization" method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Palac Bešlić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Martina Ivešić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ivana Mandić Andačić
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.K.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Anica Bebek Markovinović
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.B.K.); (A.B.M.)
| | - Fabijan Oštarić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta, 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Adela Krivohlavek
- Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Mirogojska Cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.P.B.); (M.I.); (I.M.A.)
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3
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Priyadarshi R, Jayakumar A, de Souza CK, Rhim JW, Kim JT. Advances in strawberry postharvest preservation and packaging: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13417. [PMID: 39072989 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Strawberries spoil rapidly after harvest due to factors such as the ripening process, weight loss, and, most importantly, microbial contamination. Traditionally, several methods are used to preserve strawberries after harvest and extend their shelf life, including thermal, plasma, radiation, chemical, and biological treatments. Although these methods are effective, they are a concern from the perspective of safety and consumer acceptance of the treated food. To address these issues, more advanced environment-friendly technologies have been developed over the past decades, including modified and controlled atmosphere packaging, active biopolymer-based packaging, or edible coating formulations. This method can not only significantly extend the shelf life of fruit but also solve safety concerns. Some studies have shown that combining two or more of these technologies can significantly extend the shelf life of strawberries, which could significantly contribute to expanding the global supply chain for delicious fruit. Despite the large number of studies underway in this field of research, no systematic review has been published discussing these advances. This review aims to cover important information about postharvest physiology, decay factors, and preservation methods of strawberry fruits. It is a pioneering work that integrates, relates, and discusses all information on the postharvest fate and handling of strawberries in one place. Additionally, commercially used techniques were discussed to provide insight into current developments in strawberry preservation and suggest future research directions in this field of study. This review aims to enrich the knowledge of academic and industrial researchers, scientists, and students on trends and developments in postharvest preservation and packaging of strawberry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Priyadarshi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Simkova K, Veberic R, Grohar MC, Pelacci M, Smrke T, Ivancic T, Medic A, Cvelbar Weber N, Jakopic J. Changes in the Aroma Profile and Phenolic Compound Contents of Different Strawberry Cultivars during Ripening. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1419. [PMID: 38794489 PMCID: PMC11125040 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites, namely, phenolic and volatile organic compounds, contribute to the nutritional and organoleptic quality of the strawberry fruit. This study focuses on the changes in the content of phenolic compounds and volatile organic compounds during the ripening, from green to overripe fruit, of five strawberry cultivars ('Asia', 'CIVN 766', 'Aprica', 'Clery', and 'Malwina'). Additionally, these changes are compared with the colour of the fruit and peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity. Our results show that the accumulation of secondary metabolites (phenolic and volatile organic compounds) significantly changed during the ripening process for all of the studied cultivars. As for phenolic compounds, flavanols and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives comprised between 87 and 95% of the total phenolic compound content in unripe green fruit. In contrast, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives comprised between 64 and 77% of the total phenolic compound content in overripe fruit, except in the fruit of the cultivar 'CIVN766'. When it comes to the aroma profile, the content of aldehydes decreased by 24-49% as the fruit ripened, and the accumulation of esters increased. Our study also shows that the ripening process differs among cultivars, and it is therefore necessary to define ripening indicators separately for each cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Simkova
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Robert Veberic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Mariana Cecilia Grohar
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Massimiliano Pelacci
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Tina Smrke
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Tea Ivancic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Aljaz Medic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Nika Cvelbar Weber
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Jakopic
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.V.); (J.J.)
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5
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Liu Y, Liu R, Li F, Yu S, Nie Y, Li JQ, Pan C, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Nano-selenium repaired the damage caused by fungicides on strawberry flavor quality and antioxidant capacity by regulating ABA biosynthesis and ripening-related transcription factors. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105753. [PMID: 38225097 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that pesticides may have adverse effects on the flavor quality of the fruits, but there is still a lack of appropriate methods to repair the damage. This study investigated the effects and mechanism of applying the emerging material, nano‑selenium, and two fungicides (Boscalid and Pydiflumetofen) alone or together on the flavor quality and antioxidant capacity of strawberries. The results showed that the two fungicides had a negative impact on strawberry color, flavor, antioxidant capacity and different enzymatic systems. The color damage was mainly attributed to the impact on anthocyanin content. Nano‑selenium alleviated the quality losses by increasing sugar-acid ratio, volatiles, anthocyanin levels, enzyme activities and DPPH scavenging ability and reducing ROS levels. Results also showed that these damage and repair processes were related to the regulation of flavor and ripening related transcription factors (including FaRIF, FaSnRK1, FaMYB10, FaMYB1, FaSnRK2.6 and FaABI1), the upregulation of genes on sugar-acid, volatile, and anthocyanin synthesis pathways, as well as the increase of sucrose and ABA signaling molecules. In addition, the application of nano-Se supplemented the selenium content in fruits, and was harmless to human health. This information is crucial for revealing the mechanisms of flavor damage caused by pesticides to strawberry and the repaired of nano‑selenium, and broadens the researching and applying of nano‑selenium in repairing the damage caused by pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feifei Li
- The Administrative Office of Beijing Shisanling Forestry Farm, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan west road 2, Beijing 100193, China.
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6
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Zhao Y, De Coninck B, Ribeiro B, Nicolaï B, Hertog M. Early detection of Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit during quiescent infection using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 402:110313. [PMID: 37421873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a devastating pathogen that can cause huge postharvest losses of strawberry. Although this fungus usually infects strawberries through their flowers, symptoms mainly appear when fruit are fully mature. A fast and sensitive method to detect and quantify the fungal infection, prior to symptom development, is, therefore, needed. In this study, we explore the possibility of using the strawberry volatilome to identify biomarkers for B. cinerea infection. Strawberry flowers were inoculated with B. cinerea to mimic the natural infection. First, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify B. cinerea in the strawberry fruit. The detection limit of qPCR for B. cinerea DNA extracted from strawberries was 0.01 ng. Subsequently, changes in the fruit volatilome at different fruit developmental stages were characterized using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Based on GC-MS data, 1-octen-3-ol produced by B. cinerea was confirmed as a potential biomarker of B. cinerea infection. Moreover, the product ion NO+ 127, obtained by SIFT-MS measurements, was proposed as a potential biomarker for B. cinerea infection by comparing its relative level with that of 1-octen-3-ol (obtained by GC-MS) and B. cinerea (obtained by qPCR). Separate PLS regressions were carried out for each developmental stages, and 11 product ions were significantly altered at all developmental stages. Finally, PLS regressions using these 11 ions as variables allowed the discrimination between samples containing different amount of B. cinerea. This work showed that profiling the fruit's volatilome using SIFT-MS can be used as a potential alternative to detect B. cinerea during the quiescent stage of B. cinerea infection prior to symptom development. Moreover, the corresponding compounds of potential biomarkers suggest that the volatile changes caused by B. cinerea infection may contribute to strawberry defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Zhao
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bianca Ribeiro
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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7
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Wen J, Abeel T, de Weerdt M. "How sweet are your strawberries?": Predicting sugariness using non-destructive and affordable hardware. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1160645. [PMID: 37035076 PMCID: PMC10075323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Global soft fruit supply chains rely on trustworthy descriptions of product quality. However, crucial criteria such as sweetness and firmness cannot be accurately established without destroying the fruit. Since traditional alternatives are subjective assessments by human experts, it is desirable to obtain quality estimations in a consistent and non-destructive manner. The majority of research on fruit quality measurements analyzed fruits in the lab with uniform data collection. However, it is laborious and expensive to scale up to the level of the whole yield. The "harvest-first, analysis-second" method also comes too late to decide to adjust harvesting schedules. In this research, we validated our hypothesis of using in-field data acquirable via commodity hardware to obtain acceptable accuracies. The primary instance that the research concerns is the sugariness of strawberries, described by the juice's total soluble solid (TSS) content (unit: °Brix or Brix). We benchmarked the accuracy of strawberry Brix prediction using convolutional neural networks (CNN), variational autoencoders (VAE), principal component analysis (PCA), kernelized ridge regression (KRR), support vector regression (SVR), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), based on fusions of image data, environmental records, and plant load information, etc. Our results suggest that: (i) models trained by environment and plant load data can perform reliable prediction of aggregated Brix values, with the lowest RMSE at 0.59; (ii) using image data can further supplement the Brix predictions of individual fruits from (i), from 1.27 to as low up to 1.10, but they by themselves are not sufficiently reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Wen
- Algorithmics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Mathijs de Weerdt
- Algorithmics Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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8
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Liu Y, Liu R, Deng Y, Zheng M, Yu S, Nie Y, Li JQ, Pan C, Zhou Z, Diao J. Insights into the Mechanism of Flavor Loss in Strawberries Induced by Two Fungicides Integrating Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3906-3919. [PMID: 36788782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumers have been complaining about the deterioration of the flavor of strawberries. The use of pesticides could have potential impacts on fruit flavor but the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we spayed boscalid and difenoconazole on the small green fruit of strawberries to investigate their effect on fruit flavor quality and the mechanism. The results indicated that both fungicides decreased the contents of soluble sugar and nutrients but increased acids in mature fruits, changed the levels of volatiles, and caused oxidative damage, which ultimately reduced the flavor quality of strawberries, and the negative effect of boscalid was greater. Combined with transcriptome and metabolome, boscalid altered the genes in sugar-acid metabolism (SUT, SPS, and INV), volatiles (FaQR, FaOMT, FaLOX, and FaAAT), and amino acid synthesis pathways and metabolites. This study elaborated on the effects of fungicides on the flavor quality of strawberries from physiological-biochemical and molecular levels and laid the foundation for improving the strawberry flavor quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Kim I, Ahn D, Choi JH, Lim JH, Ok G, Park KJ, Lee J. Changes in Volatile Compounds in Short-Term High CO 2-Treated 'Seolhyang' Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa) Fruit during Cold Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196599. [PMID: 36235135 PMCID: PMC9571338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
'Seolhyang' strawberry is harvested before it is fully ripened and treated with CO2 to extend the shelf-life. However, the volatile changes in the 'Seolhyang' strawberry after short-term CO2 treatment have not been investigated, although the volatile profile is an important quality attribute. Herein, we investigated the effect of short-term high CO2 treatment on the changes in the composition of volatile compounds in 'Seolhyang' strawberries at two ripening stages (i.e., half-red and bright-red) during cold storage using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the effect of CO2 treatment on fruit quality with respect to the aroma was investigated. A total of 30 volatile compounds were identified. Storage increased the volatile compound concentrations, and the total concentration of volatiles in the CO2-treated strawberries was lower than that of the untreated strawberries during storage. The production of some characteristic strawberry volatiles (e.g., 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone) was inhibited in CO2-treated strawberries. However, CO2 treatment helped maintain the concentrations of hexanal and 2-hexenal, which are responsible for the fresh odor in strawberries. Interestingly, CO2 treatment suppressed the production of off-odor volatiles, acetaldehyde, and hexanoic acid during strawberry storage. Thus, short-term CO2 treatment may help maintain the fresh aroma of strawberries during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwan Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Donghee Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Ho Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Gyeongsik Ok
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Kee-Jai Park
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-J.P.); (J.L.)
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Shen J, Shao W, Li J, Lu H. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals factors underlying differences in fruit quality between Fragaria nilgerrensis and Fragaria pentaphylla. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3287-3296. [PMID: 34799861 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strawberries have become one of the most popular fruits because of their unique flavor and high nutritional value. Fruit quality and price are the most important criteria that determine consumer acceptability. Fragaria nilgerrensis and Fragaria pentaphylla are two wild Asian diploid strawberry species that differ in fruit color, taste, and aroma. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of high-quality strawberry fruit, we integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics research methods to compare the metabolic and biosynthetic mechanisms of the two Fragaria species. RESULTS F. nilgerrensis fruit has higher amino acid and lipid contents and a higher sugar-to-acid ratio than F. pentaphylla fruit does, underlying their superior nutritional value, aroma, firmness, and taste. Compared with F. nilgerrensis fruit, F. pentaphylla fruit contained more flavonoids, indicating its enhanced color and health benefits. In addition, candidate structural genes that regulate the biosynthesis of flavonoids, amino acids, and glycerophospholipids in the two strawberry fruit were screened. CONCLUSIONS The differences in aroma, firmness, and taste between F. nilgerrensis fruit and F. pentaphylla fruit are probably due to differences in their amino acid and lipid contents, as well as the difference in their sugar-to-acid ratios. Eight key structural genes that may play important roles in the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids, and flavonoids were identified. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanlu Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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D’Agostino MF, Sicari V, Giuffrè AM, Soria AC. Blackberries (Rubus ulmifolius Schott) from Calabria (Italy): a comprehensive characterisation. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03922-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Lyzhin AS, Luk'yanchuk IV, Zhbanova EV. Polymorphism of the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes for fruit flavor volatiles in strawberry varieties and wild species from the genetic collection of the Michurin Federal Research Center. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 24:5-11. [PMID: 33659775 PMCID: PMC7716574 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit aroma is an important consumer attribute of strawberry varieties. The key volatile compounds of the aromatic complex of strawberry fruit are mesifurane (fruity and caramel aromas) and γ-decalactone (fruity, sweet, or peachy aroma). The mesifurane content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaOMT gene, which is mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome VII-F.1. The γ-decalactone content in strawberry fruit is controlled by the FaFAD1 gene, mapped to the distal region of the long arm of chromosome III-2. Identification of forms carrying genes for fruit flavor volatiles is an important step in breeding varieties with fragrant fruit. The use of molecular markers allows highly reliable detection of target gene alleles in a genome at early developmental stages. This study involves molecular genotyping of Fragaria L. varieties for the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes, analysis of polymorphism of the loci in question, and identification of genotypes valuable for breeding. The objects of our study were wild species of the genus Fragaria L. and strawberry varieties (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) of different ecological and geographic origins. To assess the allelic states of the FaOMT gene, the codominant marker FaOMT-SI/NO was used, and for the FaFAD1 gene, the dominant marker FaFAD1. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene (FaOMT+) in the heterozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT– genotype) was detected in 34.9 % of the accessions tested. The functional allele of the FaOMT gene in the homozygous state (FaOMT+FaOMT+ genotype) was detected in 51.2 % of the accessions. The homozygous state of the inactive allele (FaOMT–FaOMT– genotype) was detected in 13.9 % of the studied strawberry accessions. The FaFAD1 gene was identified in 25.6 % of the analyzed collection of strawberry genotypes, including the wild species F. orientalis Los., F. moschata Duch., F. ovalis Rydb. The combination of functional alleles of the FaOMT and FaFAD1 genes was detected in 16.3 % of the analyzed forms. The wild species F. orientalis Los. and F. moschata Duch. and strawberry variety Red Gauntlet combine the functional allele of the FaFAD1 gene with the homozygous state of the active allele of the FaOMT gene; therefore, we recommend them as promising sources of high contents of mesifurane and γ-decactone in fruit in breeding programs for fruit aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lyzhin
- I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, Michurinsk, Tambov oblast, Russia
| | - I V Luk'yanchuk
- I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, Michurinsk, Tambov oblast, Russia
| | - E V Zhbanova
- I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, Michurinsk, Tambov oblast, Russia
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13
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Cui Q, Ye L, Guo CE, Li W. Assessing Volatiles in Three Chinese Dwarf Cherry Cultivars during Veraison and Maturation Using Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31744-31752. [PMID: 33344828 PMCID: PMC7745394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese dwarf cherry is a native shrub in northwest China with a rich and unique fruit aroma. This study aims to determine the changes in volatile profiles during the maturation period, which provides a theoretical basis for the optimal harvest times and the breeding of aroma-rich varieties. The variation in the production of 164 volatile compounds from three Chinese dwarf cherry cultivars, namely, "Jing'ou 1", "Jing'ou 2", and "Jing'ou 3", were investigated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. These volatiles mainly constituted alcohols, carbonyls, esters, terpenoids, and hydrocarbons. Their maturation process could be divided into three stages, namely prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. Prophase contained an abundance of hydrocarbons and carbonyls, primarily benzaldehyde being dominant among all volatiles. During metaphase, volatiles remained at a low level of abundance and diversity. Anaphase coincided with full maturation and was associated with esters and terpenoids; in particular, "Jing'ou 3" presented more compound diversity and a high level of acetate esters. The periods including the week prior to veraison and the week during maturation were particularly critical in volatile formation in Chinese dwarf cherries. This study reveals that the low level or lack of hexanal might be one of the distinctive characteristics separating Chinese dwarf cherries from other Cerasus or Rosaceae fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Cui
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Liqin Ye
- The
First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University,
School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, P. R. China
| | - Chang-e Guo
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University
of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China
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14
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Yang X, Yan R, Chen Q, Fu M. Analysis of flavor and taste attributes differences treated by chemical preservatives: a case study in strawberry fruits treated by 1-methylcyclopropene and chlorine dioxide. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:4371-4382. [PMID: 33087951 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flavor and taste attributes of fruits varied by different preservatives treatments. Changes in sugars, organic acids, amino acids as well as volatiles of strawberries treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and/or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) were evaluated during storage period in this study. Our results revealed that the decreases of tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, titratable acidity (TA), sucrose and soluble sugar contents were significantly inhibited by 1-MCP + ClO2. The fructose and glucose contents of all groups remained stable and slightly increased at the last period of 10 days. However, different treatments had no influence on content of succinic acid. Moreover, the highest sweet taste (77.37 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) and lowest bitter taste (3.44 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) free amino acids (FAA) were observed in the strawberries treated by 1-MCP combined with ClO2 treatment as compared to other treatments and control. (E)-2-hexenal was the most abundant volatile and showed a significant increase trend during strawberry storage. More interestingly, ethyl butyrate, fruit-like aroma, could be recovered in content by 1-MCP, ClO2 alone and their combination treatment. Compared with other treatments, the significant different flavor in ClO2 treatment was identified by principle component analysis. In addition, methyl hexanoate and 4-methoxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one (DMMF) were the major factors that affected the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of strawberries through the whole storage. Taken together, 1-MCP coupled with ClO2 could be a complex preservative to maintain strawberries quality by regulating the flavor and taste attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Maorun Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Reis L, Forney CF, Jordan M, Munro Pennell K, Fillmore S, Schemberger MO, Ayub RA. Metabolic Profile of Strawberry Fruit Ripened on the Plant Following Treatment With an Ethylene Elicitor or Inhibitor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:995. [PMID: 32754175 PMCID: PMC7365940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry is the most studied nonclimacteric fruit for understanding the role ethylene has in ripening regulation. However, previous studies on the effects of ethylene on strawberry ripening were conducted with detached fruit. Thus, the aim of this work was to determine the effect of ethylene and the ethylene-action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) applied at different developmental stages on important physical-chemical attributes of ripe 'Albion' strawberry. Fruit at four developmental stages that remained attached to the plant were dipped in one of three treatment solutions (Ethephon, 1-methylcyclopropene, and water), plus one absolute control that received no dip. Following treatment, when immature fruit were fully red or 24 h after treatment for red-treated fruit, strawberry fruit were assessed for physicochemical properties (mass, length, diameter, firmness, color, titratable acidity, soluble solids, pH, total phenolics, sugar, organic acid, amino acid, and volatile composition). The days following treatment required for fruit to ripen were also recorded. Treatments did not affect the rate of ripening nor fruit color, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, total phenolics, sugars, or organic acids of ripe fruit. Ethephon affected fruit mass, diameter, length, firmness, anthocyanins, amino acids, and volatiles, but these effects were dependent on fruit developmental stage at which the treatment was applied. When green fruit were treated with ethephon, ripe fruit had larger diameter and mass. Ethephon treatment of white fruit resulted in ripe fruit having greater anthocyanin content. Treatment of pink fruit resulted in ripe fruit having smaller diameter, length, and mass and greater firmness. Treatment of red fruit with ethephon altered fruit volatile composition, increasing concentrations of ethyl- and acetate-esters, which were reduced by the 1-MCP treatment. Ethephon treatment increased concentrations of 11 of the 19 free amino acids measured in ripe fruit with treatment of green and white fruit having the greatest effect. A total of 41 volatile compounds had significant correlations with 14 amino acids. While ethylene did not stimulate typical ripening of strawberry fruit, it does appear to alter fruit development and metabolism. The physiological effects of ethylene on strawberry fruit appear to depend on the developmental stage of the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Reis
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Fruticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Charles F. Forney
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Michael Jordan
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Kathleen Munro Pennell
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Michelle O. Schemberger
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Fruticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. Ayub
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Fruticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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16
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González-Domínguez R, Sayago A, Akhatou I, Fernández-Recamales Á. Volatile Profiling of Strawberry Fruits Cultivated in a Soilless System to Investigate Cultivar-Dependent Chemical Descriptors. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060768. [PMID: 32545160 PMCID: PMC7353567 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds are essential for food organoleptic characteristics and of great utility for the food industry as potential markers for authenticity purposes (e.g., variety, geographical origin, adulteration). The aim of this study was to determine the characteristic volatile compounds of strawberry samples grown in a soilless system by using headspace solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography and to investigate the influence of cultivar (Festival, Candonga, Camarosa) on this volatile profile. We observed that Festival and, to a lesser extent, Candonga varieties were characterized by the richest aroma-related profiles, including higher levels of esters, furanones and terpenes. In particular, methyl butyrate, hexyl hexanoate, linalool, geraniol and furaneol were the most abundant aromatic compounds detected in the three varieties of strawberries. Complementarily, the application of pattern recognition chemometric approaches, including principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, demonstrated that concentrations of specific volatiles can be employed as chemical descriptors to discriminate between strawberry cultivars. Accordingly, geraniol and hexyl hexanoate were found to be the most significant volatiles for the discrimination of strawberry varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl González-Domínguez
- AgriFood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (A.S.); (I.A.); (Á.F.-R.)
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-959-219-975
| | - Ana Sayago
- AgriFood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (A.S.); (I.A.); (Á.F.-R.)
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ikram Akhatou
- AgriFood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (A.S.); (I.A.); (Á.F.-R.)
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Ángeles Fernández-Recamales
- AgriFood Laboratory, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain; (A.S.); (I.A.); (Á.F.-R.)
- International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
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17
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Wang G, Zhang X. Evaluation and optimization of air-based precooling for higher postharvest quality: literature review and interdisciplinary perspective. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Precooling is of significant importance for postharvest fruits and vegetables to control the quality degradation and prolong the shelf-life. Current precooling methods include room cooling, forced-air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling, contact or package icing, and cryogenic cooling, all of which have their advantages and disadvantages. The first two methods with the cooling medium of air are extensively used because of the wide applicable range of fruits and vegetables. Numerous studies have been devoted to cope with the drawbacks of these two air-based precooling methods with various evaluation criteria and optimization methods. A systematic literature review on these studies is firstly conducted with respect to experimental and numerical investigations respectively for the two methods. The main contributions from the previous studies are also summarized respectively with the research objectives and performance metrics. The literature review indicates that the current performance evaluation is limited to apparent parameters and the optimal design is only proposed based on the performance evaluation and comparison. Furthermore, with inspiration from the research in other domains, a scheme of advanced evaluation and optimization for air-based precooling methods is proposed with thermodynamic evaluation metrics and constructal optimization methods from the interdisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbang Wang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University and Beijing Engineering Research Center of City Heat, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University and Beijing Engineering Research Center of City Heat, Beijing, China
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18
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Fragaria Genus: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030498. [PMID: 31979351 PMCID: PMC7037259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The strawberries represent in our days one of the main fresh fruits consumed globally, inevitably leading to large amounts of by-products and wastes. Usually appreciated because of their specific flavor, the strawberries also possess biological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anti-inflammatory effects. In spite of the wide spread of the Fragaria genus, few species represent the subject of the last decade scientific research. The main components identified in the Fragaria species are presented, as well as several biological properties, as emerging from the scientific papers published in the last decade.
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19
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Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on The Physicochemical Properties of Pectin Packaging Material for Strawberry Wrapping. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010052. [PMID: 31878286 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrus peel pectin was used to prepare films (cast with or without glycerol) containing mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Nanoparticles reduced significantly the particle size, and had no effect on the Zeta potential of pectin solutions. Mechanical characterization demonstrates that pectin+nanoparticles containing films slightly increased tensile strength and significantly decreased the Young's modulus in comparison to films made only of pectin. However, elongation at the break increased in the pectin+nanoparticles films cast in the presence of glycerol, while both Young's modulus and tensile strength were reduced. Moreover, nanoparticles were able to reduce the barrier properties of pectin films prepared with or without glycerol, whereas positively affected the thermal stability of pectin films and the seal strength. The 0.6% pectin films reinforced or not with 3% nanoparticles in the presence of 30% glycerol were used to wrap strawberries in order to extend the fruit's shelf-life, over a period of eighty days, by improving their physicochemical properties.
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20
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An L, Ma J, Qin D, Wang H, Yuan Y, Li H, Na R, Wu X. Novel Strategy to Decipher the Regulatory Mechanism of 1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid in Strawberry Maturation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1292-1301. [PMID: 30629884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) has long been used to regulate strawberry growth. However, its regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Here, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach was utilized to capture differential metabolites, then matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and transcriptomics as assisted methods to validate the significant findings of metabolomics. The metabolomics results suggested that NAA regulated strawberry growth via multiple metabolic pathways, and different NAA application times also influenced these regulatory effects. We also found an interesting phenomenon that citric acid had completely opposite changes when NAA was sprayed at two different ripening stages of the strawberries. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS validated the changes of citric acid and transcriptomics identified the related genes. The study demonstrated that the novel strategy of "metabolomics capture-MALDI-TOF MS and transcriptomics assisted validation" could offer a fresh insight for understanding the mechanism of the plant growth regulator in strawberry maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Dongmei Qin
- Institute for Control of Agrochemicals , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs , Beijing 100125 , China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , China
| | - Honglian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection , Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Risong Na
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Plant Protection , Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
| | - Xujin Wu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing Henan Province , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
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21
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. A Comparison of Temporal Dominance of Sensation (TDS) and Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA™) to Identify Flavors in Strawberries. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1094-1102. [PMID: 29660132 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) is a rapid descriptive method that offers a different magnitude of information to traditional descriptive analysis methodologies. This methodology considers the dynamic nature of eating, assessing sensory perception of foods as they change throughout the eating event. Limited research has applied the TDS methodology to strawberries and subsequently validated the results against Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA™). The aim of this research is to compare the TDS methodology using an untrained consumer panel to the results obtained via QDA™ with a trained sensory panel. The trained panelists (n = 12, minimum 60 hr each panelist) were provided with six strawberry samples (three cultivars at two maturation levels) and applied QDA™ techniques to profile each strawberry sample. Untrained consumers (n = 103) were provided with six strawberry samples (three cultivars at two maturation levels) and required to use TDS methodology to assess the dominant sensations for each sample as they change over time. Results revealed moderately comparable product configurations produced via TDS in comparison to QDA™ (RV coefficient = 0.559), as well as similar application of the sweet attribute (correlation coefficient of 0.895 at first bite). The TDS methodology however was not in agreement with the QDA™ methodology regarding more complex flavor terms. These findings support the notion that the lack of training on the definition of terms, together with the limitations of the methodology to ignore all attributes other than those dominant, provide a different magnitude of information than the QDA™ methodology. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A comparison of TDS to traditional descriptive analysis indicate that TDS provides additional information to QDA™ regarding the lingering component of eating. The QDA™ results however provide more precise detail regarding singular attributes. Therefore, the TDS methodology has an application in industry when it is important to understand the lingering profile of products. However, this methodology should not be employed as a replacement to traditional descriptive analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- the Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- the Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- the School of Science, RMIT Univ., Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- the Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin Univ., 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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22
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Galpaz N, Gonda I, Shem-Tov D, Barad O, Tzuri G, Lev S, Fei Z, Xu Y, Mao L, Jiao C, Harel-Beja R, Doron-Faigenboim A, Tzfadia O, Bar E, Meir A, Sa'ar U, Fait A, Halperin E, Kenigswald M, Fallik E, Lombardi N, Kol G, Ronen G, Burger Y, Gur A, Tadmor Y, Portnoy V, Schaffer AA, Lewinsohn E, Giovannoni JJ, Katzir N. Deciphering genetic factors that determine melon fruit-quality traits using RNA-Seq-based high-resolution QTL and eQTL mapping. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:169-191. [PMID: 29385635 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined quantitative trait loci (QTL) and expression-QTL (eQTL) mapping analysis was performed to identify genetic factors affecting melon (Cucumis melo) fruit quality, by linking genotypic, metabolic and transcriptomic data from a melon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of fruit from 96 RILs yielded a highly saturated collection of > 58 000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, identifying 6636 recombination events that separated the genome into 3663 genomic bins. Bin-based QTL analysis of 79 RILs and 129 fruit-quality traits affecting taste, aroma and color resulted in the mapping of 241 QTL. Thiol acyltransferase (CmThAT1) gene was identified within the QTL interval of its product, S-methyl-thioacetate, a key component of melon fruit aroma. Metabolic activity of CmThAT1-encoded protein was validated in bacteria and in vitro. QTL analysis of flesh color intensity identified a candidate white-flesh gene (CmPPR1), one of two major loci determining fruit flesh color in melon. CmPPR1 encodes a member of the pentatricopeptide protein family, involved in processing of RNA in plastids, where carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments accumulate. Network analysis of > 12 000 eQTL mapped for > 8000 differentially expressed fruit genes supported the role of CmPPR1 in determining the expression level of plastid targeted genes. We highlight the potential of RNA-Seq-based QTL analysis of small to moderate size, advanced RIL populations for precise marker-assisted breeding and gene discovery. We provide the following resources: a RIL population genotyped with a unique set of SNP markers, confined genomic segments that harbor QTL governing 129 traits and a saturated set of melon eQTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navot Galpaz
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Itay Gonda
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Doron Shem-Tov
- NRGENE, Park HaMada Ness Ziona, Israel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Galil Tzuri
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shery Lev
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yimin Xu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Linyong Mao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rotem Harel-Beja
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Einat Bar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ayala Meir
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Uzi Sa'ar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Aaron Fait
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eran Halperin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Kenigswald
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
- Institute of Life Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Elazar Fallik
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, Portici, Italy
| | - Guy Kol
- NRGENE, Park HaMada Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Gil Ronen
- NRGENE, Park HaMada Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yosef Burger
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Amit Gur
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Ya'akov Tadmor
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Vitaly Portnoy
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Arthur A Schaffer
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nurit Katzir
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Kallio HP. Historical Review on the Identification of Mesifurane, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2 H)-furanone, and Its Occurrence in Berries and Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2553-2560. [PMID: 29489353 PMCID: PMC6203179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesifurane, 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3(2 H)-furanone, is a natural compound used a worldwide as a flavoring for foods, beverages, and cosmetics. Global sales of mesifurane are around $100 million. Its significance as a flavor-impact compound in some Nordic berries was discovered in the early 1970s in Finland. Synthesized mesifurane was used as a key compound in aroma mixes exploited in a Finnish patent. Mesifurane is a significant flavorant in arctic brambles, mangoes, strawberries, and many other fruits and berries and is an enzymatic methylation product of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2 H)-furanone. Because of the obscurity of the information on the history of the commonly used trivial name, mesifurane, it is time to lift the veil and reveal the background of the present situation. The key player was a northern berry, arctic bramble ( Rubus arcticus), the Finnish name of which is mesimarja. Forty years ago, aroma research was limited by technical factors, but nowadays there is a surplus of information.
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. Check-all-that-applies as an alternative for descriptive analysis to establish flavors driving liking in strawberries. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- School of Science, RMIT University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science, Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
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Corpas Iguarán E, Taborda Ocampo G, Tapasco Alzate O. Identification of volatile compound markers during the ripening and senescence of lulo ( Solanum quitoense Lam.). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:437-442. [PMID: 29358838 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) is an exotic fruit cultivated in Colombia. During ripening and senescence, this climactic fruit undergoes biochemical processes that produce the volatiles responsible for its aroma. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in the volatile content during the ripening and senescence of lulo. Analysis of the volatile composition of lulo harvested in each of its five ripening stages and during its senescence time when stored at 18 ± 2 °C was performed using HS-SPME with GC-MS. Throughout ripening, the most notable change was the transformation of alcohols such as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and 1-penten-3-ol to afford esters such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and ketones such as 1-penten-3-one. Some acids reacted with alcohols to produce acetate and hexanoate esters, concentrations which increased more than sixfold between stage one and five. Moreover, all the major compounds were C6 straight chain compounds related to the lipoxygenase pathway. During senescence, majority of compounds were methyl esters, which increased in concentration consistently until day eight. Remarkably, the content of methyl butanoate increased from 0.9% of the total amount of volatiles on day two up to 76.4% on day eight. Some of these volatiles are probably contributors to the "off flavor" during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Corpas Iguarán
- 1Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 No. 60-63, Apartado 357, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Gonzalo Taborda Ocampo
- 2Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado 275, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Omar Tapasco Alzate
- 3Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, Apartado 275, Manizales, Colombia
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Oliver P, Cicerale S, Pang E, Keast R. Developing a strawberry lexicon to describe cultivars at two maturation stages. J SENS STUD 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Oliver
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Sara Cicerale
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | - Edwin Pang
- School of Science; RMIT University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre of Advanced Sensory Science; Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
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Pădureț S, Oroian M, Gutt G, Amariei S. Evaluation of strawberry texture in close relation with their anisotropy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1155054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Pădureț
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Mircea Oroian
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Gutt
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Sonia Amariei
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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Bandeira Reidel RV, Melai B, Cioni P, Flamini G, Pistelli L. Aroma Profile of Rubus ulmifolius Flowers and Fruits During Different Ontogenetic Phases. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1776-1784. [PMID: 27449284 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of spontaneous volatile emission from Rubus ulmifolius flowers and fruits during different stages of development was evaluated by HS-SPME-GC/MS. In total, 155 chemical compounds were identified accounting 84.6 - 99.4% of whole aroma profile of flowers samples and 92.4 - 96.6% for fruit samples. The main constituents were α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, 1,7-octadien-3-one,2-methyl-6-methylene, tridecane, (E)-2-hexenol acetate, (E)-3-hexenol acetate and cyperene. The results give a chemotaxonomic contribution to the characterization of the VOCs emitted from flowers and fruits during their ontogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo Melai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 3, IT-56124, Pisa
| | - Pierluigi Cioni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, IT-56126, Pisa
| | - Guido Flamini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, IT-56126, Pisa
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, IT-56126, Pisa
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Influence of storage on the volatile profile, mechanical, optical properties and antioxidant activity of strawberry spreads made with isomaltulose. FOOD BIOSCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Galli V, Borowski JM, Perin EC, Messias RDS, Labonde J, Pereira IDS, Silva SDDA, Rombaldi CV. Validation of reference genes for accurate normalization of gene expression for real time-quantitative PCR in strawberry fruits using different cultivars and osmotic stresses. Gene 2014; 554:205-14. [PMID: 25445290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch) fruits is associated mainly with their sensorial characteristics and the content of antioxidant compounds. Nevertheless, the strawberry production has been hampered due to its sensitivity to abiotic stresses. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms highlighting stress response is of great importance to enable genetic engineering approaches aiming to improve strawberry tolerance. However, the study of expression of genes in strawberry requires the use of suitable reference genes. In the present study, seven traditional and novel candidate reference genes were evaluated for transcript normalization in fruits of ten strawberry cultivars and two abiotic stresses, using RefFinder, which integrates the four major currently available software programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative delta-Ct method. The results indicate that the expression stability is dependent on the experimental conditions. The candidate reference gene DBP (DNA binding protein) was considered the most suitable to normalize expression data in samples of strawberry cultivars and under drought stress condition, and the candidate reference gene HISTH4 (histone H4) was the most stable under osmotic stresses and salt stress. The traditional genes GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and 18S (18S ribosomal RNA) were considered the most unstable genes in all conditions. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1) genes were used to further confirm the validated candidate reference genes, showing that the use of an inappropriate reference gene may induce erroneous results. This study is the first survey on the stability of reference genes in strawberry cultivars and osmotic stresses and provides guidelines to obtain more accurate RT-qPCR results for future breeding efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Galli
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396, Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Joyce Moura Borowski
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396, Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina Perin
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396, Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Messias
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396, Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Labonde
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan dos Santos Pereira
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Rodovia BR 396, Km 78 Caixa Postal 403, CEP 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Valmor Rombaldi
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Campus Universitário s/n, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Akhatou I, Fernández-Recamales A. Nutritional and nutraceutical quality of strawberries in relation to harvest time and crop conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5749-5760. [PMID: 24873675 DOI: 10.1021/jf500769x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Three strawberry varieties cultivated in soilless systems were studied for their content of primary and secondary metabolites in relation to harvest time and crop conditions. The three varieties were chosen based on their sensitivity level to environmental stress: Palomar (very sensitive), Festival (sensitive), and Camarosa (resistant). Throughout the campaign, three samplings were performed: December (extra-early production), January, and March (early production). Differences among cultivars and harvest times were observed based on the contents of sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity. The higher levels for total anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols were found in Camarosa and Festival strawberries, both in the January harvest. The Palomar variety showed higher total sugar/total organic acids ratio in the March harvest. The influence of cultivation practices and environmental conditions was assessed by nested ANOVA and PLS-DA. Differences in the sugar and phenolic content were observed depending upon variety and coverage type. TEAC was most influenced by the substrate type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Akhatou
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, and International Campus of Excellence CeiA3, University of Huelva , 21007 Huelva, Spain
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Akhatou I, Fernández Recamales Á. Influence of cultivar and culture system on nutritional and organoleptic quality of strawberry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:866-75. [PMID: 23881521 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strawberries are widely appreciated and consumed as a pleasant-tasting fruit either in fresh form or as processed product. Of the many factors which can affect the quality of fruit (sensorial and nutritional), the cultivar is especially important, but it is also affected by crop conditions. The main characteristics related to the fruit quality and nutritional attributes were assessed in several varieties of strawberry grown in soilless and soil culture. The effect of different cultivars and cropping systems on selected quality parameters, were assessed by applying multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS Differences among cultivars were observed based on the mineral composition and glucose and fructose concentrations in both cultivation systems. However, no significant differences between cultivars were detected in sourness. Tamar and Camarosa were the sweetest cultivars among those grown in soilless and soil system, respectively. Both varieties also had the highest total sugars/total acids ratio. The comparison between strawberries cultivated in soil and soilless systems also revealed significant differences in the mineral composition, content of sugars and related parameters. CONCLUSION Good discrimination was observed between cultivars of conventional crops, whereas no clear separation between cultivars grown in the soilless system was achieved by PLS-DA. PLS-DA also allowed differentiation of samples by type of crop (soilless vs. conventional crop). This information could be useful for selection of growing conditions and high-quality cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Akhatou
- Analytical Chemistry Area, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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Vicente E, Varela P, de Saldamando L, Ares G. Evaluation of the sensory characteristics of strawberry cultivars throughout the harvest season using projective mapping. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:591-599. [PMID: 23868389 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strawberry breeding programs should be able to rely on valid and simple methodologies for evaluating sensory quality of new cultivars. In this context, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the applicability of a simple sensory methodology, named projective mapping, to evaluate the sensory characteristics of strawberry cultivars and advanced selections throughout the harvest season. Three strawberry cultivars and two advanced selections were evaluated by an untrained assessor panel using projective mapping in three different moments of the harvest season: June (early season), August (mid-season) and September (peak harvest). Instrumental measurements were also performed. RESULTS Projective mapping enabled the identification of the main sensory characteristics of the strawberry cultivars and advanced selections, as well as the similarities and differences among them. Sensory characteristics of the five evaluated strawberry cultivars and advanced selections largely varied throughout the harvest season. Simple instrumental measurements were not able to predict the sensory characteristics of the strawberry cultivars, suggesting the importance of sensory methodologies for the evaluation of new cultivars in breeding programs. CONCLUSIONS Projective mapping consisted of a quick alternative for the evaluation of new cultivars relative to standard commercial cultivars. Its main advantage is that a large number of cultivars can be screened with minimal investment of time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Vicente
- Programa Nacional de Producción Hortícola, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA Salto Grande, Salto, Uruguay
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