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Wang Z, Chen X, Qiu X, Chen Y, Wang T, Lv L, Guo X, Yang F, Tang M, Gu W, Luo Y. High-Fidelity Sensitive Tracing Circulating Tumor Cell Telomerase Activity. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5527-5536. [PMID: 38483815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic tracing of intracellular telomerase activity plays a crucial role in cancer cell recognition and correspondingly in earlier cancer diagnosis and personalized precision therapy. However, due to the complexity of the required reaction system and insufficient loading of reaction components into cells, achieving a high-fidelity determination of telomerase activity is still a challenge. Herein, an Aptamer-Liposome mediated Telomerase activated poly-Molecular beacon Arborescent Nanoassembly(ALTMAN) approach was described for direct high-fidelity visualization of telomerase activity. Briefly, intracellular telomerase activates molecular beacons, causing their hairpin structures to unfold and produce fluorescent signals. Furthermore, multiple molecular beacons can self-assemble, forming arborescent nanostructures and leading to exponential amplification of fluorescent signals. Integrating the enzyme-free isothermal signal amplification successfully increased the sensitivity and reduced interference by leveraging the skillful design of the molecular beacon and the extension of the telomerase-activated TTAGGG repeat sequence. The proposed approach enabled ultrasensitive visualization of activated telomerase exclusively with a prominent detection limit of 2 cells·μL-1 and realized real-time imaging of telomerase activity in living cancer cells including blood samples from breast cancer patients and urine samples from bladder cancer patients. This approach opens an avenue for establishing a telomerase activity determination and in situ monitoring technique that can facilitate both telomerase fundamental biological studies and cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuling Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 408099, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopei Qiu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Tian Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Lv
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Guo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Miao Tang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
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Allen TA. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells as a Liquid Biopsy for Cancer: Advances, Biology, Technical Challenges, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1377. [PMID: 38611055 PMCID: PMC11010957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with metastasis significantly contributing to its lethality. The metastatic spread of tumor cells, primarily through the bloodstream, underscores the importance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in oncological research. As a critical component of liquid biopsies, CTCs offer a non-invasive and dynamic window into tumor biology, providing invaluable insights into cancer dissemination, disease progression, and response to treatment. This review article delves into the recent advancements in CTC research, highlighting their emerging role as a biomarker in various cancer types. We explore the latest technologies and methods for CTC isolation and detection, alongside novel approaches to characterizing their biology through genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetic profiling. Additionally, we examine the clinical implementation of these findings, assessing how CTCs are transforming the landscape of cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and management. By offering a comprehensive overview of current developments and potential future directions, this review underscores the significance of CTCs in enhancing our understanding of cancer and in shaping personalized therapeutic strategies, particularly for patients with metastatic disease.
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Bardol T, Eslami‐S Z, Masmoudi D, Alexandre M, Duboys de Labarre M, Bobrie A, D'Hondt V, Guiu S, Kurma K, Cayrefourcq L, Jacot W, Alix‐Panabières C. First evidence of AXL expression on circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients: A proof-of-concept study. Cancer Med 2023; 13:e6843. [PMID: 38132919 PMCID: PMC10807582 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For several years, the AXL tyrosine kinase receptor, a member of the Tyro3-Axl-Mer (TAM) family, has been considered a new strategic target in oncology. AXL overexpression is common in solid tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. In this context, the detection of a subset of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that express AXL (AXL+ CTCs) could be clinically relevant. METHODS Immunostaining was performed to assess AXL expression in human breast cancer cell lines. The optimal conditions were established using flow cytometry. Spiking experiments were carried out to optimize the parameters of the CellSearch® system detection test. CTC enumeration and AXL expression were evaluated in patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC) before treatment initiation. RESULTS An innovative AXL+ CTC detection assay to be used with the CellSearch® system was developed. In a prospective longitudinal clinical trial, blood samples from 60 patients with untreated mBC were analyzed to detect AXL+ CTCs with this new assay. CTCs were detected in 35/60 patients (58.3%) and AXL+ CTCs were identified in 7 of these 35 patients (11.7% of all patients). CONCLUSION This newly established AXL+ CTC assay is a promising tool that can be used for liquid biopsy in future clinical trials to stratify and monitor patients with cancer receiving anti-AXL therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bardol
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Zahra Eslami‐S
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS)HamburgGermany
| | - Doryan Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Marie Alexandre
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Marie Duboys de Labarre
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Angélique Bobrie
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Véronique D'Hondt
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Séverine Guiu
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Keerthi Kurma
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS)HamburgGermany
| | - Laure Cayrefourcq
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS)HamburgGermany
| | - William Jacot
- Department of Medical OncologyInstitut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de MontpellierINSERM U1194, Montpellier UniversityMontpellierFrance
| | - Catherine Alix‐Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Circulating Human Cells—University Medical Center of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES)Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS)HamburgGermany
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4
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Lu Z, Ni H, Yang X, Tan L, Zhuang H, Mo Y, Wei X, Qi L, Xiang B. Prognostic potential of preoperative circulating tumor cells to predict the early progression recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1150. [PMID: 38012581 PMCID: PMC10680336 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in prognosis prediction has been actively studied in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, their efficiency in accurately predicting early progression recurrence (EPR) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the clinical potential of preoperative CTCs to predict EPR in HCC patients after hepatectomy. METHODS One hundred forty-five HCC patients, whose preoperative CTCs were detected, were enrolled. Based on the recurrence times and types, the patients were divided into four groups, including early oligo-recurrence (EOR), EPR, late oligo-recurrence (LOR), and late progression recurrence (LPR). RESULTS Among the 145 patients, 133 (91.7%) patients had a postoperative recurrence, including 51 EOR, 42 EPR, 39 LOR, and 1 LPR patient. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis indicated that the HCC patients with EPR had the worst OS. There were significant differences in the total-CTCs (T-CTCs) and CTCs subtypes count between the EPR group with EOR and LOR groups. Cox regression analysis indicated that the T-CTC count of > 5/5 mL, the presence of microvascular invasion (MVI) and satellite nodules were the independent risk factors for EPR. The efficiency of T-CTCs was superior as compared to those of the other indicators in predicting EPR. Moreover, the combined model demonstrated a markedly superior area under the curve (AUC). CONCLUSIONS The HCC patients with EPR had the worst OS. The preoperative CTCs was served as a prognostic indicator of EPR for HCC patients. The combined models, including T-CTCs, MVI, and satellite nodules, had the best performance to predict EPR after hepatectomy.
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Grants
- 81960450 National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81960450 National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2017ZX10203207 the National Major Special Science and Technology Project
- 2017ZX10203207 the National Major Special Science and Technology Project
- AA18221001, AB18050020, and 2020AB34006 the High-Level Innovation Team and Outstanding Scholar Program in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, "139" Projects for Training of High-Level Medical Science Talents from Guangxi, the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi
- AA18221001, AB18050020, and 2020AB34006 the High-Level Innovation Team and Outstanding Scholar Program in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, "139" Projects for Training of High-Level Medical Science Talents from Guangxi, the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi
- GKE2017-ZZ02, GKE2018-KF02, and GKE2019-ZZ07 the Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors of the Ministry of Education, Guangxi Independent Research Project
- GKE2017-ZZ02, GKE2018-KF02, and GKE2019-ZZ07 the Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors of the Ministry of Education, Guangxi Independent Research Project
- S2019039 Development and Application of Medical and Health Appropriate Technology in Guangxi
- the High-Level Innovation Team and Outstanding Scholar Program in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, “139” Projects for Training of High-Level Medical Science Talents from Guangxi, the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71# Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors, Ministry of Education, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71# Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors, Ministry of Education, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihua Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihao Tan
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixiao Zhuang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunning Mo
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Wei
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunan Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71# Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors, Ministry of Education, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bangde Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71# Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors, Ministry of Education, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
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Visvikis-Siest S, Stathopoulou MG, Sunder-Plassmann R, Alizadeh BZ, Barouki R, Chatzaki E, Dagher G, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Haliassos A, Hiegel BB, Manolopoulos V, Masson C, Paré G, Paulmichl M, Petrelis AM, Sipeky C, Süsleyici B, Weryha G, Chenchik A, Diehl P, Everts RE, Haushofer A, Lamont J, Mercado R, Meyer H, Munoz-Galeano H, Murray H, Nhat F, Nofziger C, Schnitzel W, Kanoni S. The 10th Santorini conference: Systems medicine, personalised health and therapy. “The odyssey from hope to practice: Patient first. Keep Ithaca always in your mind”, santorini, Greece, 23–26 May 2022. Front Genet 2023; 14:1171131. [PMID: 37021002 PMCID: PMC10069673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1171131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- EA_1122 IGE-PCV, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Sophie Visvikis-Siest, ; Stavroula Kanoni,
| | - Maria G. Stathopoulou
- Team 10: Control of Gene Expression, INSERM U, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire C3M, Nice, France
| | | | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Unit of Personalized Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherland
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université de Paris, Inserm unit 1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Ekaterina Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georges Dagher
- Inserm, Paris, France
- Graz Medical University, Graz, Austria
- Milano-Bicocca University, Milan, Italy
- Beijing Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Haliassos
- EurSpLM, ESEAP, The Greek Proficiency Testing Scheme for Clinical Laboratories Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vangelis Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Academic General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Guillaume Paré
- Population Health Research Institute, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Csilla Sipeky
- UCB Pharma, Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine and Biomarkers, Genetics, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Belgin Süsleyici
- Marmara University, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Department of Molecular Biology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Paul Diehl
- Cellecta, Inc, Mountain View, CA, United States
| | | | - Alexander Haushofer
- Inst. f. Med. u. Chem. Labordiagnostik, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen GmbH, Wels, Austria
| | - John Lamont
- Randox Laboratories Limited, Crumlin, Co.Antrim, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Helena Murray
- Randox Laboratories Limited, Crumlin, Co.Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Ferrier Nhat
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie Visvikis-Siest, ; Stavroula Kanoni,
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Gao Y, Cheng X, Han M. ZEB1-activated Notch1 promotes circulating tumor cell migration and invasion in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:817-829. [PMID: 36418641 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is recognized as the major subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are critical players in tumor metastasis. A molecular profiling of CTCs has previously identified notch receptor 1 (Notch1) as an important mediator in NSCLC. Therefore, we investigate Notch1 roles in LUSC and its related mechanisms. METHODS The serum levels of Notch1 were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The CTCs isolated from blood samples were characterized via an immunofluorescence method. Cell motion was determined using Transwell chambers. The regulatory relationship between Notch1 and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays. The protein levels were detected by western blotting. RESULTS Higher Notch1 expression in patients with LUSC than that in normal controls was observed. Notch1 knockdown inhibited cell motion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). ZEB1 transcriptionally activated Notch1. ZEB1 upregulation exacerbated the malignant phenotypes of CTCs. CONCLUSION ZEB1-activated Notch1 promotes malignant phenotypes of CTCs in LUSC and indicates poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang Infectious Disease Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236015, Anhui, China
| | - Xinyuan Cheng
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Mingfeng Han
- Department of Respiratory, Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang Infectious Disease Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, No. 1088, Yinghe West Road, Yingzhou District, Fuyang, 236015, Anhui, China.
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7
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Advances in the Molecular Landscape of Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030722. [PMID: 36765679 PMCID: PMC9913505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most frequent tumors that metastasize to the brain. Brain metastasis (BM) is common in advanced cases, being the major cause of patient morbidity and mortality. BMs are thought to arise via the seeding of circulating tumor cells into the brain microvasculature. In brain tissue, the interaction with immune cells promotes a microenvironment favorable to the growth of cancer cells. Despite multimodal treatments and advances in systemic therapies, lung cancer patients still have poor prognoses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the molecular drivers of BM and clinically applicable biomarkers in order to improve disease outcomes and patient survival. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of the metastatic spread of lung cancer to the brain and how the metastatic spread is influenced by the brain microenvironment, and to elucidate the molecular determinants of brain metastasis regarding the role of genomic and transcriptomic changes, including coding and non-coding RNAs. We also present an overview of the current therapeutics and novel treatment strategies for patients diagnosed with BM from NSCLC.
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8
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Aktar S, Baghaie H, Islam F, Gopalan V, Lam AKY. Current Status of Circulating Tumor Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:988-1005. [PMID: 36939466 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are found in the blood of patients with cancer, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The aim is to review the most up-to-date status of CTCs for applications in patients with HNSCC. DATA SOURCES English articles in PubMed. REVIEW METHODS All the studies on CTCs in HNSCCs in the literature were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS There is emerging information on the diagnostic and prognostic value of CTCs in HNSCCs. Evidence also highlights the advantages of various downstream analysis approaches over circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), such as single-CTC analysis, ex vivo, and in vivo expansion of CTCs. Multiple phenotypic surface markers (cytokeratins, EpCAM, vimentin, etc.), used for CTCs characterization using different immunoassays, could predict disease progression as well as patients' response to treatment efficacy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors' status in CTCs could also provide better insight into treatment. Clonal expansion of CTCs and single-cell analysis of CTCs are the most emerging fields nowadays which may offer an understanding of the mechanism of tumor evolution as well as therapeutic efficacy. Although several clinical trials are ongoing, limitations still exist in the detection and characterization of CTCs. Due to the lack of a gold standard protocol, the sensitivity and specificity of CTC enumeration methods vary. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Prospective clinical trials are still needed before CTCs can be employed as diagnostic and prognostic markers in the clinical management of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Aktar
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Hooman Baghaie
- School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Australia
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9
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Zhao B, Zhang L, Liu Z, Yuan D. The Protocol of Circulating Tumor Cell Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2695:1-8. [PMID: 37450108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3346-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The detection of CTCs is related to the development of tumors and can be used in medical fields such as early diagnosis, postoperative evaluation, monitoring treatment, and predicting disease prognosis. This article focuses on the entire process of CTC detection, including negative enrichment isolation and immunofluorescence in situ hybridization detection.
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10
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Zhu S, Xie Z, Chen Y, Liu S, Kwan YW, Zeng S, Yuan W, Ho HP. Real-Time Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Bloodstream Using Plasmonic Fiber Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110968. [PMID: 36354476 PMCID: PMC9687831 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are single cancer cells or cancer cell clusters that are present in the circulatory system. Assessing CTC levels in patients can aid in the early detection of cancer metastasis and is essential for the purposes of accurate cancer prognosis. However, current in vitro blood tests are limited by the insufficient blood samples and low concentration levels of CTCs, which presents a major challenge for practical biosensing devices. In this work, we propose the first surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fiber probe to work intravenously, which offers a real-time detection of CTCs in bloodstreams. By exposing the protein-functionalized fiber probe to circulating blood, a continuous capture of CTCs ensures a constant increase in enrichment and hence greatly enhances enumeration accuracy. The performance of our plasmonic fiber probe was demonstrated to specifically detect Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells in flowing whole mouse blood. Further, a detection limit of ~1.4 cells per microliter was achieved by using an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody-based receptor layer and a 15 minute enrichment period. This pilot study validates real-time CTC detection directly in the bloodstream by using plasmonic fiber probes, which exhibit promising clinical potential for in vivo diagnostic tests involving low concentration biomarkers in circulating blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodi Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Zhenming Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shuwen Zeng
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS-EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Wu Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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Huang MS, Fu LH, Yan HC, Cheng LY, Ru HM, Mo S, Wei CY, Li DM, Mo XW, Tang WZ, Yan LH. Proteomics and liquid biopsy characterization of human EMT-related metastasis in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:790096. [PMID: 36249004 PMCID: PMC9560976 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.790096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), however, there is a room of disagreement in role of EMT heterogeneity to colorectal cancer metastasis (mCRC) evolution. To uncover new EMT-related metastasis proteins and pathways, we addressed the EMT status in colorectal cancer liver metastasis patient-derived CTCs to identify proteins that promote their distant metastasis. And then, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis in matched pairs of primary tumor tissues, adjacent mucosa tissues and liver metastatic tissues. By integrative analysis we show that, unstable Epithelial/Mesenchymal (E/M)-type CTCs had the strongest liver metastases formation ability and the proportion of E/M-type CTCs correlated with distant metastases. Using an optimized proteomic workflow including data independent acquisition (DIA) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), we identified novel EMT-related protein cluster (GNG2, COL6A1, COL6A2, DCN, COL6A3, LAMB2, TNXB, CAVIN1) and well-described (ERBB2) core protein level changes in EMT-related metastasis progression, and the proteomic data indicate ERBB2, COL6A1 and CAVIN1 are promising EMT-related metastatic biomarker candidates. This study contributes to our understanding of the role that EMT plays in CRC metastasis and identifies heterogeneous EMT phenotypes as a key piece for tumor progression and prognosis. We further propose that therapies targeting this aggressive subset (E/M-type) of CTCs and related protein may be worthy of exploration as potential suppressors of metastatic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Li-Hua Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Hao-Chao Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Lin-Yao Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Hai-Ming Ru
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
| | - Si Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Chun-Yin Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
| | - Dai-Mou Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xian-Wei Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
| | - Lin-Hai Yan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China,*Correspondence: Lin-Hai Yan,
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12
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Sattar RSA, Verma R, Nimisha, Kumar A, Dar GM, Apurva, Sharma AK, Kumari I, Ahmad E, Ali A, Mahajan B, Saluja SS. Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer and the potential role of exosomes in drug delivery. Cell Signal 2022; 99:110413. [PMID: 35907519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is third most common cancer with second most common cause of death worldwide. One fourth to one fifth of the CRC cases are detected at advance stage. Early detection of colorectal cancer might help in decreasing mortality and morbidity worldwide. CRC being a heterogeneous disease, new non-invasive approaches are needed to complement and improve the screening and management of CRC. Reliable and early detectable biomarkers would improve diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic responses, and will enable the prediction of drug response and recurrence risk. Over the past decades molecular research has demonstrated the potentials of CTCs, ctDNAs, circulating mRNA, ncRNAs, and exosomes as tumor biomarkers. Non-invasive screening approaches using fecal samples for identification of altered gut microbes in CRC is also gaining attention. Exosomes can be potential candidates that can be employed in the drug delivery system. Further, the integration of in vitro, in vivo and in silico models that involve CRC biomarkers will help to understand the interactions occurring at the cellular level. This review summarizes recent update on CRC biomarkers and their application along with the nanoparticles followed by the application of organoid culture in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Real Sumayya Abdul Sattar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Verma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Ghulam Mehdi Dar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Apurva
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Sharma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Kumari
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna Mahajan
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of GI Surgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India.
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13
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Liu Z, Kong Y, Dang Q, Weng S, Zheng Y, Ren Y, Lv J, Li N, Han Y, Han X. Liquid Biopsy in Pre-Metastatic Niche: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958360. [PMID: 35911705 PMCID: PMC9334814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination represents a hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the high mortality rate. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates a time-series event—pre-metastatic niche (PMN) has a profound impact on cancer metastasis. Exosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTC), and tumor microenvironment components, as critical components in PMN establishment, could be monitored by liquid biopsy. Intensive studies based on the molecular profile of liquid biopsy have made it a viable alternative to tissue biopsy. Meanwhile, the complex molecular mechanism and intercellular interaction are great challenges for applying liquid biopsy in clinical practice. This article reviews the cellular and molecular components involved in the establishment of the PMN and the promotion of metastasis, as well as the mechanisms of their interactions. Better knowledge of the characteristics of the PMN may facilitate the application of liquid biopsy for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youyang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxiang Lv
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xinwei Han,
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14
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In Early Breast Cancer, the Ratios of Neutrophils, Platelets and Monocytes to Lymphocytes Significantly Correlate with the Presence of Subsets of Circulating Tumor Cells but Not with Disseminated Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143299. [PMID: 35884360 PMCID: PMC9320225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are potential precursors of metastasis and while travelling through the peripheral blood, they crosstalk with different blood cells before a few of them manage to settle down as disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). Little is known about the correlation of blood cells with CTCs/DTCs in early breast cancer (BC). We retrospectively recorded clinical data, results for CTCs, DTCs and blood cell counts from 171 early staged diagnosed BC patients and demonstrated that the presence of epithelial CTCs was related to reduced lymphocyte and monocyte counts, to elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte and platelet to lymphocyte ratios while CTCs in epithelial mesenchymal transition associated with a reduced monocyte to lymphocyte ratio. No significant correlations were found for DTCs, however, DTC-positive patients, harboring a lower platelet to lymphocyte ratio, had a significant shorter overall survival. We confirm that pro-inflammatory markers in blood are closely related to the presence of CTC subtypes, the precursors of metastasis. Abstract Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) crosstalk with different blood cells before a few of them settle down as disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). We evaluated the correlation between CTC subtypes, DTCs and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) for better prognostication of 171 early staged diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients. —Clinical data and blood values before treatment were retrospectively recorded, representing the 75% percentile, resulting in 3.13 for NLR, 222.3 for PLR and 0.39 for MLR, respectively. DTCs were analyzed by immunocytochemistry using the pan-cytokeratin antibodyA45-B/B3. CTCs were determined applying the AdnaTests BreastCancerDetect and EMT (Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition) Detect. —Reduced lymphocyte (p = 0.007) and monocyte counts (p = 0.012), an elevated NLR (p = 0.003) and PLR (p = 0.001) significantly correlated with the presence of epithelial CTCs while a reduced MLR was related to EMT-CTCs (p = 0.045). PLR (p = 0.029) and MLR (p = 0.041) significantly related to lymph node involvement and monocyte counts significantly correlated with OS (p = 0.034). No correlations were found for NLR, PLR and MLR with DTCs, however, DTC-positive patients, harboring a lower PLR, had a significant shorter OS (p = 0.043). —Pro-inflammatory markers are closely related to different CTC subsets. This knowledge might improve risk prognostication of these patients.
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Regulation of Tissue Factor by CD44 Supports Coagulant Activity in Breast Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133288. [PMID: 35805061 PMCID: PMC9266039 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastasis and thromboembolic complications are the main cause of cancer-associated death. An overexpression of coagulation factors, and particularly Tissue factor, by tumor cells is a key event implicated in this observed hypercoagulability. Tissue Factor is indeed a cellular initiator of the coagulation cascade which has been associated with aggressive tumor phenotypes such as those characteristic of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions (EMTs) and Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). Understanding molecular mechanisms controlling Tissue Factor overexpression in those tumor phenotypes is thus an important aspect of cancer research. We show here that CD44 (a transmembrane marker of CSC and EMT phenotypes) contributes to regulate TF expression at a transcriptional level, thereby supporting procoagulant properties in tumor cells that facilitate their metastatic spread. Abstract Previous work identified Tissue Factor (TF), a key activator of the coagulation cascade, as a gene induced in cellular contexts of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions (EMTs), providing EMT+ Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) with coagulant properties that facilitate their metastatic seeding. Deciphering further molecular aspects of TF regulation in tumor cells, we report here that CD44 and TF coexpress in EMT contexts, and that CD44 acts as a regulator of TF expression supporting procoagulant properties and metastatic seeding. A transcriptional regulatory mechanism bridging CD44 to TF expression was further evidenced. Comparing different TF –promoter luciferase reporter constructs, we indeed found that the shortest -111 pb TF promoter fragment harboring three Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1) binding sites is still responsive to CD44 silencing. The observation that (i) mutation within Sp1 binding sites decreased the basal activity of the -111 pb TF promoter construct, (ii) CD44 silencing decreased Sp1 protein and mRNA levels and (iii) Sp1 silencing diminished TF expression further points to Sp1 as a key mediator linking CD44 to TF regulation. All together, these data thus report a transcriptional regulatory mechanism of TF expression by CD44 supporting procoagulant activity and metastatic competence of CTCs.
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16
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Hu B, Gong Y, Wang Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Huang Q. Comprehensive Atlas of Circulating Rare Cells Detected by SE-iFISH and Image Scanning Platform in Patients With Various Diseases. Front Oncol 2022; 12:821454. [PMID: 35311070 PMCID: PMC8924462 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.821454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Circulating rare cells (CRCs) are known as a crucial nucleated cellular response to pathological conditions, yet the landscape of cell types across a wide variety of diseases lacks comprehensive understanding. This study aimed at detecting and presenting a full spectrum of highly heterogeneous CRCs in clinical practice and further explored the characterization of CRC subtypes in distinct biomarker combinations and aneuploid chromosomes among various disease groups. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained from 2,360 patients with different cancers and non-neoplastic diseases. CRC capture and identification were accomplished using a novel platform integrating subtraction enrichment and immunostaining-fluorescence in situ hybridization (SE-iFISH) strategy with a high-throughput automated image scanning system, on which hemocyte, tumor, epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and stemness biomarkers were immunostained and displayed simultaneously. Double chromosome enumeration probe (CEP8 and CEP12) co-detection was performed on isolated CRCs from an extended trial for two chromosome ploidy patterns. Results A comprehensive atlas categorizing the diverse CRCs into 71 subtypes outlining was mapped out. The presence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), the cells with progenitor property, hematologic CRCs expressing multiple biomarkers, CRCs at "naked nuclei" status, and the rarely reported aneuploid mesenchymal epithelial-endothelial fusion cluster were described. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were detected in 2,157 (91.4%) patients; the total numbers of CTCs and circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells (CTECs) were relatively higher in several digestive system cancer types and non-neoplastic infectious diseases (p < 0.05). Co-detection combining CEP8 and CEP12 showed a higher diagnostic specificity on account of 57.27% false negativity of CRC detection through a single probe of CEP8. Conclusions The alternative biomarkers and chromosomes to be targeted by SE-iFISH and the image scanning platform, along with the comprehensive atlas, offer insight into the heterogeneity of CRCs and reveal potential contributions to specific disease diagnosis and therapeutic target cell discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Hu
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Gong
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Wang
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhu Xie
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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The potential of liquid biopsy in the management of cancer patients. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 84:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Patients: A Balancing Act between Stemness, EMT Features and DNA Damage Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040997. [PMID: 35205744 PMCID: PMC8869884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) traverse vessels to travel from the primary tumor to distant organs where they adhere, transmigrate, and seed metastases. To cope with these challenges, CTCs have reached maximal flexibility to change their differentiation status, morphology, migratory capacity, and their responses to genotoxic stress caused by metabolic changes, hormones, the inflammatory environment, or cytostatic treatment. A significant percentage of breast cancer cells are defective in homologous recombination repair and other mechanisms that protect the integrity of the replication fork. To prevent cell death caused by broken forks, alternative, mutagenic repair, and bypass pathways are engaged but these increase genomic instability. CTCs, arising from such breast tumors, are endowed with an even larger toolbox of escape mechanisms that can be switched on and off at different stages during their journey according to the stress stimulus. Accumulating evidence suggests that DNA damage responses, DNA repair, and replication are integral parts of a regulatory network orchestrating the plasticity of stemness features and transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in CTCs. This review summarizes the published information on these regulatory circuits of relevance for the design of biomarkers reflecting CTC functions in real-time to monitor therapeutic responses and detect evolving chemoresistance mechanisms.
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19
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Ye Y, Zhao X, Xu Y, Yu J. Hypoxia-Inducible Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate and Regeneration. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.799716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple cell lines, which makes them an important source of cells for tissue engineering applications. They are defined by the capability to renew themselves and maintain pluripotency. This ability is modulated by the balance between complex cues from cellular microenvironment. Self-renewal and differentiation abilities are regulated by particular microenvironmental signals. Oxygen is considered to be an important part of cell microenvironment, which not only acts as a metabolic substrate but also a signal molecule. It has been proved that MSCs are hypoxic in the physiological environment. Signals from MSCs' microenvironment or niche which means the anatomical location of the MSCs, maintain the final properties of MSCs. Physiological conditions like oxygen tension are deemed to be a significant part of the mesenchymal stem cell niche, and have been proved to be involved in modulating embryonic and adult MSCs. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which play a key role in cell signal transduction, transcription and translation of genes, have been widely concerned as epigenetic regulators in a great deal of tissues. With the rapid development of bioinformatics analysis tools and high-throughput RNA sequencing technology, more and more evidences show that ncRNAs play a key role in tissue regeneration. It shows potential as a biomarker of MSC differentiation. In this paper, we reviewed the physiological correlation of hypoxia as a unique environmental parameter which is conducive to MSC expansion and maintenance, discussed the correlation of tissue engineering, and summarized the influence of hypoxia related ncRNAs on MSCs' fate and regeneration. This review will provide reference for future research of MSCs' regeneration.
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20
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Espejo-Cruz ML, González-Rubio S, Zamora-Olaya J, Amado-Torres V, Alejandre R, Sánchez-Frías M, Ciria R, De la Mata M, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Ferrín G. Circulating Tumor Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review and Critical Appraisal. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313073. [PMID: 34884878 PMCID: PMC8657934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common neoplasm and a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There is no ideal biomarker allowing early diagnosis of HCC and tumor surveillance in patients receiving therapy. Liquid biopsy, and particularly circulating tumor cells (CTCs), have emerged as a useful tool for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic responses in different tumors. In the present manuscript, we evaluate the current evidence supporting the quantitative and qualitative assessment of CTCs as potential biomarkers of HCC, as well as technical aspects related to isolation, identification, and classification of CTCs. Although the dynamic assessment of CTCs in patients with HCC may aid the decision-making process, there are still many uncertainties and technical caveats to be solved before this methodology has a true impact on clinical practice guidelines. More studies are needed to identify the optimal combination of surface markers, to increase the efficiency of ex-vivo expansion of CTCs, or even to target CTCs as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent HCC recurrence after surgery or to hamper tumor progression and extrahepatic spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lola Espejo-Cruz
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Sandra González-Rubio
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Javier Zamora-Olaya
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Víctor Amado-Torres
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Alejandre
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina Sánchez-Frías
- Department of Pathology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Rubén Ciria
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel De la Mata
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gustavo Ferrín
- Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (M.L.E.-C.); (S.G.-R.); (J.Z.-O.); (V.A.-T.); (R.A.); (R.C.); (M.D.l.M.); (G.F.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Lin KC, Ting LL, Chang CL, Lu LS, Lee HL, Hsu FC, Chiou JF, Wang PY, Burnouf T, Ho DCY, Yang KC, Chen CY, Chen CH, Wu CZ, Chen YJ. Ex Vivo Expanded Circulating Tumor Cells for Clinical Anti-Cancer Drug Prediction in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236076. [PMID: 34885184 PMCID: PMC8656523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The conventional methods that seek to predict clinical treatment response are based on the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) present in liquid biopsies or genetic profiling of extracted CTCs. This paper presents a novel process by which CTCs can be extracted from blood samples taken from head and neck cancer patients and then expanded ex vivo to form organoids that can be tested with a panel of anti-cancer treatments. The resulting drug sensitivity profiles derived from cisplatin treatment of organoids were subsequently found to correlate with clinical treatment response to cisplatin in patients. CTCs extracted from liquid biopsies for ex vivo expansion negates the need for complicated and potentially risky biopsies of tumor material, thereby supporting the application of this procedure for checkups and treatment monitoring. Abstract The advanced-stage head and neck cancer (HNC) patients respond poorly to platinum-based treatments. Thus, a reliable pretreatment method for evaluating platinum treatment response would improve therapeutic efficiency and outcomes. This study describes a novel strategy to predict clinical drug responses in HNC patients by using eSelect, a lab-developed biomimetic cell culture system, which enables us to perform ex vivo expansion and drug sensitivity profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Forty liquid biopsies were collected from HNC patients, and the CTCs were expanded ex vivo using the eSelect system within four weeks. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that the CTC-derived organoids were positive for EpCAM and negative for CD45. Two illustrative cases present the potential of this strategy for evaluating treatment response. The statistical analysis confirmed that drug sensitivity in CTC-derived organoids was associated with a clinical response. The multivariant logistic regression model predicted that the treatment accuracy of chemotherapy responses achieved 93.75%, and the area under the curves (AUCs) of prediction models was 0.8841 in the whole dataset and 0.9167 in cisplatin specific dataset. In summary, cisplatin sensitivity profiles of patient-derived CTCs expanded ex vivo correlate with a clinical response to cisplatin treatment, and this can potentially underpin predictive assays to guide HNC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chou Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (K.-C.L.); (D.C.-Y.H.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Lei Ting
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (L.-S.L.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
| | - Chia-Lun Chang
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan;
| | - Long-Sheng Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (L.-S.L.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.B.); (K.-C.Y.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (L.-S.L.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Fong Chiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (L.-L.T.); (L.-S.L.); (H.-L.L.); (J.-F.C.)
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia;
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.B.); (K.-C.Y.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Chun-Yu Ho
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (K.-C.L.); (D.C.-Y.H.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chiang Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.B.); (K.-C.Y.)
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yu Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ching-Zong Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (K.-C.L.); (D.C.-Y.H.)
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Lo-Tung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 265, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Z.W.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.B.); (K.-C.Y.)
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Z.W.); (Y.-J.C.)
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22
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Zhao X, Ma Y, Dong X, Zhang Z, Tian X, Zhao X, Yang Y. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: potential diagnostic and prognostic significance in clinical practice. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:796-810. [PMID: 35004946 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-20-383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical value of heterogeneous sub-populations of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 67 PDAC patients. CTCs were isolated by employing CD45 negative enrichment technique and further characterized for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) or human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT-1). The relationships between CTCs sub-phenotypes with clinicopathological factors or post-operative recurrence in PDAC patients were analyzed. RESULTS EMT related CTCs could be isolated and identified from the 81% of patients (54/67), and both the total count (median: 5 vs. 17/mL, P<0.0001) and M-CTC percentage (median: 0.2 vs. 0.345, P=0.0244) of CTCs could differentiate local/regional with metastatic disease. Multivariate analysis showed that both AJCC stage (P=0.025) and M-CTC percentage (P=0.001) were independent prognostic indicators of recurrence free survival (RFS) in resected patients. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that M-CTC after 2 courses of chemotherapy was significantly associated with inferior RFS (49.5 weeks vs. undefined, P=0.0288). No significant correlation in hENT-1 expression was found between CTCs and matched tumor tissues, and further multivariate analysis suggested hENT-1 expression in CTCs as independent prognostic factor for RFS (P=0.016). Patients with low hENT-1 expression in CTCs had decreased RFS (32 weeks vs. undefined, P=0.0337). CONCLUSIONS CTCs could be the promising diagnostic biomarkers in PDAC patients, and phenotypic profiling of CTCs based on EMT or hENT-1 could help establish novel prognostic biomarkers in resected patients undergoing adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. KEYWORDS Circulating tumor cells (CTCs); Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT); human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinmo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) in NSCLC: From Prognosis to Therapy Design. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111879. [PMID: 34834295 PMCID: PMC8619417 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing optimal (neo)adjuvant therapy is a crucial aspect of the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Standard methods of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy represent effective strategies for treatment. However, in some cases with high metastatic activity and high levels of circulating tumour cells (CTCs), the efficacy of standard treatment methods is insufficient and results in treatment failure and reduced patient survival. CTCs are seen not only as an isolated phenomenon but also a key inherent part of the formation of metastasis and a key factor in cancer death. This review discusses the impact of NSCLC therapy strategies based on a meta-analysis of clinical studies. In addition, possible therapeutic strategies for repression when standard methods fail, such as the administration of low-toxicity natural anticancer agents targeting these phenomena (curcumin and flavonoids), are also discussed. These strategies are presented in the context of key mechanisms of tumour biology with a strong influence on CTC spread and metastasis (mechanisms related to tumour-associated and -infiltrating cells, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and migration of cancer cells).
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24
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Cortés-Hernández LE, Eslami-S Z, Costa-Silva B, Alix-Panabières C. Current Applications and Discoveries Related to the Membrane Components of Circulating Tumor Cells and Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:2221. [PMID: 34571870 PMCID: PMC8465935 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer, many analytes can be investigated through liquid biopsy. They play fundamental roles in the biological mechanisms underpinning the metastatic cascade and provide clinical information that can be monitored in real time during the natural course of cancer. Some of these analytes (circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles) share a key feature: the presence of a phospholipid membrane that includes proteins, lipids and possibly nucleic acids. Most cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions are modulated by the cell membrane composition. To understand cancer progression, it is essential to describe how proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in the membrane influence these interactions in cancer cells. Therefore, assessing such interactions and the phospholipid membrane composition in different liquid biopsy analytes might be important for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we briefly describe some of the most important surface components of circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles as well as their interactions, putting an emphasis on how they are involved in the different steps of the metastatic cascade and how they can be exploited by the different liquid biopsy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Cortés-Hernández
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France; (L.E.C.-H.); (Z.E.-S.)
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France; (L.E.C.-H.); (Z.E.-S.)
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34295 Montpellier, France; (L.E.C.-H.); (Z.E.-S.)
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
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25
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The Detection of Stem-Like Circulating Tumor Cells Could Increase the Clinical Applicability of Liquid Biopsy in Ovarian Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080815. [PMID: 34440558 PMCID: PMC8401116 DOI: 10.3390/life11080815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem properties allow circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to survive in the bloodstream and initiate cancer progression. We aimed to assess the numbers of stem-like CTCs in patients with ovarian cancer (OC) before treatment and during first-line chemotherapy (CT). Flow cytometry was performed (Cytoflex S (Beckman Coulter, CA, USA)) using antibodies against CD45; epithelial markers EpCAM and cytokeratin (CK) 8,18; mesenchymal vimentin (vim); and stem-like CD44, CD133 and ALDH. This study included 38 stage I-IV OC patients (median age 66 (Q1-Q3 53-70)). The CK+vim- counts were higher (p = 0.012) and the CD133+ALDHhigh counts were lower (p = 0.010) before treatment in the neoadjuvant CT group than in the adjuvant group. The patients with ascites had more CK+vim- cells before treatment (p = 0.009) and less EpCAM-vim+ cells during treatment (p = 0.018) than the patients without ascites. All the CTC counts did not differ significantly in paired samples. Correlations were found between the CK-vim+ and CD133+ALDHhigh (r = 0.505, p = 0.027) and EpCAM-vim+ and ALDHhigh (r = 0.597, p = 0.004) cells before but not during treatment. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that progression-free survival was longer with the presence of surgical treatment (HR 0.06 95% CI 0.01-0.48, p = 0.009) and fewer CD133+ALDHveryhigh cells (HR 1.06 95% CI 1.02-1.12, p = 0.010). Thus, CD133+ALDH+ CTCs have the greatest prognostic potential in OC among the phenotypes studied.
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26
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Gao G, Li C, Fan W, Zhang M, Li X, Chen W, Li W, Liang R, Li Z, Zhu X. Brilliant glycans and glycosylation: Seq and ye shall find. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:279-291. [PMID: 34389387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycosylation is the addition of monosaccharides or glycans to the protein peptide chain. This is a common post-translational modification of proteins with a variety of biological functions. At present, more than half of all biopharmaceuticals in clinic are modified by glycosylation. Most glycoproteins are potential drug targets and biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Therefore, in-depth study of glycan structure of glycoproteins will ultimately improve the sensitivity and specificity of glycoproteins for clinical disease detection. With the deepening of research, the function and application value of glycans and glycosylation has gradually emerged. This review systematically introduces the latest research progress of glycans and glycosylation. It encompasses six cancers, four viruses, and their latest discoveries in Alzheimer's disease, allergic diseases, congenital diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwen Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingtao Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinming Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Weiquan Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Runzhang Liang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China.
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Chantzara E, Xenidis N, Kallergi G, Georgoulias V, Kotsakis A. Circulating tumor cells as prognostic biomarkers in breast cancer: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1037-1048. [PMID: 34328384 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1962710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction : Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques breast cancer is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. CTCs play a crucial role in the metastatic process, which is the main cause of death in BC patients.Areas covered : This review discusses the prognostic and predictive value of CTCs and their prospective in management of BC patients.Expert opinion : The analysis of CTCs through improved technologies offers a new insight into the metastatic cascade. Assessment of the number and molecular profile of CTCs holds great promises for disease monitoring and therapeutic decisions. However, more research is needed until they can be used in therapeutic decisions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelia Chantzara
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Xenidis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Thrace, Greece
| | - Galatea Kallergi
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
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28
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Kryvoshlyk I. CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS: WHERE WE LEFT OFF? BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis and recurrence are the leading causes of cancer-related death. Tumor cells which leave the primary or secondary tumors and shed into the bloodstream are called circulating tumor cells (CTC). These cells are the key drivers of cancer dissemination to surrounding tissues and to distant organs. The use of CTC in clinical practice necessitates the deep insight into their biology, as well as into their role in cancer evasion of immune surveillance, tumor resistance to chemo- radio- and immunotherapies and metastatic dormancy. Aim. The purpose of the work was to review the current knowledge on the CTC biology, as well as the prospects for their use for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of metastatic disease. Methods. The work proposed the integrative literature review using MEDLINE, Biological Abstracts and EMBASE databases. Results. This review summarizes and discusses historical milestones and current data concerning СTС biology, the main stages of their life cycle, their role in metastatic cascade, clinical prospects for their use as markers for the diagnosis and prognostication of the disease course, as well as targets for cancer treatment. Conclusions. Significant progress in the area of CTC biology and their use in cancer theranostics convincingly proved the attractiveness of these cells as targets for cancer prognosis and therapy. The effective use of liquid biopsy with quantitative and phenotypic characteristics of CTCs is impeded by the imperfection of the methodology for taking biological material and by the lack of reliable markers for assessing the metastatic potential of CTCs of various origins. The variety of mechanisms of tumor cells migration and invasion requires the development of complex therapeutic approaches for anti-metastatic therapy targeting CTCs. Efforts to address these key issues could help developing new and effective cancer treatment strategies.
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a kind of multipotent stem cells with self-renewal ability and multi-differentiation ability, have become the “practical stem cells” for the treatment of diseases. MSCs have immunomodulatory properties and can be used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Crohn’s disease. MSCs also can be used in cancer and aging. At present, many clinical experiments are using MSCs. MSCs can reduce the occurrence of inflammation and apoptosis of tissue cells, and promote the proliferation of endogenous tissue and organ cells, so as to achieve the effect of repairing tissue and organs. MSCs presumably also play an important role in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.
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Mao CG, Jiang SS, Wang XY, Tao SL, Jiang B, Mao CY, Yang YL, Hu ZY, Long T, Jin H, Tan QY, Huang Y, Deng B. BCAR1 plays critical roles in the formation and immunoevasion of invasive circulating tumor cells in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2461-2475. [PMID: 34326687 PMCID: PMC8315020 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the roles of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1/p130Cas) in the formation and immunoevasion of invasive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods: Biomarkers of CTCs including BCAR1 and CD274, were evaluated by the CanPatrol method. Proteomics analysis of LUAD cells and exosomes after BCAR1 overexpression (BCAR1-OE) was performed by mass spectrometry. Cell functions and relevant signaling pathways were investigated after BCAR1 knockdown (BCAR1-KO) or BCAR1-OE in LUAD cells. Lastly, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to confirm the roles of BCAR1 in the formation and immunoevasion of CTCs. Results: High expression of BCAR1 by CTCs correlated with CD274 expression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RAC1, together with BCAR1, was found to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of LUAD. RAC1 functioned with BCAR1 to induce EMT and to enhance cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasion and migration, and anoikis resistance in LUAD cells. BCAR1 up-regulated CD274 expression probably by shuttling the short isoform of BRD4 (BRD4-S) into the nucleus. CTCs, as well as tumor formation, were prohibited in nude mice xenografted with BCAR1-KO cells. The co-expression of BCAR1/RAC1 and BCAR1/CD274 was confirmed in LUAD. BCAR1 expression in LUAD is an indicator of poor prognosis, and it associates with immunoevasion. Conclusion: BCAR1, as a new target for the treatment of LUAD, plays roles in the formation and immunoevasion of invasive CTCs. The mechanism includes triggering EMT via RAC1 signaling and up-regulating CD274 expression by shuttling BRD4-S into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Guo Mao
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Sha-sha Jiang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiao-yang Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shao-Lin Tao
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Cheng-Yi Mao
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yan-Lian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tan Long
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qun-You Tan
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bo Deng
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Lei Y, Wang X, Sun H, Fu Y, Tian Y, Yang L, Wang J, Xia F. Association of Preoperative NANOG-Positive Circulating Tumor Cell Levels With Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:601668. [PMID: 34123777 PMCID: PMC8190394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.601668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been proposed as fundamental causes for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CTCs isolated from patients with HCC illustrate a unique Nanog expression profile analysis. The aim of this study was to enhance the prediction of recurrence and prognosis of the CTC phenotype in patients with HCC by combining Nanog expression into a combined forecasting model. Subjects, Materials, and Methods We collected 320 blood samples from 160 patients with HCC cancer before surgery and used CanPatrol™ CTC enrichment technology and in situ hybridization (ISH) to enrich and detect CTCs and CSCs. Nanog expression in all CTCs was also determined. In addition, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to study the expression of Nanog, E-Cadherin, and N-Cadherin in liver cancer tissues and to conduct clinical correlation studies. Results The numbers of EpCAM mRNA+ CTCs and Nanog mRNA+ CTCs were strongly correlated with postoperative HCC recurrence (CTC number (P = 0.03), the total number of mixed CTCS (P = 0.02), and Nanog> 6.7 (P = 0.001), with Nanog > 6.7 (P = 0.0003, HR = 2.33) being the most crucial marker. There are significant differences in the expression of Nanog on different types of CTC: most Epithelial CTCs do not express Nanog, while most of Mixed CTC and Mesenchymal CTC express Nanog, and their positive rates are 38.7%, 66.7%, and 88.7%, respectively, (P=0.0001). Moreover, both CTC (≤/> 13.3) and Nanog (≤/>6.7) expression were significantly correlated with BCLC stage, vascular invasion, tumor size, and Hbv-DNA (all P < 0.05). In the young group and the old group, patients with higher Nanog expression had a higher recurrence rate. (P < 0.001). Conclusions The number of Nanog-positive cells showed positive correlation with the poor prognosis of HCC patients. The detection and analysis of CTC markers (EpCAM and CK8, 18, CD45 Vimentin,Twist and 19) and CSCs markers (NANOG) are of great value in the evaluation of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated to AMU (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuna Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yichen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated to AMU (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated to AMU (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, China
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Mazouji O, Ouhajjou A, Incitti R, Mansour H. Updates on Clinical Use of Liquid Biopsy in Colorectal Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, Follow-Up, and Treatment Guidance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660924. [PMID: 34150757 PMCID: PMC8213391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, being the third most diagnosed in the world and the second deadliest. Solid biopsy provides an essential guide for the clinical management of patients with colorectal cancer; however, this method presents several limitations, in particular invasiveness, and cannot be used repeatedly. Recently, clinical research directed toward the use of liquid biopsy, as an alternative tool to solid biopsy, showed significant promise in several CRC clinical applications, as (1) detect CRC patients at early stage, (2) make treatment decision, (3) monitor treatment response, (4) predict relapses and metastases, (5) unravel tumor heterogeneity, and (6) detect minimal residual disease. The purpose of this short review is to describe the concept, the characteristics, the genetic components, and the technologies used in liquid biopsy in the context of the management of colorectal cancer, and finally we reviewed gene alterations, recently described in the literature, as promising potential biomarkers that may be specifically used in liquid biopsy tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Mazouji
- GES-LCM2E, FPN, Mohamed First University, Oujda, Morocco
| | | | - Roberto Incitti
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hicham Mansour
- GES-LCM2E, FPN, Mohamed First University, Oujda, Morocco
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Alix-Panabieres C, Magliocco A, Cortes-Hernandez LE, Eslami-S Z, Franklin D, Messina JL. Detection of cancer metastasis: past, present and future. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 39:21-28. [PMID: 33961169 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical importance of metastatic spread of cancer has been recognized for centuries, and melanoma has loomed large in historical descriptions of metastases, as well as the numerous mechanistic theories espoused. The "fatal black tumor" described by Hippocrates in 5000 BC that was later termed "melanose" by Rene Laennec in 1804 was recognized to have the propensity to metastasize by William Norris in 1820. And while the prognosis of melanoma was uniformly acknowledged to be dire, Samuel Cooper described surgical removal as having the potential to improve prognosis. Subsequent to this, in 1898 Herbert Snow was the first to recognize the potential clinical benefit of removing clinically normal lymph nodes at the time of initial cancer surgery. In describing "anticipatory gland excision," he noted that "it is essential to remove, whenever possible, those lymph glands which first receive the infective protoplasm, and bar its entrance into the blood, before they have undergone increase in bulk". This revolutionary concept marked the beginning of a debate that rages today: are regional lymph nodes the first stop for metastases ("incubator" hypothesis) or does their involvement serve as an indicator of aggressive disease with inherent metastatic potential ("marker" hypothesis). Is there a better way to improve prediction of disease outcome? This article attempts to address some of the resultant questions that were the subject of the session "Novel Frontiers in the Diagnosis of Cancer" at the 8th International Congress on Cancer Metastases, held in San Francisco, CA in October 2019. Some of these questions addressed include the significance of sentinel node metastasis in melanoma, and the optimal method for their pathologic analysis. The finding of circulating tumor cells in the blood may potentially supplant surgical techniques for detection of metastatic disease, and we are beginning to perfect techniques for their detection, understand how to apply the findings clinically, and develop clinical followup treatment algorithms based on these results. Finally, we will discuss the revolutionary field of machine learning and its applications in cancer diagnosis. Computer-based learning algorithms have the potential to improve efficiency and diagnostic accuracy of pathology, and can be used to develop novel predictors of prognosis, but significant challenges remain. This review will thus encompass latest concepts in the detection of cancer metastasis via the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, and the role of computers in enhancing our knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alix-Panabieres
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jane L Messina
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Poulet G, Garlan F, Garrigou S, Zonta E, Benhaim L, Carrillon MJ, Didelot A, Le Corre D, Mulot C, Nizard P, Ginot F, Boutonnet-Rodat A, Blons H, Bachet JB, Taïeb J, Zaanan A, Geromel V, Pellegrina L, Laurent-Puig P, Wang-Renault SF, Taly V. Characterization of Plasma Cell-Free DNA Integrity Using Droplet-Based Digital PCR: Toward the Development of Circulating Tumor DNA-Dedicated Assays. Front Oncol 2021; 11:639675. [PMID: 34094923 PMCID: PMC8174096 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.639675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cellular-cell free-DNA (ccfDNA) is being explored as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for various diseases including cancer. Beyond the evaluation of the ccfDNA mutational status, its fragmentation has been investigated as a potential cancer biomarker in several studies. However, probably due to a lack of standardized procedures dedicated to preanalytical and analytical processing of plasma samples, contradictory results have been published. Methods: ddPCR assays allowing the detection of KRAS wild-type and mutated sequences (KRAS p.G12V, pG12D, and pG13D) were designed to target different fragments sizes. Once validated on fragmented and non-fragmented DNA extracted from cancer cell lines, these assays were used to investigate the influence of the extraction methods on the non-mutated and mutated ccfDNA integrity reflected by the DNA integrity index (DII). The DII was then analyzed in two prospective cohorts of metastatic colorectal cancer patients (RASANC study n = 34; PLACOL study n = 12) and healthy subjects (n = 49). Results and Discussion: Our results demonstrate that ccfDNA is highly fragmented in mCRC patients compared with healthy individuals. These results strongly suggest that the characterization of ccfDNA integrity hold great promise toward the development of a universal biomarker for the follow-up of mCRC patients. Furthermore, they support the importance of standardization of sample handling and processing in such analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Poulet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Eurofins-Biomnis, Specialized Medical Biology Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | - Fanny Garlan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garrigou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Eleonora Zonta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Leonor Benhaim
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Department of Visceral and Surgical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Jennifer Carrillon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Didelot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Le Corre
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Claire Mulot
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,CIC-EC4 URC, HEGP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Nizard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Helene Blons
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Department of Oncology, European Georges-Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Bachet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université, Paris, France.,Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,AGEO (Association des Gastroentérologues Oncologues), Paris, France
| | - Julien Taïeb
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Department of Oncology, European Georges-Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,AGEO (Association des Gastroentérologues Oncologues), Paris, France
| | - Aziz Zaanan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Department of Oncology, European Georges-Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Vanna Geromel
- Eurofins-Biomnis, Specialized Medical Biology Laboratory, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France.,Department of Oncology, European Georges-Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Shu-Fang Wang-Renault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Taly
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, CNRS SNC 5096, Paris, France
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Alix-Panabières C, Pantel K. Liquid Biopsy: From Discovery to Clinical Application. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:858-873. [PMID: 33811121 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) have received enormous attention as new biomarkers and subjects of translational research. Although both biomarkers are already used in numerous clinical trials, their clinical utility is still under investigation with promising first results. Clinical applications include early cancer detection, improved cancer staging, early detection of relapse, real-time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy, and detection of therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms. Here, we propose a conceptual framework of CTC and ctDNA assays and point out current challenges of CTC and ctDNA research, which might structure this dynamic field of translational cancer research. SIGNIFICANCE: The analysis of blood for CTCs or cell-free nucleic acids called "liquid biopsy" has opened new avenues for cancer diagnostics, including early detection of tumors, improved risk assessment and staging, as well as early detection of relapse and monitoring of tumor evolution in the context of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Cayrefourcq L, Thomas F, Mazard T, Assenat E, Assou S, Alix-Panabières C. Selective treatment pressure in colon cancer drives the molecular profile of resistant circulating tumor cell clones. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:30. [PMID: 33557844 PMCID: PMC7869222 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) holds promises for precision medicine because these cells are an important clinical indicator of treatment efficacy. We established the first and still only nine permanent colon CTC lines from peripheral blood samples of a patient with metastatic colon cancer collected at different time points during treatment and cancer progression. The study objectives were (i) to compare the gene expression profiles of these CTC lines, and (ii) to determine the main features acquired during treatment. The number of upregulated genes was higher in the CTC lines obtained after treatment, indicating that they acquired properties to escape treatment pressure. Among these upregulated genes, some are involved in the mTOR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Moreover, cytidine deaminase expression was significantly increased in the CTC lines obtained after failure of the first- and second-line 5-fluorouracile-based treatments, suggesting that these CTCs can eliminate this specific drug and resist to therapy. Several enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism also were upregulated after treatment, suggesting the activation of detoxification mechanisms in response to chemotherapy. Finally, the significant higher expression of aldolase B in four of the six CTC lines obtained after treatment withdrawal and cancer progression indicated that these clones originated from liver metastases. In conclusion, these CTC lines generated at different time points during treatment of metastatic colon cancer in a single patient are characterized by the deregulation of different genes that promote (i) drug resistance, (ii) xenobiotic and energy metabolism, and (iii) stem cell properties and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Cayrefourcq
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells, University Medical Center of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Mazard
- Department IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells, University Medical Center of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224–CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Research Progress for the Clinical Application of Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6230826. [PMID: 33506020 PMCID: PMC7814947 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6230826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a life-threatening and highly heterogeneous malignancy. In the past decade, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been suggested to play a critical role in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. In particular, as the “seed” of the cancer metastasis cascade, CTCs determine numerous biological behaviors, such as tumor invasion into adjacent tissues and migration to distant organs. Many studies have shown that CTCs are necessary in the processes of tumor progression, including tumorigenesis, invasion, metastasis, and colonization. Furthermore, CTCs express various biomarkers relevant to prostate cancer and thus can be applied clinically in noninvasive tests. Moreover, CTCs can serve as potential prognostic targets in prostate cancer due to their roles in regulating many processes associated with cancer metastasis. In this review, we discuss the isolation and detection of CTCs as predictive markers of prostate cancer, and we discuss their clinical application in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer and in monitoring the response to treatment and the prediction of metastasis.
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Dell'Olio F, Su J, Huser T, Sottile V, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Photonic technologies for liquid biopsies: recent advances and open research challenges. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2021; 15:2000255. [PMID: 35360260 PMCID: PMC8966629 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of sophisticated techniques capable of detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating tumor biomarkers in accessible body fluids, such as blood or urine, could contribute to a paradigm shift in cancer diagnosis and treatment. By applying such techniques, clinicians can carry out liquid biopsies, providing information on tumor presence, evolution, and response to therapy. The implementation of biosensing platforms for liquid biopsies is particularly complex because this application domain demands high selectivity/specificity and challenging limit-of-detection (LoD) values. The interest in photonics as an enabling technology for liquid biopsies is growing owing to the well-known advantages of photonic biosensors over competing technologies in terms of compactness, immunity to external disturbance, and ultra-high spatial resolution. Some encouraging experimental results in the field of photonic devices and systems for liquid biopsy have already been achieved by using fluorescent labels and label-free techniques and by exploiting super-resolution microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and whispering gallery mode resonators. This paper critically reviews the current state-of-the-art, starting from the requirements imposed by the detection of the most common circulating biomarkers. Open research challenges are considered together with competing technologies, and the most promising paths of improvement are discussed for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dell'Olio
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Judith Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Optical Sciences, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Center of Montpellier, 34093 CEDEX 5, France
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Qin K, Parisi C, Fernandes FM. Recent advances in ice templating: from biomimetic composites to cell culture scaffolds and tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:889-907. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02506b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review the evolution of ice-templating process from initial inorganic materials to recent developments in shaping increasingly labile biological matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Qin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Cleo Parisi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
| | - Francisco M. Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris
- Sorbonne Université
- 75005 Paris
- France
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Ex Vivo Expansion and Drug Sensitivity Profiling of Circulating Tumor Cells from Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113394. [PMID: 33207745 PMCID: PMC7696848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an overly aggressive cancer characterized by rapid growth, early metastatic spread, and consequently reducing overall survival. As cancer manifestations can differ uniquely between various types, the rapid proliferation of circulating tumor cells (CTC) originating from SCLC was an adequate sample resource to aid the headway in our drug screening technique. With biomarker detection of liquid biopsy as an emerging tool to assist decision-making in personalized cancer pharmacotherapy. In this study, we developed a rapid and reproducible system for preclinical drug testing via the use of a unique CTCs expansion protocol. The expanded CTCs from SCLC formed multiple types of tumorsphere structures and expressed SCLC-specific tumor markers. The drug sensitivity assessment gathered from in vitro expansion of CTCs was able to generate positive clinical therapeutic outcomes. Thus, SCLC patient-derived CTC spheroids are a useful resource for biomarker development and drug sensitivity assessment providing “real-world” therapeutic response circumstances. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents one of the most aggressive malignancies among cancer types. Not only tumor sample availability is limited, but also the ability for tumor cells to rapidly acquire drug resistance are the rate-limiting bottlenecks for overall survival in current clinical settings. A liquid biopsy capable of capturing and enriching circulating tumor cells (CTCs), together with the possibility of drug screening, is a promising solution. Here, we illustrate the development of a highly efficient ex vivo CTC expansion system based on binary colloidal crystals substrate. Clinical samples were enrolled from 22 patients with SCLC in the study. The CTCs were enriched and expanded from the collected peripheral blood samples. Expanded cells were analyzed for protein expression and observed for drug sensitivity with the use of immunofluorescence and ATP titer evaluation, respectively. Successful CTC spheroid proliferation was established after 4 weeks within 82% of all the collected peripheral blood samples from enrolled patients. Upon immunofluorescence analysis, the enriched cells showed positive markers for EpCAM, TTF-1, synaptophysin and negative for CD45. Additionally, the expanded CTCs demonstrated marked heterogeneity in the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. In a preliminary case series, the drug sensitivity of patient-derived CTC to cisplatin and etoposide was studied to see the correlation with the corresponding therapeutic outcome. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that it is possible to efficiently expand CTCs from SCLC within a clinically relevant time frame; the biomarker information generated from enriched CTCs can assist the selection of effective drugs and improve disease outcome.
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Internò V, Tucci M, Pezzicoli G, Silvestris F, Porta C, Mannavola F. Liquid Biopsy as a Tool Exploring in Real-Time Both Genomic Perturbation and Resistance to EGFR Antagonists in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581130. [PMID: 33102237 PMCID: PMC7546030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has improved since the introduction of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors as cetuximab and panitumumab. However, only patients with peculiar genomic profiles benefit from these targeting therapies. In fact, the molecular integrity of RAS genes is a predominant factor conditioning both primary and acquired resistance in non-responders although additional molecular derangements induced by selective anti-EGFR pressure may concur to the failure of those disease treatment, liquid biopsy (LB) appears as a surrogate of tissue biopsy, provides the genomic information to reveal tumor resistance to anti-EGFR agents, the detection of minimal residual disease before adjuvant therapies, and the discovery of tumor molecular status suitable for rechallenging treatments with EGFR antagonists. LB investigates circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA), and tumor-derived exosomes. In mCRC, ctDNA analysis has been demonstrated as a useful method in the mutational tracking of defined genes as well as on tumor burden and detection of molecular alterations driving the resistance to anti-EGFR targeting treatments. However, despite their efficiency in molecular diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of mCRC, the affordability of these procedures is prevalently restricted to research centers, and the lack of consensus validation prevents their translation to clinical practice. Here, we revisit the major mechanisms responsible for resistance to EGFR blockade and review the different methods of LB potentially useful for treatment options in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Bari "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pezzicoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Smit DJ, Cayrefourcq L, Haider MT, Hinz N, Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C, Jücker M. High Sensitivity of Circulating Tumor Cells Derived from a Colorectal Cancer Patient for Dual Inhibition with AKT and mTOR Inhibitors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092129. [PMID: 32962206 PMCID: PMC7566012 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed from the primary tumor into the bloodstream. While many studies on solid tumor cells exist, data on CTCs are scarce. The mortality of cancer is mostly associated with metastasis and recent research identified CTCs as initiators of metastasis. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is an intracellular pathway that regulates essential functions including protein biosynthesis, cell growth, cell cycle control, survival and migration. Importantly, activating oncogenic mutations and amplifications in this pathway are frequently observed in a wide variety of cancer entities, underlining the significance of this signaling pathway. In this study, we analyzed the functional role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the CTC-MCC-41 line, derived from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. One striking finding in our study was the strong sensitivity of this CTC line against AKT inhibition using MK2206 and mTOR inhibition using RAD001 within the nanomolar range. This suggests that therapies targeting AKT and mTOR could have been beneficial for the patient from which the CTC line was isolated. Additionally, a dual targeting approach of AKT/mTOR inside the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the colorectal CTCs showed synergistic effects in vitro. Depending on the phenotypical behavior of CTC-MCC-41 in cell culture (adherent vs. suspension), we identified altered phosphorylation levels inside the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We observed a downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, but not of the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, in CTCs growing in suspension in comparison to adherent CTCs. Our results highlight distinct functions of AKT isoforms in CTC-MCC-41 cells with respect to cell proliferation. Knockdown of AKT1 and AKT2 leads to significantly impaired proliferation of CTC-MCC-41 cells in vitro. Therefore, our data demonstrate that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway plays a key role in the proliferation of CTC-MCC-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Smit
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.J.S.); (N.H.)
| | - Laure Cayrefourcq
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Center of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.C.); (C.A.-P.)
| | - Marie-Therese Haider
- Molecular Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Nico Hinz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.J.S.); (N.H.)
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Center of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.C.); (C.A.-P.)
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.J.S.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-40-7410-56339
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43
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Mentis AFA, Grivas PD, Dardiotis E, Romas NA, Papavassiliou AG. Circulating tumor cells as Trojan Horse for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer: a critical appraisal. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3671-3690. [PMID: 32333084 PMCID: PMC11104835 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as harbingers of metastases. Their ability to predict response to therapy, relapse, and resistance to treatment has proposed their value as putative diagnostic and prognostic indicators. CTCs represent one of the zeniths of cancer evolution in terms of cell survival; however, the triggers of CTC generation, the identification of potentially metastatic CTCs, and the mechanisms contributing to their heterogeneity and aggressiveness represent issues not yet fully deciphered. Thus, prior to enabling liquid biopsy applications to reach clinical prime time, understanding how the above mechanistic information can be applied to improve treatment decisions is a key challenge. Here, we provide our perspective on how CTCs can provide mechanistic insights into tumor pathogenesis, as well as on CTC clinical value. In doing so, we aim to (a) describe how CTCs disseminate from the primary tumor, and their link to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (b) trace the route of CTCs through the circulation, focusing on tumor self-seeding and the possibility of tertiary metastasis; (c) describe possible mechanisms underlying the enhanced metastatic potential of CTCs; (d) discuss how CTC could provide further information on the tissue of origin, especially in cancer of unknown primary origin. We also provide a comprehensive review of meta-analyses assessing the prognostic significance of CTCs, to highlight the emerging role of CTCs in clinical oncology. We also explore how cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, using a combination of genomic and phylogenetic analysis, can offer insights into CTC biology, including our understanding of CTC heterogeneity and tumor evolution. Last, we discuss emerging technologies, such as high-throughput quantitative imaging, radiogenomics, machine learning approaches, and the emerging breath biopsy. These technologies could compliment CTC and ctDNA analyses, and they collectively represent major future steps in cancer detection, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros D Grivas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Romas
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street-Bldg. 16, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Yu X, Sha L, Dong L, Cao Y, Zhao J. Recent Advances in Bio-Sensing Methods for the Detection of Tumor Exosomes. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:356-374. [PMID: 32762253 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1802220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, small vesicles with the diameters of 40-160 nm, play an important role in intercellular transport and communication. Exosomes are rich in many kinds of biomolecules, and differential expression of exosomal contents directly reflects the state of the original cells. Therefore, the tumor exosomes are appearing as promising biomarkers in liquid biopsy, and highly sensitive and specific detection of tumor exosomes may provide the information for the early diagnosis, real-time monitoring and treatment of the tumors. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the detection of tumor exosomes, mainly focusing on the use of different analytical techniques, such as optical and electrochemical methods as well as that combination with newly-emerging microfluidic techniques, thereby providing valuable information for the application in the clinical diagnosis and management of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Yu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Sha
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Langjian Dong
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ya Cao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule: An Anchor to Isolate Clinically Relevant Circulating Tumor Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081836. [PMID: 32764280 PMCID: PMC7464831 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has received increased attention as the main membrane marker used in many enrichment technologies to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Although there has been a great deal of progress in the implementation of EpCAM-based CTC detection technologies in medical settings, several issues continue to limit their clinical utility. The biology of EpCAM and its role are not completely understood but evidence suggests that the expression of this epithelial cell-surface protein is crucial for metastasis-competent CTCs and may not be lost completely during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the most significant advantages and disadvantages of using EpCAM as a marker for CTC enrichment and its potential biological role in the metastatic cascade.
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Okazaki M, Yamaguchi T, Tajima H, Fushida S, Ohta T. Platelet adherence to cancer cells promotes escape from innate immune surveillance in cancer metastasis. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:980-988. [PMID: 32945350 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of post‑operative abdominal infectious complications increase hematogenous distant metastasis and result in poor long‑term survival after curative resection. Even if curative resection can be performed, the presence of circulating tumor cells is affected. The liver, the most common site of metastases, is an important organ in innate immune surveillance. However, the molecular mechanisms of distant hematogenous metastasis are not yet fully known. Platelets are crucial components in the tumor microenvironment that function to promote tumor progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of platelets on escape from innate immune surveillance in post‑operative abdominal infectious complications. Platelet adherence was assessed by co‑culturing human pancreatic cancer cells including transforming growth factor (TGF‑β)‑treated BxPC‑3. CD44 isoform, transcription factors and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition markers were examined using western blotting. We also assessed whether cancer cells surrounded by activated platelets could escape from innate immune surveillance, using infectious and non‑infectious mouse models injected intraperitoneally with LPS. Platelets were found to preferentially adhere to mesenchymal cells rather than epithelial cells. BxPC‑3 epithelial cells showed upregulation of CD44‑variant and epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP‑1) expression. However, Panc‑1 mesenchymal cells and TGF‑β‑treated BxPC‑3 cells showed upregulation of CD44‑standard and zinc finger E‑box‑binding homeobox 1 (ZEB‑1) expression and a reduction in ESRP‑1. In the non‑infectious model, cancer cells were not found in the liver. In the infectious model, although epithelial cells without platelet adhesion were in an apoptotic state, mesenchymal cells showed many viable cancer cells surrounded by activated platelets. Cancer cells were suggested to have phenotypic plasticity through the switching of CD44 isoforms. Mesenchymal cells, which express CD44‑standard, could escape from immune surveillance by becoming surrounded by adhered activated platelets. Therefore, it may be necessary to administer antiplatelet agents to prevent distant hematogenous metastasis when post‑operative abdominal infectious complications occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920‑8641, Japan
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EMT-Associated Heterogeneity in Circulating Tumor Cells: Sticky Friends on the Road to Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061632. [PMID: 32575608 PMCID: PMC7352430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) generate hybrid phenotypes with an enhanced ability to adapt to diverse microenvironments encountered during the metastatic spread. Accordingly, EMTs play a crucial role in the biology of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and contribute to their heterogeneity. Here, we review major EMT-driven properties that may help hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal CTCs to survive in the bloodstream and accomplish early phases of metastatic colonization. We then discuss how interrogating EMT in CTCs as a companion biomarker could help refine cancer patient management, further supporting the relevance of CTCs in personalized medicine.
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Dianat-Moghadam H, Azizi M, Eslami-S Z, Cortés-Hernández LE, Heidarifard M, Nouri M, Alix-Panabières C. The Role of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Metastatic Cascade: Biology, Technical Challenges, and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040867. [PMID: 32260071 PMCID: PMC7225923 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases and cancer recurrence are the main causes of cancer death. Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and disseminated tumor cells are the drivers of cancer cell dissemination. The assessment of CTCs’ clinical role in early metastasis prediction, diagnosis, and treatment requires more information about their biology, their roles in cancer dormancy, and immune evasion as well as in therapy resistance. Indeed, CTC functional and biochemical phenotypes have been only partially characterized using murine metastasis models and liquid biopsy in human patients. CTC detection, characterization, and enumeration represent a promising tool for tailoring the management of each patient with cancer. The comprehensive understanding of CTCs will provide more opportunities to determine their clinical utility. This review provides much-needed insights into this dynamic field of translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran
| | - Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Luis Enrique Cortés-Hernández
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
| | - Maryam Heidarifard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51368 Tabriz, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran; (H.D.-M.); (M.N.)
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, UPRES, EA2415, 34093 Montpellier, France (L.E.C.-H.)
- Correspondence:
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Alix-Panabières C. "Circulating Tumor Cells: Finding Rare Events for a Huge Knowledge of Cancer Dissemination". Cells 2020; 9:cells9030661. [PMID: 32182830 PMCID: PMC7140633 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
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Klotz R, Yu M. Insights into brain metastasis: Recent advances in circulating tumor cell research. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 5:e1239. [PMID: 33372393 PMCID: PMC9124503 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background How tumor cells disseminate to brain and establish brain metastasis remains partly an unsolved problem. This devastating complication of many cancers is initiated by a rare subset of the circulating tumor cells (CTCs) shed into the blood stream. Thus, the profiling of the molecular properties in these brain metastasis‐initiating CTCs is essential to uncover the mechanisms underlying brain metastasis. Recent Findings Important efforts to improve the enrichment and detection of CTCs enabled the detailed molecular and functional analysis of CTCs that drive brain metastasis. In this review, we highlight key findings on existing preclinical studies that provide insights toward a comprehensive picture of brain metastasis‐precursors in CTCs and the potential clinical implications. Conclusion A deeper understanding of the brain metastasis precursors should help to stratify high‐risk patients and improve preventive therapeutic strategies. Although all these preclinical evidences have yet to be translated into patients, they provide considerable hope to benefit patients with brain metastases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Klotz
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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