Progress in matrix metalloproteinase research. Mol Aspects Med. 2008;29:290-308. [PMID: 18619669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.05.002]

Matrix metalloproteinases in aortic dissection

Aortic dissection, characterized by a high immediate mortality, is primarily caused by excessive bleeding within the walls of the aorta or a severe tear within the intimal layer of the aorta. Inflammation, as well as oxidative stress and the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), are significant factors in the development and occurrence of aortic dissection. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are pivotal enzymes responsible for degrading the ECM. Inflammatory factors and oxidants can interact with MMPs, indicating the potential significance of MMPs in aortic dissection. A substantial body of evidence indicates that numerous MMPs are significantly upregulated in aortic dissection, playing a critical role in ECM degradation and the pathogenesis of aortic dissection. Furthermore, targeting these enzymes has demonstrated potential in facilitating ECM restoration and reducing the incidence of aortic dissection. This review initially provides a brief overview of MMP biology before delving into their expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic applications in aortic dissection. A profound comprehension of the catabolic pathways associated with aortic dissection is imperative for the future development of potential preventive or therapeutic bio-interventions for aortic dissection.

Breaking the Cycle: Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as an Alternative Approach in Managing Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Progression

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has long posed a significant challenge to global public health, resulting in approximately 1.6 million deaths annually. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) instigated by Mtb is characterized by extensive lung tissue damage, leading to lesions and dissemination within the tissue matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) exhibit endopeptidase activity, contributing to inflammatory tissue damage and, consequently, morbidity and mortality in TB patients. MMP activities in TB are intricately regulated by various components, including cytokines, chemokines, cell receptors, and growth factors, through intracellular signaling pathways. Primarily, Mtb-infected macrophages induce MMP expression, disrupting the balance between MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), thereby impairing extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the lungs. Recent research underscores the significance of immunomodulatory factors in MMP secretion and granuloma formation during Mtb pathogenesis. Several studies have investigated both the activation and inhibition of MMPs using endogenous MMP inhibitors (i.e., TIMPs) and synthetic inhibitors. However, despite their promising pharmacological potential, few MMP inhibitors have been explored for TB treatment as host-directed therapy. Scientists are exploring novel strategies to enhance TB therapeutic regimens by suppressing MMP activity to mitigate Mtb-associated matrix destruction and reduce TB induced lung inflammation. These strategies include the use of MMP inhibitor molecules alone or in combination with anti-TB drugs. Additionally, there is growing interest in developing novel formulations containing MMP inhibitors or MMP-responsive drug delivery systems to suppress MMPs and release drugs at specific target sites. This review summarizes MMPs' expression and regulation in TB, their role in immune response, and the potential of MMP inhibitors as effective therapeutic targets to alleviate TB immunopathology.

Machine learning and biological evaluation-based identification of a potential MMP-9 inhibitor, effective against ovarian cancer cells SKOV3

MMP-9, also known as gelatinase B, is a zinc-metalloproteinase family protein that plays a key role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The normal function of MMP-9 includes the breakdown of ECM, a process that aids in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, etc. Interruptions in these processes due to the over-expression or downregulation of MMP-9 are reported to cause some pathological conditions like neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In the present study, an integrated approach for ML-based virtual screening of the Maybridge library was carried out and their biological activity was tested in an attempt to identify novel small molecule scaffolds that can inhibit the activity of MMP-9. The top hits were identified and selected for target-based activity against MMP-9 protein using the kit (Biovision K844). Further, MTT assay was performed in various cancer cell lines such as breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231), colorectal (HCT119, DL-D-1), cervical (HeLa), lung (A549) and ovarian cancer (SKOV3). Interestingly, one compound viz., RJF02215 exhibited anti-cancer activity selectively in SKOV3. Wound healing assay and colony formation assay performed on SKOV3 cell line in the presence of RJF02215 confirmed that the compound had a significant inhibitory effect on this cell line. Thus, we have identified a novel molecule that can inhibit MMP-9 activity in vitro and inhibits the proliferation of SKOV3 cells. Novel molecules based on the structure of RJF02215 may become a good value addition for the treatment of ovarian cancer by exhibiting selective MMP-9 activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Therapeutic implications of signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment interactions in esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer (EC) is significantly influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME) and altered signaling pathways. Downregulating these pathways in EC is essential for suppressing tumor development, preventing metastasis, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This approach can increase tumor sensitivity to treatments, enhance patient outcomes, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and spread. The TME, comprising cellular and non-cellular elements surrounding the tumor, significantly influences EC's development, course, and treatment responsiveness. Understanding the complex relationships within the TME is crucial for developing successful EC treatments. Immunotherapy is a vital TME treatment for EC. However, the heterogeneity within the TME limits the application of anticancer drugs outside clinical settings. Therefore, identifying reliable microenvironmental biomarkers that can detect therapeutic responses before initiating therapy is crucial. Combining approaches focusing on EC signaling pathways with TME can enhance treatment outcomes. This integrated strategy aims to interfere with essential signaling pathways promoting cancer spread while disrupting factors encouraging tumor development. Unraveling aberrant signaling pathways and TME components can lead to more focused and efficient treatment approaches, identifying specific cellular targets for treatments. Targeting the TME and signaling pathways may reduce metastasis risk by interfering with mechanisms facilitating cancer cell invasion and dissemination. In conclusion, this integrative strategy has significant potential for improving patient outcomes and advancing EC research and therapy. This review discusses the altered signaling pathways and TME in EC, focusing on potential future therapeutics.

Exploring the Bioactive Properties and Therapeutic Benefits of Pear Pomace

The fruit juice industry generates a significant amount of waste, with a strong impact on the environment and the economy. Therefore, researchers have been focusing on the characterization of resources considered as food waste. This work provides information about the lipophilic and polar metabolites of pear pomace flours (PPFs) as a tool that can shed more light on the bioactive potential of this residue. Using UPLC-PDA, UPLC-FLR, and GC-MS, the study identified and quantified PPF's polar and non-polar metabolites. Essential, conditional, and non-essential amino acids were found, with asparagine being the most abundant. Isoprenoids, including lutein, zeaxanthin, and carotene isomers, ranged from 10.8 to 22.9 mg/100 g dw. Total flavonoids and phenolic compounds were 520.5-636.4 mg/100 g dw and 536.9-660.1 mg/100 g dw, respectively. Tocotrienols and tocopherols were identified, with concentrations of 173.1-347.0 mg/100 g dw and 468.7-913.4 mg/100 g dw. Fatty acids were the major non-polar compounds. All fractions significantly reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. Although PPF had lower antioxidant potential (3-6 mmol Trolox/100 g dw), it inhibited AChE and BuChE by 23-30% compared to physostigmine salicylate. These findings suggest that pear pomace waste can be repurposed into functional products with valuable bioactive properties by re-introducing it in the food chain.

Integrating Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: An Industrial Look

The industries are searching for greener alternatives for their productions due to the rising concern about the environment and creation of waste and by-products without industrial utility for that specific line of products. This investigation describes the development of two stable nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs): one is the formulation of a standard NLC, and the other one is the same NLC formulation associated with a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES). The research presents the formulation paths of the NLCs through completeness, which encompass dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential tests, and pH. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy were performed to clarify the morphology. Cytotoxicity tests with zebrafish were realized, and the results are complementary to the in vitro outcomes reached with fibroblast L132 tests by the MTT technique and the zymography test. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry tests elucidated the link between the physicochemical characteristics of the formulation and its behavior and properties. Different cooling techniques were explored to prove the tailorable properties of the NLCs for any industrial applications. In conclusion, the compiled results show the successful formulation of new nanocarriers based on a sustainable, eco-friendly, and highly tailorable technology, which presents low cytotoxic potential.

Serum NF-κB in Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Oropharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnostic Usability

Early diagnosis and effective therapy are the fundamental challenge for modern oncology. Hence, many researchers focus on the search for new or improved biomarkers. Due to the great importance of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in physiological and pathological processes, we focused on assessing its usefulness as a biomarker in OPSCC. The purpose of the research presented here was to evaluate the prevalence and the level of NF-κB in the serum of OPSCC patients (ELISA). Serum NF-κB levels were also assessed depending on the degree of histological differentiation of the tumor and TN classification. Additionally, we considered the existence of a correlation between the concentration of NF-κB and EBV antibody titers, viral load and selected MMPs-MMP3 and MMP9. Taken together, the obtained results demonstrated that NF-κB level was significantly higher among patients with EBV-related OPSCC than among those without EBV. In addition, the level of NF-κB was significantly higher in more advanced clinical stages. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the concentration of NF-κB and the level of selected EBV antibodies, viral load and both tested MMPs. The diagnostic accuracy of NF-κB was confirmed by ROC analysis.

Vesicle transport of matrix metalloproteinases

Multicellular organisms consist of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM creates a cellular microenvironment, and cells locally degrade the ECM according to their cellular activity. A major group of enzymes that modify ECM belongs to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and play major roles in various pathophysiological events. ECM degradation by MMPs does not occur in all cellular surroundings but only where it is necessary, and cells achieve this by directionally secreting these proteolytic enzymes. Recent studies have indicated that such enzyme secretion is achieved by targeted vesicle transport along the microtubules, and several kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) have been identified as responsible motor proteins involved in the processes. This chapter discusses recent findings of the vesicle transport of MMPs and their roles.

Micro-tensile rheology of fibrous gels quantifies strain-dependent anisotropy

Semiflexible fiber gels such as collagen and fibrin have unique nonlinear mechanical properties that play an important role in tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Optical tweezers microrheology has greatly contributed to the understanding of the mechanics of fibrous gels at the microscale, including its heterogeneity and anisotropy. However, the explicit relationship between micromechanical properties and gel deformation has been largely overlooked. We introduce a unique gel-stretching apparatus and employ it to study the relationship between microscale strain and stiffening in fibrin and collagen gels, focusing on the development of anisotropy in the gel. We find that gels stretched by as much as 15 % stiffen significantly both in parallel and perpendicular to the stretching axis, and that the parallel axis is 2-3 times stiffer than the transverse axis. We also measure the stiffening and anisotropy along bands of aligned fibers created by aggregates of cancer cells, and find similar effects as in gels stretched with the tensile apparatus. Our results illustrate that the extracellular microenvironment is highly sensitive to deformation, with implications for tissue homeostasis and pathology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The inherent fibrous architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) gives rise to unique strain-stiffening mechanics. The micromechanics of fibrous networks has been studied extensively, but the deformations involved in its stiffening at the microscale were not quantified. Here we introduce an apparatus that enables measuring the deformations in the gel as it is being stretched while simultaneously using optical tweezers to measure its microscale anisotropic stiffness. We reveal that fibrin and collagen both stiffen dramatically already at ∼10 % deformation, accompanied by the emergence of significant, yet moderate anisotropy. We measure similar stiffening and anisotropy in the matrix remodeled by the tensile apparatus to those found between cancer cell aggregates. Our results emphasize that small strains are enough to introduce substantial stiffening and anisotropy. These have been shown to result in directional cell migration and enhanced force propagation, and possibly control processes like morphogenesis and cancer metastasis.

XTX301, a Tumor-Activated Interleukin-12 Has the Potential to Widen the Therapeutic Index of IL12 Treatment for Solid Tumors as Evidenced by Preclinical Studies

IL12 is a proinflammatory cytokine, that has shown promising antitumor activity in humans by promoting the recruitment and activation of immune cells in tumors. However, the systemic administration of IL12 has been accompanied by considerable toxicity, prompting interest in researching alternatives to drive preferential IL12 bioactivity in the tumor. Here, we have generated XTX301, a tumor-activated IL12 linked to the human Fc protein via a protease cleavable linker that is pharmacologically inactivated by an IL12 receptor subunit beta 2 masking domain. In vitro characterization demonstrates multiple matrix metalloproteases, as well as human primary tumors cultured as cell suspensions, can effectively activate XTX301. Intravenous administration of a mouse surrogate mXTX301 demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in inflamed and non-inflamed mouse models without causing systemic toxicities. The superiority of mXTX301 in mediating TGI compared with non-activatable control molecules and the greater percentage of active mXTX301 in tumors versus other organs further confirms activation by the tumor microenvironment-associated proteases in vivo. Pharmacodynamic characterization shows tumor selective increases in inflammation and upregulation of immune-related genes involved in IFNγ cell signaling, antigen processing, presentation, and adaptive immune response. XTX301 was tolerated following four repeat doses up to 2.0 mg/kg in a nonhuman primate study; XTX301 exposures were substantially higher than those at the minimally efficacious dose in mice. Thus, XTX301 has the potential to achieve potent antitumor activity while widening the therapeutic index of IL12 treatment and is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical trial.

Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Targeting CAFs: A Promising Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer

Currently, pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors. PC is typically diagnosed at a late stage, exhibits a poor response to conventional treatment, and has a bleak prognosis. Unfortunately, PC's survival rate has not significantly improved since the 1960s. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME). They play a vital role in maintaining the extracellular matrix and facilitating the intricate communication between cancer cells and infiltrated immune cells. Exploring therapeutic approaches targeting CAFs may reverse the current landscape of PC therapy. In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems have evolved rapidly and have been able to accurately target and precisely release drugs with little or no toxicity to the whole body. In this review, we will comprehensively discuss the origin, heterogeneity, potential targets, and recent advances in the nano-drug delivery system of CAFs in PC. We will also propose a novel integrated treatment regimen that utilizes a nano-drug delivery system to target CAFs in PC, combined with radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Additionally, we will address the challenges that this regimen currently faces.

Bioinformatics analysis of MMP14+ myeloid cells affecting endothelial-mesenchymal transformation and immune microenvironment in glioma

Background

Gliomas, known for their complex and aggressive characteristics, are deeply influenced by the tumor microenvironment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a vital role in shaping this environment, presenting an opportunity for novel treatment strategies.

Methods

We collected six bulk RNA datasets, one single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset, and gene sets related to Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EndMT), and sprouting angiogenesis. We computed enrichment scores using Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA). To analyze immune infiltration, we employed the CIBERSORT method. Data analysis techniques included the log-rank test, Cox regression, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Pearson correlation. For single-cell data, we utilized tools such as Seurat and CellChat for dimensionality reduction, clustering, and cell communication analysis.

Results

1. MMP14 was identified as an independent prognostic marker, highly expressed in myeloid cells in recurrent glioblastoma, highlighting these cells as functionally significant. 2. C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand (CCL) signaling from MMP14+ myeloid cells was identified as a critical immune regulatory pathway, with high C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1 (CCR1) expression correlating with increased M2 macrophage infiltration and PD-L1 expression. 3. Patients with high MMP14 expression showed better responses to bevacizumab combined chemotherapy. 4. Signaling pathways involving Visfatin, VEGF, and TGFb, emanating from myeloid cells, significantly impact endothelial cells. These pathways facilitate EndMT and angiogenesis in gliomas. 5. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) showed a strong link with angiogenesis and EndMT, and its association with chemotherapy resistance and differential sensitivity to bevacizumab was evident.

Conclusions

MMP14+ myeloid cells are critical in promoting tumor angiogenesis via EndMT and in mediating immunosuppression through CCL signaling in glioblastoma. MMP14 and NAMPT serve as vital clinical indicators for selecting treatment regimens in recurrent glioma. The study suggests that a combined blockade of CCR1 and CD274 could be a promising therapeutic strategy.

The role of inflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the progression of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance between (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) in altered homeostasis of articular cartilage mediated primarily by the innate immune system. OA degenerates the joints resulting in synovial hyperplasia, degradation of articular cartilage with damage of the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix, subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and is characterized by chronic pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Inflammation triggered by factors like biomechanical stress is involved in the development of osteoarthritis. In OA apart from catabolic effects, anti-inflammatory anabolic processes also occur continually. There is also an underlying chronic inflammation present, not only in cartilage tissue but also within the synovium, which perpetuates tissue destruction of the OA joint. The consideration of inflammation in OA considers synovitis and/or other cellular and molecular events in the synovium during the progression of OA. In this review, we have presented the progression of joint degradation that results in OA. The critical role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of OA is discussed in detail along with the dysregulation within the cytokine networks composed of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that drive catabolic pathways, inhibit matrix synthesis, and promote cellular apoptosis. OA pathogenesis, fluctuation of synovitis, and its clinical impact on disease progression are presented here along with the role of synovial macrophages in promoting inflammatory and destructive responses in OA. The role of interplay between different cytokines, structure, and function of their receptors in the inter-cellular signaling pathway is further explored. The effect of cytokines in the increased synthesis and release of matrix-decomposing proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS), is elaborated emphasizing the potential impact of MMPs on the chondrocytes, synovial cells, articular and periarticular tissues, and other immune system cells migrating to the site of inflammation. We also shed light on the pathogenesis of OA via oxidative damage particularly due to nitric oxide (NO) via its angiogenic response to inflammation. We concluded by presenting the current knowledge about the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Synthetic MMP inhibitors include zinc binding group (ZBG), non-ZBG, and mechanism-based inhibitors, all of which have the potential to be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Improving our understanding of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that regulate the MMP gene expression, may open up new avenues for the creation of therapies that can stop the joint damage associated with OA.

Uterine Collagen Cross-Linking: Biology, Role in Disorders, and Therapeutic Implications

Collagen is an essential constituent of the uterine extracellular matrix that provides biomechanical strength, resilience, structural integrity, and the tensile properties necessary for the normal functioning of the uterus. Cross-linking is a fundamental step in collagen biosynthesis and is critical for its normal biophysical properties. This step occurs enzymatically via lysyl oxidase (LOX) or non-enzymatically with the production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Cross-links found in uterine tissue include the reducible dehydro-dihydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-DHLNL), dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine (deH-HLNL), and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine (HHMD); and the non-reducible pyridinoline (PYD), deoxy-pyridinoline (DPD); and a trace of pentosidine (PEN). Collagen cross-links are instrumental for uterine tissue integrity and the continuation of a healthy pregnancy. Decreased cervical cross-link density is observed in preterm birth, whereas increased tissue stiffness caused by increased cross-link density is a pathogenic feature of uterine fibroids. AGEs disrupt embryo development, decidualization, implantation, and trophoblast invasion. Uterine collagen cross-linking regulators include steroid hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, prostaglandins, proteoglycans, metalloproteinases, lysyl oxidases, nitric oxide, nicotine, and vitamin D. Thus, uterine collagen cross-linking presents an opportunity to design therapeutic targets and warrants further investigation in common uterine disorders, such as uterine fibroids, cervical insufficiency, preterm birth, dystocia, endometriosis, and adenomyosis.

Could MMP3 and MMP9 Serve as Biomarkers in EBV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer

The high incidence of, and mortality from, head and neck cancers (HNCs), including those related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), constitute a major challenge for modern medicine, both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, many researchers have made efforts to identify diagnostic and prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP 3) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9) in EBV positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients. For this purpose, the level of these MMPs in the serum of patients with EBV-positive OPSCC was analyzed in relation to the degree of histological differentiation and TNM classification. Our research team's results indicate that the level of both MMPs is much higher in the EBV positive OPSCC patients compared to the EBV negative and control groups. Moreover, their levels were higher in more advanced clinical stages. Considering the possible correlation between the level of MMP 3, MMP 9 and anti-EBV antibodies, and also viral load, after statistical analysis using multiple linear regression, their high correlation was demonstrated. The obtained results confirm the diagnostic accuracy for MMP 3 and MMP 9. Both MMPs may be useful in the diagnosis of EBV positive OPSCC patients.

Aqueous humor protein markers in myopia: a review

PURPOSE

Myopia is one of the most common forms of refractive error. Most myopia manifests itself as a relative growth of the eye axis, resulting in a state in which light is projected in front of the retina after being refracted by the refractive system of the eyeball. So far, the specific pathogenesis of myopia is still not well explained, through the results of animal experiments, researchers have proposed various possible scenarios, but all these are based on animal models, and there may still be a certain gap with the mechanism of true myopia in humans. The most readily available in clinical work is aqueous humor obtained during cataract surgery, for which we reviewed these studies of aqueous humor samples from myopic patients.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was done on PubMed using key words including "myopia," "aqueous humor," and "protein."

RESULTS

The results of existing aqueous humor studies have shown that the difference in substances in the aqueous humor of myopia is related to the degradation of the scleral matrix, chronic inflammation of the eye, pro-fibrosis, blood vessel production, and inhibition. There may be more than one reason associated with myopia progression.

CONCLUSION

The specific mechanism of myopia has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the means of preventing and treating myopia should focus on inhibiting the degradation of the scleral matrix, promoting the proliferation of scleral collagen fibers, and alleviating chronic inflammation of the eyes. Further research into myopic aqueous humor may provide us with new insights.

Role of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors

Protein ubiquitination and degradation is an essential physiological process in almost all organisms. As the key participants in this process, the E3 ubiquitin ligases have been widely studied and recognized. F-box proteins, a crucial component of E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulates diverse biological functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis by facilitating the degradation of substrate proteins. Currently, there is an increasing focus on studying the role of F-box proteins in cancer. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the significant contributions of F-box proteins to the development of upper gastrointestinal tumors, highlighting their dual roles as both carcinogens and tumor suppressors. We delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of F-box proteins in upper gastrointestinal tumors, exploring their interactions with specific substrates and their cross-talks with other key signaling pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of F-box proteins in radiotherapy resistance in the upper gastrointestinal tract, emphasizing their potential as clinical therapeutic and prognostic targets. Overall, this review provides an up-to-date understanding of the intricate involvement of F-box proteins in human upper gastrointestinal tumors, offering valuable insights for the identification of prognostic markers and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

Stimuli-Responsive Nanoradiosensitizers for Enhanced Cancer Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy (RT) has been a classical therapeutic method of cancer for several decades. It attracts tremendous attention for the precise and efficient treatment of local tumors with stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, which enhance RT. However, there are few systematic reviews summarizing the newly emerging stimuli-responsive mechanisms and strategies used for tumor radio-sensitization. Hence, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recently reported studies on stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for radio-sensitization. It includes four different approaches for sensitized RT, namely endogenous response, exogenous response, dual stimuli-response, and multi stimuli-response. Endogenous response involves various stimuli such as pH, hypoxia, GSH, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enzymes. On the other hand, exogenous response encompasses X-ray, light, and ultrasound. Dual stimuli-response combines pH/enzyme, pH/ultrasound, and ROS/light. Lastly, multi stimuli-response involves the combination of pH/ROS/GSH and X-ray/ROS/GSH. By elaborating on these responsive mechanisms and applying them to clinical RT diagnosis and treatment, these methods can enhance radiosensitive efficiency and minimize damage to surrounding normal tissues. Finally, this review discusses the additional challenges and perspectives related to stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for tumor radio-sensitization.

Emerging roles of circular RNAs in the invasion and metastasis of head and neck cancer: Possible functions and mechanisms

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the seventh most prevalent malignancy worldwide in 2020. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of poor prognosis in HNC patients. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), initially thought to have no biological function, are attracting increasing attention, and their crucial roles in mediating HNC metastasis are being extensively investigated. Existing studies have shown that circRNAs primarily function through miRNA sponges, transcriptional regulation, interacting with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and as translation templates. Among these functions, the function of miRNA sponge is the most prominent. In this review, we summarized the reported circRNAs involved in HNC metastasis, aiming to elucidate the regulatory relationship between circRNAs and HNC metastasis. Furthermore, we summarized the latest advances in the epidemiological information of HNC metastasis and the tumor metastasis theories, the biogenesis, characterization and functional mechanisms of circRNAs, and their potential clinical applications. Although the research on circRNAs is still in its infancy, circRNAs are expected to serve as prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets to inhibit HNC metastasis and significantly improve the prognosis of HNC patients.

Low-Molecular-Weight Fish Collagen Peptide (Valine-Glycine-Proline-Hydroxyproline-Glycine-Proline-Alanine-Glycine) Prevents Osteoarthritis Symptoms in Chondrocytes and Monoiodoacetate-Injected Rats

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of low-molecular-weight fish collagen (valine-glycine-proline-hydroxyproline-glycine-proline-alanine-glycine; LMWCP) on H2O2- or LPS-treated primary chondrocytes and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat models. Our findings indicated that LMWCP treatment exhibited protective effects by preventing chondrocyte death and reducing matrix degradation in both H2O2-treated primary chondrocytes and cartilage tissue from MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats. This was achieved by increasing the levels of aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type II, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3, while simultaneously decreasing catabolic factors such as phosphorylation of Smad, MMP-3, and MMP-13. Additionally, LMWCP treatment effectively suppressed the activation of inflammation and apoptosis pathways in both LPS-treated primary chondrocytes and cartilage tissue from MIA-induced osteoarthritis rats. These results suggest that LMWCP supplementation ameliorates the progression of osteoarthritis through its direct impact on inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes.

Structure and computation-guided yeast surface display for the evolution of TIMP-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

The study of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and the engineering of protein-based inhibitors often employ two distinct strategies. One approach leverages the power of combinatorial libraries, displaying large ensembles of mutant proteins, for example, on the yeast cell surface, to select binders. Another approach harnesses computational modeling, sifting through an astronomically large number of protein sequences and attempting to predict the impact of mutations on PPI binding energy. Individually, each approach has inherent limitations, but when combined, they generate superior outcomes across diverse protein engineering endeavors. This synergistic integration of approaches aids in identifying novel binders and inhibitors, fine-tuning specificity and affinity for known binding partners, and detailed mapping of binding epitopes. It can also provide insight into the specificity profiles of varied PPIs. Here, we outline strategies for directing the evolution of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which act as natural inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We highlight examples wherein design of combinatorial TIMP libraries using structural and computational insights and screening these libraries of variants using yeast surface display (YSD), has successfully optimized for MMP binding and selectivity, and conferred insight into the PPIs involved.

Catalytic Mechanism of Collagen Hydrolysis by Zinc(II)-Dependent Matrix Metalloproteinase-1

Human matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is a zinc(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes collagenolysis. Despite the availability of extensive experimental data, the mechanism of MMP-1-catalyzed collagenolysis remains poorly understood due to the lack of experimental structure of a catalytically productive enzyme-substrate complex of MMP-1. In this study, we apply molecular dynamics and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics to reveal the reaction mechanism of MMP-1 based on a computationally modeled structure of the catalytically competent complex of MMP-1 that contains a large triple-helical peptide substrate. Our proposed mechanism involves the participation of an auxiliary (second) water molecule (wat2) in addition to the zinc(II)-coordinated water (wat1). The reaction initiates through a proton transfer to Glu219, followed by a nucleophilic attack by a zinc(II)-coordinated hydroxide anion nucleophile at the carbonyl carbon of the scissile bond, leading to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate (IM2). The process continues with a hydrogen-bond rearrangement to facilitate proton transfer from wat2 to the amide nitrogen of the scissile bond and, finally, C-N bond cleavage. The calculations indicate that the rate-determining step is the water-mediated nucleophilic attack with an activation energy barrier of 22.3 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the calculations show that the hydrogen-bond rearrangement/proton-transfer step can proceed in a consecutive or concerted manner, depending on the conformation of the tetrahedral intermediate, with the consecutive mechanism being energetically preferable. Overall, the study reveals the crucial role of a second water molecule and the dynamics for effective MMP-1-catalyzed collagenolysis.

The Leptospermum scoparium (Mānuka)-Specific Nectar and Honey Compound 3,6,7-Trimethyllumazine (LepteridineTM) That Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) Activity

3,6,7-trimethyllumazine (Lepteridine™) is a newly discovered natural pteridine derivative unique to Mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium) nectar and honey, with no previously reported biological activity. Pteridine derivative-based medicines, such as methotrexate, are used to treat auto-immune and inflammatory diseases, and Mānuka honey reportedly possesses anti-inflammatory properties and is used topically as a wound dressing. MMP-9 is a potential candidate protein target as it is upregulated in recalcitrant wounds and intestinal inflammation. Using gelatin zymography, 40 μg/mL LepteridineTM inhibited the gelatinase activities of both pro- (22%, p < 0.0001) and activated (59%, p < 0.01) MMP-9 forms. By comparison, LepteridineTM exerted modest (~10%) inhibition against a chromogenic peptide substrate and no effect against a fluorogenic peptide substrate. These findings suggest that LepteridineTM may not interact within the catalytic domain of MMP-9 and exerts a negligible effect on the active site hydrolysis of small soluble peptide substrates. Instead, the findings implicate fibronectin II domain interactions by LepteridineTM which impair gelatinase activity, possibly through perturbed tethering of MMP-9 to the gelatin matrix. Molecular modelling analyses were equivocal over interactions at the S1' pocket versus the fibronectin II domain, while molecular dynamic calculations indicated rapid exchange kinetics. No significant degradation of synthetic or natural LepteridineTM in Mānuka honey occurred during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. MMP-9 regulates skin and gastrointestinal inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix remodelling. These results potentially implicate LepteridineTM bioactivity in Mānuka honey's reported beneficial effects on wound healing via topical application and anti-inflammatory actions in gastrointestinal disorder models via oral consumption.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Glaucoma: An Updated Overview

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important regulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in many stages of cellular growth and development. An imbalance of MMP expression is also the basis of many diseases, including eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, dry eye, corneal ulcer, keratoconus. This paper describes the role of MMPs in the glaucoma and their role in the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM), aqueous outflow channel, retina, and optic nerve (ON). This review also summarizes several treatments for glaucoma that target MMPs imbalance and suggests that MMPs may represent a viable therapeutic target for glaucoma.

Gut microbiota in adults with moyamoya disease: characteristics and biomarker identification

Background and purpose

When it comes to the onset of moyamoya disease (MMD), environmental variables are crucial. Furthermore, there is confusion about the relationship between the gut microbiome, an environmental variable, and MMD. Consequently, to identify the particular bacteria that cause MMD, we examined the gut microbiome of MMD individuals and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

A prospective case-control investigation was performed from June 2021 to May 2022. The fecal samples of patients with MMD and HC were obtained. Typically, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to examine their gut microbiota. The QIIME and R softwares were used to examine the data. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis was used to determine biomarkers. Multivariate analysis by linear models (MaAsLin)2 were used to find associations between microbiome data and clinical variables. Model performance was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve and the decision curve analysis.

Results

This investigation involved a total of 60 MMD patients and 60 HC. The MMD group's Shannon and Chao 1 indices were substantially lower than those of the HC cohort. β-diversity was significantly different in the weighted UniFrac distances. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota/Actinobacteria was significantly higher/lower in the MMD group than that in the HC group. By MaAsLin2 analysis, the relative abundance of the 2 genera, Lachnoclostridium and Fusobacterium, increased in the MMD group, while the relative abundance of the 2 genera, Bifidobacterium and Enterobacter decreased in the MMD group. A predictive model was constructed by using these 4 genera. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.921. The decision curve analysis indicated that the model had usefulness in clinical practice.

Conclusions

The gut microbiota was altered in individuals with MMD, and was characterized by increased abundance of Lachnoclostridium and Fusobacterium and decreased abundance of Bifidobacterium and Enterobacter. These 4 genera could be used as biomarkers and predictors in clinical practice.

Treatment with quercetin increases Nrf2 expression and neuronal differentiation of sub ventricular zone derived neural progenitor stem cells in adult rats

BACKGROUND

The presence of neural precursor stem cells (NPSCs) in some parts of the adult brain and the potency of these types of cells with a therapeutic viewpoint, has opened up a new approach for the treatment and recovery of the defects of central nervous system (CNS). Quercetin, as an herbal flavonoid, has been extensively investigated and shown to have numerous restoratives, inhibitory, and protective effects on some cell-lines and disorders. The purpose of this study is to simultaneously investigate the effect of quercetin on the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene and the effect on the proliferation and differentiation of NPSCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain of adult rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The cell obtained from SVZ cultured for one week and treated with quercetin at the concentrations of 1, 5, and 15 μM to evaluate the Nrf2 expression, proliferation and differentiation of NSCs after one week. Cellular and genetic results was performed by RT-PCR, MTT assay test, quantification of images with Image-J and counting. The results indicated that the quercetin increases expression of Nrf2 at concentration above 5 μM. Also differentiation and proliferation rate of NSCs is affected by various concentrations of quercetin in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

These findings confirmed the dose-dependent effect of quercetin on proliferation and differentiation of cell. In addition, quercetin increased the expression of Nrf2 gene. By combining these two effects of quercetin, this substance can be considered an effective compound in the treatment of degenerative defects in CNS.

Transcriptome profiling of patient-derived tumor xenografts suggests novel extracellular matrix-related signatures for gastric cancer prognosis prediction

BACKGROUND

A major obstacle to the development of personalized therapies for gastric cancer (GC) is the prevalent heterogeneity at the intra-tumor, intra-patient, and inter-patient levels. Although the pathological stage and histological subtype diagnosis can approximately predict prognosis, GC heterogeneity is rarely considered. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), extensively interacts with tumor and immune cells, providing a possible proxy to investigate GC heterogeneity. However, ECM consists of numerous protein components, and there are no suitable models to screen ECM-related genes contributing to tumor growth and prognosis. We constructed patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models to obtain robust ECM-related transcriptomic signatures to improve GC prognosis prediction and therapy design.

METHODS

One hundred twenty two primary GC tumor tissues were collected to construct PDTX models. The tumorigenesis rate and its relationship with GC prognosis were investigated. Transcriptome profiling was performed for PDTX-originating tumors, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was applied to extract prognostic ECM signatures and establish PDTX tumorigenicity-related gene (PTG) scores. The predictive ability of the PTG score was validated using two independent cohorts. Finally, we combined PTG score, age, and pathological stage information to establish a robust nomogram for GC prognosis prediction.

RESULTS

We found that PDTX tumorigenicity indicated a poor prognosis in patients with GC, even at the same pathological stage. Transcriptome profiling of PDTX-originating GC tissues and corresponding normal controls identified 383 differentially expressed genes, with enrichment of ECM-related genes. A robust prognosis prediction model using the PTG score showed robust performance in two validation cohorts. A high PTG score was associated with elevated M2 polarized macrophage and cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration. Finally, combining the PTG score with age and TNM stage resulted in a more effective prognostic model than age or TNM stage alone.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that ECM-related signatures may contribute to PDTX tumorigenesis and indicate a poor prognosis in GC. A feasible survival prediction model was built based on the PTG score, which was associated with immune cell infiltration. Together with patient ages and pathological TNM stages, PTG score could be a new approach for GC prognosis prediction.

Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms

This review considers available data on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in echinoderms. The connective tissue in these animals has a rather complex organization. It includes a wide range of structural ECM proteins, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors. Members of almost all major groups of collagens, various glycoproteins, and proteoglycans have been found in echinoderms. There are enzymes for the synthesis of structural proteins and their modification by polysaccharides. However, the ECM of echinoderms substantially differs from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, tenascins, and some other glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Echinoderms have a wide variety of proteinases, with serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metal peptidases identified among them. Their active centers have a typical structure and can break down various ECM molecules. Echinoderms are also distinguished by a wide range of proteinase inhibitors. The complex ECM structure and the variety of intermolecular interactions evidently explain the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for variations in the mechanical properties of connective tissue in echinoderms. These mechanisms probably depend not only on the number of cross-links between the molecules, but also on the composition of ECM and the properties of its proteins.

The Venom Composition of the Snake Tribe Philodryadini: 'Omic' Techniques Reveal Intergeneric Variability among South American Racers

Snakes of the Philodryadini tribe are included in the Dipsadidae family, which is a diverse group of rear-fanged snakes widespread in different ecological conditions, including habitats and diet. However, little is known about the composition and effects of their venoms despite their relevance for understanding the evolution of these snakes or even their impact on the occasional cases of human envenoming. In this study, we integrated venom gland transcriptomics, venom proteomics and functional assays to characterize the venoms from eight species of the Philodryadini tribe, which includes the genus Philodryas, Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis. The most abundant components identified in the venoms were snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), C-type lectins (CTLs), snake endogenous matrix metalloproteinases type 9 (seMMP-9) and snake venom serinoproteinases (SVSPs). These protein families showed a variable expression profile in each genus. SVMPs were the most abundant components in Philodryas, while seMMP-9 and CRISPs were the most expressed in Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis, respectively. Lineage-specific differences in venom composition were also observed among Philodryas species, whereas P. olfersii presented the highest amount of SVSPs and P. agassizii was the only species to express significant amounts of 3FTx. The variability observed in venom composition was confirmed by the venom functional assays. Philodryas species presented the highest SVMP activity, whereas Chlorosoma species showed higher levels of gelatin activity, which may correlate to the seMMP-9 enzymes. The variability observed in the composition of these venoms may be related to the tribe phylogeny and influenced by their diets. In the presented study, we expanded the set of venomics studies of the Philodryadini tribe, which paves new roads for further studies on the evolution and ecology of Dipsadidae snakes.

The roles of proteases in prostate cancer

Since the proposition of the pro-invasive activity of proteolytic enzymes over 70 years ago, several roles for proteases in cancer progression have been established. About half of the 473 active human proteases are expressed in the prostate and many of the most well-characterized members of this enzyme family are regulated by androgens, hormones essential for development of prostate cancer. Most notably, several kallikrein-related peptidases, including KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen, PSA), the most well-known prostate cancer marker, and type II transmembrane serine proteases, such as TMPRSS2 and matriptase, have been extensively studied and found to promote prostate cancer progression. Recent findings also suggest a critical role for proteases in the development of advanced and aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Perhaps the most intriguing evidence for this role comes from studies showing that the protease-activated transmembrane proteins, Notch and CDCP1, are associated with the development of CRPC. Here, we review the roles of proteases in prostate cancer, with a special focus on their regulation by androgens.

Identification of Prominent Genes between 3D Glioblastoma Models and Clinical Samples via GEO/TCGA/CGGA Data Analysis

A paradigm shift in preclinical evaluations of new anticancer GBM drugs should occur in favour of 3D cultures. This study leveraged the vast genomic data banks to investigate the suitability of 3D cultures as cell-based models for GBM. We hypothesised that correlating genes that are highly upregulated in 3D GBM models will have an impact in GBM patients, which will support 3D cultures as more reliable preclinical models for GBM. Using clinical samples of brain tissue from healthy individuals and GBM patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, several genes related to pathways such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes (CD44, TWIST1, SNAI1, CDH2, FN1, VIM), angiogenesis/migration-related genes (MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, VEGFA), hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A, PLAT), stemness-related genes (SOX2, PROM1, NES, FOS), and genes involved in the Wnt signalling pathway (DKK1, FZD7) were found to be upregulated in brain samples from GBM patients, and the expression of these genes were also enhanced in 3D GBM cells. Additionally, EMT-related genes were upregulated in GBM archetypes (wild-type IDH1^R132 ) that historically have poorer treatment responses, with said genes being significant predictors of poorer survival in the TCGA cohort. These findings reinforced the hypothesis that 3D GBM cultures can be used as reliable models to study increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in clinical GBM samples.

Targeting P21-Activated Kinase-1 for Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has limited therapeutic options and a high mortality rate. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins is important in cell survival, proliferation, and motility in physiology, and pathologies such as infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neurological diseases as well as cancers. Group-I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) are involved in the regulation of actin dynamics and thus are integral for cell morphology, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and cell motility. They also play prominent roles in cell survival and proliferation. These properties make group-I PAKs a potentially important target for cancer therapy. In contrast to normal prostate and prostatic epithelial cells, group-I PAKs are highly expressed in mPCA and PCa tissue. Importantly, the expression of group-I PAKs is proportional to the Gleason score of the patients. While several compounds have been identified that target group-I PAKs and these are active in cells and mice, and while some inhibitors have entered human trials, as of yet, none have been FDA-approved. Probable reasons for this lack of translation include issues related to selectivity, specificity, stability, and efficacy resulting in side effects and/or lack of efficacy. In the current review, we describe the pathophysiology and current treatment guidelines of PCa, present group-I PAKs as a potential druggable target to treat mPCa patients, and discuss the various ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of PAKs. We also discuss the development and testing of a nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulation of group-I PAK inhibitors and its significant potential advantages as a novel, selective, stable, and efficacious mPCa therapeutic over other PCa therapeutics in the pipeline.

The Cytoprotective Effects of Baicalein on H2O2-Induced ROS by Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Cellular Tight Junction in HaCaT Keratinocytes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote oxidative stress, which directly causes molecular damage and disrupts cellular homeostasis, leading to skin aging. Baicalein, a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and other medicinal properties. We aimed to investigate the protective effect of baicalein on the disruption of tight junctions and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. The cells were pretreated with 20 and 40 µM baicalein followed by treatment with 500 µM H₂O₂. The results revealed that baicalein exerted antioxidant effects by reducing intracellular ROS production. Baicalein attenuated the degradation of the ECM (MMP-1 and Col1A1) and the disruption of tight junctions (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4). In addition, baicalein prevented mitochondrial dysfunction (PGC-1α, PINK1, and Parkin) and restored mitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, baicalein regulated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including NQO-1 and HO-1, via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our data suggest that the cytoprotective effects of baicalein against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress may be mediated through the Nrf2/NQO-1/HO-1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, baicalein exerts potent antioxidant effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular tight junctions.

Carborane-Containing Hydroxamate MMP Ligands for the Treatment of Tumors Using Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT): Efficacy without Tumor Cell Entry

New carborane-bearing hydroxamate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) ligands have been synthesized for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) with nanomolar potency against MMP-2, -9 and -13. New analogs are based on MMP inhibitor CGS-23023A, and two previously reported MMP ligands 1 (B1) and 2 (B2) were studied in vitro for BNCT activity. The boronated MMP ligands 1 and 2 showed high in vitro tumoricidal effects in an in vitro BNCT assay, exhibiting IC₅₀ values for 1 and 2 of 2.04 × 10^-2 mg/mL and 2.67 × 10^-2 mg/mL, respectively. The relative killing effect of 1 to L-boronophenylalanine (BPA) is 0.82/0.27 = 3.0, and that of 2 is 0.82/0.32 = 2.6, whereas the relative killing effect of 4 is comparable to boronophenylalanine (BPA). The survival fraction of 1 and 2 in a pre-incubation boron concentration at 0.143 ppm ¹⁰B and 0.101 ppm ¹⁰B, respectively, were similar, and these results suggest that 1 and 2 are actively accumulated through attachment to the Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)VII cells. Compounds 1 and 2 very effectively killed glioma U87 delta EGFR cells after BNCT. This study is noteworthy in demonstrating BNCT efficacy through binding to MMP enzymes overexpressed at the surface of the tumor cell without tumor cell penetration.

Plasma Levels of Metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) and Metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) as New Candidates for Tumor Biomarkers in Diagnostic of Breast Cancer Patients

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of enzymes that mediate both physiological and pathological processes such as carcinogenesis. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and (MMP-7) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (BC) has been demonstrated, suggesting that they may be considered as potential markers of this condition. The aim of this study was to assess plasma concentrations and diagnostic utility of MMP-3 and MMP-7 in 100 patients with early-stage breast cancer with Luminal A subtype or Luminal B HER-negative subtype, before and after surgical treatment, and in the following control groups: patients with a benign tumor (fibroadenoma) and healthy subjects. The concentrations of MMP-3 and MMP-7 were referenced to the levels of the widely recognized marker for BC diagnosis CA 15-3. MMP-3 and MMP-7 was measured by ELISA method and CA 15-3 by CMIA. Plasma levels of MMP-7 were significantly higher in Luminal A and Luminal B HER2-negative subtype breast cancer patients as compared to the healthy group. MMP-7 demonstrated comparable but mostly higher to CA 15-3 or MMP-3 values of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and AUC (0.6888 for Luminal A subtype; 0.7612 for Luminal B HER2-negative; 0.7250 for BC total group, respectively) in the groups tested. The combined use of the tested parameters resulted in a further increase in diagnostic criteria and AUC. These results suggest the usefulness of combining MMP-7 with CA 15-3 in the diagnostics of breast cancer, especially in Luminal B HER2-negative subtypes patients, as a new candidate for tumor markers.

Utilizing genetic code expansion to modify N-TIMP2 specificity towards MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in biological processes. MMP activity is controlled by natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that non-selectively inhibit the function of multiple MMPs via interaction with the MMPs' Zn2+-containing catalytic pocket. Recent studies suggest that TIMPs engineered to confer MMP specificity could be exploited for therapeutic purposes, but obtaining specific TIMP-2 inhibitors has proved to be challenging. Here, in an effort to improve MMP specificity, we incorporated the metal-binding non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and (8-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)alanine (HqAla), into the MMP-inhibitory N-terminal domain of TIMP2 (N-TIMP2) at selected positions that interact with the catalytic Zn2+ ion (S2, S69, A70, L100) or with a structural Ca2+ ion (Y36). Evaluation of the inhibitory potency of the NCAA-containing variants towards MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 in vitro revealed that most showed a significant loss of inhibitory activity towards MMP-14, but not towards MMP-2 and MMP-9, resulting in increased specificity towards the latter proteases. Substitutions at S69 conferred the best improvement in selectivity for both L-DOPA and HqAla variants. Molecular modeling provided an indication of how MMP-2 and MMP-9 are better able to accommodate the bulky NCAA substituents at the intermolecular interface with N-TIMP2. The models also showed that, rather than coordinating to Zn2+, the NCAA side chains formed stabilizing polar interactions at the intermolecular interface with MMP-2 and MMP-9. Our findings illustrate how incorporation of NCAAs can be used to probe-and possibly exploit-differential tolerance for substitution within closely related protein-protein complexes as a means to improve specificity.

Properties and fate of human mesenchymal stem cells upon miRNA let-7f-promoted recruitment to atherosclerotic plaques

AIMS

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries leading to the formation of atheromatous plaques. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are recruited from the circulation into plaques where in response to their environment they adopt a phenotype with immunomodulatory properties. However, the mechanisms underlying hMSC function in these processes are unclear. Recently, we described that miRNA let-7f controls hMSC invasion guided by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Here, we investigated the role of let-7f in hMSC tropism to human atheromas and the effects of the plaque microenvironment on cell fate and release of soluble factors.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Incubation of hMSCs with LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide abundantly found in plaques, increased biosynthesis of let-7f and N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), enabling chemotactic invasion of the cells towards LL-37, as determined by qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and cell invasion assay analysis. In an Apoe-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, circulating hMSCs preferentially adhered to athero-prone endothelium. This property was facilitated by elevated levels of let-7f in the hMSCs, as assayed by ex vivo artery perfusion and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Exposure of hMSCs to homogenized human atheromatous plaque material considerably induced the production of various cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, as studied by PCR array and western blot analysis. Moreover, exposure to human plaque extracts elicited differentiation of hMSCs into cells of the myogenic lineage, suggesting a potentially plaque-stabilizing effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that let-7f promotes hMSC tropism towards atheromas through the LL-37/FPR2 axis and demonstrate that hMSCs upon contact with human plaque environment develop a potentially athero-protective signature impacting the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Expression of hypoxia-inducing factor-1α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the recipient parasylvian cortical arteries with different hemodynamic sources in adult moyamoya disease

Objective

In our latest research, we have demonstrated that the recipient parasylvian cortical arteries (PSCAs) with hemodynamic sources from the middle cerebral artery (M-PSCAs) has a higher risk of postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion (CHP) syndrome than those from non-M-PSCAs in adult moyamoya disease (MMD) patient. However, whether there are differences between M-PSCAs and non-M-PSCAs in vascular specimens characteristics has not been studied. In this study, we further investigate the vascular specimen of recipient PSCAs by histological and immunohistochemical methods.

Methods

50 vascular specimens of recipient PSCAs were obtained from 50 adult MMD patients during the combined bypass surgeries in our departments of Zhongnan hospital. 4 recipient PSCAs samples were also obtained in the same way from the middle cerebral artery occlusion patients. The samples were received the pathological sectioning, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry, then the vascular wall thickness, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and hypoxia-inducing factor-1α (HIF-1α) were analyzed.

Results

M-PSCAs adult MMD patients had a thinner intima than non-M-PSCAs in the recipient PSCAs specimens. In recipient non-M-PSCAs vascular specimens, the immunoreactivity indicating HIF-1α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was significantly higher than M-PSCAs groups. The logistic regression analyses showed that the M-PSCAs was an independent risk factor of postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion (CHP) syndrome (OR 6.235, 95% CI1.018-38.170, P = 0.048) in MMD.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that M-PSCAs adult MMD patients had thinner intima than non-MCAs adult MMD patients in the PSCAs. More importantly, HIF-1α and MMP-9 were overexpressed in non-M-PSCAs vascular specimens.

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA₂DS₂VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.

Global scientific trends on matrix metalloproteinase and osteosarcoma: A bibliometric and visualized analysis

Objective

This study aimed to identify author, country, institutional, and journal collaborations and their impacts, assess the knowledge base, identify existing trends, and uncover emerging topics related to the role of Metalloproteinase in osteosarcoma.

Methods

945 Articles and reviews associated with the role of Metalloproteinase in osteosarcoma were obtained from the WoSCC and analyzed by Citespace and Vosviewer.

Results

The main aspects of research on the role of MMP in OS are invasion and metastasis. The latest hotspots were found to be the mechanism of MMP promoting invasion and metastasis, lung metastasis, and antitumor activity. Notably, invasion, metastasis, and antitumor activity were potentially turning points in the MMP-OS field. In the future, the primary research hotspot in the field of MMP-OS may be to study the mechanism, explore their role in the OS lung metastasis, and determine their role in the cancer therapy process.

Conclusion

This study thus offers a comprehensive overview of the MMP-OS-related field using bibliometrics and visual methods, which will provide a valuable reference for researchers interested in the field of MMP-OS.

Host-Derived Cytotoxic Agents in Chronic Inflammation and Disease Progression

At inflammatory sites, cytotoxic agents are released and generated from invading immune cells and damaged tissue cells. The further fate of the inflammation highly depends on the presence of antagonizing principles that are able to inactivate these host-derived cytotoxic agents. As long as the affected tissues are well equipped with ready-to-use protective mechanisms, no damage by cytotoxic agents occurs and resolution of inflammation is initiated. However, long-lasting and severe immune responses can be associated with the decline, exhaustion, or inactivation of selected antagonizing principles. Hence, cytotoxic agents are only partially inactivated and contribute to damage of yet-unperturbed cells. Consequently, a chronic inflammatory process results. In this vicious circle of permanent cell destruction, not only novel cytotoxic elements but also novel alarmins and antigens are liberated from affected cells. In severe cases, very low protection leads to organ failure, sepsis, and septic shock. In this review, the major classes of host-derived cytotoxic agents (reactive species, oxidized heme proteins and free heme, transition metal ions, serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases, and pro-inflammatory peptides), their corresponding protective principles, and resulting implications on the pathogenesis of diseases are highlighted.

The Interplay of Biomechanical and Biological Changes Following Meniscus Injury

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Meniscus injury often leads to joint degeneration and post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to outline the current understanding of biomechanical and biological repercussions following meniscus injury and how these changes impact meniscus repair and PTOA development. Moreover, we identify key gaps in knowledge that must be further investigated to improve meniscus healing and prevent PTOA.

RECENT FINDINGS

Following meniscus injury, both biomechanical and biological alterations frequently occur in multiple tissues in the joint. Biomechanically, meniscus tears compromise the ability of the meniscus to transfer load in the joint, making the cartilage more vulnerable to increased strain. Biologically, the post-injury environment is often characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, catabolic enzymes, and immune cells. These multi-faceted changes have a significant interplay and result in an environment that opposes tissue repair and contributes to PTOA development. Additionally, degenerative changes associated with OA may cause a feedback cycle, negatively impacting the healing capacity of the meniscus. Strides have been made towards understanding post-injury biological and biomechanical changes in the joint, their interplay, and how they affect healing and PTOA development. However, in order to improve clinical treatments to promote meniscus healing and prevent PTOA development, there is an urgent need to understand the physiologic changes in the joint following injury. In particular, work is needed on the in vivo characterization of the temporal biomechanical and biological changes that occur in patients following meniscus injury and how these changes contribute to PTOA development.

Utilizing genetic code expansion to modify N-TIMP2 specificity towards MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in biological processes. MMP activity is controlled by natural tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that non-selectively inhibit the function of multiple MMPs via interaction with the MMPs' Zn ²⁺ -containing catalytic pocket. Recent studies suggest that TIMPs engineered to confer MMP specificity could be exploited for therapeutic purposes, but obtaining specific TIMP-2 inhibitors has proved to be challenging. Here, in an effort to improve MMP specificity, we incorporated the metal-binding non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and (8-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)alanine (HqAla), into the MMP-inhibitory N-terminal domain of TIMP2 (N-TIMP2) at selected positions that interact with the catalytic Zn ²⁺ ion (S2, S69, A70, L100) or with a structural Ca ²⁺ ion (Y36). Evaluation of the inhibitory potency of the NCAA-containing variants towards MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-14 in vitro revealed that most showed a significant loss of inhibitory activity towards MMP-14, but not towards MMP-2 and MMP-9, resulting in increased specificity towards the latter proteases. Substitutions at S69 conferred the best improvement in selectivity for both L-DOPA and HqAla variants. Molecular modeling revealed how MMP-2 and MMP-9 are better able to accommodate the bulky NCAA substituents at the intermolecular interface with N-TIMP2. The models also showed that, rather than coordinating to Zn ²⁺ , the NCAA side chains formed stabilizing polar interactions at the intermolecular interface with MMP-2 and MMP-9. The findings illustrate how incorporation of NCAAs can be used to probe and exploit differential tolerance for substitution within closely related protein-protein complexes to achieve improved specificity.

Follistatin is a crucial chemoattractant for mouse decidualized endometrial stromal cell migration by JNK signalling

Follistatin (FST) and activin A as gonadal proteins exhibit opposite effects on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release from pituitary gland, and activin A-FST system is involved in regulation of decidualization in reproductive biology. However, the roles of FST and activin A in migration of decidualized endometrial stromal cells are not well characterized. In this study, transwell chambers and microfluidic devices were used to assess the effects of FST and activin A on migration of decidualized mouse endometrial stromal cells (d-MESCs). We found that compared with activin A, FST exerted more significant effects on adhesion, wound healing and migration of d-MESCs. Similar results were also seen in the primary cultured decidual stromal cells (DSCs) from uterus of pregnant mouse. Simultaneously, the results revealed that FST increased calcium influx and upregulated the expression levels of the migration-related proteins MMP9 and Ezrin in d-MESCs. In addition, FST increased the level of phosphorylation of JNK in d-MESCs, and JNK inhibitor AS601245 significantly attenuated FST action on inducing migration of d-MESCs. These data suggest that FST, not activin A in activin A-FST system, is a crucial chemoattractant for migration of d-MESCs by JNK signalling to facilitate the successful uterine decidualization and tissue remodelling during pregnancy.

Structural and functional role of invariant water molecules in matrix metalloproteinases: a data-mining approach

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases known to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM). Being involved in many biological and physiological processes of tissue remodeling, MMPs play a crucial role in many pathological conditions such as arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Typically, MMPs possess a propeptide, a zinc-containing catalytic domain, a hinge region and a hemopexin domain. Based on their structural domain organization and substrates, MMPs are classified into six different classes, viz. collagenases, stromelysins, gelatinases, matrilysins, membrane-type and other MMPs. As per previous studies, a set of invariant water (IW) molecules of MMP-1 (a collagenase) play a significant role in stabilizing their catalytic domain. However, a functional role of IW molecule in other classes of MMPs has not been reported yet. Thus, in this study, IW molecules of MMPs from different classes were located and their plausible role(s) have been assigned. The results suggest that IW molecules anchor the structurally and functionally essential metal ions present in the vicinity of the active site of MMPs. Further, they (in)directly interlink different structural features and bridge the active site metal ions of MMPs. This study provides the key IW molecules that are structurally and functionally relevant to MMPs and hence, in turn, might facilitate the development of potent generalized inhibitor(s) against different classes of MMPs. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Potential novel markers in IBD and CRC diagnostics. Are MMP-19 and RAGE promising candidates?

AIMS

Inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer are serious intestinal disorders with continuously increasing incidence. Many aspects of etiopathogenesis still remain unclear. There is an urgent need to improve early diagnostics and markers indicating the progression of the disease. The aim of our study was to analyze the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19), and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in different cell subpopulations in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to the tissue in the vicinity of pathological processes.

METHODS

Expression of both markers in epithelium, macrophages and vessels were evaluated in IBD and CRC groups. They were detected using immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections.

RESULTS

There were significant differences between the expression of MMP-19 on macrophages and vessels among healthy and cancer tissues. In both, macrophages and vessels were significantly lower levels in cancer tissues. The expression of MMP-19 on vessels was also significantly different between peritumoral and cancer tissues (higher levels in peritumoral tissue). RAGE expression in macrophages was significantly different between healthy and cancer tissues and between peritumoral and cancer tissues. There was significantly lower expression in cancer tissues than in healthy and peritumoral tissues. Expression of RAGE in vessels was significantly different just in the comparison of healthy and peritumoral tissues (higher levels in healthy tissues).

CONCLUSION

Both markers seem to be promising potential auxiliary markers in IBD and CRC diagnostics. They can also improve evaluation of disease progression.

Akt-Activated Endothelium Increases Cancer Cell Proliferation and Resistance to Treatment in Ovarian Cancer Cell Organoids

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by its late diagnosis (FIGO stages III and IV) and the importance of abdominal metastases often observed at diagnosis. Detached ovarian cancer cells (OCCs) float in ascites and form multicellular spheroids. Here, we developed endothelial cell (EC)-based 3D spheroids to better represent in vivo conditions. When co-cultured in 3D conditions, ECs and OCCs formed organized tumor angiospheres with a core of ECs surrounded by proliferating OCCs. We established that Akt and Notch3/Jagged1 pathways played a role in angiosphere formation and peritoneum invasion. In patients' ascites we found angiosphere-like structures and demonstrated in patients' specimens that tumoral EC displayed Akt activation, which supports the importance of Akt activation in ECs in OC. Additionally, we demonstrated the importance of FGF2, Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), PD-ECGF and TIMP-1 in angiosphere organization. Finally, we confirmed the role of Notch3/Jagged1 in OCC-EC crosstalk relating to OCC proliferation and during peritoneal invasion. Our results support the use of multicellular spheroids to better model tumoral and stromal interaction. Such models could help decipher the complex pathways playing critical roles in metastasis spread and predict tumor response to chemotherapy or anti-angiogenic treatment.

Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease

Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.

TNF-induced metalloproteinase-9 production is associated with neurological manifestations in HTLV-1-infected individuals

HTLV-1-infected individuals may develop a neurologic inflammatory condition known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM/TSP), in which the high production of TNF is observed. These patients exhibit higher proviral loads, enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and lymphocyte proliferation in comparison to asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those presenting overactive bladder (OAB-HTLV-infected). Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to degrade the components of the blood-brain barrier, favoring the migration of infected cells into the central nervous system. Moreover, the unbalanced production of MMPs and their inhibitors (TIMPs) has also been associated with tissue damage. The present work studied the production of MMP-9 and TIMPs in HTLV-1-infected individuals with and without neurological manifestations. HAM/TSP patients presented higher concentrations of MMP-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatants, as well as a higher MMP-9/TIMP-3 ratio when compared to the other groups studied. MMP-9 levels positively correlated with proviral load and TNF in OAB-HTLV-infected individuals, and the in vitro neutralization of TNF significantly decreased MMP-9 levels in PBMC culture supernatants. Our findings indicate an association between MMP-9 production and the proinflammatory state associated with HTLV-1 infection, as well as HAM/TSP.