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Wang F, Zhang J, Xu L, Ma A, Zhuang G, Huo S, Zou B, Qian J, Cui Y, Zhang W. Magnetic field-assisted surface engineering technology for active regulation of Fe 3O 4 medium to enable the laccase electrochemical biosensing of catechol with visible stripe patterns. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1311:342739. [PMID: 38816161 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catechol (CC), a prevalent phenolic compound, is a byproduct in various agricultural, chemical, and industrial processes. CC detection is crucial for safeguarding water quality and plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall quality of life of individuals. Electrochemical biosensors exhibit rapid responses, have small sizes, and can be used for real-time monitoring. Therefore, the development of a fast and sensitive electrochemical biosensor for CC detection is crucial. RESULT In this study, a laccase-based electrochemical biosensor for detection of CC is successfully developed using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as medium and optimized by applying a magnetic field. This research proposes a unique strategy for biosensor enhancement by actively controlling the distribution of magnetic materials on the electrode surface through the application of a magnetic field, resulting in a visibly alternating stripe pattern. This approach effectively disperses magnetic particles, preventing their aggregation and reducing the boundary layer thickness, enhancing the electrochemical response of the biosensor. After fabrication condition optimization, CC is successfully detected using this biosensor. The fabricated sensor exhibits excellent performance with a wide linear detection range of 10-1000 μM, a low detection limit of 1.25 μM, and a sensitivity of 7.9 μA/mM. The fabricated sensor exhibits good selectivity and reliable detection in real water samples. In addition, the laccase-based sensor has the potential for the fast and accurate monitoring of CC in olive oil. SIGNIFICANCE The magnetic field optimization in this study significantly improved the performance of the electrochemical biosensor for detecting CC in environmental samples. Overall, the sensor developed in this study has the potential for fast and accurate monitoring of CC in environmental samples, highlighting the potential importance of a magnetic field environment in improving the performance of catechol electrochemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Anzhou Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Shuhao Huo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jingya Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yi Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Photoelectric Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Bhunia S, Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Yndart Arias A, Brooks D, Nair M. Drug Delivery to the Brain: Recent Advances and Unmet Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2658. [PMID: 38139999 PMCID: PMC10747851 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases are on the rise, treatments for central nervous system (CNS) diseases remain limited. Despite the significant advancement in drug development technology with emerging biopharmaceuticals like gene therapy or recombinant protein, the clinical translational rate of such biopharmaceuticals to treat CNS disease is extremely poor. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from blood and protects the CNS microenvironment to maintain essential neuronal functions, poses the greatest challenge for CNS drug delivery. Many strategies have been developed over the years which include local disruption of BBB via physical and chemical methods, and drug transport across BBB via transcytosis by targeting some endogenous proteins expressed on brain-capillary. Drug delivery to brain is an ever-evolving topic, although there were multiple review articles in literature, an update is warranted due to continued growth and new innovations of research on this topic. Thus, this review is an attempt to highlight the recent strategies employed to overcome challenges of CNS drug delivery while emphasizing the necessity of investing more efforts in CNS drug delivery technologies parallel to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Bhunia
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Deborah Brooks
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Tomitaka A, Vashist A, Kolishetti N, Nair M. Machine learning assisted-nanomedicine using magnetic nanoparticles for central nervous system diseases. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4354-4367. [PMID: 37638161 PMCID: PMC10448356 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00180f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles possess unique properties distinct from other types of nanoparticles developed for biomedical applications. Their unique magnetic properties and multifunctionalities are especially beneficial for central nervous system (CNS) disease therapy and diagnostics, as well as targeted and personalized applications using image-guided therapy and theranostics. This review discusses the recent development of magnetic nanoparticles for CNS applications, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and drug addiction. Machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly applied towards the processing, optimization and development of nanomaterials. By using data-driven approach, ML has the potential to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical research. We review ML approaches used within the various stages of nanomedicine development, from nanoparticle synthesis and characterization to performance prediction and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Tomitaka
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria Texas 77901 USA
| | - Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami Florida 33199 USA
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Zheng J, Jiang X, Li Y, Gao J. Inorganic nanoparticle-integrated mesenchymal stem cells: A potential biological agent for multifaceted applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e313. [PMID: 37533768 PMCID: PMC10390757 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies are flourishing. MSCs could be used as potential therapeutic agents for regenerative medicine due to their own repair function. Meanwhile, the natural predisposition toward inflammation or injury sites makes them promising carriers for targeted drug delivery. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) are greatly favored for their unique properties and potential applications in biomedical fields. Current research has integrated INPs with MSCs to enhance their regenerative or antitumor functions. This model also allows the in vivo fate tracking of MSCs in multiple imaging modalities, as many INPs are also excellent contrast agents. Thus, INP-integrated MSCs would be a multifunctional biologic agent with great potential. In this review, the current roles performed by the integration of INPs with MSCs, including (i) enhancing their repair and regeneration capacity via the improvement of migration, survival, paracrine, or differentiation properties, (ii) empowering tumor-killing ability through agent loaded or hyperthermia, and (iii) conferring traceability are summarized. An introduction of INP-integrated MSCs for simultaneous treatment and tracking is also included. The promising applications of INP-integrated MSCs in future treatments are emphasized and the challenges to their clinical translation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan‐Juan Zheng
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin‐Chi Jiang
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yao‐Sheng Li
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐Qing Gao
- Institute of PharmaceuticsCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative MedicineCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Vashist A, Manickam P, Raymond AD, Arias AY, Kolishetti N, Vashist A, Arias E, Nair M. Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics for Neurological Disorders. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37368486 PMCID: PMC10354745 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders remain a significant health and economic burden worldwide. Addressing the challenges imposed by existing drugs, associated side- effects, and immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for developing better therapies. The immune activation in a diseased state has complex treatment protocols and results in hurdles for clinical translation. There is an immense need for the development of multifunctional nanotherapeutics with various properties to address the different limitations and immune interactions exhibited by the existing therapeutics. Nanotechnology has proven its potential to improve therapeutic delivery and enhance efficacy. Promising advancements have been made in developing nanotherapies that can be combined with CRISPR/Cas9 or siRNA for a targeted approach with unique potential for clinical translation. Engineering natural exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), or macrophages to both deliver therapeutics and modulate the immune responses to tumors or in neurodegenerative disease (ND) can allow for targeted personalized therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we summarize and overview the recent advances in nanotherapeutics in addressing the existing treatment limitations and neuroimmune interactions for developing ND therapies and provide insights into the upcoming advancements in nanotechnology-based nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Pandiaraj Manickam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), CSIR-CECRI Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003 Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Andrea D Raymond
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Infection & Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology, Faridabad, 121001 Haryana, India
| | - Emanuel Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Vashist A, Raymond AD, Chapagain P, Vashist A, Arias AY, Kolishetti N, Nair M. Multi-functional auto-fluorescent nanogels for theranostics. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:252-257. [PMID: 37248372 PMCID: PMC10404193 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Here in the present article, the state of art for nanotechnology-enabled nanogel theranostics and the upcoming concepts in nanogel-based therapeutics are summarized. The benefits, innovation, and prospects of nanogel technology are also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Vashist
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Andrea D. Raymond
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Prem Chapagain
- Department of Physics and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Atul Vashist
- Department of Infection & Immunology, Translational Health Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana 121001 India
| | - Adriana Yndart Arias
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA
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Chakrabarty P, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Santra TS. Combinatorial physical methods for cellular therapy: Towards the future of cellular analysis? J Control Release 2023; 353:1084-1095. [PMID: 36538949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The physical energy activated techniques for cellular delivery and analysis is one of the most rapidly expanding research areas for a variety of biological and biomedical discoveries. These methods, such as electroporation, optoporation, sonoporation, mechanoporation, magnetoporation, etc., have been widely used in delivering different biomolecules into a range of primary and patient-derived cell types. However, the techniques when used individually have had limitations in delivery and co-delivery of diverse biomolecules in various cell types. In recent years, a number of studies have been performed by combining the different membrane disruption techniques, either sequentially or simultaneously, in a single study. The studies, referred to as combinatorial, or hybrid techniques, have demonstrated enhanced transfection, such as efficient macromolecular and gene delivery and co-delivery, at lower delivery parameters and with high cell viability. Such studies can open up new and exciting avenues for understanding the subcellular structure and consequently facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review consequently aims at summarising the different developments in hybrid therapeutic techniques. The different methods discussed include mechano-electroporation, electro-sonoporation, magneto-mechanoporation, magnetic nanoparticles enhanced electroporation, and magnetic hyperthermia studies. We discuss the clinical status of the different methods and conclude with a discussion on the future prospects of the combinatorial techniques for cellular therapy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulasta Chakrabarty
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Srabani Kar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati, India
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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Fiocchi S, Chiaramello E, Marrella A, Bonato M, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P. Modelling of magnetoelectric nanoparticles for non-invasive brain stimulation: a computational study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36075197 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently developed magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) provide a potential tool to enable different biomedical applications. They could be used to overcome the intrinsic constraints posed by traditional neurostimulation techniques, namely the invasiveness of electrodes-based techniques, the limited spatial resolution, and the scarce efficiency of magnetic stimulation. APPROACH By using computational electromagnetic techniques, we modelled the behavior of recently designed biocompatible MENPs injected, in the shape of clusters, in specific cortical targets of a highly detailed anatomical head model. The distributions and the tissue penetration of the electric fields induced by MENPs clusters in each tissue will be compared to the distributions induced by traditional TMS coils for non-invasive brain stimulation positioned on the left prefrontal cortex of a highly detailed anatomical head model. MAIN RESULTS MENPs clusters can induce highly focused electric fields with amplitude close to the neural activation threshold in all the brain tissues of interest for the treatment of most neuropsychiatric disorders. Conversely, TMS coils can induce electric fields of several tens of V/m over a broad volume of the prefrontal cortex, but they are unlikely able to efficiently stimulate even small volumes of subcortical and deep tissues. SIGNIFICANCE Our numerical results suggest that the use of MENPs for brain stimulation may potentially led to a future pinpoint treatment of neuropshychiatric disorders, in which an impairment of electric activity of specific cortical and subcortical tissues and networks has been assumed to play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiocchi
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, ITALY
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, ITALY
| | - Alessandra Marrella
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca, via de Marini 6, Genova, 16149, ITALY
| | - Marta Bonato
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, ITALY
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, ITALY
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, ITALY
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Magnetic Nanoparticles: Current Advances in Nanomedicine, Drug Delivery and MRI. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have evolved tremendously during recent years, in part due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology and to their active magnetic core with a high surface-to-volume ratio, while their surface functionalization opened the door to a plethora of drug, gene and bioactive molecule immobilization. Taming the high reactivity of the magnetic core was achieved by various functionalization techniques, producing MNPs tailored for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular or neurological disease, tumors and cancer. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are established at the core of drug-delivery systems and could act as efficient agents for MFH (magnetic fluid hyperthermia). Depending on the functionalization molecule and intrinsic morphological features, MNPs now cover a broad scope which the current review aims to overview. Considering the exponential expansion of the field, the current review will be limited to roughly the past three years.
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