Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of açaí seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) extracts containing A- and B-type procyanidins

Mannooligosaccharide production from açaí seeds by enzymatic hydrolysis: optimization through response surface methodology

Recognized for its bioactive compounds, açaí has become a functional food, but it has a low pulp yield, and the seeds are the main waste. This study investigates the potential of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) to produce mannooligosaccharides (MOS) through enzymatic hydrolysis. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the research optimizes MOS extraction while minimizing mannose production and reducing processing time, achieving MOS production of about 10 g/L, a value within the range of similar investigations. The RSM quadratic models establish correlations between MOS production (M2-M5) and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, with R2 values ranging from 0.6136 to 0.9031. These models are used to emphasize MOS performance (M2-M5) while reducing mannose production, which also promotes profitability by reducing time. Experimental validation agrees with model predictions, highlighting optimal conditions near 40 °C, intermediate enzyme loading, and basic pH that effectively promotes MOS generation on mannose within an accelerated processing time frame. With predictions of experimental results within a margin of error of < 9%, the validity of the models was acceptable. This research contributes to the advancement of the understanding of the enzymatic hydrolysis of açaí seeds, which is a step toward the sustainable use of resources with a focus on process engineering aspects.

A-type proanthocyanidins: Sources, structure, bioactivity, processing, nutrition, and potential applications

A-type proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a subgroup of PAs that differ from B-type PAs by the presence of an ether bond between two consecutive constitutive units. This additional C-O-C bond gives them a more stable and hydrophobic character. They are of increasing interest due to their potential multiple nutritional effects with low toxicity in food processing and supplement development. They have been identified in several plants. However, the role of A-type PAs, especially their complex polymeric form (degree of polymerization and linkage), has not been specifically discussed and explored. Therefore, recent advances in the physicochemical and structural changes of A-type PAs and their functional properties during extraction, processing, and storing are evaluated. In addition, discussions on the sources, structures, bioactivities, potential applications in the food industry, and future research trends of their derivatives are highlighted. Litchis, cranberries, avocados, and persimmons are all favorable plant sources. Α-type PAs contribute directly or indirectly to human nutrition via the regulation of different degrees of polymerization and bonding types. Thermal processing could have a negative impact on the amount and structure of A-type PAs in the food matrix. More attention should be focused on nonthermal technologies that could better preserve their architecture and structure. The diversity and complexity of these compounds, as well as the difficulty in isolating and purifying natural A-type PAs, remain obstacles to their further applications. A-type PAs have received widespread acceptance and attention in the food industry but have not yet achieved their maximum potential for the future of food. Further research and development are therefore needed.

Natural Products and Health

A natural product is an organic compound from a living organism that can be isolated from natural sources or synthesized [...].

Photodynamic therapy with acai (Euterpe oleracea) and blue light in oral cells: A spectroscopic and cytotoxicity analysis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the potential of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with blue light-emitting diode (LED) 460 nm at 25, 50 and 100 J/cm² using three concentrations of acai extracts (100, 40, and 10 mg/ml), in the proliferation and viability of head and neck tumor lines (SCC9).

METHODS

Three groups of cells were analyzed for 3 days in an in vitro assay with MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5, -diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and crystal violet: cells in the absence of acai extract and PDT (control group); cells in the presence of acai extract and no light; and cells in the presence of acai extract and LED blue light (PDT groups).

RESULTS

When using acai as a PS combined with blue LED (460 nm, 0.7466 cm² , 1000 mW/cm² ) and irradiation at 25, 50, and 100 J/cm² , after 72 h, cell viability (p < 0.0001 vs. control, p = 0.0027 vs. 100 mg/ml açai group, p = 0.0039 vs. 40 mg/ml açai group, p = 0.0135 vs. 10 mg/ml açai group; One-Way ANOVA/Tukey) and proliferation (p < 0.05, One-Way ANOVA/Tukey) decreased.

CONCLUSION

The acai in question is a potential photosensitizer (PS), with blue light absorbance and efficacy against head and neck tumor lines (SCC9).

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease: A Critical Review

The açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a species belonging to the Arecaceae family, has been cultivated for thousands of years in tropical Central and South America as a multipurpose dietary plant. The recent introduction of açaí fruit and its nutritional and healing qualities to regions outside its origin has rapidly expanded global demand for açaí berry. The health-promoting and disease-preventing properties of this plant are attributed to numerous bioactive phenolic compounds present in the leaf, pulp, fruit, skin, and seeds. The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of the health benefits of açaí and its phytochemicals with a special focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that açaí possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exerts cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic activities. Moreover, clinical trials have suggested that açaí can protect against metabolic stress induced by oxidation, inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and physical exertion. Due to its medicinal properties and the absence of undesirable effects, açaí shows a promising future in health promotion and disease prevention, in addition to a vast economic potential in the food and cosmetic industries.

The acquisition of thin sections of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seed with elevated potassium content for molecular mapping by mass spectrometry imaging

RATIONALE

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) of tissues became popular in the last decade. Consequently, adapting sample preparation methods for different materials turned out to be a pivotal step for successful analysis due to the requirement of sample slices of 12-20 μm thickness. However, acquiring thin sections compatible with MALDI-IMS for unusual samples is challenging, as existing histological protocols may not be suitable, thus requiring new methods. Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seed is an example of a challenging material due to its toughness and resistance to crack, therefore our goal was to develop a methodology to obtain thin (12-20 μm) and entire sections of açaí seeds for MALDI-IMS analysis.

METHODS

Different strategies were evaluated for obtaining thin sections of seeds, and the combination of the following steps was found to be the most suitable option: (i) softening of seeds by water immersion for 24 h; (ii) transversal cut of seeds to obtain half-seeds using a razor blade and a hammer; (iii) half-seeds imbibition in gelatin; (iv) samples sectioning using a cryostat at -20°C to obtain samples with 12-20 μm thickness; (v) collection of samples in an indium tin oxide-coated glass slide covered by double-sided copper tape to avoid sample wrapping and ensure adhesion after unfreezing; and (vi) storage of samples in a -80°C freezer, if necessary.

RESULTS

This adapted sample preparation method enabled the analysis of açaí seeds by MALDI-IMS, providing spatial distribution of carbohydrates in the endosperm.

CONCLUSIONS

The adaptations developed for sample preparation will help investigate the metabolic and physiological properties of açaí seeds in future studies.

Proteomic changes associated with the development of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seeds

Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seeds are a rich source of mannans, which can be used to generate bioethanol or be converted to high-value D-mannose, in addition to being a source of polyphenols with beneficial health properties. Here, we present a quantitative proteome dataset of açaí seeds at four stages of development (S1, S2, S3, and S4 stages), in which 2465 high confidence proteins were identified and 524 of them show statistically different abundance profiles during development. Several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide-sugars were quantified, especially those dedicated to the formation of GDP-mannose, which showed an increase in abundance between stages S1 and S3. Our data suggest that linear mannans found abundantly in endosperm cell walls are initially deposited as galactomannans, and during development lose the galactosyl groups. Two isoforms of alpha-galactosidase enzymes showed significantly increased abundances in the S3 and S4 stages. Additionally, we quantified the enzymes participating in the central pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis responsible for the formation of catechin and epicatechin, which are subunits of procyanidins, the main class of polyphenols in the açaí seeds. These proteins showed the same pattern of deposition, in which higher abundances were seen in the S1 and S2 stages.

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Properties in Extracts of Developing Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seeds

We investigated changes in the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties in the extracts of developing seeds of açaí (Euterpe oleracea). Four developmental stages were evaluated, with earlier stages displaying higher antioxidant activity and polyphenols content, while mass spectrometry analysis identified procyanidins (PCs) as the major components of the extracts in all stages. B-type PCs varied from dimers to decamers, with A-type linkages in a smaller number. Extracted PCs decreased in average length from 20.5 to 10.1 along seed development. PC composition indicated that (-)-epicatechin corresponded to over 95% of extension units in all stages, while (+)-catechin presence as the starter unit increased from 42 to 78.8% during seed development. This variation was correlated to the abundance of key enzymes for PC biosynthesis during seed development. This study is the first to report PC content and composition variations during açaí seed development, which can contribute to studies on the plant's physiology and biotechnological applications.

Euterpe oleracea Mart (Açaizeiro) from the Brazilian Amazon: A Novel Font of Fungi for Lipase Production

Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are hydrolases that catalyze triglycerides hydrolysis in free fatty acids and glycerol. Among the microorganisms that produce lipolytic enzymes, the entophytic fungi stand out. We evaluated 32 fungi of different genera, Pestalotiopsis, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Chaetomium, Mucor, Botryodiplodia, Xylaria, Curvularia, Neocosmospora and Verticillium, isolated from Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Açaizeiro) from the Brazilian Amazon for lipase activity. The presence of lipase was evidenced by the deposition of calcium crystals. The endophytic Pestalotiopsis sp. (31) and Aspergillus sp. (24) with Pz 0.237 (++++) and 0.5 (++++), respectively, were the ones that showed the highest lipolytic activity in a solid medium. Lipase activity was rated in liquid medium, in a different range of temperatures (°C), pH and time (days). The values obtained in the production of lipase by the endophytic fungi were 94% for Pestalotiopsis sp. (31) and 93.87% for Aspergillus sp. (24). Therefore, it is emphasized that the endophytic fungus isolated the E. oleracea palm may be a potential candidate to produce enzymes of global commercial interest.

Emerging Lipids from Arecaceae Palm Fruits in Brazil

Arecaceae palm tree fruits (APTFs) with pulp or kernel rich in oil are widely distributed in six Brazilian biomes. APTFs represent a great potential for the sustainable exploitation of products with high added value, but few literature studies have reported their properties and industrial applications. The lack of information leads to underutilization, low consumption, commercialization, and processing of these fruit species. This review presents and discusses the occurrence of 13 APTFs and the composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and potential applications of their 25 oils and fats. The reported studies showed that the species present different lipid profiles. Multivariate analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a correlation between the composition of pulp and kernel oils. Myristic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids are the main saturated fatty acids, while oleic acid is the main unsaturated. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds are the main bioactive compounds in APTFs, contributing to their high oxidative stability. The APTFs oils have a potential for use as foods and ingredients in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. However, more studies are still necessary to better understand and exploit these species.

Metabolomics-Based Profiling, Antioxidant Power, and Uropathogenic Bacterial Anti-Adhesion Activity of SP4TM, a Formulation with a High Content of Type-A Proanthocyanidins

Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (PACs) have been the subject of intense scientific investigations, both for their antioxidant properties and anti-adhesion activity against uropathogenic bacteria. We investigated the metabolomics and antioxidant capacity of SP4^TM, a patent-pending formulation based on a mixture of plant extracts with a high content of bioactive PACs and other polyphenols. The total content of polyphenols (885.51 ± 14.19 mg/g), flavonoids (135.52 ± 8.98 mg/g), anthocyanins (54.84 ± 2.97 mg/g), and PACs (379.43 ± 12.44 mg/g) was quantified using UV-Vis assays. Use of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed the presence of 5 flavanols (100.77 ± 3.90 mg g⁻¹ d.wt), 11 flavonols (59.96 ± 1.83 mg g⁻¹ d.wt), and 8 anthocyanins (46.96 ± 1.59 mg g⁻¹ d.wt), whereas MALDI-TOF MS showed that SP4^TM contains PACs with one or more type-A interflavan bonds at each degree of polymerization. Regarding antioxidant properties, LUCS technology on HepG2 cells evidenced the ability of SP4^TM to neutralize intracellular free radicals, inhibit membrane lipid peroxidation, quench H₂O₂, and reduce free radicals mainly through chelating mechanism, as demonstrated by a higher FRAP value (2643.28 ± 39.86 mmol/g) compared with ABTS (139.92 ± 6.16 mmol/g) and DPPH (89.51 ± 3.91 mmol/g). Finally, the SP4^TM type-A PAC content strongly prevented bacterial adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic Escherichia coli (0.23 mg/mL). In conclusion, SP4^TM has a strong antioxidant capacity involving multitarget mechanisms and is a potential supplement to fight urinary tract infections due to its ability to inhibit uropathogenic E. coli adhesion.

Rapid Identification of Constituents in Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsd. et Badh. F. Using UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsd. et Badh. F. (CT) belongs to the Rubiaceae family. Its dried leaves are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat enteritis, dysentery, toothache, furuncles, swelling, traumatic injury, fracture, bleeding, and scalding. In order to further clarify the unknown chemical composition of CT, a rapid strategy based on UHPLC-Q-exactive orbitrap was established for this analysis using a Thermo Scientific Hypersil GOLD^TM aQ (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm) chromatographic column. The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid water–acetonitrile, with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and injection volume of 2 µL; for mass spectrometry, an ESI ion source in positive and negative ion monitoring modes was adopted. A total of 135 chemicals comprising 67 chlorogenic acid derivatives, 48 flavonoids, and 20 anthocyanin derivatives were identified by comparing the mass spectrum information with standard substances, public databases, and the literature, which were all discovered for the first time in this plant. This result broadly expands the chemical composition of CT, which will contribute to understanding of its effectiveness and enable quality control.

Microencapsulated procyanidins by extruding starch improved physicochemical properties, inhibited the protein and lipid oxidant of chicken sausages

Microencapsulated procyanidins by extruding starch (MPS) were used in meat and meat products as an antioxidant for their simple production process and high stability. This study investigated the controlled released properties of MPS and their effect on antioxidant capacity, physicochemical properties, and sensory qualities of chicken sausages during 4°C storage within 28 days. Antioxidant capacity, particle size analysis, and simulated digestion in vitro demonstrated that microencapsulation by extruding starch delayed the procyanidins release. The reduced crystal structure of MPS was determined by the morphology observation (SEM) and the decrease of the typical diffraction peak at 2θ of 20.9° (XRD). The MPS-added sausage had a higher (p < 0.05) ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging ratio (97.6% and 67.3%) and sulfhydryl contents (114.69 nmol/g protein) than other groups. Moreover, lower (p < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (0.67 mg MDA/kg sausage) and carbonyl values (3.24 nmol/mg protein) were detected in MPS-added sausages than others at the end of storage. The MPS addition increased redness (a* value) and decreased the lightness (L* value). The sensory analysis suggested that the sausage with the increased redness was favorable. These results denominated that MPS was an alternative antioxidant in chicken sausages. Practical Application: In this study, microencapsulated procyanidins were prepared by extrusion technology, and the effect on the quality of chicken sausages was investigated, which provides an alternative natural antioxidant for meat and meat products.

From mango by-product to food packaging: Pectin-phenolic antioxidant films from mango peels

The objective of the study was to prepare active films based on pectin and polyphenol-rich extracts from Tommy Atkins mango peels. Aqueous and methanolic extracts showed a variety of phenolic compounds that were identified by UPLC-MS analysis, and a high content of total phenolics that were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. The methanolic extract showed better results in antioxidant tests and was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The pectin extracted from mango peels showed good thermal stability and a degree of methoxylation of 58.3% by ¹H NMR. The films containing the phenolic extracts showed lower water vapor permeability when compared to the control film (without any phenolic extracts). The incorporation of the extracts led to an increase in elongation (ε) and a decrease in tensile strength (σ) and modulus of elasticity (Y). The films with aqueous or methanolic extracts showed higher antioxidant activity in terms of inhibition of the DPPH radical. Therefore, the films developed in this work are presented as a promising alternative for food packaging and/or coating applications.

Açaí extract powder as natural antioxidant on pork patties during the refrigerated storage

The current trends among consumers are pushing for the use of natural antioxidants options. Açaí fruit is rich on polyphenolic components but no studies have been carried out to evaluate their effect in meat products. The objective was to investigate the effect of açaí extract on refrigerated pork patties quality. Five treatments were done: without antioxidant (CON), Sodium Erythorbate 500 mg.kg ^-1 (ERY), Açaí Extract: 250 (AEL), 500 (AEM), 750 mg.kg ^-1 (AEH). Açaí extract did not affect the proximate composition, pH and cooking parameters. The concentrations of açaí extract studied increased antioxidant activity and reduced lipid oxidation (0.379, 0.293, and 0.217 vs. 0.889 mg MDA.kg^-1 for AEL, AEM, AEH vs. CON, respectively). However, only the AEL treatment did not affect the color parameters, showing the best option for the application on pork patties. Thus, açaí extract at 250 mg.kg^-1 can be used as a natural antioxidant replacing sodium erythorbate to preserve the quality of refrigerated pork patties.

A validated Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenolics quantification of condensed tannin-rich açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seeds extract

ABSTRACT

The widely used methodology to quantify polyphenols-the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method-cannot be applied indiscriminately since different matrices may impair the assay's accuracy. Thus, this study aimed to adapt the FC method for the açaí seed extract, a tannin-rich extract with potential applications for various therapies. Firstly, a pre-method standardization was established to determine parameters such as reading wavelength (765 nm), reaction time (30 min), and the reference substance (pyrogallol). In the validation step, the adapted method responded linearly to the analyte (R² = 0.9910), ensuring its selectivity (linearity and selectivity curves statistically parallel) and accuracy (99.18-101.43%). Furthermore, the method proved to be precise (RSD ≤ 2.63%) at the two levels assessed (repeatability and intermediate precision) and robust (RSD ≤ 4.45%) concerning variation on the Na₂CO₃ concentration and the reaction time. The limits of detection and quantification were also calculated (9.9 µg/mL and 33.1 µg/mL, respectively). An additional step for tannins quantification based on its reported selective precipitation by complexing agents was also evaluated; however, unspecific precipitation was observed, reducing the results' accuracy. Our work successfully adapted and validated a method for total phenolics quantification of açaí seed extract, resulting in 38 g of pyrogallol equivalent/100 g of extract.

GRAPHIC ABSTRACT

Tropical Fruits and Their Co-Products as Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Effects: A Review

Tropical and subtropical fruits are recognized as a source of a high content of bioactive compounds and health promoting properties due to their nutritional composition. These beneficial health effects are related to the content of several of these bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics. Many of these compounds are common in different tropical fruits, such as epicatechin in mango, pineapple, and banana, or catechin in pineapple, cocoa or avocado. Many studies of tropical fruits had been carried out, but in this work an examination is made in the current literature of the flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics content of some tropical fruits and their coproducts, comparing the content in the same units, as well as examining the role that these compounds play in health benefits.

Preparation, characterization and biological activity of proanthocyanidin-chitosan nanoparticles

In this study, proanthocyanidin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PC-CS-NPs) were produced using ionotropic gelation and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The synthesized nanoparticles were smaller than 300 nm and had a spherical shape, smooth topography and homogenous morphology as observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro release study showed that proanthocyanidins (PC) had a sustainable release from PC-CS-NPs in different buffer media. PC-CS-NPs had higher or comparable potency in scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals as compared to native drugs. Furthermore, PC-CS-NPs also inhibited the growth of four bacteria species, whose degree of inhibition depended on the bacterial strain. The results of SEM confirmed the changes in the microstructure of bacteria. Our findings support the use of chitosan nanoparticles to encapsulate PC and improve its bioactivity in food products.

Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seed Extracts from Different Varieties: A Source of Proanthocyanidins and Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibition Activity

Euterpe oleracea Mart. (Arecaceae) is an endogenous palm tree from the Amazon region. Its seeds correspond to 85% of the fruit’s weight, a primary solid residue generated from pulp production, the accumulation of which represents a potential source of pollution and environmental problems. As such, this work aimed to quantify and determine the phytochemical composition of E. oleracea Mart. seeds from purple, white, and BRS-Pará açaí varieties using established analytical methods and also to evaluate it as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor. The proanthocyanidin quantification (n-butanol/hydrochloric acid assay) between varieties was 6.4–22.4 (w/w)/dry matter. Extract characterization showed that all varieties are composed of B-type procyanidin with a high mean degree of polymerization (mDP ≥ 10) by different analytical methodologies to ensure the results. The purple açaí extract, which presented 22.4% (w/w) proanthocyanidins/dry matter, was tested against corrosion of carbon steel AISI 1020 in neutral pH. The crude extract (1.0 g/L) was effective in controlling corrosion on the metal surface for 24 h. Our results demonstrated that the extracts rich in polymeric procyanidins obtained from industrial açaí waste could be used to inhibit carbon steel AISI 1020 in neutral pH as an abundant, inexpensive, and green source of corrosion inhibitor.

Antiangiogenic and Antioxidant In Vitro Properties of Hydroethanolic Extract from açaí (Euterpe oleracea) Dietary Powder Supplement

The Euterpe oleracea fruit (açaí) is a promising source of polyphenols with health-promoting properties. To our knowledge, few studies have focused on the influence of açaí phytochemicals on angiogenesis, with a significant impact on cancer. This study aimed at investigating the phytochemical profile of a purple açaí hydroethanolic extract (AHE) obtained from a commercial dietary powder supplement by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and evaluate its in vitro effects on distinct angiogenic steps during vessel growth and on oxidative markers in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). The phenolic profile of AHE revealed the presence of significant levels of anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and other flavonoids with promising health effects. The in vitro studies demonstrated that AHE exerts antiangiogenic activity with no cytotoxic effect. The AHE was able to decrease HMEC-1 migration and invasion potential, as well as to inhibit the formation of capillary-like structures. Additionally, AHE increased antioxidant defenses by upregulating superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymatic activities, accompanied by a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species. These data bring new insights into the potential application of angiogenic inhibitors present in AHE on the development of novel therapeutic approaches for angiogenesis-dependent diseases.

Defatted Seeds of Oenothera biennis as a Potential Functional Food Ingredient for Diabetes

The defatted seeds of Oenothera biennis (DSOB) are a by-product of evening primrose oil production that are currently not effectively used. In this study, α-glucosidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition, antioxidant capacity, polyphenol composition, and nutritional value (carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fat, organic acid, and tocopherols) of DSOB were evaluated using the seeds of Oenothera biennis (SOB) as a reference. DSOB was an excellent inhibitor of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 3.31 μg/mL) and aldose reductase (IC₅₀ = 2.56 μg/mL). DSOB also showed considerable antioxidant capacities (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals). DSOB was a reservoir of polyphenols, and 25 compounds in DSOB were temporarily identified by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization–quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, the carbohydrate, protein, and mineral content of DSOB were increased compared to that of SOB. DSOB contained large amounts of fiber and low levels of sugars, and was rich in calcium and iron. These results imply that DSOB may be a potential functional food ingredient for diabetes, providing excellent economic and environmental benefits.